· Abernathy Clarkmodel21,106,107,110,169 Abernathy Utterbackmodel70,72,74,78 9,106,1078, 110...
Transcript of · Abernathy Clarkmodel21,106,107,110,169 Abernathy Utterbackmodel70,72,74,78 9,106,1078, 110...
Abernathy�Clark model 21, 106, 107, 110, 169
Abernathy�Utterback model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 1078,110
absorptive capacity 123, 127, 131�4, 299, 304academic publications
Australia 281, 282
India 343
Italy 427, 428
Russia 370
Singapore 337
Taiwan 320, 322
United States 455�7Academy of Finland 392�4, 396, 397, 400acceleration stage 237
acquisition of knowledge 131, 132
acquisitions 33, 63, 139, 204, 218, 261
see also mergers and acquisitions
Actor Network Theory (ANT) 4, 5, 7
Acumen Fund 61
administrative innovation 89, 92�3, 196Adobe 126
adoption 12�13, 14, 41, 43, 172barriers to 116
consumer adoption process 117�18Moore model 114, 139
Rogers model 113�14advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) 194�6adverse selection 59
aerogels 498
Affymetrix 217
Africa 220�1, 301, 456Age of Innovation 135
agency 6, 7
Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
(Singapore) 329, 334�5, 336agency organizations 199�200agglomeration economies 15
aggregate project-planning framework 251, 254
aggregation services 511
agility 149�50, 163, 192
agriculture
Australia 284
biotechnology 221, 480, 483�4, 488Singapore 337
Taiwan 314
United States 457, 462
AIDS 220�1AJAX 506
alliances 64, 73, 122, 127�8business model innovation 93
cross-functional teams 204
emerging technologies 477
industry characteristics 77�8open innovation 164, 205
patent licenses 216
pharmaceutical industry 202, 219
Amazon 19, 93, 94, 99�100, 127, 216, 505, 506ambiguity 245
AMD 216
America COMPETES Act (2007) 458, 466
American Competitiveness Initiative 458�9American Marketing Association 98
American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) 157, 160,
161, 164, 225
Amgen 217, 219
analgesics 22, 23
analog users 237
angel investors 60�1, 397animal health 483, 484
Apple 14, 83, 90, 99, 113, 122, 136, 235
‘‘application labs’’ 142, 143
application programming interfaces (APIs) 507
appropriability regimes 78
architectural innovation 94, 106, 107
competition 81, 83, 84
industry life cycle 73, 74, 75
integrated profit chain model 109, 110
Asia 52, 54, 456
Asian financial crisis 328, 336
Askmen.com 186, 187
asset-based lending 62
Index
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assets
complementary 78, 107
financial-accounting models 142
integrated profit chain model 110
intellectual capital 215
assimilation 131, 132
asymmetric information 59, 63
AT&T 121, 140, 201, 454
Australia 277�89academic publications 456
commercialization 282�3cultural and political drivers 284�7education 284
historical development 277�9output trends 280�2patents 272, 281
policy 283�4R&D expenditure 280�1, 284, 286�7revealed technological advantage 284, 286
strengths and weaknesses 284, 285
technology focus and maturity 273, 274
automatic teller machines (ATMs) 90
automobiles 10, 13, 14, 475
clusters 15
computer power in 122
dominant designs 89
emissions targets 7
Germany 375, 378, 383, 388
GPS navigation systems 117
India 344, 345
industry life cycle 70
Italy 422, 423
mass customization 192�3smart car 92
Zipcar car-sharing program 186�7Avery 218
Bank of America 181, 182, 184-5
banking
China 297
Germany 383
Netherlands 413
Barnes and Noble 94
Bayh�Dole Act (1980) 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471beer-brewing industry 102
Bell Laboratories 12, 121, 201
Benetton 425n9
Berne Convention (1886) 50, 54
Betamax 14
biofuel 485
bioinformatics 480, 488
biologics 481
biomass 485
biomimetic nanotechnology 493
Biopolis 332
biotechnology 37, 44, 127, 475, 479�90agricultural 221, 480, 483�4, 488Australia 281, 283, 284
convergence with other technologies 487�8definition of 479�80
Finland 394
Germany 378, 379, 382�3government investment 273
health applications 480�3, 486�8industrial applications 480, 484�6, 488industry development 487
intellectual property rights 51, 54
Ireland 432, 434, 437, 438
Italy 423, 424, 426
nanotechnology 499
Netherlands 414
outsourcing 63
patents 217, 219
Russia 371
Singapore 329, 330, 332, 334, 335, 337
‘‘star scientists’’ 128
strategic alliances 78
Taiwan 313, 316
United States 205, 452, 457, 459, 460, 462
blogs 508, 510
Blu-Ray 14
blue oceans 212, 238
Blue Sky Laws 61
bootlegging 252
bootstrapping 60
boundary-spanners 265
brand equity 216
brand management 138, 139
breakthrough innovation see radical innovationBritish Telecom (BT) 246
buckyballs (fullerenes) 44, 475, 492�3, 497, 498budget contingencies 241�2buffers 241�2Building IT Strengths (BITS) program 282, 283
bureaucracy 199, 200, 201
Burt’s Bees 261
business case 162
business intelligence 25, 26
business model innovation 93�4, 254, 416business model patents 216, 221
business model reconstruction 210, 211, 212
business process reengineering 139
CAESAR Foundation 378
CAFE standards 7
CAGE framework 203
campus incubation centers 438
Canada
economic growth 10
higher education ranking 427
patents 281
R&D expenditure 448
science graduates 284
cancer treatments 481, 482
Canon 216, 454
capabilities
absorptive capacity 131, 133
corporate venturing 208
market 169
new product development 178�9
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organizational rejuvenation 212
R&D 136, 140, 141
technology intelligence 25
transition stage 73
value creation 142
capital budgeting 57, 60
capitalism 12, 16, 446
car sharing 186�7carbon nanotubes 491, 4923, 497, 498, 499, 502
career management 147�8, 150, 151�2cartels 412, 413, 415
cash flow 57, 58, 60, 140
Caterpillar (CAT) 183, 184
CB2 186
cellphones 91, 117, 140, 202�3Finland 391�2, 398Japan 361, 363
regulation 13
cells 479, 481, 482, 492
Center for Advanced European Studies and Research
(CAESAR) Foundation 378
Centers of Science, Engineering, & Technology (CSETs)
(Ireland) 435, 438�9centralization 195, 201
champions 149, 228, 254, 255, 257�8, 263�6Changing Worlds 438
chemical industry 72, 78, 219
biotechnology 485
Finland 392
Germany 375
Ireland 435
Italy 422, 423
nanotechnology 493
Russia 371
United States 450, 451, 455
chief executive officers (CEOs) 139, 140
chief innovation officers (CINOs) 144
chief technology officers (CTOs) 33, 265
China 54, 122, 123, 291�305Australian research links 284
commercialization 295�7competitiveness 371
engineering jobs 142
foreign direct investment 203, 293, 294, 300�1government influences 272, 273
historical development 292�5industrial development 301�2, 303�4nanotechnology 494
output trends 295, 302
patents 272, 293�5, 299�300, 302, 371policy 302, 304
R&D expenditure 292�3, 295, 298relations with Taiwan 326
Taiwanese imports 320�1technology focus and maturity 273, 274
university research 218
weaknesses 297�9, 303Chrysler 193
Cirque de Soleil 238citations 40
cloning 484
Clorox 261
clusters 15, 82�3, 392, 420, 421, 427Coca-Cola 216
collaboration 77�8, 149, 203, 227Finland 397
Ireland 439
open innovation 205
Web-based 153, 510, 511
commercialization 175, 176, 178, 179, 274
Australia 282�3China 295�7Germany 379�81India 344, 348
Ireland 433, 436�40Italy 422�3Netherlands 406�7, 411Singapore 328, 329, 331, 335�6Taiwan 315
United States 457, 469
university licensing 471, 477
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO) 277
communication 227, 228
competencies
corporate venturing 209, 210
dominant designs 83�4front end of innovation 236
Germany 380
integrated profit chain model 110
investment in 128
product innovation 108
roadmap 32
sustaining innovations 93
technology intelligence 25, 28, 33, 34
competition 12, 20�1, 23clusters 82�3dominant designs 83�4emerging technologies 477
frenzy phase 476
high-technology industries 81�6industry life cycle 70, 72�3, 74, 108Japan 355, 357
Netherlands 412�13path dependence 14
project evaluation 254
regulation of 54, 55
Russia 371
Singapore 327
standards 83�4technology intelligence 28, 32
timing of market entry 82
see also competitivenesscompetitive advantage 27, 131, 136
business model innovation 94
core technologies 125
Germany 388
Ireland 431, 432
open innovation 123
organizational learning 173
INDEX 527
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project evaluation 255
standard setting 84
strategic entrepreneurship 211, 212
Competitive Research Program (CRP) (Singapore) 331
competitiveness 271
Australia 278
Finland 398
Germany 375, 381
Ireland 431
Japan 361
Netherlands 405
Russia 371
Singapore 330
Taiwan 319�20, 326United States 465�6
complementary assets 78, 107
complexity 122, 172, 247
component innovations 20
computer modeling 43
computers 11, 13, 91, 139, 475
dominant designs 81
intellectual property rights 51
Italy 422
memory 22, 23
patents 219
Singapore 330, 335
standards 126
United States 450, 451, 452, 455, 457, 459, 462
value chain 78
see also information and communications technology;
Internet; software
constructivism 6�7consumers see customers
content syndication 508
content tagging 509
contingency planning 242, 245, 246
control-and-fast-response 243�5convenience 21
cooperation 227�8, 265, 433see also collaboration
cooperative R&D agreements (CRADAs) 469�70Cooperative Research Centers (CRCs) (Australia) 282, 283
copyright 50, 52�3, 215appropriability regimes 78
computer-related technology 51
first-movers 126
international law 54, 220
United States 445, 466
core technologies 125�6Corning 200, 201, 236
corporate entrepreneurship (CE) 207�13championing model 258
emerging organizations 257
loosely coupled systems 258�60corporate records 40
corporate venturing 207, 208�10, 212, 477cosmopolitan orientation 151
costs
adoption 13
industry life cycle 72
R&D 138
risk list 244
savings 89, 94
switching 14, 72, 85
technological competition 21
trial-and-error learning 247
value innovation 141
see also economies of scaleCouncil of Agriculture (COA) (Taiwan) 310, 314, 319, 325
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) (India)
341, 344, 345
coupling 257�62Crate & Barrel 186
creative destruction 12, 136, 257
creativity 10, 11, 201
agency organizations 200
human resources 150, 153
loosely coupled systems 258
‘‘critical chain’’ methodology 241
critical theory 271
crop yields 483
cross-functional teams 149�50, 151, 152, 160, 162�3, 204,225
crowdsourcing 507, 511
culture 274
Australia 284�7‘‘cultural distance’’ 203
Ireland 441�2Netherlands 274, 408, 415
customers/consumers 92, 99, 100�1adoption of innovations 117�18needs 231�2, 235service innovation 184�5, 186, 187, 188tastes and preferences 72, 97�8, 102voice of the customer 99, 140, 142, 159, 160, 163
customization 94, 192�3Cyclical Innovation Model (CIM) 407, 408�10
Daimler-Benz 92
data analysis 44
data collection 29�30, 38, 39, 142data transfer 22, 23
databases 25, 28�9, 39, 40, 50decentralization 195, 425
decision trees 242�3defense industry
cooperative R&D agreements 469
government investment 273
India 343, 344
Russia 367, 368, 369, 371, 372
strategic alliances 78
United States 448, 457, 459, 460
Dell 19, 90, 93, 127, 216, 218
Delphi technique 30, 42, 43
demand
Netherlands 404, 407
product/service innovation 91
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real-options analysis 57�8sources of innovation 97�8, 100, 101�2stages of innovation 247
demographic changes 100, 101
demographic diversity 150, 153
dendrimers 498
Denmark 280
Department of Industrial Technology (DoIT) (Taiwan) 314
deregulation
China 293, 294
Finland 392, 393
India 341, 342, 343, 344
design innovations 20
desktop memory 22, 23
developing countries 55, 100, 122, 270, 291
Development Center for Biotechnology (DCB) (Taiwan) 310,
316
diabetes treatment 31�2diagnostics, medical 480�1, 486�7differentiation 210
diffusion 12�13, 16, 113�16, 139Bass model 115�16global 116
learning by 172
Moore model 114, 139
Netherlands 411�12Rogers model 113�14
Digital Equipment Company (DEC) 102
discovery stage 162, 233, 237
dispersion of teams 226�7disruptive technology 47�8, 81, 92, 93�4, 476, 477distribution 142
diversification 70�1, 74, 128, 210, 372, 391diversity
demographic 150, 153
functional 226
global teams 152
national innovation systems 273
tenure 226
DNA technology 217, 479, 481, 482, 486�7Dockers 185�6documentation 243
Doha Declaration (2001) 54, 55
Dolby 84
domain redefinition 210, 211�12dominant designs 70, 71, 72, 79, 127
architectural innovation 94
capability ‘‘stacks’’ 142
competition 81, 83�4computer industry 139
definition of 89
industry characteristics 78
industry life cycle 106, 108
process innovation 91
Tushman�Rosenkopf model 108Donaldson v. Becket (1774) 53Douwe Egberts 404
downsizing 201, 202
drugs 55, 216, 219, 220, 481, 486
see also pharmaceutical industry
dual distribution channels 142
dual-ladder career organizations 147�8, 151dual technology tree 31�2dual training 387, 388
DuPont 200, 201, 205, 217, 454, 497
DVDs 14
dynamic models 105, 106, 107�8
e-book readers 99�100early-adopters 14, 113�14, 172eBay 186, 505, 506
ecological approaches 144
Economic Espionage Act (1996) 51
economic growth 10, 11, 136
Australia 281
China 291
Germany 381, 382, 388�9high-technology entrepreneurship 204
India 342, 343, 348
Ireland 431
Italy 419
Japan 353, 357, 358, 361
national innovation systems 270
Netherlands 403
open innovation 121
R&D 140, 141
Russia 372�3Singapore 327, 328
Taiwan 309, 310
technological change 19
economic value added (EVA) 140, 141
economies of scale
dominant designs 84
first-movers 82
industry life cycle 70, 79
large firms 105
learning by scaling 172
outsourcing 63
production costs 72
ecosystem of the firm 29, 144
education
Australia 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284
China 293, 299
Finland 394�5, 401Germany 375, 376, 384�8India 341, 343, 345�6, 347, 348Ireland 432, 433, 434�5, 437, 441, 442Italy 426�7Japan 354�5, 357nanotechnology 502
national innovation systems 274
Netherlands 405�6, 407, 411, 413, 417Russia 368, 371�2Singapore 335
Taiwan 314�15, 318�19, 321, 322United States 463�5see also universities
effectuation 98�9electricity 10, 13, 137
electronic marketplaces 29
INDEX 529
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electronics
Finland 391, 392, 397, 398
Ireland 436
Italy 422, 423
nanotechnology 493
Singapore 329
United States 447, 450, 451, 455, 457, 459, 460
elevators 184
emergent leadership style 228�9emerging business opportunity (EBO) structure 237
emerging organizations 257
emerging technologies 27, 28, 37, 475�8see also biotechnology; Internet; nanotechnology
emissions targets 7
employees 149�55agglomeration economies 15
China 299
dual-ladder career organizations 147�8, 151organization culture 195�6project evaluation 252
talent development 254
task assignment 200
turnover 151, 152
United States 451, 452�3see also human resources
endangered species 484
endogenous growth theory 136
energy technology
biotechnology 484�5, 486, 488Germany 381, 382�3Italy 426
United States 463
engineers 142, 149, 150, 152�3, 154Germany 385�6, 388India 341, 345�6Ireland 441
Italy 423
Singapore 329, 336, 337
United States 450, 451, 452
Enterprise Ireland (EI) 433, 434, 435, 437�40enterprise resource planning (ERP) 90, 195
entrepreneurship 122, 137, 139, 140, 144�5Australia 279, 280, 284, 288
corporate venturing 207, 208�10, 212emerging organizations 257
Finland 399, 401
functions of innovation systems 410
Germany 381
high-technology 204
India 347�8institutional infrastructure 205
Ireland 441�2loosely coupled systems 258�60Netherlands 406, 407�8, 410�11, 414, 416Singapore 328, 330, 331, 332, 335�6strategic 207, 208, 210�12United States 446
see also corporate entrepreneurship; startupsentry barriers 70, 71, 72, 74
environmental issues 185, 483�4, 502
environmental technology
biotechnology 483�4, 485, 488Finland 394
Italy 426
Singapore 329, 332
United States 463
equity shares 61, 64
Estonia 371
ethnographic techniques 235, 238
Europe
academic publications 455, 456
economic growth 10
FDI in China 301
flexible manufacturing 192
intellectual property rights 52
nanotechnology 494, 495, 502
R&D expenditure 495
technology transfer 15�16university licensing 471
European Innovation Scorecard 441
European Union (EU)
educational expenditure 385, 386
Framework Program 7 (FP7) 441
intellectual property rights 54�5, 398Lisbon Strategy 382
nanotechnology 502
patents 380
as source of funding 369, 376, 393, 400, 433
university expenditure 428
evaluation
criteria for 255
innovation projects 251�6teams 228
timing of 255
evolutionary economics 269, 271
execution, quality of 1578, 160�1, 163Executive Yuan Strategic Review Board (SRB) (Taiwan) 313
expert promoters 263, 264, 265, 266
experts 29, 30, 73
forecasting 37, 38, 42, 43, 44
innovation teams 228
risk management office 243
Taiwan 313
Exploit Technologies 336
exploitation 131, 132, 171
front end of innovation 233�5, 238Germany 379, 380�1Netherlands 411
exploration 170�1, 233, 235�8exports
Australia 277, 278, 279, 287
China 300�1, 302, 303, 304Finland 398
Germany 383
India 343
Ireland 440
Italy 419, 420
Russia 372
Singapore 328
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Taiwan 309, 310, 320�1, 323United States 459, 460
externalization 170
Facebook 506
‘‘fair use doctrine’’ 50
fast-follower firms 81, 82, 84, 126, 172
Febreze 90
Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training
(BIBB) (Germany) 387, 388
feedback 176, 179, 247
finance 59�65adverse selection and moral hazard 59
angel investors 60�1, 397asset-based lending 62
Australia 280, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287
bootstrapping 60
budget contingencies 241�2China 299, 300, 303
Germany 376, 377, 378, 381, 382�3India 341, 344, 345, 347
Ireland 437�8, 439local/state/federal programs 62
mergers and acquisitions 63
Netherlands 407, 413�14open innovation 121
options 60
outsourcing 63
PIPEs 64
private placement 61
product-organization coupling 259
project valuation 60
public markets 63�4research parks 61�2royalty financing 61
Singapore 331, 336
strategic alliances 64
SWORDs and spinouts 63
Taiwan 312�13, 318United States 446, 457, 459�62venture philanthropy 61
see also investment; venture capitalfinancial-accounting models 142
financial performance measures 139, 194, 253
Finland 391�402biotechnology 424
historical development 393, 399
institutions 392�5, 400output trends 397�8patents 272, 281, 397�8policy 392
R&D expenditure 273, 394, 395�7science graduates 284
service sector 398�9strengths and weaknesses 401
technology focus and maturity 274
Finnish Industry Investment (FII) 400
Finnvera 400
Finpro 400
firm size 105, 172
first-mover advantages 23, 81�2, 84, 126, 172, 212‘‘first sale doctrine’’ 50
FirstFone 247
Fischer�Pry logistic curve 41
flexibility
advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195�6organizational structure 195
trial-and-error learning 246
flexible manufacturing 191�2, 193, 459, 460Flickr 505, 506, 508
fluid phase 70, 73, 79, 91, 106, 107�8food industry 100, 450, 451, 484, 486
Ford Model T 89, 475
Ford Motor Company 90, 193
forecasting 30, 33, 37�45adoption patterns 172
data sources 40�1future simulations 43
historical background 38
intelligence gathering 38�9methodologies 41�2patents 40
scanning 39�40social and economic factors 42
trends in 44
foreign direct investment (FDI)
China 203, 293, 294, 300�1Finland 393, 401
India 346
Ireland 431, 432, 434, 440, 441
Netherlands 406
Singapore 327�8foresight 25, 27�8, 30Forfas 433�4, 435, 436, 442formalization 195
Foundation of Finnish Inventions (FFI) 400
France
higher education ranking 427
patents 52
pharmaceutical industry 424
R&D expenditure 354, 427, 448
university expenditure 428
Frank Gehry Associates 204
Fraunhofer Society 377, 382
free trade 465
frenzy phase 475, 476
front end of innovation 163, 176�8, 179, 233�9fuel cells 28
fullerenes (buckyballs) 44, 475, 492�3, 497, 498functional needs 231�2functionality 21, 117�18funding see finance; investmentfutures research 412
fuzzy front end (FFE) 176�8, 179
games industry 43, 84, 272, 399
Garlik 510
gatekeepers 149, 163, 166, 228
creativity 153
technology 263, 264, 265
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gene therapy 482
Genentech 216
General Electric (GE) 127, 236, 257, 454
generations of R&D 137, 138�9nanotechnology 498
General Motors (GM) 122, 193, 218, 498
generations of R&D 138�9, 140organization 200, 201
service innovation 181, 182�3, 184genetic testing 481, 486�7genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 100, 221, 483, 484
geographic origin 50
German Research Foundation (DFG) 375, 376, 382, 387
Germany 82, 375�89commercialization 379�81cultural and political drivers 383�8education 384�8FDI in China 301
higher education ranking 427
historical development 375
Initiative for Excellence 387
institutional structure 375�8output trends 378�9patents 272, 378�9, 380�1pharmaceutical industry 424
policy 381�3R&D expenditure 273, 354, 376, 377, 378�9, 383, 427, 448strengths and weaknesses 378�9, 383�8technology focus and maturity 273, 274
university expenditure 428
globalization 54, 121, 152, 309, 404�5goals 4, 143, 195, 254
Gompertz model 41
Google 62, 113, 181
GORE-TEX 201, 217
government intervention
Australia 280, 284
China 302
emerging technologies 477
India 346, 348
national innovation systems 271, 272�3Netherlands 412, 413
Singapore 327, 328, 332
United States 446, 457�8government-linked corporations (GLCs) 327
GPS navigation systems 117
Grameen Bank 100
Greece 151
‘‘green biotech’’ 480, 483�4Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Australia 277, 278, 281
Germany 378
Italy 421
national innovation systems 270
Netherlands 405
patents as proportion of 272
productivity improvement 10
Russia 369, 370, 372
Singapore 329, 336, 337
Taiwan 309, 319
United States 448
group-think 266
growth 19, 20, 21, 136
see also economic growth
health-related biotechnology 480�3, 486�8Henderson�Clark model 81, 94, 106, 107, 110
Herceptin 482
Hermann von Helmholtz Association of Research Centers
376�7, 382Herring Model 39
Hewlett-Packard (HP) 193, 202, 217, 454, 493, 498
high-technology industries 81�6, 204Australia 280�1China 302, 304
clusters 82�3dominant designs 83�4Finland 391, 398
Germany 378, 379, 381�2, 383India 348
Ireland 442
Italy 419, 421, 422�3, 425, 426Japan 363, 364
Russia 372
Singapore 328�9, 332, 334, 335�6standards 83�4Taiwan 316, 318, 326
timing of entry 82
United States 283, 459, 460
see also biotechnology; electronic technology; information andcommunications technology; nanotechnology
higher education see universitiesHigher Education Authority (HEA) (Ireland) 434�5homework 160, 164
Honda 193
Hong Kong 10, 301
HP see Hewlett-PackardHSBC 185
human capital 77, 128, 413
human resource management (HRM) 194, 196
human resources 128, 149�55career management 150, 151�2cross-functional teams 150, 152
demographic diversity 150, 153
electronic technology 150, 153�4India 342, 344, 345
Italy 422
knowledge and creativity management 150, 153
outsourcing 150, 154
performance appraisal 150, 151, 196
planning 149�50product�organization coupling 259
rewards 150�1, 196Russia 369, 372, 373
Singapore 329, 333, 335
Taiwan 31819, 322, 323
see also employees; engineers; scientistshunter/gatherer metaphor 252
hype cycle 41
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IBM 11, 81, 83, 121, 454
emerging business opportunity structure 237
executive surveys 199
intellectual property 218, 221
nanotechnology 492, 493, 494, 497, 498
QED Wiki 510
service innovation 181
vertical integration 78
ideas 234, 247
IDEO 203, 204, 218
imitability 107
immigration
Australia 284
Netherlands 413
Singapore 329
United States 452�3, 465immune system engineering (ImSE) 142, 482
implementation stage 247, 248
imports
China 302, 303
India 341, 342
Taiwan 323
United States 459, 460
improvisation 171�2, 243incongruities 99, 100, 101
incremental innovation 10�11, 12, 90, 91�2absorptive capacity 132
competition 81, 83, 84, 85
disruptive 93
exploitation 233
financial practice 140
front end of innovation 235
functionality and interface 117
Germany 383
Henderson�Clark model 106, 107
integrated profit chain model 109, 110
Italy 424
Netherlands 412
product portfolio 94
project evaluation 251, 252�3R&D 137, 138, 139, 141
reward systems 151
service sector 188
sustained regeneration 211
Tushman�Rosenkopf model 108incubation stage 237
incumbents 23, 28
Abernathy�Clark model 107
business model innovation 93�4disruptive technology 47, 48
diversification 70�1emerging technologies 477
front end of innovation 233�9functions of innovation systems 410
incremental innovations 84, 85, 91, 107
industry life cycle 73, 74
service innovation 181, 184�6standards 127
sustaining innovations 93
India 122, 341�9Australian research links 284
challenges 345�7commercialization 344
competitiveness 371
engineering jobs 142
future directions 347�8government influences 272, 273
historical development 341�2nanotechnology 495
output trends 342�4patents 220, 272, 344
policy 344�5R&D expenditure 342�4, 347strengths in technology and innovation 345
tax incentives 273
technology focus and maturity 274
university research 218
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) 341, 342, 346, 347
indigenous peoples 221
individualism 274, 415, 476
induction 258
industrial designs 50
Industrial Development Authority (IDA) (Ireland) 432, 433,
434, 435
Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) (Taiwan) 314
industrial districts 424�5industrial organization 271
Industrial Revolution 10, 135, 475
industrial technology
biotechnology 480, 484�6, 488Ireland 437
Taiwan 314, 315�16Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) (Taiwan)
310, 315�16industry changes 100, 101
industry characteristics 77�9industry life cycles (ILCs) 69�76
Abernathy-Utterback model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 107�8,110
challenges 71
competitive dynamics 72�5evidence 71�2industry evolution models 75
industry perspective 270
informal evaluation 252, 253
informatics 437, 480, 488
Information Age 135, 138
information and communications technology (ICT)
Australia 281
Finland 391, 394, 396, 397n8, 398, 399
Germany 382�3Ireland 432, 434, 438
Italy 422, 423�4Japan 361, 363
Netherlands 406, 407, 408, 413, 414
Singapore 329, 330
Taiwan 309, 316�17team dispersion 227
INDEX 533
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United States 459, 460, 462
see also computers; Internetinformation asymmetry 59, 63
‘‘information gap decision theory’’ 243
infrastructure 205, 218
‘‘infratechnology’’ 448
initial public offerings (IPOs) 461, 463
Initiative for Excellence (Germany) 387
InnoCentive 121, 199, 205
innovation
absorptive capacity 132�3administrative 89, 92�3, 196barriers to 140, 263, 265, 346�7capitalist economies 12
categories of 90
champions and promoters 263�8circular definitions 20
clusters 15, 82�3consumer adoption process 117�18corporate entrepreneurship 207, 210
Cyclical Innovation Model 407, 408�10definitions of 89, 141
diffusion of 1213, 16, 113�16, 139, 172, 411�12disruptive 92, 93�4dynamic models 105, 106, 107�8financing 59�65Finland 392, 398
front end of 163, 233�9functions of innovation systems 407, 410�14fuzzy front end of 176�8, 179generations of R&D 135�45Germany 378, 381�2, 383, 388�9India 346�7industry characteristics 77
industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 73, 75integrated profit chain model 109, 110
interdependence 11
Ireland 431, 439, 440, 442
Italy 421, 424�5, 427Japan 351, 353�6, 363�4management of 33
modular 73, 83, 94, 107
Netherlands 404, 405, 406�7, 408�14, 415�17organizing for 199�206platform 20, 21, 90, 139, 235, 236, 251
project evaluation 251, 254, 255
Russia 367, 371
Schumpeterian notion of 10
service 79, 89�91, 138�9, 181�9sources of 97�103speed of 77
Stage-Gate system 176
stages of 247
static models 105�7sub-components 38, 41�2, 94sustaining 93�4synchronous 193, 196
technological 92�3technology intelligence 26, 28, 34
timing of 11
types of 89�95United States 445�7, 457�62, 465�6see also architectural innovation; incremental innovation;national innovation systems; open innovation; process
innovation; product innovation; radical innovation
‘‘innovation arenas’’ 408
innovation extension center (IEC) 144
Innovation Incubator Program 314
‘‘innovation labs’’ 142, 143
innovation paradox 408, 411n10
innovation teams 225�9innovators 11314, 115, 141, 149, 259�60, 261‘‘innovator’s dilemma’’ 93
instant messaging (IM) 14
Institute for Information Industry (III) (Taiwan) 316�17institutionalization stage 237
integrated profit chain model 109, 110
integrative capacity 195
Intel 121, 125, 139, 143, 236, 475
intellectual property 216, 218
nanotechnology 498
standards 126
intellectual capital 215, 221
intellectual property rights (IPRs) 49�55, 135�6, 215�22biotechnology 51
categories 49�51China 299300, 302, 303
computers and technology 51
cooperative R&D agreements 469
databases 25
dominant designs 72
Finland 398
first-movers 126
historical development 52�4India 342, 347, 348
indigenous peoples 221
industry characteristics 78
‘‘innovation labs’’ 142
Ireland 436�7, 441, 442nanotechnology 502
Netherlands 405�6, 407research parks 62
Russia 371
Singapore 330
synchronous innovation 193
United States 445, 466
see also copyright; patents; trademarksintelligence gathering 25, 29, 38�9
see also technology intelligence
interfaces 117�18internalization 170
International Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property (Paris Convention, 1883) 54
international orientation 161, 164
Internet 43, 91, 92, 153, 505�12ANGEL networks 61
Bass model 115
diffusion of 13
Finland 391, 393, 396, 397, 399
534 INDEX
information and communications technology (ICT) (cont.)
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forecasting 37
global markets 122
music downloading 127
protocols 14
Semantic Web 509�10technology intelligence 29
United States 462
virtual teams 203
Web 1.0 technologies 505�6Web 2.0 technologies 505, 506�9, 510Web 3.0 technologies 505
introduction stage 20
inventions 10, 13, 203
definition of 89
Finland 400
Germany 381
patents 49, 52
TRIZ model 42
United States 445, 446, 458
investment 19, 273, 369�70angel investors 60�1, 397Australia 280, 282�3, 286, 287China 292, 297, 298, 300�1emerging technologies 476
Finland 392�4, 395�7, 400Germany 378, 379, 382�3, 387India 342�4, 345, 346, 347industry life cycle 74
international comparisons 427
Ireland 431, 432�4, 435�6, 439, 440, 441Italy 419, 421, 424, 425�6Japan 353
manufacturing 192
market share improvements 192
nanotechnology 494�5, 496, 502Netherlands 405, 413�14PIPEs 64
project evaluation 255
R&D intensity 128
real-options analysis 57�8roadmap 32
Russia 367, 372
Singapore 328, 329�31, 332, 334�5, 336�7, 338Taiwan 314, 315, 318�20, 321, 326United States 446, 447�52, 457�8, 459�63see also finance; foreign direct investment; return on
investment; venture capital
iPhone 115, 122, 136
iPod 14, 90, 91, 99, 113, 122, 136, 235
Ireland 431�43commercialization 436�40cultural drivers 441�2historical development 431�3institutional structure 433�5output trends 435�6patents 272, 436, 437�8, 442R&D expenditure 432, 434, 435�6, 437�40, 441strengths and weaknesses 440�1technology focus and maturity 273, 274
irruption 475, 476
ISO 9000 quality management 90, 139
Italy 419�30commercialization 422�3cultural and political drivers 426�7government influences 272, 273
higher education ranking 427
historical development 419�21output trends 421�2patents 52, 272, 422, 423
policy 423�4R&D expenditure 419�20, 421, 424, 425�7, 428, 448regional disparities 274, 419, 420, 421�2, 427, 428strengths and weaknesses 424�5technology focus and maturity 273, 274
university expenditure 428
iTunes 90, 99, 122, 136
Japan 10, 123, 202�3, 351�66co-evolutionary dynamism 351, 353, 354, 361, 363�4cultural climate 274
FDI in China 301
flexible manufacturing 191�2higher education ranking 427
historical development 353, 354, 356, 362
induction model 258
institutional systems for innovation 353�6nanotechnology 494, 495
national R&D program 361
patents 272, 302, 380
pharmaceutical industry 424
policy 356�7, 361, 362‘‘product churning’’ 246
R&D expenditure 273, 353�4, 379, 448, 495software game industry 272
technology focus and maturity 273, 274
technology transfer 16
university expenditure 428
vision 357�61John Deere 183, 184
Joint Initiative for Research and Innovation (Germany) 382
joint ventures 64, 127, 203, 208, 218
Joost 510
key technologies 27
Kiva.org 100
know-how 263, 264
knowledge 169�70absorptive capacity 131, 132�3architectural 89, 94, 106, 107
Australia 285, 288
biotechnology 479, 487�8diffusion of 411�12dual distribution channels 142
expert 263, 264, 265
functions of innovation systems 410
industry life cycle 70
integrated profit chain model 109, 110
intellectual capital 215
interpretive 261
Italy 425
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market 106, 107, 109, 169
Netherlands 411�12, 414, 416organizational structure 202
patents 217�18Schumpeterian innovation 10
scientific 128
sources of innovation 100, 101
spill-overs 127�8static models 106
tacit 15, 82, 98, 107, 153, 170, 293
technological 106, 107, 109, 169
technology intelligence 25
transfer of 15, 127, 132, 278�9, 376�7uncertainty 245
Web-based collaboration 153
knowledge management 141, 150, 153
Kodak 32�3, 139, 217, 218, 493, 497, 498Kondratiev waves 11
Korea 10, 123
FDI in China 301
industrial development 302
nanotechnology 494
patents 302
R&D expenditure 280
labor contracts 416
language 5�6, 7, 40�1, 231Lanham Act (1946) 50
lasers 11
late-entrants 126
latent demand 98, 101
Latin America 301
lead-user approach 237
leadership 139�40, 141informal 149
innovation teams 225, 228�9outsourcing 154
process promoters 264
technical managers 152
technology 126
transformational 263
lean manufacturing 138, 139, 142, 166
learning 169�73absorptive capacity 131, 133
corporate venturing 208, 209
higher order 173
industry life cycle 73
Japan 363, 364
process innovation 196�7project evaluation 253
risk management 243
Singapore 329
trial-and-error 171, 245�6, 247learning-by-doing 11�12, 15, 133, 170, 171, 329learning-by-using 12, 15, 329
learning plans 254, 261
legitimacy 73, 410, 413
Leibniz Science Association 377�8, 382leveraging 208�9
Levi Strauss 185�6liberalization 329, 342, 343, 344
licensing 51, 139, 216, 218
China 300
India 342
Ireland 440
project evaluation 253
risk list 244
Singapore 329, 330, 336, 338
SWORD arrangements 63
Taiwan 310, 326
United States 55, 219, 447, 453�4, 455university 55, 447, 453�4, 455, 471, 477
life sciences 480
Ireland 440
United States 456, 457, 459, 460, 463
lighting 22, 23
living standards 9, 10, 476
loans 61, 62, 100
local orientation 151
location, structural 259
Lockheed 201
Logitech 122
loosely coupled systems 257, 258�61Lucent 121, 247, 498
Macintosh 14
Mactor technique 30management
administrative innovation 92
conceptions of technology 3, 4
dual-ladder career organizations 147�8innovation teams 225�6Ireland 439, 440
Japan 355, 357, 363, 364
project evaluation 254�5R&D 136, 137, 141
technology intelligence 33
see also senior managementManhattan Project 137, 457
manufacturing
advanced manufacturing technologies 194�6Australia 277, 278, 279, 281, 285, 287, 288
biotechnology 484, 485
Finland 392
flexible 191�2, 193, 459, 460Germany 385�6India 343
Ireland 434
Italy 419, 420, 426
lean 138, 139, 142, 166
mass customization 94, 192�3mass production 136, 137, 475
process innovation 191�8Russia 371
service innovation 181, 182�4Singapore 328
technology transfer 16
United States 187, 448, 450, 451, 459, 460
market-driving strategies 127
536 INDEX
knowledge (cont.)
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market entry 74, 81, 82, 126
see also entry barriers
market failure 59
market launch 160, 161, 162, 163�4market research 160, 161, 235
market segments 47, 74, 93, 98, 138
market share 71, 82, 84, 192
marketing 3, 101�2, 114brand management 139
consumer preferences 98
disruptive technology 48
incumbents 107
industry life cycle 73
Ireland 431�2R&D integration with 234
S-curve 92
markets
agglomeration economies 15
blue oceans 212, 238
Cyclical Innovation Model 408�10diffusion of innovations 13
disruptive technology 47�8domain redefinition 211�12dual distribution channels 142
financing innovation 63�4functions of innovation systems 410
global 116, 122, 164
loosely coupled systems 259
Netherlands 412�13‘‘new business’’ concept 209
niche 71, 93
radical innovations 92
risk list 244
roadmap 32
sustained regeneration 211
technological change 19
technology intelligence 25
mashups 507, 511
mass customization 94, 192�3mass production 136, 137, 475
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 333, 493, 494
mathematics 456, 457, 463, 464, 465, 466
matrix organizations 202
Matsushita 454
mature technologies 27
maturity stage 20, 28, 73�4, 476see also specific phase
Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 375,
377, 382
‘‘mechanistic’’ organization 201
medical technology 100, 183, 235�6Australia 277�8, 279, 285, 288biotechnology applications 480�3, 486�8Finland 394
Germany 379, 383
Ireland 435, 436
Singapore 329, 332, 333, 337
Taiwan 316
United States 460, 462, 463
Menlo Park 137
merchant guilds 53
Merck 216
mergers and acquisitions (M&A) 63, 204
China 302
emerging technologies 477
nanotechnology 496
patents 218
see also acquisitionsmetadata 39
Microsoft 19, 55, 62, 89, 126, 139
competitive dynamics 81, 83, 84
RDF 510
schedule buffers 241
selectionism 246
specification compromises 242
Vista 7, 91
see also Windows
Middle East 456
milestone-planning framework 253
Millar v. Taylor (1769) 53Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) (Taiwan) 313, 315,
319, 324
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) (Japan)
356�8Ministry of Education (MOE) (Taiwan) 314�15, 319, 324modular innovation 73, 83, 94, 107
molecular manufacturing 492, 501, 502
monitors 21, 22, 23
monopolies 52, 53, 54
Monsanto 100, 221, 483
moral hazard 59
motivation 260, 261
Motorola 236
multimedia-sharing services 508
multinational companies (MNCs) 270
India 343, 344, 346, 348
Ireland 431, 432
Italy 423
nanotechnology 497
Netherlands 414
Singapore 327�8, 332, 335, 336�7MySpace 115, 506
nanocomposites 498
nanoparticles 498
nanotechnology 44, 92, 475, 491�504funding 494�5Germany 378, 382�3historical developments 492�3industry impact 499, 503
institutions and infrastructure 495�7issues and challenges 502�3market growth 500�1Netherlands 414
patents 493�4platforms 498
process innovation 90, 91
products 499�500Russia 371
scope of 491�2
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Singapore 330
societal fears 502�3Taiwan 318
United States 458
value chain 499, 500, 501
nanotubes 491, 492�3, 497, 498, 499, 502nanowires 493, 498, 499
National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL) (Taiwan)
317
National Health Research Institute (NHRI) (Taiwan) 316
National Innovation Initiative (NII) (US) 135
national innovation systems (NIS) 269�76Australia 277�89China 291�305definition of 270
diversity of technologies 273
evolution of scholarship 270
Finland 391�402Germany 375�89government influences 272�3impact on policy making 271�2India 341�9Ireland 431�43Italy 419�30Japan 351�66Netherlands 403�18Russia 367�73Singapore 327�39socio-cultural factors 273�4Taiwan 309�26theoretical foundations 270�1United States 445�67
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) (US) 495, 496, 502
National Research Foundation (Singapore) 330�1National Science and Technology Plans (Singapore) 328,
329�30National Science Council (NSC) (Taiwan) 310�11, 312�13,
315, 317, 319, 323, 325
National Science Foundation (NSF) (US) 202, 330, 446, 450,
458, 466, 477
natural products 481
needs 231�2, 235neoclassical economics 270, 271, 416
net present value (NPV) 57, 58, 140
Netherlands 403�18commercialization 406�7cultural and political drivers 274, 414�15Cyclical Innovation Model 407, 408�10functions of innovation systems 407, 410�14government influences 272, 273
historical development 403�5output trends 405�6patents 272, 405, 411, 416
R&D expenditure 405, 413�14strengths and weaknesses 407�8technology focus and maturity 274
network economies 84
network effects 507
networks
demographic diversity 153
front end of innovation 236
functions of innovation systems 410
of innovation 202�3Ireland 442
Italy 419, 425
Netherlands 411�12promoters 264, 265
scientists and engineers 152�3‘‘new business’’ concept 208, 209
New Concept Development Model 178
new product development (NPD) 19, 91, 175�9, 233architectural innovation 94
failures 157�8fuzzy front end 176�8, 179generations of R&D 137, 138, 139, 141
innovation teams 225�9integrated model of innovation 101, 102
loosely coupled systems 258�9portfolio management 95
‘‘probe-and-learn process’’ 236�7project acceptance 178
project implementation 178
roadmap 32
small firms 204
Stage-Gate system 137, 138�9, 157�67, 175�6, 247supply-side sources of innovation 98, 99
uncertainty reduction stages 247�8New Zealand 456
newly industrialized countries 270
niche markets 71, 93
NIH (not invented here) syndrome 33, 274, 363
Nike 261
Nokia 202�3, 391, 392, 395, 397, 399Nominal Group Conferencing 42
non-profit sector 448�50Norway 280
objectivity 5�6, 7One-North Science Habitat 332�3open innovation 121�3, 164, 205, 218, 235, 238
Finland 392
Netherlands 404, 413, 416
relationship promoters 264
open-source software 507
opinion leaders 114
opportunities 101�2, 210emerging business opportunity structure 237
recognition of 234, 235
sustained regeneration 211
Option International 246�7options 57�8, 60, 236organic foods 100
‘‘organic’’ organization 201
organizational changes 92
organizational culture 151, 153, 194�6, 258organizational rejuvenation 210, 211, 212
organizational structure 92, 93, 199, 200�1, 202advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195, 196
538 INDEX
nanotechnology (cont.)
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front end of innovation 234
Stage-Gate system 164
organizational theory 3, 125, 199, 200
OTISLINE 184
outsourcing 63, 78, 123, 216
business model reconstruction 212
China 297, 299, 303
human resources 150, 154
ICT industry 399
industry life cycle 70
open innovation 164
research 121, 218
Taiwan 326
oversight 236, 272�3
Pacific Islands 301
pacing technologies 27
Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) 237, 408
paper and pulp industry 391, 392, 396, 484, 485
parallel processing 164
parallel trials 247
Parkland Hospital 185
partnerships 64, 123, 205, 380, 439
Patent Cooperation Treaty (1978) 54
Patent Law Amendment Act (1852) 52
patents 15, 49, 73, 135�6, 219�21appropriability regimes 78
Australia 281, 282
China 293�5, 299�300, 302computer-related technology 51
databases 25, 28�9, 40dominant designs 72
Finland 397�8first-movers 126
forecasting 37, 38, 40
Germany 378�9, 380�1history of 52
India 344
industry effect 219
international comparisons 272
international law 54, 220
Ireland 436, 437�8, 442Italy 422, 423
licensing 55
living organisms 457
nanotechnology 493�4, 502Netherlands 405, 411, 416
risk list 244
Russia 371
Singapore 334, 336, 338
small firms 204
strategy 215�18Taiwan 300, 310, 320, 321, 322, 326
United States 49, 219�21, 272, 281, 302, 380, 445, 447,453�6, 458, 466
university licensing 453�4, 455, 471path dependence 5, 13�14Peapod 90
penicillin 44, 446
perception 100, 101
performance
advanced manufacturing technologies 194
Australia 281�2disruptive innovations 93
financial 139
guarantees 64
industry life cycle 72
product superiority 234
promoters 266
rewards relationship 228
teams 226, 227�8top management support impact on 266
trajectories of 47
see also productivityperformance appraisal 150, 151, 196
personalized medicine 482, 487�8Pfizer 99, 216
pharmaceutical industry 78, 127, 136, 202, 479
Australia 278, 284
biotechnology 482�3, 484, 486Germany 375, 379, 383
government investment 273
India 343, 344, 345
Italy 422, 423, 424
patents 219, 221, 454�5Taiwan 316
United States 454�5Phase-Review process 158
phased project planning (PPP) 175
philanthropy 61
Philips 404, 410
philosophy of technology 3
photography 32�3, 139, 217Physiotherapy Associates 183, 184
pioneers 126
PIPEs (private investment in public entities) 64
PISA see Program for International School Assessmentplanned leadership style 229
planning 138, 139, 142
contingency 242, 245, 246
forecasting 37
human resources 149�50learning plans 254, 261
project evaluation 255
robust 243
Singapore 328, 329�30strategic 140, 228
Taiwan 310, 317
plants 481, 482�3plastics 422, 451, 485
platform innovations 20, 21, 90, 139, 235, 236, 251
podcasts 509
Polder Model 412, 415
policy
Australia 278, 283�4, 288China 291, 294, 299�301, 302, 304Finland 392, 401
Germany 375, 381�3India 342, 344�5Ireland 431, 432, 442
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Italy 423�4, 425Japan 356�7, 361, 362, 364national innovation systems 271�2Netherlands 404, 405, 406�7, 414, 415�17Russia 368
Singapore 329�31Taiwan 310�11, 313, 317�18United States 457�9, 465�6see also regulation
polylactic acid (PLA) 485
population growth 10
portfolio management 94�5, 139, 160exploitation projects 235
front end of innovation 234
project evaluation 251, 252, 254
Stage-Gate system 164�6positivism 6, 7
power
boundary-spanners 265
promoters 263, 264, 266
technology as instrument of 6, 7
PPG 497
practice, technology as 4, 5
pragmatists 114
Pratt & Whitney 183�4Priceline.com 216
prices 71, 126
primary sector 278, 279, 284, 285, 288
see also agricultureprinters 21, 22, 23
private placement 61
privatization 327, 368
‘‘probe-and-learn process’’ 236�7problem-solving 247, 248
process innovation 89�91, 191�8advanced manufacturing technologies 194�6flexible manufacturing 191�2industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 73, 106, 108life cycle management 94�5mass customization 192�3Netherlands 416
synchronous 193
process needs 99�100, 101process promoters 263, 264, 266
Procter & Gamble 90, 95, 121, 158, 164, 235
product concept 234�5product definition 159�60, 163, 164, 177, 234product design 14, 32, 70, 108
product development see new product development
Product Development and Management Association (PDMA)
157
product innovation 89�91, 138�9industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 106, 108life cycle management 95
Stage-Gate system 157�67top management role 161
product life cycle (PLC) 69, 114, 139
portfolio management 94�5reverse 79
Stage-Gate system 162
Tushman-Rosenkopf model 108
value innovation 141
product-organization coupling 257�62product portfolio see portfolio management
product superiority 234
production capability 70
production processes 77
productivity
agglomeration economies 15
definitions of technology 3
India 343, 344
Italy 426
Japan 355
Netherlands 403
Stage-Gate system 166
technology evolution 9�10value innovation 141
see also performanceprofitability 159, 192
Program for International School Assessment (PISA) 384�5,394�5, 463, 464
program-related investments (PRIs) 61
project evaluation 251�6conduct of 252�3criteria for 253�4importance of 252
informal 252, 253
managers 254�5timing of 253
project management 73, 137
phases of 247�8process promoters 264
uncertainty 241�50variation and buffers 241�2
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) 491, 497
project oversight board 236
project valuation 60
promoters 263�6‘‘prosumers’’ 99
protein therapies 482
‘‘pseudolooseness’’ 260, 261
public procurement 446
public research institutes (PRIs)
China 291�5, 297, 298, 303Finland 395
Germany 375�8, 380, 381, 382India 341, 343, 347
Italy 422, 425, 426
Russia 367, 368
Singapore 334, 335�6, 337, 338public sector
Australia 277, 283, 285, 288
cooperative R&D agreements 469
Finland 393, 397, 399
Germany 382
India 341, 342, 343, 348
Italy 419, 426
Singapore 327, 331, 334, 336, 337, 338
Taiwan 319, 320, 323
540 INDEX
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United States 448�50see also state-owned enterprises
publications 28, 39, 40, 53
see also academic publications
Qualcomm 183, 184
quality 159, 193, 194
quality function deployment 99, 139
quantum dots 493, 494, 497, 498, 499
quantum mechanics 492
QWERTY keyboard 5, 13�14, 85, 89, 126�7
R&D see research and developmentradical (breakthrough) innovation 10�11, 28, 90, 91�2
Abernathy�Clark model 107
absorptive capacity 132
competition 81, 82, 83, 84, 85
disruptive 93
economic growth 136
emerging technologies 476
exploration 233, 238
Henderson�Clark model 107
IDEO 203
integrated profit chain model 109, 110
lead-users 237
Netherlands 412, 416
product�organization coupling 257�62product portfolio 94
project evaluation 251, 252, 253�5R&D 137, 138, 139, 140�1, 143, 145reward systems 151
service innovation 182
railroads 10, 200, 475
Rand Corporation 30
rationality 5, 6, 7
RDF (Resource Description Framework) 510
real-options analysis 32, 57�8, 236, 245‘‘red biotech’’ 4803, 486�8regenerative medicine 482
regional innovation 270, 274
regulation 13, 78, 100, 244
Bayh-Dole Act 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471
China 299, 300
India 341, 342, 344
intellectual property rights 49, 50, 51, 52�4, 55investment law 61
Sarbanes�Oxley Act 446
see also policyrelationship promoters 264�5, 266reliability 21
remanufacturing 183, 184
research 19, 121, 205
China 296, 297
Cyclical Innovation Model 409
Finland 392�4, 395, 396, 401front end of innovation 233
Germany 375�8, 381, 382, 383, 386�7India 347, 348
Ireland 432, 433, 434�5, 437, 438, 439, 441Italy 424, 426�7
nanotechnology 496�7Netherlands 407, 412
patents 217, 218
Russia 368, 369�70Singapore 330�1, 333�5, 336, 337, 338Taiwan 313, 315, 316, 317, 320
United States 447, 458
university licensing 471
see also universitiesresearch and development (R&D)
Australia 277�8, 279, 280�1, 282, 283, 284, 287China 292�3, 295�9, 302, 303clusters 82�3cooperative R&D agreements 469�70definition of 135
downsizing 201, 202
Finland 392, 395�7, 399, 400, 401generations of 135�45Germany 382�3human resources 149�55India 341, 342�4, 345, 347�8industry life cycle 70
intensity 128
international comparisons 352, 427
Ireland 432, 433, 435�6, 439, 441, 442Italy 419, 420, 421�2, 423�4, 425�6Japan 353�4, 355, 357�8, 359, 361market share improvements 192
marketing integration with 234
mergers and acquisitions 63
nanotechnology 494�5national innovation systems 270
Netherlands 404, 405, 406n6, 407, 411, 413�14, 416new opportunities 101
open innovation 121
option valuation methods 60
organizational structure 200�1outsourcing 63, 154
portfolio management 95
Procter & Gamble 235
roadmap 32
Russia 367�73Singapore 328, 329, 330�1, 332, 334�5, 336�8SWORDs 63
Taiwan 309, 310, 315�17, 318�20, 321, 326tax incentives 273
team leaders 228
technology gatekeepers 264
technology intelligence 25, 33
United States 445�6, 447�53, 457�8, 462�3, 465, 466venture capital 62
research councils 434
Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (Singapore) 330
research/science parks 61�2, 328, 331�3, 370, 394residual risk 243�5resource-based theory 82
resources
corporate venturing 208
disruptive technology 47, 48
efficient use of 59
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functions of innovation systems 410
institutional infrastructure 205
Netherlands 413
new product development 157
project evaluation 252, 254
roadmap 32
Taiwan 318�19return on investment (ROI) 3, 4, 194, 252
reverse product life cycle 79
rewards 147, 150�1, 196, 228rhetoric 7
risk 59, 60, 74
risk assessment 242
risk identification 242, 245
risk lists 243, 244
risk management 162, 242�5, 247risk prevention 242
risk response planning 242�3roadmaps 32, 139, 142�3, 166robotics 335, 457, 476, 488
RockBottomGolf.com 186
role plurality 265
Roman Empire 52, 53
Route 128 (Boston) 82, 450
royalty financing 61
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) 508
Russia
economic development 372�3education 371�2federal programs 370
nanotechnology 495
patents 272, 371
R&D expenditure 369�70, 372, 448state corporations 370�1strengths and weaknesses 367, 371
university research 218
Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) 368, 369
S-curve 41, 69, 92, 106, 108�9diffusion of innovation 113, 172
emerging technologies 476
sales growth 114, 115
technology transition 19�20, 21�3S&T Advisory Group (STAG) (Taiwan) 310�12, 313, 317,
318, 324
S3 218
sales 114, 115, 139
Samsung 454, 498
Sarbanes�Oxley Act (2002) 446
scalability 172
scaling 172
scanning 25, 39�40scenarios 30, 139, 242
Schumpeterian models 10, 11, 105�6, 110, 136Schwab 94
science 43�4Cyclical Innovation Model 408, 409
Germany 377, 378
Ireland 431
language of 5�6, 7Netherlands 416
technology distinction 3
United States 463, 464, 465, 466
see also scientistsscience and technology (S&T)
China 291�2, 294, 295�7, 302�4Japan 356�7, 359Russia 368�9Taiwan 309�13, 315, 317�19, 320, 324�5, 326
Science and Technology Policy Council (Finland) 392, 393
Science Council (Germany) 375, 376, 387
Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) 432�3, 434, 435science/research parks 612, 328, 331�3, 370, 394Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) (Singapore) 331
scientists 128, 149, 150, 152�3, 154, 202Germany 381
Italy 423
Netherlands 407, 411�12Russia 369, 372
Singapore 329, 336, 337
United States 450, 451, 452
scoping 162, 233
scorecards 166
Searle 236
secrecy 28�9, 51sectoral innovation 270, 278, 279, 283, 285
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 61, 64
selectionism 246�7, 248Semantic Web 509�10semiconductors
Italy 422, 423
nanotechnology 492, 501
Singapore 329
United States 216, 455, 457n13, 462
senior management 161, 266
front end of innovation 236
product-organization coupling 258, 259, 260, 261
project evaluation 254�5Senseo 404
service innovation 79, 89�91, 138�9, 181�9incumbents 181, 184�6manufacturing firms 181, 182�4new entrants 181, 186�7
service sector 43, 90�1, 138, 181, 187Australia 280, 281, 287
Finland 398�9Ireland 435
Italy 420, 426
technological characteristics 79
United States 451
‘‘shake-outs’’ 71, 73
shares 63�4Silicon Valley 15, 82, 205, 332, 333, 450
simulations 43, 44
Singapore 10, 327�39commercialization 335�6education 335
FDI in China 301
historical development 327�9
542 INDEX
resources (cont.)
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output trends 336�7, 338patents 272, 281, 334, 336, 338
policy-making agencies 329�31R&D expenditure 329�30, 334, 336, 337, 338research agencies 333�5science parks 331�3technology focus and maturity 273, 274
Sitra 393, 394, 400
six-sigma management process 184
skills 15, 149, 178, 196
dual-ladder career organizations 147
innovation teams 227
promoters 265
Singapore 335
vocational education and training 388
skunkworks operations 201, 259, 260, 261
small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)
Australia 280
bootstrapping 60
China 291, 295, 302, 303
economic growth 139
Finland 400
Germany 382, 383
India 341, 342, 346, 347, 348
Ireland 439, 441, 442
Italy 419�20, 424�5mass customization 193
Netherlands 407, 408, 412n11, 414
patents 204
Russia 368
Singapore 327, 328, 329
Taiwan 314
transition phase 73
United States 446, 457
Small Business Administration (SBA) 62
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)
Netherlands 414
United States 62, 457, 458, 496
Small Business Technology Transfer (SBTT) (US) 62, 457,
496
small-molecule drugs 481
smart car 92
SMART Center (Singapore) 333
smart phones 117
social attitudes 100
social capital 149, 152�3, 154Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) 4, 5, 7
social constructionism 4�5social context 4�5, 151, 273�4social innovation 204, 392, 417
social networks 44, 442, 507, 510, 511
see also networkssocialization 170
software
bioinformatics 480
forecasting 43
India 343, 344, 345, 346
intellectual property rights 51
open-source 507
Russia 371
United States 457, 459, 461
Web-based 511
see also computerssolution stage 247, 248
Sony 94, 98, 114
South America 456
Southwest Airlines 127
specialization 83, 200, 265
specific (mature) phase 70, 73�4, 79, 91, 106, 108see also maturity stage
specification compromises 242
spill-overs 127�8, 363, 395�7spinoffs 297, 380, 381, 401, 423
spinouts 63
spiral innovation 140, 141, 142, 144
Sprint 476
Stage-Gate system 157�67, 175�6decision outcomes 253
front end of innovation 233�4generations of R&D 137, 138�9, 140history of 158�9impact of 164, 165
NextGen 164�6research leading to 159�62risk reduction 247
success factors 163�4Technology Stage-Gate process 236
standard operating procedures 259, 260
standardization 14�15, 78, 94, 108, 126standards 14�15, 44, 74, 77, 83�4, 108, 126�7Starbucks 127
startups 77, 78, 122, 140, 204
emerging technologies 477
Germany 381, 382, 383
Ireland 434, 437
Netherlands 411, 414
pharmaceutical industry 202
service innovation 181, 186�7United States 454, 455, 457, 461
university links 205
venture capital 209�10see also entrepreneurship
Starwood Hotels 184, 185
state corporations 370�1state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
China 291, 292, 295, 298, 303
Russia 367, 369, 370
see also public sectorstatic models 105�7Statute of Anne (1709�1710) 53steam engine 11, 12
steel 475
stents 235�6STMicroelectronics 422, 423�4strategic alliances 64, 122, 127�8
business model innovation 93
cross-functional teams 204
emerging technologies 477
industry characteristics 77�8open innovation 205
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patent licenses 216
pharmaceutical industry 202, 219
strategic conversations 261
strategic entrepreneurship 207, 208, 210�12strategic planning 140, 228
strategic renewal 210, 211
Strategic Review Board (SRB) (Taiwan) 313
strategy 125�9, 200�1advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195
alliances 127�8core technologies 125�6emerging business opportunity structure 237
front end of innovation 234
intellectual property 215�22loosely coupled systems 259
market-driving 127
pioneering 126
project evaluation 253�4R&D intensity 128
radical innovation 140
scientific human resources 128
standards 126�7technology foresight 30
technology intelligence 25�6, 34Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation (SSTI)
(Ireland) 432, 433, 438, 439, 440
structural analysis 30
structuration theory 4, 6, 7
Stryker 183
Sun Microsystems 62
suppliers 60, 73
supply
Netherlands 404
process innovation 91
sources of innovation 98�9, 101, 102supply chain management 138
surveys 29�30, 42sustainability 287, 484
sustained regeneration 210, 211
Sweden 280, 424, 427
Swiss Watch Company (Swatch) 92
Switzerland 424
SWORDs 63
synchronous innovation 193, 196
synergy phase 475, 476
systems theory 271, 404
tagging 39, 509
Taiwan 10, 309�26executive organizations 312�15FDI in China 300�1historical development 309�11implementing organizations 315�17industrial development 302
international factors 326
nanotechnology 495
National S&T Conferences 310, 311, 317�18output trends 319�20, 322patents 272, 300, 302, 320, 321, 322, 326
planning and assessment 317
policy-forming process 317�18R&D expenditure 312�14, 318�20, 321structural problems 321�3technology focus and maturity 273, 274
talent development 254
tariffs 278
task assignment 200
Tata Group 345, 346
tax incentives 273
Australia 280, 283
Germany 382
India 345
Ireland 431
Singapore 329, 332
United States 446, 458
TE centers 400
teachers 464�5team building 228
teams 201�2, 203, 225�9cross-functional 149�50, 151, 152, 160, 162�3, 204, 225diversity 226
high-technology startups 204
project evaluation 254�5proximity 226�7size of 226
virtual 152, 203, 204
techne 5, 6technical education 335, 345�6technical expertise 228
‘‘technical progress’’ 136
technological perspective 270
technology 3�8adoption of 12�13, 41, 43, 113�14alliances 127�8analysis of projects 57�8assessment of 27
China 295, 299, 300, 303
clusters 15
co-evolution of 11, 16
conceptions of 3�4constructivist approach 6�7Cyclical Innovation Model 408, 409, 410
disruptive 47�8, 81, 92, 93�4, 476, 477dual technology tree 31�2evolution of 9�17, 19�20, 21, 105, 108, 476financing 59�65Finland 392
focus 273
forecasting 30, 33, 37�45foresight 25, 27�8, 30Germany 381�3human resources 150, 153�4India 342, 344, 345
industry characteristics 77�9intellectual property rights 51, 221
Ireland 431, 432�3, 439�40Italy 421
Japan 353, 364
loosely coupled systems 259
544 INDEX
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mapping 38�9, 42maturity 273
Netherlands 406, 410, 413
objectivity and language of 5�6path dependence 13�14radical innovations 91�2revolutionary technologies 10�11roadmap 32
S-curve 92, 106, 108�9Singapore 328�9, 337, 338social context 4�5strategy 125�9Taiwan 313, 314, 315�16, 320�1, 323as technique 25n1
transition 19�24United States 446�7Web 2.0 507
see also emerging technologies; information and
communications technology; science and technology;
technology transfer
technology gatekeepers 263, 264, 265
technology intelligence (TI) 25�35deliverables 31�3, 34functions of 27�8methods of 29�30objectives of 25�6players involved 33
sources for 28�9tools of 30
technology leadership 126
technology life cycle (TLC) 15, 27, 69, 79
Technology Stage-Gate (TSG) process 236
technology transfer 15�16China 203, 291, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300
India 344
Ireland 436, 437, 438, 441
Netherlands 406
Singapore 328, 332
Taiwan 310, 326
United States 62, 447, 457, 469
university licensing 471
Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) 471
TechnoPartner 414
Teece model 107, 110
Tekes 391, 393�4, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400telephones 12, 13, 476
Teranode 510
Texas Instruments 221
text mining 44
textile industry 15, 392, 425, 451, 486
therapeutics 481, 483, 486
Thinking Skills, Learning Nation (TSLN) initiative
(Singapore) 335
Thixomolding 412, 413
3M 237, 493, 498
time to market 161
Toyota 138, 193, 246
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS) 49�51, 54, 55, 219�20trade secrets 51, 78, 216
trademarks 50�1, 53�4, 126, 244, 442Trader Joe’s 186, 187
training
advanced manufacturing technologies 196
forecasting 43, 44
Germany 381, 384, 387�8Ireland 439, 440
transaction economy 415
transformation 131, 132
transgenic technology 484
‘‘transilience’’ 28
transition phase 70, 73, 74, 79, 91, 106, 108
trial-and-error learning 171, 245�6, 247TRIPS see Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights
TRIZ model 42, 99
turnover 151, 152
Tushman-Rosenkopf model 106, 108, 110
uncertainty
financing innovation 59, 60
project evaluation 251, 252, 253, 255
project management 241�50promoters 266
real-options analysis 57, 58
technological 108
types of 245
‘‘unexpected occurences’’ 99, 100, 101
Unfair Trade Secrets Act 51
United Kingdom (U.K.)
biotechnology 424
higher education ranking 427
Industrial Revolution 10
intellectual property rights 52, 53, 54
patents 272
pharmaceutical industry 424
R&D expenditure 354, 378, 379, 427, 448
university expenditure 428
venture capital 383
United States (U.S.) 445�67America COMPETES Act 458, 466
American Competitiveness Initiative 458�9automobiles 14, 15
Bayh�Dole Act 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471commercialization 274, 457, 469
cooperative R&D agreements 469
economic growth 10
education 463�5emerging technologies 477
engineering jobs 142
FDI in China 301
flexible manufacturing 191�2funding levels 62
GDP per worker 10
generations of R&D 137
high-technology entrepreneurship 204
higher education ranking 427
historical development 445�7Innovation America report 135
intellectual property rights 50�1, 53�4, 215, 218, 219�21
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investment law 61
labor productivity 9
nanotechnology 494, 495, 496�7, 502open innovation 121
output trends 447�57patents 49, 220�1, 272, 281, 302, 380, 445, 447, 453�6, 458,466
pharmaceutical industry 424
policy 457�9, 465�6political drivers of innovation 462�3productivity growth 426
R&D expenditure 280, 354, 379, 446, 447�52, 457�8,462�3, 495
science graduates 284
semiconductor industry 216
service sector 90�1, 138, 187space program 273
state R&D patterns 450�2strengths and weaknesses 459
technology focus and maturity 273, 274
technology transfer 15�16textile industry 15
university expenditure 428
university research 205, 218, 219, 448�50, 465, 471venture capital 282�3, 452, 458, 459�62, 463
United Technologies (UT) 127, 128, 183�4universities 62, 121, 123, 142, 205
Australia 278, 279, 282, 283
China 292, 294, 296, 297
emerging technologies 477
Finland 394, 395, 396, 397
Germany 376, 377, 380�1, 385�7, 389India 347
international comparisons 428
Ireland 434, 438, 441
Italy 426�7licensing 55, 447, 453�4, 455, 471, 477nanotechnology 493, 494, 496�7Netherlands 405, 407, 411, 412
patents 218, 219, 453�4, 455Russia 368, 372
Singapore 334, 335, 337
Taiwan 310, 315, 318, 322, 323
United States 447, 448�50, 4534, 455, 461, 465see also education; research
University of Phoenix 93
‘‘unknown unknowns’’ (unk unks) 245, 246, 247
upfront activities 234
user-generated content (UGC) 506�7, 510Utterback�Abernathy model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 107�8,
110
vaccines 482
valuation methods 57�8, 60value 98, 141, 142, 143
value chain 73, 78
business model innovation 93�4integrated profit chain model 109
nanotechnology 499, 500, 501
organizational rejuvenation 212
project evaluation 254
vertical integration 83
value networks 233, 235�6, 238values 195�6Venice 52�3venture capital (VC) 62, 139, 145, 209�10, 212
Australia 282�3China 299, 302, 303
emerging technologies 477
Finland 397, 401
Germany 382, 383
India 348
nanotechnology 494
Netherlands 405�6, 407, 413project evaluation 253, 254
Russia 370
Singapore 330, 332
United States 282�3, 452, 458, 459�62, 463see also finance
venture philanthropy 61
vertical integration 78, 83, 212
VHS 14, 15, 81
Viagra 99, 216, 221
VIOXX 216
virtual reality 44
virtual teams 152, 203, 204
visas 452�3, 465vision 357�61visionaries 114
vocational education and training (VET) 384, 387�8voice of the customer (VoC) 99, 140, 142, 159, 160, 163
voice recognition software 117
VTT Technical Research Center of Finland 394, 395
VW 192�3
waste disposal 485
‘‘white biotech’’ 480, 484�6Wikipedia 505, 508
wikis 508, 510
Windows 14, 55, 81�2, 89standards 15, 83, 84, 126
Vista 7, 91
Wipro Ltd. 344
workforce agility 149�50World Economic Forum (WEF) 319�20, 329, 330, 398, 405World Trade Organization (WTO) 49, 54, 55, 219�20, 293,
294
World Wide Web see Internet
Xerox 237, 408, 493, 498
XML web services 506
Yahoo 510
YouTube 505, 506, 508, 509
Zipcar 186�7
546 INDEX
United States (U.S.) (cont.)
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