1. Enumeration (samuddesa)2. Classification (vibhàga)

3. Origination (samuññhàna)4. Groups (kalàpa)

5. Modes of occurrence (pavattikkama)

Compendium of MatterRúpasangahavibhåga

What is Rúpa Variously

translated as form, matter (&

energy), corporeality, Materiality

Ultimately shapeless, formless and massless

råpa and nàma are interdependent.

Råpa is that which changes

(form, color, state), breaks up or

perishes owing to external conditions eg physical (heat/cold etc) and biological (insect, animals, microbes etc)

What is Rúpa Råpa is incessantly produced from four

causes:o kamma, o citta, o utu (heat) and o àhàra (nutriment).

Råpa lasts for only 17 mind moments, then it perishes

A form or shape or mass appears to be present when a lot of råpa has accumulated eg sun or planet or mountain

28 types of rúpas Mahåbhuta (4 Great elements) and

Upåda-rúpas (24 Derivatives) Nipphanarúpas (18 concretely

produced matter) and anipphanarúpas (10 non-concretely produced)

1. Rúpa-samuddesa: Enumeration

Rúpa-samuddesa: Enumeration

28 types of råpa in two-fold categorisation as follows:

I. Mahàbhuta (4) – 4 Great Essentials Pañhavi (earth), àpo (water), tejo (fire), and

vàyo (air or wind); Possess own intrinsic natures, thus called

‘elements’ More prominent than the derivatives Huge masses (eg planet) result from

accumulation of these four elements II. Upàdàya-råpa (24) – 24 Derivatives

Derived from or dependent on the mahàbhutaMahàbhuta maybe compared to earth, while the

derivatives may be compared to trees growing in dependence on the earth

Rúpa: Enumeration28 råpas over 11 classes by twofold

classificationI. Nipphanaråpa (concretely produced

matter) (18) Possess intrinsic natures, suitable as

objects of meditation 18 types of råpas distributed over 7

classesII. Anipphanaråpa (non-concretely

produced matter) (10) 10 types of råpa which are more

abstract in nature, distributed over 4 classes

NIPPHANARæPAs (18)•Mahàbhuta (4)(Great

Essentials)• Upàdà-råpas (14)

(Derivatives)

I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials

Pañhavi (Earth element)

Element of extension (three-dimensional)

Characteristic mode of experience: hardness/softness (relative)

Serves as support or nucleus for the other co-existing råpas

âpo (water element) Element of cohesion Characteristic mode

of experience: cohesiveness; fluidity

Serves to bind and hold the different particles of matter

I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials

Tejo (Fire element) Element of heat or

heat energy Characteristic mode

of experience: hotness/coldness; vivacity; maturity

Serves to mature or ripen other co-existing råpas

Vàyo (wind element) Element of motion or

kinetic energy; pressure

Characteristic mode of experience: distension and pressure - pushing and supporting

Cause motion or oscillation to other råpas

I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials Fundamental material elements that exist

together and are inseparable The four essentials are

supported by the earth element, held together by the water element, maintained by the fire element, and distended by the wind element.

Every material substance on earth is made up of these four great elements.

Ultimately formless & shapeless; as meditation objects: meditate on their

properties eg hardness/softness; cohesion/fluidity; hot/cold; pushing & balancing

Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives) Nipphanaråpas

II. Pasàda-råpas (Sensitive Material Qualities)(5)

• Sensitive parts of the five sense organs – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, & body

• Physical base and door for the five sense consciousness

• Receive impressions of the sense objects

II. Pasàda-råpas (5)(Sensitive Material Qualities)

1. Cakkhu-pasàda– Sensitive part of the eye; registers form & color– spreads in 7 layers in the pupil of the eye where

images appear.2. Sota-pasàda

– Sensitive part of the ear, registers sound;– spreads in the place shaped like a ring inside the

ear-holes.3. Ghàna-pasàda

– Sensitive part of the nose, registers smells;– spreads in the place shaped like the leg of a goat

inside the nostrils.

II. Pasàda-råpas (5)(Sensitive Material Qualities)

4. Jivhà-pasàda– Sensitive part of the tongue; registers tastes– spreads in the middle upper surface of the

tongue.

5. Kàya-pasàda– Sensitive part of the body; registers tactile

sensation– spreads throughout the whole body sensitive to

touch, – Exclude dead cells like head-hair, body-hair,

finger-nails and hard dried skin.

III. Gocara-råpas (Material Qualities of Sense Objects) (7)• Five sense objects

frequented by pa¤cavi¤¤àõa (five sense consciousness.• Impinge on sense basesUpàdà-råpas (Derivatives)

Nipphanaråpas (18)

III. Gocara-råpas (7= 4+3) (Material Qualities of Sense

Objects)1. Råpàrammaõa – visible form (vaõõa)2. Saddàrammaõa – sound (sadda)3. Gandhàrammaõa – smell (gandha)4. Rasàrammaõa – taste (rasa)5-7. Photthabbàrammaõa – tangible object

(pathavã, tejo, vàyo) ** (àpo or cohesion cannot be felt by the sense of touch.)

Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)

IV. Bhàva-råpas (Material Qualities of Sex) (2)

1. Itthi-bhàva– material quality that

imparts femininity;– it spreads all over the

body of the female.2. Purisa-bhàva

– material quality that imparts masculinity;

– it spreads all over the body of the male.

V. Hadaya-vatthu (Heart Base)

• spreads in the blood inside the heart.

• the seat of consciousness (mano-vi¤¤àõa).

• billions of hadaya-vatthu spreads in the blood of the heart.

Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)

VI. Jãvita-råpa (Material Quality of Life)

• jãvitindriya-råpa—vital force of kammaja-råpa which spreads throughout the body.

• Material counterpart of mental life faculty

• Regarded as physical life

VII. âhàra-råpa/Ojà (Material Quality of Nutrition)

• The gross food which is taken in by making into morsels = kabalãkàràhàra.

• àhàra-råpa = the nutritive essence (ojà) which sustains the body.

Nipphanarúpas (18) - Summary4 great essentials, 5 pasàda-råpas,7 gocara-råpas (to

be counted as 4 excluding tangibility),

2 bhàvaråpas,hadaya-vatthu,jãvita-råpa andàhàra-råpa

Nipphanaråpas: caused and conditioned by kamma, citta, utu (tejo) and àhàra (ojà)

sabhàva-råpas: Each has innate properties such as hardness for pathavã and heat for tejo.

Nipphanarúpas (18) - Summary

sa-lakkhaõa-råpas: Each has the three saïkhàta-lakkhaõas (innate signs): - jàti (birth), jarà (decay), and aniccatà

(impermanence) suffering, non-

self

Råparåpa: change in state, form and colour, etc., due to heat and cold, etc

sammasana-råpa: objects of insight meditation, contemplating anicca dukkha and anatta

ANIPPHANARæPAs (10)• Upàdà-råpas (10)

(Derivatives)

Anipphanarūpa (non-concrete Matter)VIII. Pariccheda-

råpa/âkàsa-dhàtu(Material Quality of

Limitation – space element)

• inter-atomic (particle) or intra-atomic space that limits or separates material groups (råpa-kalàpas); gaps or apertures;

• Boundaries of matter• Dhàtu in the sense of

non-entity

IX. Vi¤¤atti-råpas (2) (Material Qualities of Communication (last for one citta moment)

- ‘Body and verbal language’ communicating ideas, feelings. attitudes

1. Kàya-vi¤¤atti – bodily action by hand, head, eye, leg, etc., to let others understand one’s intentions. (cittaja vayo)

2. Vacã-vi¤¤atti – movement of the mouth to produce speech to let others understand one’s intentions. (cittaja earth)

X. Vikàra-råpas (5= 3+2)(Material Qualities of Mutability)

1. Råpassa-lahutà – physical lightness or buoyancy;

• suppresses or dispels the heaviness or sluggishness of the body.

• transformability2. Råpassa-mudutà –

physical elasticity; • removes stiffness or

rigidity in the body and is comparable to a well-beaten hide.

3. Råpassa-kamma¤¤atà – physical adaptability;

• opposed to the stiffness or unwieldiness of the body, and is comparable to well-hammered gold.

• Non-weakness4 & 5. Vi¤¤atti-råpas (2)• Bodily intimation• Verbal intimation

XI. Lakkhaõa-råpas (4)(Material Qualities of

Characteristics)three characteristics of

råpa and nàma:• arising (uppàda),• existing (thãti) and• dissolving (bhaïga).Lakkhaõa-råpas are

råpas denoting those instances:

1. Upacàya-råpa – arising of råpa at the moment of conception, and continued arising of råpa till the required råpas in life are completely formed

2. Santati-råpa – subsequent arising of råpas throughout the life-term.

(Upacàya and santati sometimes treated as jàti or birth = ‘uppàda’).

3. Jaratà-råpa – råpa denoting development and decay during the existing period of 15 conscious moments (‘thãti’)

4. Aniccatà-råpa – råpa denoting dissolution at the dissolving moment of real råpa. (‘bhaïga’ instant)

Anipphanarúpas (10)- Summary

pariccheda-råpa (inter-atomic space),

2 vi¤¤atti-råpas (intimations),

3(+2 above) vikàraråpas (mutability)

4 lakkhaõa-råpas (arising; subsequent arising; developing& decaying; dissolving)

anipphanna-råpas: not caused &

conditioned by 4 causess – kamma,citta, utu and àhàra

not paramattha dhammas - only modalities or attributes of nipphanaråpas

Anipphanarúpas (10)- Summary

asabhàva-råpas = do not have innate properties,

asalakkhaõa-råpas = do not have saïkhàta-lakkhaõas (anicca, dukkha, anatta),

aråparåpa = not changeable by heat or cold, etc.,

asammasana-råpa = not contemplated in insight meditation.

Summary on Enumeration of Rúpa

28 types of råpas enumerated by their specific properties as:

Twofold into the 4 great essentials (mahàbhuta) + 24 derivatives (upàda-råpas)

placed into 11 classes in twofold enumeration into Nipphanaråpas (18) and Anipphanaråpas (10) Nipphanaråpas (18)= mahàbhuta (4), pasàda

råpas (5), gocara råpas (4+3), bhàvaråpas (2), hadaya-vatthu, jãvita-råpa and àhàra-råpa

Anipphanaråpas (10)= pariccheda-råpa, vi¤¤atti-råpas (2), vikàraråpas (3+2), lakkhaõa-råpas (4)

1. Singlefold2. Manifold

2. Rúpavibhåga (Criticism/Classification)

Rúpavibhåga: SinglefoldAll råpas are just one in the following eight aspects:1. Ahetuka – all are rootless;2. Sappaccaya – all are related to the causes

(kamma, citta, utu, and àhàra);3. Sàsava – all serve as objects for defilements;4. Saïkhàta – all are conditioned by the four

causes;5. Lokiya – all are connected with the world of five

aggregates of attachment;6. Kàmàvacara – all come within the range of sense

objects;7. Anàrammaõa – all do not perceive objects;8. Appahàtabba – all are not eliminated by Maggas.

Rúpavibhåga: Manifold

1. Ajjhattika-råpa The five pasàda-råpas

are called ajjhattika (internal), the remaining 23 råpas are called bàhira (external),

Valued, essential for sensing (seeing, hearing, etc)

Serve as doors for mental phenomena – channel through which nàma access object

2. Vatthu-råpa (bases) The five pasàda-

råpas together + hadaya-vatthu are vatthu-råpa; the rest are called avatthu-råpa.

They act as seats of consciousness

Physical support for the occurrence of nàma

manifold when distinguished as bases, internal, external, doors, etc

Rúpavibhåga: Manifold3. Dvàra-råpa (doors) (7)• five pasàda-råpas + two vi¤¤atti-råpas = dvàra-

råpas while the rest are called advàraråpas.• The five pasàda-råpas serve as doors which give

rise to pa¤ca-dvàra-vãthis • two vi¤¤atti-råpas are the places and the means

for performing bodily actions (kàya-kamma) and verbal actions (vacã-kamma).

4. Indriya-råpa (Faculties) (8)• five pasàda-råpas + two bhàva-råpas +

jãvitaråpa = eight indriya-råpas• remaining 20 råpas are termed anindriya-råpas.

Rúpavibhåga: Manifold5. Olàrika-råpa (12) (gross material phenomena)• five pasàda-råpas + seven gocara-råpas = 12 =

related to genesis of consciousness; termed aso olàrika-råpas (gross or coarse in the sense of easily

seen or understood; instrumental in genesis of mental phenomena)

o santike-råpas (close to wisdom-mind)o Sappañigharåpas (sense objects and sense organs

strike one another, impinging)• remaining 16 råpas are termed (not directly related to

genesis of consciousness)o sukhuma-råpas (fine or subtle)o dåre-råpas (dåre – far) (far from wisdom-mind)o Appañigharåpas (non-impinging)

Rúpavibhåga: Manifold6. Upàdinna-råpa (18

kammaja-råpas) (clung-to)

• upàdinna-råpas1– 8 kammaja-råpas,

råpas produced by kammas as the fruits (resultants) of kamma motivated by craving (taõhà) and wrong view (diññhi)

– organic råpas • the rest are

anupàdinna-råpas.

7. Sanidassana-råpa (can be seen by the eyes)

• Råpàrammaõa (vaõõa) is called sanidassana-råpa, because it can be seen by the eye.

• remaining råpas are called anidassana-råpas as they cannot be seen by the eye.

Rúpavibhåga: Manifold8. Gocaraggàhika-råpa (bases and support for sense

consciousness) (5)• five pasàda råpas can take external sense-objects as

sense bases and support for the respective consciousness = gocaraggàhika-råpas

• cakkhu-pasàda and sota-pasàda = asampatta-gàhika: objects can be cognised without their coming into direct contact with the sense organs (’see a flower’ or ‘hear a man talk’ without either coming into direct contact with the eyes or ears; cf. taste, smell, touch – direct contact with sense organs required)

• The rest are called agocaraggàhika-råpas.

Rúpavibhåga: manifold9. Avinibbhoga-råpa (8 Inseparables)• eight råpas comprising pathavã, àpo, tejo, vàyo,

vaõõa (visible form), gandhà (smell), rasa (taste), and ojà (nutritive essence) are bound together and are inseparable and indivisible = avinibbhoga-råpas

• the rest are called vinibbhoga-råpas.• Avinibbhoga-råpas are produced together in nature as

kalàpas (material groups) (smallest indivisible fundamental units of matter)

• Avinibbhoga-råpas are present in all material objects from the simplest to the most complex

• Kalàpa consisting of purely these 8 elements = ‘pure octad’ (suddhaññhaka) or ojaññhaka

There are four causes or modes of origin of råpa:

1. Kamma (cetanà or volition), 2. Citta (consciousness),

3. utu (heat) & 4. Àhàra (nutritive essence).

3. Råpa-samuññhàna (The Causes or Origination of Material Phenomena)

Kammaja-rúpa: Material Phenomena arising from Kamma

• Kamma= cetanà of past akusala and kusala cittas

• 25 types of kamma produce råpa:= 12 akusala cetanà + 8 kàmàvacarà-kusala

cetanà + 5 råpàvacara-kusala cetanà.• These moral and immoral kamma produce råpas

in the kàma-sphere and the råpa-sphere at every submoment (arising, existing and decaying submoments of each citta), starting from the arising submoment (instant) of rebirth consciousness till death (the decaying moment of cuti citta).

• aråpàvacara kamma do not produce råpas.

Cittaja-rúpa: Material Phenomena arising from Citta

• Four Aråpa vipàka cittas and the 10 dvipa¤cavi¤¤àõa cittas do not produce råpa

• The rest (89-14=),75 types of citta produce råpa

• All pañisandhi-cittas (rebirth-linking) and the cuti citta (death-consciousness) of arahats also do not produce råpa.

• The 75 cittas produce cittaja råpas at every arising instant of the respective cittas, starting from arising submoment of the first bhavaïga-citta until the arising submoment of the cuti citta

Cittaja-rúpa: Javana & Other Cittas • 26 appanà-javana cittas

o produce cittaja-råpa and also support the four bodily postures – viz., standing, sitting, lying and walking.

• 32 cittas comprising mano-dvàràvajjana, 29 kàmàvacara javanas and 2 abhi¤¤às (supernormal knowledge):o produce cittaja-råpa, support the bodily

postures and also produce two vi¤¤atti-råpas for bodily and vocal intimations.

o 13 somanassa javanas also produce smiles and laughters

Cittaja-rúpa: Javana & Other Cittas • Of the 32 cittas mentioned before:

o 2 domanassa javanas (2 dosa-måla) cittas produce moaning and weeping.

o Hasituppàda and 4 somanassa-mahà-kiriya cittas produce smiles in Buddhas and arahats.

o 2 lobhamåla-diññhigata-vipayutta-somanassa cittas & 4 somanassa-mahà-kusala cittas produce smiles & laughters in sekha-persons i.e., sotàpannas, sakadàgàmãs and anàgàmãs.

o Four lobhamåla-somanassa cittas and 4 somanassa mahà-kusala cittas produce smiles and laughters in puthujjanas (worldlings).

Cittaja-rúpa: Other Cittas

• Three mano-dhàtus (pa¤cadvàràvajjana citta and 2 sampañicchana cittas), 11 tadàlambaõas and 5 råpàvacara vipàka cittas (totaling 19) produce only ordinary cittajaråpa.

Utuja-rúpa: Material Phenomena Arising from Heat/Cold (Temperature)

o Tejo, fire element is present in all råpa-kalàpas• Tejo produces utuja-råpas on reaching its static

(existing) stage and continues producing utuja-råpas at every small instant both internally and externally.

• Internal tejo in kammaja-råpa formed at patisandhi combines with external fire element to produce utuja-råpa (organic); thereafter tejo in råpas born of all 4 causes continue to produce utuja råpas (organic)throughout the course of existence

• Externally tejo produces inorganic råpas – climatic and geological transformations

Åhåraja-rúpa: Material Phenomena Arising from Åhåra (nutriment)

• nutritive essence, ojà, is present in all råpa-kalàpas both inside the body (internal) and outside the body (external – external food).

• internal ojà and the external ojà (food consumed) meet in every part of the body, moment of meeting = arising instant (uppàda).

• internal and external ojàs start producing àhàraja-råpas at the static instant (thãti) and goes on producing them at every small instant until the combination terminates.

Analyses of Råpa by Cause or Origins1. Ekaja-råpa – råpa produced by a single cause2. Dvija-råpa – råpa produced by two cause3. Tija-råpa – råpa produced by three causes4. Catuja-råpa – råpa produced by four causes5. Anekaja-råpa – råpa produced by more than one

cause or by many causes

four lakkhaõa-råpas are not produced by any cause – denote arising, subsequent arising, developing & decay., and dissolving of real råpas

Ekaja-rúpa (Single Cause) (11)• Råpas produced by kamma alone (9):

– Five pasàda-råpas, – two bhàva-råpas, – hadaya-vatthu and– jãvita-råpa.

• produced by citta alone (2):– Two vi¤¤atti-råpas

• Total ekaja-råpas = 11

Dvija-rúpa (Two Causes) (1)• Sadda (sound) is the only dvija-råpa -

produced by citta and utu.• Cittaja sadda: all vocal sounds such as

speech, laughter, whistling, crying etc.• Utuja sadda: non-vocal sounds such as

thunder, recorded sound (from cassette, radio etc), vehicle noises etc

Tija-rúpa (Three Causes) (3)three tija-råpas – produced by citta, utu and

àhàra: lahutadi-råpaso råpassa-lahutà (physical lightness or

buoyancy) o Råpassamudutà (malleability or elasticity)o råpassa-kamma¤¤atà (physical

adaptability or wieldiness) • Experienced when we feel pleasant eg mind

is relaxed and clear; environment is comfortable; food is good or nutritious

Catuja-rúpa (Four Causes) (9)Nine catuja-råpas – produced by kamma, citta,

utu and àhàra:o Eight avinibbhoga råpas comprising

pathavã, àpo, tejo, vàyo, vaõõa, gandhà, rasa and ojà

o àkàsa-dhàtu which arises when material groups (kalàpas) of avinibbhoga-råpas are formed.

Råpas by Types of Causes or Origins - Summary

Kammaja-råpas (18)9 kammaja-ekaja råpas: 8 faculties (5 sensitivities + two sex

faculties+ life faculty) + heart base9 kammaja-anekaja råpas (8 inseparables + space)Produced at every submoment (arising, static or existing,

dissolving).

Cittaja-råpas (15)2 cittaja-ekaja-råpas: 2 vi¤¤atti-råpas (intimations)13 cittaja-anekaja råpas (= 9 catuja-råpas + 1 sadda + 3

tija-råpas): 8 inseparables + sound + lightness triad + spaceProduced at every arising submoment of the citta

Råpas by Types of Causes or Origins - Summary

Utuja-råpas (13)13 utuja-anekaja råpas: 8 inseparables + sound + space +

lightness triad.Starts producing at static submoment and continues

producing at every submoment (arising, static or existing, dissolving).

âhàraja-råpas (àhàraja-anekaja råpas) (12)8 avinibbhoga råpa + 3 tija-råpas = 8 inseparables +

lightness triad + space.Starts producing at static submoment and continues

producing at every submoment (arising, static or existing, dissolving)

Råpas by Number of Causes - Summary

1. Ekaja – one cause (11=9 kammaja+2cittaja): 8 faculties+ heart base + 2 intimations

2. Dvija – two causes (1): sound (cittaja & utuja)

3. Tija – three causes (3): lightness triad (cittaja, utuja and āhāraja)

4. Catuja – four causes (9): 8 inseparables + space (kammaja, cittaja, utuja and āhāraja)

5. Lakkhaõas - Characteristics (causeless) (4): arising, existing, decay, impermanence

28 types of råpa do not occur singly, not found separately in nature.

They are produced by the four causes in the form of tiny material groups called kalàpas.

There are 21 material groups in having the same four features – arise, occur and perish together, have a common base.

4. Grouping of Material Qualities (kalàpayojana)

Rúpa-Kalåpa (Material Groups)Kalàpas share the following four features:1. All the råpas in a kalàpa arise together, i.e.

they have a common genesis.2. They also cease or dissolve together, i.e.

they have a common cessation.3. They all depend on the four great essentials

present in the kalàpa for their arising, i.e. they have a common dependence or base.

4. They are so thoroughly mixed that they cannot be distinguished, i.e. they co-exist.

Rúpa-Kalåpa (Material Groups)Size of a Kalàpa = 10-5th of a paramàõu,

invisible, indivisibleTotal of 21 Kalàpas (material groups):• 9 kammaja kalàpas + • 6 cittaja kalàpas + • 4 utuja kalàpas + • 2 àhàraja kalàpas.

Kammaja-Kalåpa (9)Nine kammaja Kalàpas are formed from the

18 kammaja-råpas:1. jãvita nonad = 8 avinibbhoga råpas (nucleus) +

jãvita-råpa = jãvita-navaka-kalàpa (group of 9 råpas including jãvita’ = simplest kammaja kalàpa.

2. Cakkhu-dasaka (eye-decad)= 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvitaråpa + cakkhu-pasàda

3. Sota-dasaka (ear-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvita-råpa + sota-pasàda

4. Ghàna-dasaka (nose-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvitaråpa + ghàna-pasàda

Kammaja-Kalåpa (9)5. jivhà-dasaka (tongue-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-

råpas + jãvita-råpa + jivhà-pasàda6. Kàya-dasaka (body-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas

+ jãvita-råpa + kàya-pasàda7. Itthibhàva-dasaka (female-decad)= 8

avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvita-råpa + itthibhàva-råpa8. Pumbhàva-dasaka (male-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-

råpas + jãvita-råpa + pumbhàva-råpa (purisabhàva)

9. Hadaya-dasaka (heart-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvita-råpa + hadaya-vatthu

Cittaja-Kalåpa (6)formed from 14 cittaja-råpas (excluding

pariccheda-råpa):1. Cittaja-suddhaññhaka (pure octad) = 8

avinibbhoga-råpas produced by citta2. Kàyavi¤¤atti-navaka (bodily intimation nonad)

= 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + kàyavi¤¤atti 3. Vacivi¤¤atti-sadda-dasaka (vocal intimation

decad) = 8 avinibbhoga + vacivi¤¤atti + sadda (sound)

Cittaja-Kalåpa (6)4. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka (undecad of mutability) =

8 avinibbhogas + lahutà + mudutà + kamma¤¤atà

5. Kàyavi¤¤atti-lahutàdi dvàdasaka (dodecad of bodily intimation & mutability) = 8 avinibbhoga + kàyavi¤¤atti + lahutàdi-triad råpas

6. Vacivi¤¤atti-sadda-lahutàdi-terasaka (tridecad of vocal intimation, sound & mutability) = 8 avinibbhogas + vacivi¤¤atti + 3 lahutàdi-råpas + sadda

Utuja-Kalåpa (4)formed from 12 utuja-råpas (excluding pariccheda-

råpa):1. Utuja-suddhaññhaka (pure octad) = 8

avinibbhoga-råpas produced by utu2. Sadda-navaka(sound-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-

råpas + sadda3. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka(undecad of mutability) = 8

avinibbhogas + 3 lahutàdi-råpas4. Sadda-lahutàdi-dvàdasaka (dodecad of sound

and mutability) = 8 avinibbhogas + sadda + 3 lahutàdi-råpas

Åhåraja-Kalåpa (2)formed by grouping together the 8 avinibbhoga-

råpas and the 3 lahutàdi-råpas produced by àhàra.

1. âhàraja-suddhaññhaka(pure octad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas produced by àhàra

2. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka(undecad of mutability) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + 3 lahutàdi-råpas

Internal Kalåpas: OccurrenceAll 21 råpa-kalàpas occur internally in living beings.

Note:– Itthibhàva-dasaka does not occur in males.– pumbhàva-dasaka does not occur in females.– For those who are born blind or deaf, cakkhu-

dasaka or sota-dasaka are not present – of the 28 types of råpa, itthibhàva-råpa is

absent in males and purisabhàva-råpa is absent in females only 27 types of råpa will be present in each being

External Kalåpas: OccurrenceAmong the 21 råpa-kalàpas only two utuja-kalàpas

occur in the external (bahiddha) world: 1. All inanimate things such as trees, stones, earth,

water, fire, corpses, etc., are made up of utuja-suddhaññhaka kalàpas.

2. sounds produced by beating two sticks together or by rubbing of branches in the wind or by musical instruments such as violin, piano, radio, cassettes, etc., are utuja-sadda-navaka kalàpas.

Rúpa-Kalåpas (Material Groups) Summary

Nine Kammaja råpa-kalàpas:

1. Eye decad2. Ear decad3. Nose decad4. Tongue decad5. Body decad6. Female decad7. Male decad8. Heart-base decad9. Vital nonad

Six cittaja råpa-kalàpas:1. Pure octad2. Bodily intimation nonad3. Vocal intimation decad4. Lightness triad un-

decad5. Bodily intimation and

Lightness triad do-decad

6. Vocal intimation, sound and Lightness triad tridecad

Rúpa-Kalåpas (Material Groups) Summary

Four utuja råpa-kalàpas:

1. Pure octad2. Sound nonad3. Lightness triad

un-decad4. Sound and

lightness triad dodecad

Two àhàraja råpa-kalàpas:

1. Pure octad2. Lightness triad

un-decad

Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenomena at:1. the moment of conception, 2. during the course of existence, and 3. in different realms

5. Råpa-pavattikkama

Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenomena

IN KÅMALOKA

Four Modes of Birth/Conceivinggabbhaseyaka-pañisandhi (womb-born creatures).

1. Andaja-pañisandhi (egg-born) – conceiving in egg shell

2. Jalàbuja-pañisandhi (womb-born) – conceiving in the womb

3. Saÿsedaja-pañisandhi (moisture-born) – conceiving in the hollow of a tree trunk, in a fruit, in a flower, in marsh, in stagnant water, in corpses and carcasses, etc., like flies and mosquitoes.

4. Opapàtika-pañisandhi (spontaneous birth) – rebirth in the form of a fully grown-up person about 16 years of age as if jumping out of no where. Eg petas and devas

Arising & Occurrence of Rúpa-kalåpas (by Birth Types)

All 28 material qualities occur undiminished, if circumstances permit, in an individual during a life-time in kàmaloka.

At pañisandhi-kàla (the moment of rebirth) of Saÿsedaja (moisture-born) persons & opapàtika (spontaneous rebirth)-persons:

• at most seven kammaja-kalàpas - eye-decad, ear-decad, nose-decad, tongue-decad, body decad, sex-decad and heart-decad are manifested.

• eye, ear, nose, and sex-decads are sometimes not manifested.

Arising & Occurrence of Rúpa-kalåpas (by Birth Types)

gabbhaseyaka-persons (womb-born creatures):• At pañisandhi-kàla (the moment of rebirth):

– three kammaja-kalàpas - body decad, sex-decad and heart-decad are manifested at the moment of conception.

– The sex-decads may not be manifested in some.

• At pavatti-kàla (during life), eye decad and the rest are manifested slowly in order.

Arising & Occurrence of Rúpas(by Cause) – Sense Sphere

1. kammaja-råpa– Starts forming at the moment of the first

arising submoment (uppàda) of rebirth consciousness (pañisandhi citta) and continues forming incessantly at every submoment of every consciousness throughout life. (until 17th citta preceding cuti or death citta)

2. Cittaja-råpa – begins to form from the arising instant

(uppàda) of the first bhavaïga citta that follows pañisandhi citta, and continues forming at every arising instant (uppàda) of the subsequent cittas for the whole life-time.

Arising & Occurrence of Utuja-Rúpas3. Utuja-råpa• starts forming when tejo-dhàtu (utu) present in the

first kammaja-kalàpas comes to the static stage (thãti)] from the existing instant (thãti) of rebirth consciousness, tejo-dhàtu then continues to produce utuja-råpa at every submoment or minor-instant.

• every kalàpa (contains tejo-dhàtu), from the time it reaches the static stage, produces new utuja-kalàpas at every minor instant.

• every utuja kalàpa, from the time it reaches the static stage, produces new utuja-kalàpas at every minor instant.

• The process of production of utuja kalàpa continues forever

Arising & Occurrence of Åhåraja-Rúpas

4. Åhàraja-råpa– Every kalàpa contains the nutritive essence,

ojà. – àhàraja-råpa starts to form when internal ojà

meets external ojà at the time of diffusion of nutritive essence and the combination of internal and external ojà comes to the static stage.

– From that instant, àhàraja-råpa is formed at every minor instant in the sense sphere

Arising & Occurrence of Rúpas in Kåmaloka

• new groups of material qualities are incessantly produced,

• old groups dissolve and disappear when their lifetime of 17 conscious-moments is over.

• material phenomena go on forming and dissolving away uninterruptedly in the sense-sphere till the end of life like the flame of a lamp, or the stream of a river

Material Phenomena at Death• At the time of death, psychic life (jãvitindriya

cetasika) and physical life (jãvitindriya råpa) must cease together.

• The last kammaja råpa is formed at the ‘arising submoment’ of the 17th citta counting backward from cuti citta (death consciousness) so that the last kammaja råpa will cease at the dissolving instant (bhaïga) of cuti citta

• Cittaja-råpa is formed till the arising instant of the cuti-citta. The last cittaja-råpa will have lasted for a conscious-moment at the dissolution of cuti-citta, and thus will perish in another sixteen conscious-moments after cuti.

Material Phenomena at Death• âhàraja-råpa is formed till the dissolving instant

of the cuti citta, • last-formed àhàraja-råpa lasts for only one minor-

instant (submoment of consciousness) after death and will perish completely in another 50 instants (submoments) (3x17 submoments – 1 submoment = 50)

• utuja-råpa goes on forming and dissolving till the corpse is converted into dust. A corpse consists of only utuja-råpa.

Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenomena

RæPALOKA (Material Sphere)

Arising of Material Phenomena in Råpa-planes

• In the råpa-plane, being asexual– nose-decad, tongue-decad, body-decad, sex

decads and àhàraja-kalàpas (pure octad & lahutadi triad undecad of àhàraja origin) do not arise.

– May possess physical form of nose, tongue & body but these lack sense receptivity

• At the time of opapàtika rebirth (spontaneous appearance), four kammaja-kalàpas - eye-decad, ear decad, heart-decad and vital-nonad arise.

• During life, cittaja kalàpas and utuja-kalàpas also arise.

Arising of Material Phenomena in Råpa-plane - Asa¤¤asatta Brahmas

For Asa¤¤asatta brahmas (‘mindless or non-percipient being’ – no desire for perception or consciousness)–

• eye-decad, ear-decad, heart-decad and sound-nonad (sadda-navaka) do not arise.

• cittaja-kalàpas do not arise• at the time of their opapàtika-rebirth, only the

vital-nonad (jãvita-navaka) arises. • During life, utuja-kalàpas, except sound-nonad,

arise in addition.

Arising of Material PhenomenaKàmaloka & Råpaloka - Summary

1. all the 28 råpas arise in the kàma-sphere;

2. in the 15 råpa-planes, with the exception of Asa¤¤a-satta - 23 råpas arise (ghàna-pasàda, jivhà-pasàda, kàya-pasàda, itthi-bhàva and purisa-bhàva being excluded);

3. only 17 råpas arise in the Asa¤¤asatta plane - 8 avinibbhogas, jãvita, pariccheda, 3 lahutàdi, 4 lakkhaõa-råpas;

4. no material arises in the aråpa-planes;

Arising of Material Phenomena Kàmaloka & Råpaloka - Summary

5. eight råpas comprising sadda, five vikàra-

råpas (lahutadi triads and 2 vi¤¤atis),

jaratàråpa and aniccatà-råpa, do not arise at

the moment of birth or conception (pañisandhi-kàla)

6. during life time, there is no råpa which is not

formed.

On the Path – Empirical Learning

Ultimately råpa is formless and massless.Kalàpa can be observed with samàdhi eyeNipphana råpas (18) can be contemplated in

insight meditation

NIBBĀNAUnconditioned Reality

Nirvàna (Nibbàna) & Saüsàra Nirvàna = free or departure from craving Saüsàra = perpetual wanderings in the sea of life;

eternal cycles of birth, aging, sickness and death; transformation of the fivefold khandhas over inconceivable periods due to ignorance and craving.

Craving due to ignorance lead to generation of fresh kamma that gives rise to repeated births and death, endless wanderings in Saüsàra.

When craving is totally annihilated in the four maggas, Nibbàna is attained, one leaves Saüsàra forever

Nibbåna - Definition1. Nibbàna (nirvàõa) is the only unconditioned ultimate

reality2. Nibbàna is supramundane (lokuttara):

beyond the 31 planes of existence, beyond the world of mind and body (five

aggregates).3. Nibbàna is realized by insight knowledge of the Four

Paths; observed by four magga-¤àõa and four phala-¤àõa.

4. Nibbàna is the object of the four Paths (magga) and their Fruits (phala)

5. Departure from craving, an entanglement

What is Nibbåna - AnalysisNibbàna is1. Singlefold by its intrinsic nature:

Nibbàna is unique in its peacefulness (santi); unconditioned undifferentiated ultimate reality unconditioned deathless element totally

transcendent to the conditioned world2. Twofold – according to the way it is experienced

before and after the death of the arahat: sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna (before death) and anupàdisesa Nibbàna (after death)

What is Nibbåna - Analysis3. Threefold according to the different aspects:

Su¤¤ata (void, empty of defilements), Animitta (signless), Appanihita (desireless)

4. Known by other attributes – deathless, endless, non-conditioned, incomparable.

Sa-upàdisesa-Nibbànasa-upàdisesa: Sa – with; upàdi – five aggregates

grasped by craving & false view; sesa – remaining. Sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna = Kilesa Nibbàna, i.e. it is

attained by the annihilation of kilesas. In Buddhas and arahat, vipàka-cittas and their

concomitants (vipàka-namakkhandha) and kammaja-råpas still remain even though defilements have been eradicated.

sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna-dhàtu is the element of Nibbàna which is realized by Buddhas and arahats before death with vipàka-nàmakkhandha and kammaja-råpas remaining

Anupàdisesa-Nibbàna Nibbàna experienced by Buddhas and arahats

after death. anupàdisesa Nibbàna-dhàtu is element of Nibbàna

which is realized without any vipàka-nàmakkhandha and kammaja-råpa remaining

Anupàdisesa Nibbàna = Khandha Nibbàna, i.e. it is attained by the annihilation of the five aggregates.

Three Modes of Nibbåna1. Su¤¤ata-Nibbàna (void aspect) devoid of lust, hatred and ignorance; devoid of råpa and nàma and all that is conditioned. 2. Animitta-Nibbàna (signless aspect) Nibbàna has no form and shape; free from signs of

greed etc and all conditioned things.3. Appanihita-Nibbàna (desireless) no nàma and råpa nor any form and shape to be

longed for by taõhà (craving or lust) not desired by craving; Nibbàna is absolutely free

from lust as well as from the hankerings of lust

Other Characteristics of Nibbåna1. Accutaü – It is past death, and thus no death occurs

in Nibbàna.2. Accantaü – It has past the end called death, so it is

endless.3. Asaïkhataü – It is not conditioned by the four

causes, kamma, citta, utu and àhàra. Hence it is eternal and is neither a cause nor an effect.

4. Anuttaraü – It is superior (unsurpassable) to and more noble than any Dhamma.

5. Padaü – It is an objective reality (vatthu-dhamma) that can be realized by ariyas (noble persons).

Javana & Other cittasKàma-javana cittas (29) — 12 akusala cittas + 8

mahà-kusala cittas + 8 mahà-kiriya cittas + 1 hasittupàda cittas.

Appana-javana cittas (26)= 9 mahaggata kusala cittas + 9 mahaggata kiriya cittas + 4 magga-¤àõa cittas + 4 phala-¤àõa cittas. (ref: mtm, p124/448)

Two abhi¤¤àna citta = 5th råpavacara kusala abhi¤¤àna citta, and 5th råpavacara kiriya abhi¤¤àõa citta.

Manodhàtu cittas consist of pa¤cadvàràvajjana citta and 2 sampañicchana cittas (ref: mtm, 125/448)

11 cittas which perform tadàlambana-kicca (registering function). They are 3 santiraõa cittas and 8 mahà-vipàka cittas.

ParamàõuAccording to the ancient beliefone rathareõu consists of 16 tajjàris, one

tajjàri, 16 aõus; one aõu, 16 paramàõus. The minute particles of dust seen dancing

in the sunbeam are called rathareõus.One paramàõu is 4096th part of a

rathareõu. This paramàõu was considered indivisible.

Citta & Rupa life spanLife span of a citta measured in short instants as:Uppàda – the genetic instantThãti – the existing instantBhaïga – the dissolving instantLife span of rupa = 17 citta moments with the exception of five

råpas— two vi¤¤attis (one citta moment), jàti, jarà, and aniccatà. (p334, Narada)