North/South Ireland foodconsumption survey: summary report.

Item Type Report

Authors Irish Universities Nutrition Alliace (IUNA);Safefood Food SafetyPromotion Board

Publisher Safefood

Download date 01/09/2018 19:35:16

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10147/265434

Find this and similar works at - http://www.lenus.ie/hse

About the Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance The Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance (lUNA) is a formal association of the academic nutrition units at Trinity College Dublin, University College Cork and the University of Ulster. The IUNA is committed to joint initiatives in research and teaching.

Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance (www.iuna.net)

Trinity College Dublin UniVersity College Cork University of Ulster

Department of Clinical Medicine Nutritional Scien~es Northern Ireland Centre Trinity Centre for Health Department of Food Science, for Diet and Health (NICHE) Sciences Food Technology and Nutrition St. James's Hospital University College Cork University of Ulster Dublin 8 Cork Coleraine BT52 1SA Ireland Ireland Northern Ireland

rei: +353-1-6082101 rei: +353-21-4902649 rei: +44-2870-324795 Fax: +353-1-4542043 Fax: +353-21-4270244 Fax: +44-2870-324965 email: mgibneyOtcd.ie email: a.flynn@ucc.ie email: jj.strain@ulst.ac.uk

This summary report provides an outline of the IUNA North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: Food And Nutrient Intakes, Anthropometry, Attitudinal Data & Physical Activity Patterns. A detailed description of the methodogy used and the data obtained from the survey will be made available on the internet at www.iuna.net.

Note: Our website home page www.iuna.netis temporarily out of service. Please access www.ulst.ac.uklvsbms/iuna

Olrish Universities Nutrition Alliance 2001 Published by: Food Safety Promotion Board, Abbey Court, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1 ISBN: 9-9540351-0-0

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North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey

FOREWORD

In the past 20 years, with increasing

affluence and changing lifestyles on the

island of Ireland, attitudes and approaches

to food have altered dramatically. As a

result of these changes the tenet of °meat

and two veg" of the last generation no

longer adequately describes the diet of

today's population. The Irish Universities

Nutrition Alliance (lUNA) in conducting this

survey has created a clear picture, which

illustrates the significant changes in our

dietary habits.

The relationship between nutrition and

health is well documented. A poor diet and

nutrition are identified as risk factors for

cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes

mellitus, gastrointestinal disease,

osteoporosis, and some types of cancer.

The Food Safety Promotion Board public

health programme aims to foster the

provision and consumption of a healthy and

nutritious diet as a key intervention tool in

protecting and improving public health.

The Board seeks to improve the knowledge

and skills necessary for the public to choose

a safe and healthy diet. To this end detailed

nutritional information regarding

population dietary habits is essential.

In the wake of BSE and other food scares,

consumers have been primarily concerned

with issues of food safety. While food

safety concerns must of course be

addressed, we must also foster a healthy ,"t ,

diet. This is of particuiiir import~nce given

that nutritional imbalances currently pose

the most significant public health risk in

developed countries.

The IUNA survey is therefore both extremely

valuable and timely. The information

provided by the survey will enhance the

knowledge of policy makers in developing

public health interventions aimed at

reducing the risk of nutrition related

disease in the next generation.

Martin Higgins

Interim Chief Executive

Food Safety Promotion Board

p1

North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey.

Summary Report on

Food and Nutrient I ntakes, A nthropometry, A ttitudinal 0 ata & Physical Activity Patterns

Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance

Summary Report prepared by Dr. Mairead Kiely

, nIl .lDJJ ULSTEil

University College, Cork University of Ulster Trinity College, Dublin Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance

p2

IRISH UNIVERSITIES NUTRITION ALLIANCE RESEARCH TEAM: I This survey was carried out by the following team:

Trinity College Dublin

University College Cork

University of Ulster

Funding

Professor Michael J. Gibney, Professor of Nutrition

Ms. Karen Harrington, joint Project Co-ordinator

Ms. Sinead McCarthy, Research Nutritionist

Ms. Maureen McGowan, Research Nutritionist

Professor Albert Flynn, Professor of Nutrition

Dr. Mairead Kiely, joint Project Co-ordinator

Ms. Marie Galvin, Research Nutritionist

Ms. Evelyn Hannon, Research Nutritionist

Ms. Maria 0' Brien, Research Nutritionist

Ms. Niamh 0' Connor, Research Nutritionist

Professor Sean Strain, Professor of Nutrition

Dr. Barbara Livingstone, Reader in Human Nutrition

Dr. Paula Robson, joint Project Co-ordinator

Ms. Sabrina Bell, Research Assistant

Mr. Paul Browne, Research Assistant

Ms. Caroline McClafferty, Research Assistant

Ms. Romilly Moore, Research Assistant

Ms. Caitriona 0' Doherty, Research Assistant

Ms. Glenda Wilson, Research Assistant

The IUNA is grateful to the following who provided funds to carry out this survey:

,~ the Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development in Dublin through the Non

Commissioned Food Research Programme, part financed by the European Regional

Development Fund.

,~ the Food Safety Authority of Ireland and its predecessor, the Food Safety Advisory Board.

f) the Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health at the University of Ulster, which is

assisted by the European Regional Development Fund through the IRTU Technology

Development Programme.

f) industrial partners: Kelloggs, Bord Bia, Coca-Cola, Cadburys, Dairy Council for Northern

Ireland, Irish Sugar, Kerry Group, Mars Confectionery, Meat and Livestock Commission

UK, National Dairy Council, Nestle Ireland, Tesco Ireland and the Irish Business and

Employers Confederation (lBEQ.

I

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Acknowledgments

Many people kindly gave their time and advice at various stages throughout the survey,

which was invaluable to the success of this project. The IUNA would especially like to thank

and acknowledge the following people for their advice and assistance:

~ Dr. Karin Hulshof, TNO, Zeist, Netherlands, Dr. Joyce Hughes, UK Department of Health,

Ms. Janet Gregory, UK Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Mr. Steven Finch, UK

National Centre for Social Research formerly SCPR, Dr. Gillian Smithersand Dr. Michael

Day, UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Dr. Mary Flynn, Dublin Institute of

Technology, Kevin St., Dr. Joyce Lambe, Dr. Mary Kearney, Dr. John Kearney and Mrs. Jo

Gibney, Institute of European Food Studies, Dr. Barbara Knox, University of Ulster, all of

whom kindly advised on various aspects of the design and methodology of the project.

'lOur colleagues, Dr. Yvonne Carroll, Dr. Bernice Corridan, Ms. Kay Cunningham, Ms. Sheila

King, Dr. Helen Roche, Ms. Yvonne Ryan and Dr. Nick Kennedy, who also advised on

methodological aspects of the survey.

~ Dr. Gordon Cran, Queen's University Belfast and Mr. James Williams, Economic and Social

Research Institute in Dublin, for their advice and help in survey sampling.

~ Dr. Nick War~ham, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK, who kindly

provided the Physical Activity Questionnaire, the computer programme to process the

data and also assisted in data analysis. Thanks also to his assistant, Dr. Kirsten Rennie.

~ Mr. Anthony Johns, linuviel Software, Warrington, UK, who developed the customised

software used on this project, both the nutrient analysis software {WISP©, WISP-DES©,

EMS©} and the questionnaire software (Q-DES©, Q-CON©).

~ Mr. Alan Morgan, CMS Weighing Equipment, London, UK, for his helpful advice on

calibration of the anthropometric equipment and Mr. Jim Mannion, Legal Metrology

Service, Dublin and the technicians of NICHE, University of Ulster, for carrying out the

calibration.

'1 The Central Statistics Office, Dublin and the UK Office of Population Censuses and

Surveys, for advice on classification of social class, socioeconomic status and socio­

demographic status.

~ All the companies and food manufacturers who so kindly provided nutrition composition

details of their products.

" Mr. Jim Larragy, Information Systems Services, Trinity College Dublin, for his advice on

creating the relational database using SPSS and training of the survey team in the use of

SPSS and Ms. Kathleen 0' Sullivan, University College Cork, for statistical assistance.

" Cara Prior, Deirdre Brady, Dr. Michelle McKinley, George Hull, Shauna Trainor, Rachel

Gawley, Jacinta Greene and Mary Gilsenan for their help with questionnaire data entry.

Sincere thanks are due to the Food Safety Promotion Board for supporting and organising

the launch and publication of the Summary Report.

Most importantly, sincerest thanks to all those who volunteered to participate in the survey,

willingly gave up their time and welcomed us into their homes. Without you this survey

would not have been possible.

p4

Main Outcomes I Foods and beverages I Overall, the 18 to 64 year old population of Ireland, North and South, consumed a wide variety

of foods and beverages. Potatoes, bread and dairy products were consumed by almost

everybody. Tea was the most common beverage, and was drunk by 91 % of adults. Respondents

consumed a wide range of meats, meat dishes, vegetables and vegetable dishes. Meats, breads,

potatoes, dairy products and biscuits/cakes provided almost 60% of energy. Overall,24% of food

and drink energy was consumed outside the home. Younger adults aged 18-35 years (particularly

men) obtained twice as much energy from food and drink consumed outside the home as adults

aged 51-64 years.

Alcohol I Eighty percent of respondents (81 % of men and 79% of women) were alcohol consumers.

Younger adults (18-35 years) were more likely to consume alcohol (74% of men and 70% of

women), and in larger quantities, than older adults (51-64 years) (66% of men and 40% of

women). Two out of 3 men and 4 out of 5 women consumed alcohol in quantities that were

within the recommended ranges. However, 36% of men and 20% of women reported

consuming greater quantities than the recommended maximum weekly intakes of 21 units for

men and 14 units for women.

Energy and Macronutrients I Five food groups including meats, breads, potatoes, dairy products and biscuits/cakes provided

59% of energy. Protein intakes were more than adequate in most people. Meats, dairy

products and breads provided two thirds of the protein consumed. Mean daily fat intakes in

men and women were higher, and mean carbohydrate intakes were lower than current dietary

recommendations. The four main sources of fat in the diet were meats, spreading fats and oils,

dairy products and biscuits/cakes. More than half of the carbohydrate was provided by breads,

potatoes, biscuits/cakes, confectionery and savoury snacks.

Dietary Fibre I Men had higher intakes of fibre than women did but women consumed more fibre-dense diets

than men. Breads, potatoes and vegetables provided two-thirds of the fibre consumed. More

than 3 out of 4 adults did not meet the nutritional goal for dietary fibre intakes. The mean

daily fibre intake was below the minimum of the recommended range in almost half of

women and one quarter of men. This is likely to contribute to impaired bowel function and

constipation, which in turn may contribute to increased risk of chronic gastrointestinal disease.

p5

Micronutrients I Intakes of most vitamins were adequate in the population. Important sources of vitamins

and minerals were dairy products, meats, vegetables, potatoes, fish, eggs, fruit, breads and

breakfast cereals. A substantial proportion of vitamin and mineral intakes was obtained

from nutritional supplements in people who took supplements. There was a significant

prevalence of inadequate intakes of calcium in women and of iron in women of reproductive

age. Few women of reproductive age achieved the folate intake recommended for the

prevention of neural tube defects. A substantial proportion of the population had low vitamin

D intakes and was largely dependent on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D status.

Obesity

Forty two percent of the population was in the normal weight range. However, a total of 18%

were obese (20% of men and 16% of women) and 39% were overweight (46% of men and

33% of women). Since 1990, the prevalence of obesity has increased by 67% overall, up 1.25

fold in women (from 13%) and up 2.5-fold in men (from 8%). The increase in the prevalence

of obesity has significant health implications. Obesity is associated with increased risk of a

number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes (type 2), gall

bladder disease, bone joint disorders, and certain cancers, while overweight is associated with

increased risk of diabetes (type 2). The data predict that an epidemic of adult-onset diabetes

will face the health service sector in the not-too-distant future.

Physical Activity I Overall, physical activity levels were low, particularly in women. Participation rates in

recreational and particularly vigorous recreational, activities were low. Walking was the most

important recreational activity in 41 % of men and 60% of women. Watching TV monopolised

a major portion of available leisure time for men and women of all ages. When questioned

about their levels of recreational activity, most people considered that they should be more

active.

Smoking I Approximately 33% of men and 32% of women were current smokers and 28% of men and

25% of women smoked daily. The incidence of smoking decreased with increasing age. Forty

one percent of men and 42% of women in the 18-35y category were smokers, compared to

27% of men and 17% of women in the 51-64y category.

Introduction

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Introduction

This Summary Report describes the methods

used and the main findings with regard to

food and beverage consumption, nutrient

intakes, and anthropometric, physical

activity and attitudinal data from the

North/South Ireland Food Consumption

Survey (NSIFCS). This survey investigated

habitual food and beverage consumption,

lifestyle, health indicators and attitudes to

food and health in a representative sample

(n=1379) of the 18-64 year old adult

population in the Republic of Ireland and

Northern Ireland during 1997-1999. The

extensive electronic database which has

been compiled from this survey is the most

complete and up-to-date collection of food

consumption data available for adults in the

island of Ireland. It is one of the most

comprehensive of its kind in Europe. It

represents a very valuable resource, which

will be used by agencies concerned with

public health policy and planning and

consumer health protection in Ireland and

Europe and by the food industry.

The survey was carried out by the Irish

Universities Nutrition Alliance (lUNA - a

formal alliance of the academic nutrition

centres at University College, Cork, Trinity

College, Dublin and the University of Ulster,

Coleraine which is committed to joint

initiatives in research and teaching). It was

funded jOintly by the Department of

Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development,

the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, the

Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health

and thirteen food industry partners.

A detailed description of the methodology

used and the data obtained from the survey

will be made available on the internet at

wwwjuna.net.

pS

Background to the Survey

Food consumption data bases are developed

in almost all EU member states and are

central to evidence-based analysis of issues

pertaining to food safety and nutrition. The

importance of these analyses will increase,

as the EU becomes more involved in food

safety and public health nutrition. The

commitment of the Commission to the

establishment of a European Food

Authority and a comprehensive food and

nutrition policy for the EU has now reached

the stage of draft legislation.

There have been extensive developments in

the Republic of Ireland in the area of food

safety and nutrition with the establishment

of the Food Safety Authority of Ireland and

of the Cardiovascular Disease Strategy

Group of the Department of Health and

Children. In the UK, the Food Standards

Agency has been created with regional

structures in Northern Ireland, Scotland and

Wales. The Food Safety Promotion Board

has been launched as a new North-South

agency responsible for promotion of food

safety and public health nutrition on the

island of Ireland.

It is clear, therefore, that over the coming

years, at EU and national level, there will be

increased demand for data on food and

nutrient intake for issues of nutrition and

food safety. Previous representative surveys

of food consumption at the individual level

in Irish adults (the Irish National Nutrition

Survey carried out by the Irish Nutrition and

Dietetic Institute in 1990 in the Republic of

Ireland and the Survey of Diet, Lifestyle and

Health in Northern Ireland carried out by

the University of Ulster in 1988) are now

somewhat dated. In 1999, the National

Nutrition Surveillance Centre carried out a

health and lifestyle survey, which included

dietary intake data obtained from a food

frequency questionnaire. The NorthlSouth

Ireland Food Consumption Survey Database

is designed to provide quantitative, habitual

food consumption data separately for all

eating occasions over each of seven days at

the level of the individual and is suitable for

a wide range of applications related to food

safety and nutrition. These include risk

assessment for exposure to chemical and

biological hazards in foods, development

and implementation of food and nutrition

policy and food product development and

promotion.

The relationship between diet and health is

complex and it is recognised that health is

influenced by interactions between diet and

other factors, including body weight and

body fat content and distribution, lifestyle

and physical activity levels. In addition,

educational level and attitudes to food and

health are important influences on eating

behaviour and dietary change. For these

reasons the survey was designed to include

the collection of data on habitual physical

activity levels, measurements of weight,

height, hip and waist circumferences and

body composition (or percent body fat),

smoking habits, socio-economic factors,

educational level and attitudes to diet and

health.

pg

Aims and Objectives of the Survey

1 To establish in a representative sample of adults aged 18 to 64 years on the island of Ireland a database of:

n habitual food and beverage consumption

n height, weight, body fat content and distribution

n habitual physical activity levels

n lifestyle characteristics, including smoking habits

n attitudes to food and health

n socio-demographic characteristics

2 To apply this database to investigate:

food and nutrient intakes in relation to nutritional adequacy and excess and

compliance with current dietary guidelines

body weight, body fat content and distribution, habitual physical activity levels,

lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics, and attitudes in relation to food and

health

In addition the survey design and the database structure were selected with a view to

facilitate its use for a number of other key purposes, including:

risk assessment for exposure to chemical and biological hazards in the food supply

the development of quantitative and qualitative food based dietary guidelines for

healthy eating

estimation of current nutrient intakes, and modelling of potential future nutrient

intakes from fortified foods and nutritional supplements

to provide scientific data to underpin food product development and promotion

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Sampling and Recruitment Procedures and Methods

of Data Collection

pll

Sampling and Recruitment Procedures and Methods of Data Collection A sample of 1379 adults between the ages

of 18 and 64 years, including 662 men and

717 women and excluding pregnant and

lactating mothers, from all over the island

of Ireland, took part in the survey. The

participants were randomly selected using

the electoral register as the sampling frame.

Each person who was selected was

contacted by mail and followed up shortly

afterwards with a visit from a researcher.

Eligible persons were invited to participate

and a consent form was signed. The

response rate was 63%, which was high

given the sizeable commitment to the study

on the part of the respondents. Analysis of

the demographic profile of the sample has

confirmed that the survey sample was

representative of the population of the

island of Ireland with respect to age, sex..

geographical location (urban/rural), marital

status, social class and socio-economic

group.

Food intake was determined using a 7-day

estimated food record. The respondent

kept a diary of everything he/she ate and

drank over a one-week period, recording

the time, location, amount, cooking method

and quantity of each item of food and drink

consumed. To ensure that the level of detail

and accuracy of recording was kept at a

consistently high level, a researcher visited

the respondent in their home or workplace

four times during the recording week. A

comprehensive quantification protocol,

which included a combination of food

quantification methods, was used to obtain

the best estimates of food and drink

consumed. The researcher weighed some

foods e.g. breakfast cereals, spreading, fats

and beverages. A specially designed

photographic food atlas was used to assign

weights to other foods. Respondents were

encouraged to keep food packaging to

allow improved accuracy of the food and

portion descriptions.

Self-administered questionnaires were used

to collect information on employment

status, social and demographic variables,

lifestyle factors, habitual physical activity

levels, attitudes, health status, medication,

supplement use and dieting habits. The

researcher carried out body measurements,

including height, weight, waist and hip

circumference and body composition (i.e.

fat/lean ratio using bioeletrical impedance

analysis).

The survey commenced in 1997 with a

feasibility study to evaluate the proposed

methods and to estimate response rates.

The main phase of the fieldwork started in

October 1997 and data collection was

completed in October 1999. Data collection

was seasonally balanced. The data were

compiled into a fully integrated relational

database. This means that each piece of

data collected for each respondent is linked

to that respondent's ID number. Quality

control procedures were implemented

throughout the collection, processing and

compilation of data.

The survey was designed to provide data on

an all-Ireland basis. Although the database is

structured so that the data can be analysed

for the island as a whole or separately for the

North and South, the investigators would

caution against drawing any major

conclusions from North-South comparisons,

as regional comparisons were not included in

the study design. Given that such

comparisons might interest the general

public, the investigators have made some

comparisons in key areas of public health

nutrition and have found no differences in

food and nutrient intake or in body weight

or physical activity.

Anthropometry

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Anthropometry Anthropometric data including weight, body weight in kg divided by body height in

height, waist circumference, hip metres squared) which is the standard

circumference and body composition are measure of relative body weight was

shown in Table 1. Body Mass Index (BMI; calculated using weight and height data.

TABLE 1

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN BY AGE GROUP IN THE NS\FCS----

Men Women

1S-64y 1S-35y 36-50y 51-64y 1S-64y 1S-35y 36-5Oy 51-64y

WEIGHT (kg) j 82.9 81.0 84.8 83.2 67.5 64.6 68.1 71.1

I HEIGHT (m) 1.75 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.62 1.63 1.62 1.60

BMI (kg/m') 26.9 25.8 27.7 27.6 25.8 24.4 26.1 27.8

WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE (cm) i 94.3 90.3 96.6 97.6 I

81.2 77.5 81.9 86.6 I

HIP CIRCUMFERENCE(cm)

I 104.1 103.0 105.4 104.1 I 101.8 99.6 102.3 i04.9

WAIST TO HIP RATIO J

0.91 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.82

BODY FAT (%) i 21.2 17.7 22.7 24.0 33.2 29.2 34.1 39.1

TABLE 2

PERCENT MEN AND WOMEN IN EACH AGE GROUP IN EACH OF THE BMI CATEGORIES

FROM THE NSIFCS AND THE IRISH NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY 1990

Men Women

1S-64y 1S-35y 36-50y 51-64y 1S-64y 1S-35y 36-50y 51-64y

NSIFCS 2000 I

UNDERWEIGHT I 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0

I 1.1 2.3 0.4 0.7

I

I NORMAL

I 33.3 44.6 26.7 25.0

I 50.4 64.2 47.0 32.9

OVERWEIGHT 46.3 41.3 48.9 50.6 I 32.5 24.5 37.7 36.8

OBESE I 20.1 13.3 24.4 24.4 ,

15.9 9.1 15.0 29.6

INNS 1990 I I UNDERWEIGHT

I 0.40 0.8 0.0 0.0 I 2.7 3.6 1.1 2.7

NORMAL 41.0 58.1 23.7 26.8

I 56.0 69.3 56.4 25.7

! OVERWEIGHT I 50.8 37.1 64.5 62.5 28.4 20.5 33.0 40.5

I

OBESE : 7.8 4.0 11.8 10.7 I 12.9 6.6 9.6 31.1

The World Health Organisation (WHO) BMI cut-off points were used to estimate

the levels of underweight (<18.5 kglrnZ), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kglrnZ),

overweight (25.0-29.9 kglm2) and obesity (7?!30.0 kglrnZ) in the population.

p13

I

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I

Table 2 shows that, according to WHO

definitions, less than 1 % of individuals were

underweight, 42% were in the normal

weight range, 39% were overweight and

18% were obese. A higher percentage of

women (50.4%) than men (33.3%) were of

normal 'weight and a higher percentage of

men (46.3%) than women (32.5%) were

overweight. Overall, 20.1 % of men and

15.9% of women were obese.

The percentage of the population which

was overweight or obese increased with

increasing age. As can be seen in Table 2,

9% of women aged 18 to 35 years and

almost 30% of women aged 51 to 64 years

were in the obese category. It is also worth

noting that 2.3% of females aged 18 to 35

were underweight to a level that

corresponds to chronic energy deficiency by

WHO standards. In comparison to data

published in the Irish National Nutrition

Survey in 1990, the prevalence of obesity

has increased by 67% in the population. In

men in particular, the prevalence of obesity

has more than doubled, from 7.8% in 1990

to 20% in 2000.

The increase in the prevalence of obesity

has significant health implications. Obesity

FIGURE 1

is associated with increased risk of a number

of diseases, including cardiovascular disease,

hypertension, diabetes (type 2), gall bladder

disease, bone joint disorders, and certain

cancers, while overweight is associated with

increased risk of diabetes (type 2). The data

predict that an epidemic of adult-onset

diabetes will face the health service sector

in the not-too-distant future.

Body fat distribution is now recognised as an

important indicator of disease risk and

increased levels of fat deposited in the

central area of the body, measured by waist

circumference and waist to hip ratio, is

associated with increased risk of chronic

disease, including cardiovascular disease,

hypertension and diabetes (type 2). Cut-off

points have been established for waist

circumference and waist to hip ratio, which

identify people who are at increased risk of

these chronic diseases. Using these cut-offs,

waist circumference identified 24% of men

and 24% of women to be at an increased

risk, and an additional 23% of men and 23%

of women to be at a high risk for having CVD

risk factors. This risk increased with

increasing age for both men and women,

shown in Figure 1.

PERCENTAGE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN EACH GROUP WITH INCREASED RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, IDENTIFIED BY WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

% 0

Men

18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y

Women

18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y

o High o Increased

I Normal

Food Consumption

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Food Consumption

Foods and Beverages

During the course of the survey, respondents

recorded 3,060 individual food items into the

7-day food diary. Each of these foods was

allocated to one of 68 food groups. Table 3

TABLE 3

summarises some of the data from the report

on average food group intakes in the total

population and in consumers only.

MEAN AND SD OF FOOD GROUP INTAKES (g/DAY) IN THE TOTAL SAMPLE, PERCENTAGE CONSUMERS

OF FOOD GROUPS, AND MEAN AND SO OF FOOD GROUP INTAKES (g/OAY) IN CONSUMERS ONLY

Population (n=1379) Consumers only

Mean SO % consumers Mean SO

1 Rice & Pasta, Flours, Grains & Starches

2 Savouries 24 40

78 59 94 83 57

8 Biscuits 14 18 76 19 18

9 Cakes, Pastries & Buns 17 25 60 29 26

10 Wholemilk 150 188

11 Low Fat, Skimmed & Fortified Milks 88

12 Other Milks 5 32 6 88 101

13 Creams 2 5

14 Cheeses 12 15

15 Yoghurt~ 16 33 32 49 41

7

s & Chilled Desserts 16 27 50 32 31

18 Milk Puddin s 6 16

Dishes 17 21 68 25 22

4 11

22 Other S 12 14

23 Oils* 0 14 2 2

24 Hard Cook in Fats 0

158 165

26 Processed & Homemade Potato Products 7 17

27 Chi ed, Fried & Roasted Potatoes

28 Ve etable & Pulse Dishes 17 43 50 34 56

29 Peas, Beans & Lentils 23 27 75 30 27

Population (n=1379) Consumers only

Mean SD % consumers Mean SD

30 Green Vegetables 14 18 63 22 18

31 Carrots 15 20 66 22 22

32 Salad Vegetables 24 28 76 32 28

33 Other Vegetables 25 27 85 30 27

34 Tinned or Jarred Vegetables 3 8 23 12 14

35 Fruit Juices 33 60 41 81 70

36 Bananas 27 44 49 56 49

37 Other fruits 45 65 62 72 69

38 Citrus Fruit 22 50 31 71 68

39 Tinned Fruit 3 9 14 18 18

40 Nuts & Seeds, Herbs & Spices 1 5 18 7 11

41 Fish & Fish p'roducts 23 27 66 35 26

42 Fish Dishes 3 13 7 40 27

43 Bacon & Ham 22 25 80 27 25

44 Beef & Veal 17 25 55 31 26

45 Lamb 7 16 26 27 21

46 Pork 10 19 35 29 20

47 Chicken, Turkev & Game 22 25 71 31 25

48 Offal & Offal Dishes 1 5' 4 19 15

49 Beef & Veal Dishes 31 46 47 65 47

50 Lamb, Pork & Bacon Dishes 7 22 14 50 37

51 Poultry & Game Dishes 21 37 35 60 40

52 Burgers (Beef & Pork) 7 15 28 25 20

53 Sausages 10 13 59 16 14

54 Meat Pies & Pastries 5 16 19 29 24

55 Meat Products 19 24 70 27 24

56 Alcoholic Beverages 333 587 65 513 662

57 Sugars, Syrups, Preserves & Sweeteners 18 23 80 23 24

58 Chocolate Confectionery 12 20 63 19 23

59 Non-chocolate Confectionery 2 5 23 8 8

60 Savoury Snacks 6 11 48 12 13

61 Soups, Sauces & Miscellaneous Foods 46 52 93 50 52

62 Teas 561 409 91 619 385

63 Coffees 153 259 55 279 295

64 Other Beverages 258 386 77 335 410

65 Carbonated Beverages 86 152 54 158 177

p17 66 Diet Carbonated Beverages 35 121 21 170 218

67 Squashes, Cordials & Fruit Juice Drinks 20 67 21 96 118

.. Does not include oils consumed in recipes

p18

The most commonly consumed foods were

potatoes, breads and dairy products, which

were consumed by almost the whole

population. Potatoes (all types except

crisps) were consumed by over 99% of the

population, and the mean intake among

consumers was 225g per day. Similarly,

breads were consumed by over 99% of

adults with a mean intake of 139g per day.

Dairy products including milk, cheese, cream

and yoghurt were consumed by 99.7% and

the mean daily intake was 281g, of which

milk comprised 243g. Bacon and ham were

the most commonly consumed meats (80%),

followed by chicken (71 %), sausages (59%)

and beef (55%). The majority of the

population consumed vegetables and fruits.

Men consumed greater amounts of food

from most food groups than women, but

women consumed a greater variety of foods

than men did. Age-related differences were

observed with regard to food choice in men

and women, with those in the older age

categories having a greater consumption of

wholemeal and brown breads, porridge,

green vegetables and tea. People in the 18

to 35 year age group ate more rice, pasta,

chips and savoury snacks than those aged 51

to 64 years.

Ninety one percent of the sample drank tea

with an average daily consumption of 619

ml. Coffee was consumed by 55% of the

population, averaging 279 ml per day.

I Alcohol

Questionnaire data from the sample, which

estimated usual alcohol intake, found that

80% (81 % of men and 79% of women)

were alcohol consumers. Sixty five percent

of the sample (70% of men and 61 % of

women) recorded alcohol consumption

during the 7 day recording period. The

average daily consumption of alcoholic

beverages in drinkers was 767ml in men and

244ml in women. Men and women in the

18 to 35 year group were more likely to

consume alcohol (74% of men and 70% of

women), than men and women aged 51-64

years (66% of men and 40% of women).

The mean consumption of alcoholic

beverages in 18-35 year old men was 971ml

per day, compared with 596ml per day in 51-

64 year old men. Similarly, younger women

consumed substantially more alcoholic

beverages (319ml per day) than older

women did (139ml per day).

The questionnaire data show that 2 out of 3

men and 4 out of 5 women consumed

alcohol in quantities that were within the

recommended ranges. However, in alcohol

drinkers, more than one third (36%) of men

and one fifth (20%) of women consumed

greater than the maximum alcohol intake

of 21 units and 14 units per week for men

and women, recommended by the

Department of Health and Children.

Eating Out

With increasing prosperity and changing

social and work conditions many people are

eating out of home more frequently. In the

Survey, respondents were asked to record,

in the food diary, where each item of food

was eaten. Sixty eight percent of

eating/drinking occasions were n at home",

28% in a restaurantlpublcoffee

shop/takeaway ("out") and 4% in "other

people's homes". Seventy two percent of

energy was consumed "at home", 24% was

consumed "out" and 4% was consumed in

"other people's homes·. Figure 2 shows

that younger men and women (18-35 years)

obtained twice as much energy from foods

and drinks consumed outside the home as

51-64 year olds did and the proportion was

greater for men than women in each age

group.

p19

FIGURE 2

PERCENT OF TOTAL ENERGY FROM FOODS/DRINKS EATEN DOUT"

40

35 ______________________________________ _

30

25

20

15

10

%0

18-35y 36-50y 51-64y

Nutritional Supplements

The use of nutritional supplements was

assessed along with food consumption in

the 7-day food diary. In addition, habitual

supplement use was assessed in a

questionnaire. Three hundred and twenty

three respondents (23%) consumed

supplements during the recording week and

the questionnaire showed that 387

respondents (28%) said that they were

currently using supplements. Twice as many

women used supplements as men and this

ratio did not change with age. People in

D Women

I Men

the 36-50 and 51-64 year age categories had

a slightly higher rate of supplement use

than the 18-35 year olds. Other studies of

habitual supplement use in the US,

Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden have

reported similar rates of consumption. One

hundred and eighty four separate types of

supplements were recorded, including

single and multi-vitamin and mineral

preparations, a range of cod liver oil-based

products and others such as garlic and

ginseng.

Nutrient Intakes

p20

Nutrient Intakes Energy and macronutrients

Mean daily energy and macronutrient products (16%), breads (14%)' potatoes

intakes and the % of energy (excluding (11 %), milk, yoghurt and cheese (9%) and

alcohol) from macronutrients of men and biscuits, cakes and pastries (9%), shown in

women are presented in Table 4. Men had Figure 3. There was little difference

higher intakes of energy and all between men and women, in the % of

macro nutrients than women. Energy energy obtained from the various food

intakes decreased with increasing age for groups, with the exception of alcohol,

both men and women. Five food groups which provided almost twice as much

contributed 59% of energy intake in the energy in men as in women.

population overall, i.e. meat and meat

TABLE 4

MEAN AND SD OF ENERGY AND MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES AND THE % OF FOOD ENERGY

(EXCLUDING ALCOHOL) FROM MACRONUTRIENTS IN MEN AND WOMEN AGED 18 TO 64 YEARS

Total Population Men Women

n=1379 n=662 n=717

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

ENERGY (MJ) 9.3 3.1 11.0 3.1 7.6 2.0

PROTEIN (g) 84.4 26.9 100.2 26.6 69.8 17.2

% ENERGY 16.4 2.9 16.6 2.8 16.2 3.0

FAT (g) 87.1 102.2 34.3 73.1 24.9

% ENERGY 36.9 5.8 37.0 5.4 37.0 6.0

CHO (g) 260.1 91.1 305.1 96.0 218.6 62.3

% ENERGY 46.5 5.5 46.2 5.4 46.6 5.6 ,

ALCOHOL (g) 15.8 23.6 22.9 29.8 9.3 13.0

Figure 3

Percent contribution of food groups to energy intake

o~~'" The mean daily alcohol intake in men 17% 16%

Vegetables (22.9g1day) was 2.5 times that in women 4%

Breakfast 0 14% Breads (9.3g1d) and alcohol intakes were higher in

Cereals 4 Vo 18-35 year old men (29.6g1d) and women

~ Alchohol 5% Beverages 6% I~ ~~~" (12.9g/d) than in 51-64 year old men

Spreads 7% (17.9g1day) and women (3.9g1day). Confectionery 7% 9%

Milk & Yogurt Cakes & Biscuits

p21

p22

The four main sources of fat in the diet were

meat and meat products (23%), butter,

spreading fats and oils (17%), dairy products

(milk, yoghurt and cheese) (13%) and biscuits,

cakes and pastries (9%), contributing

between them 62% of the fat content of the

diet. The four main sources of carbohydrate

in the diet were breads (25%), potatoes

(17%), biscuits, cakes and pastries (10%) and

sugars, preserves, confectionery and savoury

snacks (10%), contributing 52% of the total

carbohydrate intake. Sixty five per cent of the

protein content of the diet was provided by

three food groups, meat and meat products

(37%), dairy products (milk, yoghurt and

cheese) (14%) and breads (14%). The percent

contributions of different food groups to

protein, fat and carbohydrate are shown in

Figures 4-6.

Excessive dietary fat 'has been linked to an

increased risk of coronary heart disease.

Current dietary recommendations in Ireland

and Europe focus on a reduction in dietary fat

intake, especially saturated fat, in

combination with an increase in carbohydrate

intake in order to replace the energy deficit

from reducing fat intakes. The mean daily

intakes of fat in men and women (37% of

food energy) exceeded current

recommendations for fat (for a maximum

intake of 35% of food energy) and the mean

daily intakes of carbohydrate (46%) were

lower than current recommendations for

carbohydrate (for a minimum intake of 50%

of food energy) (Table 4). When compared to

existing recommendations, protein intake in

adults was found to be more than adequate.

Figure 4

Percent contribution of food groups

to protein intake

Others

19% Vegetables

Meats Cakes & Biscuits

Fish

14%

Milk & Yogurt Breads

Figure 5

Percent contribution of food groups

to fat intake

Others 17%

Cheeses 23% Meats

Breads

Vegetables

Confectionery

Milk & Yogurt Cakes & Biscuits

Figure 6

Percent contribution of food groups

to carbohydrate intake

Others

20%

Milk & Yogurt

Fruit & Nuts

Cereals

Confectionery Cakes & Biscuits

p23

Dietary Fibre

The primary action of dietary fibre in the

body is in the gastrointestinal tract and

different fibre sources exert different

physiological effects. Insoluble fibre

absorbs water, and acts as a bulking agent

. in the stomach, thereby improving satiety.

Insoluble fibre also promotes laxation and

eating foods high in fibre has been found to

reduce symptoms of chronic constipation

and diverticular disease. Soluble fibre

delays the transit time of food through the

stomach and small intestine and improves

glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity.

Moderate epidemiological evidence

suggests a protective role for dietary fibre

against coronary heart disease.

The mean daily intake of dietary fibre in the

total sample was 20.2g. While, on average,

men consumed larger quantities of fibre

(23.2g) than women (17.4g), women

consumed more fibre-dense diets (2.33

g1MJ) than men (2.16 g/MJ). Expressed as

non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), i.e. dietary

fibre excluding lignin and resistant starch,

the mean daily intake in the total sample

was 14.8g (16.7g in men and 13.0g in

women). Women aged 18-35 years had the

lowest mean daily dietary fibre intake

(16.1g).

Figure 7 shows the food contributors to

dietary fibre. Overall, the main food groups

contributing to dietary fibre intakes were

Figure 7 Percent contribution of food groups to dietary fibre intake

Others

Cakes & Biscuits

Breakfast Cereals

Fruit & Nuts

11%

31 % Breads

20%

Potatoes

breads, potatoes and vegetables, which

collectively provided two thirds of the

dietary fibre consumed in the diet.

In order to reduce the incidence of bowel

disease, the UK COMA panel on dietary

reference values has recommended a daily

average NSP intake for the adult population

of 18g (equivalent to 25g of dietary fibre)

with an individual range of 12-24g (-16-33

g dietary fibre). In this Survey, the mean

daily intake of NSP was below the

nutritional goal of 18g in 77% of adults

(67% of men and 87% of women) and

below the minimum of the recommended

range (12g) in 37% of the population (~%

of women and 25% of men). This is likely to

contribute to impaired bowel function and

constipation, which in turn may contribute

to increased risk of chronic gastrointestinal

disease.

p24

Vitamins and Minerals

Table 5 shows the intakes of vitamins and

minerals in men and women. Figures 8 to 13

show the main food contributors to intakes

of vitamins A, 0, C, folate, calcium and iron

in the population. Overall, the contribution

of nutritional supplements to the mean

daily intakes of men and women of all ages

for any vitamin or mineral was less than

12%. However, supplements did contribute

significantly to the mean daily intakes of

some vitamins in supplement consumers.

Intakes were adequate in the population

for most vitamins, as indicated by the low

percentage of the population with intakes

below the average requirements (AR).

However, a significant prevalence of

inadequate intakes was observed for

vitamin A (20% of men and 17% of

women), and riboflavin (13% of men and

20% of women). The proportions of men

(16%) and women (11 %) with mean daily

vitamin E intakes less than the lowest

threshold intakes indicate that the

prevalence of vitamin E inadequacy may be

significant. A substantial proportion of the

population had low vitamin 0 intakes and

was largely dependent on sunlight to

maintain adequate vitamin 0 status.

Only 2% of women aged 18-35 years and

5% of women aged 36-50 years achieved

the recommended folate intake of 600~g1d

for women of reproductive years for the

prevention of neural tube defects. All of

the women who met the recommendation

were using folate-containing supplements.

In women ,aged 18-50 years who consumed

supplemental folate (14%, n=80), mean

intakes o(folate were 480~g (233~g from

food and 248~g from supplements),

indicating a reduced risk of NTO in this

group. Of the women who did not take

supplements, none had mean intakes that

approached this level.

A significant prevalence of intakes below

the AR was observed for iron, calcium, zinc

and copper, particularly in women. Forty

eight per cent of women aged 18 to 50

years (whose iron requirements are high

due to menstrual losses) had inadequate

iron intakes, exposing them to increased

risk of depletion of iron stores and iron

deficiency .anaemia. It has been reported

that 1 in 3 Irish women has inadequate iron

stores and 1 in 30 exhibit iron deficiency

anaemia. In women aged 18 to 50 years

who used supplements, the proportion with

inadequate intakes of iron was half that of

women who did not use supplements,

indicating that supplements containing iron

make an important contribution to the diets

of menstruating women.

Calcium intakes were below the AR in 23%

of women. Inadequate calcium intake

contributes to reduced bone mass and

increased susceptibility to osteoporosis.

According to the World Health

Organisation, one in four women in Europe

over 50 years of age has osteoporosis.

TABLE 5

MEAN AND SD OF DAILY INTAKES. OF MICRONUTRIENTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN OF ALL AGES

Men 18-64y (n:::662) Women 18-64y (n=717)

Mean SD Mean SD

VITAMINS*

RETINOL (IJQ) 598 794 530 687

CAROTENE (IJQ) 2543 2091 2312 1644

TOTAL VITAMIN A (IJQ RE) 1022 891 915 751

VITAMIN D (IJg) 3.7 3.4 3.7 8.7

VITAMIN E (IJQ) 11.2 37.2 10.9 27.4

THIAMIN (mg) 2.3 1.5 2.1 4.1

RIBOFLAVIN (m g) 2.2 1.5 2.0 3.4

PRE-FORMED NIACIN (mg) 28.2 9.9 20.7 9.9

TOTAL NIACIN EQUIVALENTS (mg) 48.9 14.2 34.9 12.1

VITAMIN B6 (mg) 3.5 1.9 3.6 7.3

VITAMIN B12 (IJg) 5.4 3.7 4.1 3.6

FOLATE (IJg) 332 128 260 144

BIOTIN (l1g) 42.8 23.6 34.1 25.0

PANTOTHENATE (mg) 6.5 2.7 5.3 4.8

VITAMIN C (mg) 116 223 108 183

MINERAlS*

CALCIUM (mg) 949 354 742 299

MAGNESIUM (mg) 354 116 255 83

PHOSPHORUS (mg) 1645 463 1161 318

IRON (mg) 14.4 5.5 14.1 18.7

COPPER (mg) 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.7

ZINC (mg) 11.6 4.4 8.5 5.0

... All sources including dietary supplements

p25

p26

Figure 8

Percent contribution of food groups

to total Vitamin A intake

Others

Supplements

Soups & Sauces

Eggs

Cheeses

Figure 10

30% Vegetables

Meats

Percent contribution of food groups

to Vitamin D intake

Supplements

Spreads

Breakfast Cereals

Figure 12

Others

Eggs

Percent contribution of food groups

to calcium intake

Others 23%

Cakes & Biscuits

Vegetables

Figure 9

Percent contribution of food groups

to Vitamin C intake

Milk & Yoghurt

Meats

Figure 11

Others

Percent contribution of food groups

to folate intake

Non-alcoholic Beverages

Alcoholic Beverages

Milk & Yoghurt

Figure 13

Others Potatoes

17%

Breakfast Cereals

Percent contribution of food groups

to iron intake

Others 16%

20% Supplements

Cakes & Biscuits

Potatoes Breakfast Cereals

Physical Activity

p27

p28

Physical Activity

The benefits of regular physical activity are

well documented. Epidemiological

evidence has demonstrated clearly that

physically inactive adults are at increased

risk of CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus

(Type 2), osteoporosis, various cancers,

anxiety and depression, as well as all cause

mortality. In addition, a sedentary lifestyle

contributes to the development of obesity

while participation in physical activity aids

long-term maintenance of weight reduction

and slows down weight gain over time.

Levels of usual physical activity were

characterised in the Survey by a

comprehensive self-administered

questionnaire, which was developed at the

Institute of Public Health, Ca~bridge. The

questionnaire provided a detailed

assessment of the amount and intensity of

all daily physical activities (occupational

activity, non-occupational activity and

sports and other recreations), and metabolic

energy equivalents were assigned to each

activity.

Overall, men were significantly more active

than women, and in different ways. Men

were approximately twice as active in work

and recreational activity as women were

but women were three times more active in

household tasks. The levels of physical

activity declined with increasing age

particularly leisure activity in men.

Compared with 18-35 year olds, median

total physical activity for the 51-64 year old

respondents was lower by approximately

25% in men and 50% in women. In women,

spending more time in household pursuits.

offset the decline in work activity with age.

Participation in recreational, particularly

vigorous recreational, activities was low.

Walking was by far the most important

leisure activity for both men (41 %) and

women (60%). Table 6 shows average

amounts of time spent by men and women

of different age groups watching television,

in recreational activities such as walking and

gardening and in vigorous recreational

activities. In terms of hours per week spent

in vigorous physical activity, women spent

less time (1 hrlwk) than men (1.7 hrlwk),

younger respondents (aged 18-35 years)

were more active than older respondents,

and professional and skilled non-manual

women were more active than women in

other occupational groups. Fifty percent of

women in the 51-64 year age group

reported no participation in any vigorous

physical activity.

TABLE 6

AVERAGE AMOUNTS OF TIME SPENT BY MEN AND WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGES· WATCHING

TELEVISION AND PARTICIPATING IN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND VIGOROUS

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

/ All ages 18-35 years 36-50 years 51-64 years

TOTAL

TELEVISION VIEWING (HRIWEEK) 18.7 19.0 18.1 19,0

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HR/WEEK) 6.7 7.9 6.4 5,5

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.3 2.1 1.1 0.5

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

MEN "

TELEVISION VIEWING (HRIWEEK) 19.1 19.2 18.8 19.3

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK) 8.7 10.4 8.3 6.8

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.7 2.7 1.3 0.6

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

WOMEN

TELEVISION VIEWING (HR/WEEK) ,18,3 18.8 17.5 18.7

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HR/WEEK) 4.9 5.5 4.7 4.1

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.0 1.4 0.9 0.4

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

Watching TV monopolised a major portion Higher levels of total, occupational and

of available leisure time and median time recreational activities were associated with

spent on TV viewing and related pursuits a trend towards lower BMI in both men and

was similar for men (19 hourslweek) and women. On average, overweight and obese

women (18 hours/week). Twenty-five respondents spent 2-3 hours per week more

percent of respondents spent at least 25 time in TV viewing and less time in

hours/week in these pursuits. There were vigorously active pursuits than non-

no age-related trends in the amount of time overweight respondents, as seen in Table 7.

spent watching TV.

p29

n

TABLE 7

AVERAGE AMOUNTS OF TIME SPENT BY MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT BMI CATEGORIES

WATCHING TELEVISION AND PARTICIPATING IN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND VIGOROUS

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

BMI (kg/m') <25 25-30 >30

MEAN MEAN MEAN

TOTAL

TELEVISION VIEWING (HR/WEEK) 17.5 19.5 20.1

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HR/WEEK) 6.5 7.2 6.4

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.5 1.3 1.0

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

MEN

TELEVISION VIEWING (HR/WEEK) 18.0 19.9 19.9

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK) 8.7 9.3 8.1

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.9 1.6 1.3

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

WOMEN ---

TELEVISION VIEWING (HR/WEEK) 17.2 19.0 20.2

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK) 5.3 4.5 4.4

VIGOROUS RECREATIONAL 1.2 0.9 0.7

ACTIVITIES (HRIWEEK)

The holistic approach used in the habits of physical activity. The results have

assessment of physical activity in this study a clear and important public health message

has revealed important differences in the - simple population focussed programmes

activity patterns of men and women, which to promote physical activity are unlikely to

need to be considered in the development offer the same chance of long-term success

of public health policies and programmes as more sensitive and individualised

aimed at promoting and sustaining lifetime strategies.

p30 ..

Attitudes

p31

Attitudes The promotion of healthy eating is likely to likely to perceive that they did not need to

be more effective if it is targeted to specific make any dietary changes tended to be

subgroups in the population. In order to people in the 51 to 64 year age group and

identify appropriate target groups for people who were educated to primary level

nutrition education, it is necessary to only. A total of 572 respondents said that

examine the influence of socio-demographic they had modified their eating habits in the

factors on attitudes towards a healthy diet. past year. Women, respondents with a

tertiary level education or a professional

Sixty two percent of respondents perceived occupation, respondents who were obese

that they "make conscious efforts to eat a and non-smokers were all more likely to

healthy diet" either "most of the time" or have made dietary changes in the previous

"quite often". These respondents tended year. Sixty four percent of people made

to be women, older subjects (51-64 years), changes because they wanted to eat a

to have a professional occupation or a healthy diet while 53% did so because of

managerialltechnical position and to be obesity/overweight, shown in Table 8.

either a non- or ex-smoker. Respondents who had modified their eating

habits for the purpose of eating healthily

Awareness of the need to alter one's diet is were more likely to be women, well

an important stage in changing dietary educated and from a higher social class.

behaviour. Just over half of respondents Table 9 shows that the most common

(52%) considered that they do not need to dietary changes were a reduction in fat

make changes to their diet, as it is healthy (70%) and an increase in fruit and

enough. Respondents who were more vegetables (67%).

TABLE 8

REASONS FOR MAKING DIETARY CHANGES CITED BY RESPONDENTS WHO HAD MODIFIED THEIR

EATING HABITS OVER THE PAST YEAR (N=572)

REASON %

WANTED TO EAT A HEALTHY DIET 64

OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY 53

BOWEL PROBLEMS 11

OTHER REASONS 9

DIFFERENT FOOD PREFERENCES 8

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE 7

RAISED CHOLESTEROL 7

STOMACH PROBLEMS 6

CONVENIENCE 5

FAMILY HISTORY OF ILLNESS 4

ALLERGIES 3

DIABETES 2

UNDERWEIGHT 1

p32

p33

TABLE 9

PERCENTAGES OF RESPONDENTS WHO REPORTED MAKING SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THEIR EATING

HABITS OVER THE PAST YEAR

DIETARY CHANGE

REDUCED FAT

INCREASED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

INCREASED FIBRE

REDUCED CALORIES

REDUCED ALCOHOL

INCREASED CONVENIENCE FOODS

INCREASED ALCOHOL

Almost half of the population (48%) agreed

with the statement • my weight is fine for

my age". The respondents most likely to

think that their weight was appropriate

were aged 18 to 35 years, unskilled workers

and students and those in the normal

weight range. Among those that were

obese, 86% disagreed with the statement.

A relatively high proportion (50%) of the

older age group (51-64 years) considered

%

70

67

41

34

22

5

2

that their weight was fine for their age in

spite of the fact that 27%. of this group

were obese and 44% were overweight.

Most respondents (81 %) believed that they

should be taking more exercise and 45%

felt that they should be taking a lot more

exercise, suggesting that the majority of

respondents were not complacent about

their level of exercise.

p34

Smoking

Smoking is a known risk factor for coronary

heart disease, stroke and cancer. In Ireland,

it has been estimated that smoking is

associated with 21 % of total deaths, in

comparison to, Sweden, for example, where

smoking accounts for 8% of total deaths.

Approximately 33% of men and 32% of

women were current smokers and 28% of

men and 25% of women smoked daily. On

average, most adults commenced smoking

in their late teens and of those who gave

up, most did so in their early thirties. In

men and women, the incidence of smoking

decreased with increasing age. Forty one

percent of men and 42% of women in the

18-35y category were smokers, compared to

27% of men and 17% of women in the

51-64y category.

how to contact us Telephone our free helpline: from the north on: 0800 085 1683

from the south on: 1800 40 4567

Write to us at our interim postal address: Food Safety Promotion Board. Abbey Court, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1

Or email us at; info@fspb.org

-••• 1

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Food Safety Promotion Board,

Abbey Court,

Lower Abbey Street,

Dublin 1

free telephone helpline:

from the north on: 0800 085 1683

from the south on: 1800 40 4567

email: info@fspb,org

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