About Swan
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Transcript of About Swan
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CONTINUE
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Etymology & Terminology
Fossil Swans
Systematics & Evolution
Behaviour
Distribution & Movements
Descriptions
EXIT
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The word swan is derived from Old
English Swan, akin to the German Schwan and
Dutch zwaan and Swedish svan, in turn derived
from Indo-European root *swen (to sound, to
sing), whence Latin derives sonus (sound).
Young swans are known as cygnets,
from the Latin word cygnus ("swan") and the
Old French suffix -et ("little"), or as swanlings.
An adult male is a cob, from Middle English
cobbe (leader of a group) and an adult female is
a pen.
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The swans are the largest members of
the duck family Anatidae, and are amongst the
largest flying birds. The largest species, including
the mute swan, trumpeter swan, and whooper
swan, can reach length of over 1.5 m and weigh
over 15 kg. Their wingspans can be almost 3 m.
Compared to the closely related geese they are
much larger in size and have proportionallylarger feet and necks. They also have a patch of
unfeathered skin between the eyes and bill in
adults. The sexes are alike in plumage, but males
are generally bigger and heavier than females.
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The Northern Hemisphere species of
swan have pure white plumage but the Southern
Hemisphere species are mixed black and white.
The Australian Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is
completely black except for the white flight
feathers on its wings; the chicks of black swans
are light grey in colour, and the South American
Black-necked Swan has a black neck.The legs of swans are normally a dark
blackish grey colour, except for the two South
American species, which have pink legs. Bill
colour varies: the four subarctic species have
black bills with varying amounts of yellow, and
all the others are patterned red and black.
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Although most birds generally do not
have teeth, swans are known to be an exception to
this, having small jagged 'teeth' as part of their
beaks used for catching and eating fish. The MuteSwan and Black-necked Swan have a lump at the
base of the bill on the upper mandible.
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Whooper Swans migrate from Iceland,
Scandinavia and Northern Russia to Europe,
Central Asia, China and Japan.
The swans are generally found intemperate environments, rarely occurring in the
tropics. Four (or five) species occur in the
Northern Hemisphere, one species is found in
Australia and New Zealand and one species is
distributed in southern South America They are
absent from tropical Asia, Central America,
northern South America and the entirety of
Africa. One species, the Mute Swan, has been
introduced to North America, Australia and New
Zealand.
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Several species are migratorY, either
wholly or partly so. The Mute Swan is a partial
migrant, being resident over areas of Western
Europe but wholly migratory in Eastern Europe
and Asia. The Whooper Swan and Tundra
Swan are wholly migratory, and the Trumpeter
Swans are almost entirely migratory. There is
some evidence that the Black-necked Swan is
migratory over part of its range, but detailed
studies have not established whether these
movements are long or short range migration.Swans feed in the water and on land. They are
almost entirely herbivorous, although small
numbers of aquatic animals may be eaten.BACK
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In the water food is obtained by up-
ending or dabbling, and their diet is composed of
the roots, tubers, stems and leaves of aquatic andsubmerged plants.
Swans form monogamous pair bonds
that last for many years, and in some cases these
can last for life. Modern genetic techniques are
starting to reveal that 'divorces' are more common
than previously thought, as is mating with other
swans outside of the social pairing, without
breaking the social pair bond. These bonds are
maintained year round, even in gregarious and
migratory species like the Tundra Swan, which
congregate in large flocks in the wintering
grounds. BACK
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The nest is on the ground near water and about
a metre across. Unlike many other ducks andgeese the male helps with the nest construction.
Average egg size (for the mute swan) is
11374mm, weighing 340 g, in a clutch size of
4 to 7, and an incubation period of 3445 days.
With the exception of the dendrocygninaes they
are the only anatids where the males aid in
incubating the eggs.
Mute swans have been observed to
display homosexual or transgender behavior.
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All evidence suggests that the genus
Cygnus evolved in Europe or western Eurasia during
the Miocene, spreading all over the Northern
Hemisphere until the Pliocene. When the southernspecies branched off is not known. The Mute Swan
apparently is closest to the Southern Hemisphere
Cygnus its habits of carrying the neck curved and
the wings fluffed as well as its bill color and knob
indicate that its closest living relative is actually the
Black Swan. Given the biogeography and appearance
of the subgenus Olor it seems likely that these are of
a more recent origin, as evidence shows by their
modern ranges (which were mostly uninhabitable
during the last ice age) and great similarity between
the taxa.BACK
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Subgenus Cygnus
Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, is a Eurasian
species that occurs at lower latitudes than
Whooper Swan and Bewick's Swan acrossEurope into southern Russia, China and the
Russian Maritimes.
Subgenus Chenopis
Black Swan, Cygnus atratus of Australia,
and introduced in New Zealand.
New Zealand Swan, Cygnus atratus
sumnerensis, an extinct subspecies of the
Black Swan from New Zealand and the
Chatham Islands.
Subgenus Sthenelides
Black-necked SwaN, Cygnus
melancoryphus of South America. BACK
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Subgenus Olor
Whooper Swan, Cygnus cygnus breeds
in Iceland and subarctic Europe and Asia,
migrating to temperate Europe and Asia inwinter.
Trumpeter Swan, Cygnus buccinator is
the largest North American swan. Very
similar to the Whooper Swan (and
sometimes treated as a subspecies of it), it
was hunted almost to extinction but has
since recovered.
Tundra Swan, Cygnus columbianus is a
small swan which breeds on the North
American tundra, further north than
Trumpeter Swan. It winters in the USA.
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The fossil record of the genus Cygnus
is quite impressive, although allocation to the
subgenera is often tentative; as indicatedabove, at least the early forms probably
belong to the C. olor - Southern Hemisphere
lineage, where as the Pleistocene taxa from
North America would be placed in Olor. A
number of prehistoric species have been
described, mostly from the Northern
Hemisphere. Among them was the giant
Siculo-Maltese C. falconeri which was taller
(though not heavier) than the contemporary
local dwarf elephants (Elephas falconeri).BACK
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BACK
Fossil swansCygnus csakvarensis (Late Miocene of Hungary)
- formerly Cygnanser
Cygnus mariae (Early Pliocene of Wickieup,
USA)
Cygnus verae (Early Pliocene of Sofia, Bulgaria)
Cygnus liskunae (Middle Pliocene of W
Mongolia)
Cygnus hibbardi (?Early Pleistocene of Idaho,
USA)
Cygnus sp. (Early Pleistocene of Dursunlu,
Turkey: Louchart et al. 1998)
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Giant Swan, Cygnus falconeri (Middle
Pleistocene of Malta and Sicily, Mediterranean)
Cygnus paloregonus (Middle Pleistocene of WC
USA) - includes "Anser" condoni and C.
matthewi
Dwarf Swan Cygnus equitum (Middle - Late
Pleistocene of Malta and Sicily, Mediterranean)
Cygnus lacustris (Late Pleistocene of Lake Eyreregion, Australia) - formerly Archaeocygnus
Cygnus sp. (Pleistocene of Australia)
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The supposed fossil swans "Cygnus"
bilinicus and "Cygnus" herrenthalsi were,
respectively, a stork and some large bird ofunknown affinity (due to the bad state of
preservation of the referred material). Anser
atavus is sometimes placed in Cygnus.The Coscoroba Swan (Coscoroba
coscoroba) from South America, the only species
of its genus, is apparently not a true swan. Its
phylogenetic position is not fully resolved; it is in
some aspects more similar to geese and
shelducks.BACK
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Systematics & Evolution
Behaviour
Distribution & Movements
Descriptions
Fossil Swans
Etymology & Terminology
EXIT
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This presentation Created BY :Augridita Prawidya. CXI.IA 2SMAN 4 KENDARI