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Abeokuta IPP Project

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Final Scoping Report

December 2014

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Energy Culture Limited

Abeokuta IPP Project:

Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment (ESIA)

Final Scoping Report

December 2014

For and on behalf of

Environmental Resources Management Approved by: Henry Camp Signed: Position: Partner Date: 09 December 2014

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with Energy Culture Limited (Client), incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the Client. The report has been prepared for submission to the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment in support of the Clients application for the development of the Abeokuta IPP Project. Any other use, distribution or publication of this report is prohibited without the prior written approval of ERM and the Client.

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 PROPOSED ACTIVITY 1

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION 1

1.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 3

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE SCOPING STUDY 3

1.5 SCOPING REPORT STRUCTURE 4

2 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION 6

2.2 NIGERIAN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 6

2.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION 7

2.4 NATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 9

2.5 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND AGREEMENTS 10

2.6 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 11

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 13

3.1 INTRODUCTION 13

3.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW 13

3.3 PROJECT PHASES 17

3.4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 19

4 BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE 21

4.1 INTRODUCTION 21

4.2 BIOPHYSICAL RESOURCES 23

4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC RESOURCES 27

5 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 35

5.1 INTRODUCTION 35

5.2 SCOPING 36

5.3 ESIA STUDY 42

5.4 ESIA DISCLOSURE 43

5.5 PROJECT EXECUTION 44

6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 46

6.1 INTRODUCTION 46

6.2 BASIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT 47

6.3 DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 48

7 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS 53

7.1 INTRODUCTION 53

7.2 SCOPING PROCESS 53

7.3 DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 57

8 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ESIA 63

8.1 INTRODUCTION 63

8.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW 63

8.3 SPECIALIST STUDIES 65

8.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 70

8.5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 70

8.6 DRAFT STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA REPORT 71

8.7 PROVISIONAL ESIA SCHEDULE 73

9 REFERENCES 74

Annex A Supporting Stakeholder Engagment Documentation

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of Relevant Environmental and Social Legislation 9

Table 2.2 Environmental Protection Regulations 10

Table 2.3 International Conventions Relating to Industry and the Environment 11

Table 5.1 List of Project Stakeholders and Engagement Activities 38

Table 5.2 Initial Scoping Findings � Stakeholder Issues Raised 40

Table 7.1 Scoping Matrix 56

Table 8.1 Biophysical Baseline Studies 67

Table 8.2 Social Baseline Studies 68

Table 8.3 Structure of the ESIA Report 72

Table 8.4 Provisional ESIA Schedule 73

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Project Location 2

Figure 3.1 GE Turbines 15

Figure 3.2 Gas Turbine Auxiliary Systems and Infrastructure 16

Figure 3.3 Indicative Water Treatment Unit (left) and Fire-fighting Pumps (right) 18

Figure 4.1 Locality Map 22

Figure 4.2 Key Economic Sectors and Contribution to Ogun State Economy 30

Figure 5.1 Energy Culture Team with FMEnv and Ogun State Authorities 42

Figure 6.1 Overview of the ESIA Approach 47

Figure 8.1 Federal Ministry of Environment ESIA Process 64

LIST OF BOXES

Box 2.3 The IFC Performance Standards (2012) 12

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENERGY CULTURE LIMITED

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1 INTRODUCTION

This Scoping Report has been compiled on behalf of Energy Culture Limited

(Energy Culture) as part of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

(ESIA) process for a proposed gas-fired power plant near Abeokuta, Ogun

State, Nigeria (the Project).

Energy Culture has appointed independent environmental consultants

Environmental Resources Management (ERM) and Fugro Nigeria Limited (Fugro)

to undertake the ESIA for the Project.

1.1 PROPOSED ACTIVITY

The power plant will comprise three gas-powered turbines with a total

installed capacity of 147 MW. Energy Culture is considering purchasing an

existing plant located in Europe and relocating it to the site.

The Project will also include a short tie-in transmission line (approximately 0.5

to 2.23 km) from the Project site to the national grid, and a pipeline spur

(approximately 1.2 km) to receive gas from the existing gas network and

upgrading of the access road to the site (approximately 2.5 km).

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION

The Project is located at the Ajindo Oba Village adjacent to Abeokuta�Otta

Expressway, Obada Oko, in the Abeokuta North Local Government Area

(LGA) of Ogun State (Figure 1.1 below). Geographic coordinates for the

Project site are as follows: 783127.681 mN; 530915.538 mE.

The site will be serviced via a 2.5 km link road from the Lagos-Abeokuta

Expressway making it accessible from Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan and Sagamu

areas.

The power plant will have an estimated footprint of four hectares. The land

for the site has already been acquired by the project proponent.

Figure 1.1 Project Location


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1.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

Nigeria has a substantial deficit in power supply. In order to achieve

sustainable industrial, technological and social development, additional

electric power is needed. The demand for power is beyond that which can be

supplied by the government power company and as such the Federal

Government has taken measures to stimulate the development of new power

plants and transmission by independent power producers (IPPs).

The low level of electricity generation in Nigeria from conventional fossil fuel

has been a major constraint to rapid socioeconomic development in the

country (Adejumobi et al, 2011). With the discovery of viable natural gas

reserves in Nigeria, power plants harnessing this energy source can help

alleviate the power supply shortage. Furthermore, Abeokuta�s geographic

location close to Lagos makes the city and its surroundings a key centre for

growth and reliable electricity will be needed to aid this process. In addition,

one of the primary needs for socioeconomic development within Ogun State is

the provision of reliable electricity supply. Efficient and reliable power

generation is considered to be central to this.

In this context Energy Culture, an indigenous integrated energy company, is

planning to develop, construct and operate a power plant under the Nigerian

government�s programme. The power plant would be located on a 4 ha site

near Abeokuta in Ogun State. This site is located within 1 km of the Escravo-

Lagos gas pipeline system to ensure access to the gas supply, and is crossed by

existing transmission lines. Energy Culture has already acquired the land on

which the Project will be located.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE SCOPING STUDY

The Scoping Report documents the scoping study activities associated with

the ESIA process. One of the main objectives of the scoping study is to

identify the potentially significant environmental issues relating to the

implementation, operation and decommissioning of the proposed

development that will need to be addressed as part of the ESIA.

The scoping study is intended to enable the developer to identify and address

the key issues at the start of the ESIA process, and allow for early recognition

of these issues in the design of the project. Scoping helps to focus the ESIA on

the key environmental and social issues. The report also defines the Terms of

Reference for the remainder of the ESIA and provides an appropriate program

for consultation with stakeholders.

The scope of the ESIA may also be updated during project development, for

example, as a result of the findings of additional technical studies or

information supplied by stakeholders.


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1.4.1 Scoping Objectives

The main objectives of scoping undertaken as part of the ESIA for the project

are to:

· provide an overview description of the project;

· describe the existing environmental and socioeconomic baseline;

· undertake a preliminary identification of the potential environmental and

socioeconomic issues associated with the proposed project;

· obtain early input from key stakeholders in the identification of potential

impacts and mitigation measures; and

· identify key data gaps and define a proposed Terms of Reference (ToR) for

an ESIA study and define an appropriate program for consultation with

stakeholders.

This Scoping Report presents the results of this scoping phase.

1.5 SCOPING REPORT STRUCTURE

The Scoping Report is structured as follows:

· Chapter 2 describes the administrative context within which this project will

be managed.

· Chapter 3 provides detailed information for the project.

· Chapter 4 illustrates the baseline environmental conditions (which will

prevail in the absence of the project).

· Chapter 5 provides an overview of the stakeholder engagement process

undertaken during scoping, and will be undertaken in subsequent stages of

the impact assessment process.

· Chapter 6 describes the impact assessment approach and methodology.

· Chapter 7 identifies potential significant interactions between project

activities and key resource/receptors, which will be investigated in more

detail during the subsequent phases of the ESIA.

· Chapter 8 describes the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the undertaking of the

impact assessment.

The Scoping report will be submitted to the Federal Ministry of Environment

(FMEnv) in accordance with the EIA Act (Act No 86 of 1992).


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The main report is supported by additional supporting stakeholder

documentation included in Annex A.


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2 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter provides a preliminary identification of the Nigerian

administrative framework and describes the relevant Nigerian legislation,

international treaties and industry standards and guidelines that the Project

will follow. Specifically, this Chapter provides a summary of:

· Nigerian administrative and legislative organisation;

· National environmental and social legislation deemed applicable to the

Project;

· International conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory;

· International standards and guidelines to which the Project will also

align; and

· Energy Culture internal standards and guidelines with which the project

will also be consistent.

2.2 NIGERIAN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The following is a summary of the Nigerian governmental entities with

responsibility for the environmental and social aspects of the Project. Other

government and administration entities have environmental and social

requirements and oversight but these generally follow from the ESIA process.

An analysis of stakeholders will be conducted as part of the ESIA.

2.2.1 Federal Ministry of Environment

Primary authority for regulation and enforcement of environmental laws rests

with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), previously the Federal

Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). FMEnv took over this function

from FEPA in 1999.

The specific policies, acts, regulations and guidelines enforced by FMEnv that

are relevant to the Project include:

· National Policy on the Environment (1989);

· Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act (Decree No 58 of 1988);

· Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Decree No 86 of 1992); and

· National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in

Nigeria (1991).


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2.2.2 Ogun State Ministry of Environment

The umbrella organisation for the environment in Ogun State is the Ministry

of the Environment under which agencies such as Ogun State Environmental

Protection Agency (OGEPA) and the State Emergency Management Agency

are situated.

The Ministry has the responsibility to maintain a clean and healthy

environment through provision of sanitation and waste management services

as well as oversight of spatial development planning.

Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency (OGEPA)

Environmental protection functions are performance by the Ogun State

Environmental Protection Agency (OGEPA).This agency is responsible for the

protection and improvement of the environment within the state as well as

assisting in implementation and enforcement of the National Environmental

Regulations and guidelines within Ogun state. In carrying out its duties of

environmental protection, OGEPA is required to cooperate with relevant

federal and state ministries, local government councils, statutory bodies,

research and educational institutions. Although the primary authority for the

project lies with FMEnv, OGEPA plays a role as a key stakeholder.

2.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION

2.3.1 Nigerian Environmental Legislation

In consideration of environmental legislative requirements, based on our

current understanding of the Project, we anticipate that the following key

policies and acts are likely to be applicable:

· National Environmental Policy. Environmental management in Nigeria is

based on the National Policy on the Environment (1989), as revised in

1999. The goal of this policy is to achieve sustainable development.

· The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement

Agency Act. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations

Enforcement Agency (Decree No 57 of 2007) (NESREA) Act repealed the

Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act (FEPA Act) and establishes

the NESREA. The Agency has the responsibility to enforce compliance

with environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and

guidelines. NESREA is also responsible for the protection and

development of the environment, biodiversity conservation, sustainable

development and the development of environmental technology. The

NESREA Act is an over-arching piece of legislation providing a framework

for other detailed legislation. Furthermore, NESREA has developed

twenty four (24) Environmental Regulations which have been published in

the Federal Republic Official Gazette and are now in force. Key regulations

that are applicable to the project are listed in Section 2.4 below.


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· Environmental Impact Assessment Act. The Environmental Impact

Assessment Act (Decree No 86 of 1992) (EIA Act) is the primary Act

governing EIA in Nigeria. It was promulgated in order to enable the prior

consideration of an EIA on specified public or private projects. The Act

sets out the procedure to be followed and methods to be used in

undertaking an EIA. Section 2 (2) of the Act requires that where the

extent, nature or location of a proposed project or activity is such that it

likely to significantly affect the environment, an EIA must be undertaken

in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The proponents of such

projects or activities are required, prior to embarking on the proposed

project, to apply in writing to FMEnv, in order that an EIA can be

undertaken while the project is still in the planning stages.

· FEPA Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines. The

FEPA EIA Procedural Guidelines (1994) stipulate the process to be

followed for �Category I� projects that are subjected to a full scale EIA

procedure in terms of the EIA Act (1992). It is expected that this Project

will require a full EIA process under the EIA Act.

2.3.2 Nigerian Social Legislation

In the consideration of Nigerian social legislation, the following key legislation

is expected to be applicable to the Project:

· Labour Act. The Labour Act (Decree No 198 of 1990) is the primary law

protecting the employment rights of individual workers. The Act covers

protection of wages; contracts; employment terms and conditions;

recruitment; and classifies workers and special worker types. Union

membership is governed by the Trade Union Amendment Act (1995). A

1999 constitution includes stipulation of �equal pay for equal work without

discrimination on account of sex, or any other ground whatsoever.�

· Land Use Act. The Land Use Act (Decree No 6 of 1978) vests all land in the

urban areas of each state under the control and management of the

governor of the state. The governor of the state holds the land in trust for

the people of the state and is solely responsible for the allocation of land in

all urban areas to individuals who reside in the state and to organizations

for residential, agricultural and commercial purposes. All other land in

the state subject to conditions under the Land Use Act is under the control

and management of the local government. The Act divests traditional

owners of land and vests such land in the state governor for the benefit

and use of all Nigerians. It provides the processes through which land

may be acquired by the federal government.

· The Factories Act. The Factories Act (Decree No 126 of 1990) is the

primary law regulating health, safety and welfare of workers in factories

in the country. The law holds management and staff personally

responsible for violations of the provisions in the Act. With respect to


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safety, there are general provisions as to the securing, fixing, usage,

maintenance and storage of prime movers, transmission machinery, other

machinery, unfenced machinery, dangerous liquids, automated machines,

hoists and lifts, chains, ropes and lifting tackle, cranes and other lifting

machines, steam boilers, steam receivers containers, and air receivers.

There are in addition to these, standards set for the training and

supervision of inexperienced workers, safe access to any work place,

prevention of fire and safety arrangements in case of fire and first aid

boxes. The applicability of the law to the Project will be assessed in the

EIA.

2.3.3 Other Applicable National Legislation

Table 2.1 presents a summary of the most relevant and significant sector

legislation that may apply to the Project. These will be confirmed during the

EIA process.

Table 2.1 Summary of Relevant Environmental and Social Legislation

Issue Applicable Legislative Instrument

Environmental

Biodiversity Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic

Act (1985)

Pollution Control National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Protection

(see below)

Water Pollution Water Resources Act (1993)

Oil Pipeline Act (1956)

Environmental protection Petroleum Act (1990)

Petroleum Regulations (1967)

Waste Management Harmful Waste(Special Criminal Provisions) Act (1988)

Social

Labour, Working Conditions

and Employment

Labour Act, Chapter 198, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (1990)

Public Disclosure Environmental Impact Assessment Act (1992)

Resettlement Land Use Act (1978)

Land Rights Land Use Act (1978)

Health and Safety The Factories Act (1990)

2.4 NATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

2.4.1 National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Protection

NESREA has developed the following twenty-four environmental regulations

which have been published in the Federal Republic Official Gazette and are

now in force.

Table 2.2 lists the key regulations that are expected to be applicable to the

Project.


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Table 2.2 Environmental Protection Regulations

Regulation Description

National Environmental (Wetlands,

River Banks and Lake Shores)

Regulations (No 29 of 2009)

Provides for the conservation and managed use of

wetlands and their resources in Nigeria. It ensures the

sustainable use of wetlands for ecological and tourism

purposes and protects wetland habitats for associated

species of fauna and flora.

National Environmental (Watershed,

Mountainous, Hilly and Catchments

Areas) Regulations (No 27 of 2009)

Makes provisions for the protection of water catchment

areas.

National Environmental (Sanitation

and Wastes Control) Regulations (No

28 of 2009)

Provides the legal framework for the adoption of

sustainable and environment friendly practices in

environmental sanitation and waste management

activities in order to minimise environmental pollution.

National Environmental (Ozone

Layer Protection) Regulations, (No 32

of 2009)

Seeks to prohibit the import, manufacture, sale and use

of ozone-depleting substances.

National Environmental (Noise

Standards and Control) Regulations

(No 35 of 2009)

Regulates activities noise levels.

National Environmental (Control of

Vehicular Emissions from Petrol and

Diesel Engines) Regulations (No 20 of

2010)

Includes provisions to restore, preserve and improve

the quality of air in Nigeria. The standards contained

herein provide for the protection of the air from

pollutants associated with vehicular emissions.

National Environmental (Surface and

Groundwater Quality Control)

Regulations (No 22 of 2010)

Includes provisions to restore, enhance and preserve

the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the

nation�s surface waters, and to maintain existing water

uses.

2.5 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND AGREEMENTS

Nigeria is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements

relating to industry, development and environmental management. In certain

cases conventions and agreements have influenced policy, guidelines and

regulations and shall be complied with during the planning, construction and

operation of the Project.

Table 2.2 below lists some of the relevant international conventions and

protocols to which Nigeria is signatory. Many of these are incorporated into

the various World Bank Operational Procedures and the IFC Performance

Standards. So by conforming to these two sets of standards, the Project will

comply with the requirements of the relevant international conventions.


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Table 2.3 International Conventions Relating to Industry and the Environment

Ratification in

Nigeria

Name of Convention

2005 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17

October 2003.

2000 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl

Habitat. RAMSAR, 2 February 1971.

1994 United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity

1994 Framework Convention on Climate Change

1991 United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

World Heritage Convention.

1988 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

1974 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural

Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972.

1972 International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972 (CSC)

1972 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import,

Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Paris, 14 November

1970.

1968 African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

2.6 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

International lending institutions provide guidance on their requirements for

the assessment of environmental and social impacts and place emphasis on

achieving sustainable environmental, social and health outcomes. They also

provide environmental standards and limits for emissions and discharges. A

number of key project impact mitigation measures such as resettlement (if

necessary) are also specified.

The overall project design and this ESIA are based on relevant guidelines

published by the World Bank Group and International Finance Corporation

(IFC) and therefore are expected to meet the environmental requirements of

potential lending institutions. This Project is being developed under the

World Bank�s Power Sector Guarantee Project for Nigeria. As such, it has

been agreed with the IFC that projects developed under this programme will

be required to reference the Performance Standards.

An overview of the Performance Standards is provided in the following

Section. The applicable provisions from these documents will be identified

and included in the ESIA report, where applicable.

2.6.1 The IFC Performance Standards

The IFC applies Performance Standards (see Box 2.1) to manage social and

environmental risks and impacts and to enhance development opportunities

in the private sector. The Performance Standards may be applied by other

financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets.


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Box 2.1 The IFC Performance Standards (2012)

2.6.2 World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines

The World Bank Group�s Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines

are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific

examples of Good International Industry Practice (IFC, 2007). These General

EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry

Sector EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in

specific industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry-sector

guidelines may be necessary.

The General EHS guidelines are organised into 4 broad categories, including

Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and

Safety and Construction and Decommissioning. Within each of these broad

categories, a list of more specific guidelines has been developed.

Other relevant Sector EHS Guidelines for this project include:

· EHS Guidelines for Gas Distribution (April 2007);

· Systems EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (April 2007); and

· EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation (December 2007).

Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that a project is to meet

throughout the life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institutions.

Among these standards, seven are expected to be relevant to this project:

� Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and

Social Risks and Impacts

� Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions

� Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention

� Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

� Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

� Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable

Management of Living Natural Resources

� Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage


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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Energy Culture is proposing to develop a 147 MW gas-fired power plant near

the town of Abeokuta that would produce and supply power to the national

power grid. Gas will be procured locally and supplied through a dedicated

pipeline spur to the site.

The following Section provides a brief summary of proposed Project and the

associated Project activities.

3.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW

3.2.1 Project Components

The proposed power plant will be an Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) plant

comprising of the following components:

· a 147 MW OCGT gas-fired power plant;

· a short 132 kV Single Circuit (S.C) transmission line tie in connecting the

power plant to the existing Otta � Papalanto � Abeokuta 132KV S.C

transmission lines at the site;

· an option for another short 132 kV D.C transmission line (500m to 2.23 km)

to connect to a new 132KV D.C transmission line being constructed (under

NIPP) within the existing Right of Way (RoW);

· connecting to the on-going line from Papalanto to Abeokuta.

· a short (2.5 km) access road to the site; and

· a short pipeline spur (1.2 km) connecting the gas receiving station on the

Project site to the existing NGC Abeokuta pressure reduction metering

station.

Electricity generated at the plant will be transmitted via the 132kv line to the

grid and Energy Culture has secured approval from the Transmission

Company of Nigeria (TCN) to supply 140 MW. Amongst other advantages

(ie, reduction in line losses, providing additional bulk capacity and providing

an alternative source of power for the Arigbajo substation) the power

generated from this Project is expected to ease grid operations in terms of

overall voltage improvement and system stability.

Other key Project facilities/installations include:


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· Turbine power house;

· OCGT associated machinery;

· water supply and treatment systems;

· gas receiving station;

· ancillary systems and facilities; and

· waste treatment facilities.

More detail on the specifications of each of these facilities/installations and

the layout of the power plant, transmission line and gas distribution system

will follow in subsequent phases of the ESIA process.

3.2.2 OCGT Plant Process

An OCGT power plant consists of a gas turbine and a generator. The gas

turbine comprises a compressor, combustion system and an electricity

generator power turbine. The compressor draws in fresh air and raises the air

pressure by compressing it. Fuel is added to the compressed air in the

combustion chamber of the gas turbine and ignited. The resulting expanding

burning gases turn the power turbine which is connected to the generator

thereby creating electricity.

The Abeokuta IPP will be constructed around three GE LM 6000 PC Sprint gas

turbine generators, operating in open cycle with a nominal output of, 49 MWe

from each unit, and a total capacity of the power station of approximately 147

MW. The power plant will run in a base load regime, with a load factor of

80% such that the power will be offered to the system operator for dispatch

whenever it is available. Power will be offered on a net basis (ie the plant

internal load will be satisfied from generation before the main power station

fiscal meters). When operating base load, as described above, the expected

annual generation will be 821,560,320kWh (or 821560.32 MWh).

A schematic diagram of the turbines to be used is provided in Figure 3.1.


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Figure 3.1 GE Turbines

Source: Reex Limited, 2013

The gas turbines are equipped with a spray intercooling system (SPRINT)

which injects demineralised water that cools the waste exhaust heat, thus

reducing the NOx emissions and subsequently increasing the power output at

high ambient temperatures.

Gas Turbine Auxiliary Systems and Infrastructure

The gas turbines are equipped with the following auxiliary systems and

infrastructure:

· Generator mineral lube oil system;

· Turbine lube oil system;

· Water injection and water sprint system;

· Anti-icing system;

· Hydraulic starter;

· Diesel feeding system;

· Fin fan cooling system;

· Generator circuit breaker;

· UPS � DC system;

· Inverter/charger 125V DC with 196 batteries (1,14 V each)

· Inverter/charger 24V DC with 118 batteries (1,14 V each)

· Inverter/charger 110 V DC with 95 batteries (1,14 V each)

The gas turbine auxiliary systems and infrastructure is shown in Figure XX>


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Figure 3.2 Gas Turbine Auxiliary Systems and Infrastructure


3.2.3 Fuel Supply Arrangement

The fuel for the power plant will be sourced from the main gas supply artery

in Nigeria (Escravos-Lagos Pipeline System). The feeder line will be

approximately 1.2 km in length and will connected to a pressure reduction

metering station (PRMS) on the Project site.

The Nigerian Gas Corporation (NGC) will construct the pipeline spur to the

site boundary.

3.2.4 Gas Receiving Station

The gas receiving station will consist of two lines, a main line (with a

regulator) and a stand-by line (without regulator). The gas receiving station

comprises a 46 barg gas compressor to regulate the potential pressure changes

in the gas pipeline, a gas preheating unit and a condensate tank.

3.2.5 Emergency Diesel Generator

The Project will include a 400 V, 1'800 kVA Mitsubishi S16R-TA Emergency

diesel generator. This will be used to support safe shut down and black start

as required.


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3.3 PROJECT PHASES

The Project activities will be carried out in three phases outlined below.

3.3.1 Construction Phase

The initial stage of construction will involve the clearance of vegetation,

fencing and levelling of the site and earthworks. Site roads will be

constructed at this stage to assist the movement of heavy plant during the

construction phase.

The gas pipeline will be laid as soon as possible and the connection of the gas

pipeline to the power plant will occur at around 6 months. The construction

of the overhead 132 kV D.C cables, which will transfer power from the power

plant and onto the national grid, will commence soon after 6 months and will

connect the power plant to the national grid at around 10 months.

After months, site activity will be reduced as the Project moves into

commissioning phase where there will be a small group of highly skilled

engineers and technicians commissioning the power plant.

The various project components will be delivered to the site in two phases.

During the first phase the gas turbines, GT auxiliary systems, gas turbine

electronic control systems and gas turbine generators will be delivered to the

site for assemply. The rest of the site equipment and machinery will be

delivered during the second phase, including the BOP systems, control rooms

containers, HV station with aux transformers and the step-up transformers.

3.3.2 Operational Phase

The power plant will be operated on a 24 hour, 7 days a week basis. The

number of workers on site during commercial operations will be around 30

permanent site employees and approximately 20 ancillary and contract

workers.

During commercial operations there will be increased traffic in the area as the

plant will require a variety of services. This will increase during the annual

shutdowns and periods of major maintenance.

Water Use

Plant water supply to the site will be sourced via an industrial borehole and

stored in a central storage system for internal use. The water storage system

will have sufficient capacity to store water for a few days in case of

disturbance to the raw water supply. The power plant will require

approximately 799.2 m³ of water from the borehole per day.

Water Treatment

A small water treatment plant will be required for the Project to supply

process water for the washing of the gas turbine compressor, for the closed


18

circuit cooling system and general service water to the plant and potable

water to the office buildings. The water treatment unit will comprise two

identical demineralising water production lines (one main and one stand-by)

with a capacity of 33.3 m3/hr each and maximum production of 66.6 m³ /hr

for emergencies (both operating in parallel). The plant is designed to allow

the quality of the demineralised water remain <100ppb silicates and a

conductivity of <1 S/cm. The main equipment for the water treatment unit

will include and active carbon filter, a cation resin filter, a CO2 de-gasifier and

an anion resin filter.

Fire Water

In addition two fire/service water storage tanks will be installed with a fire

water reserve and with one diesel pump, one electrical pump and one jockey

pump. Moreover, demineralized water will be used as means for fire

protection for the transformers, so a second set of the same pumps is there to

be used for that purpose.

An indicative water treatment unit (left) and fire-fighting pump system (right)

is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 Indicative Water Treatment Unit (left) and Fire-fighting Pumps (right)


Emissions, Effluent and Solid Waste

The proposed plant will result in emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2 and particulate

matter. However, the gas turbines will be fully equipped with a spray inter

cooling (sprint) system to increase plant output, which reduces the

temperature of exhaust emissions and will result in the reduction of NOx

exhaust emissions by an additional 50ppm. Moreover, it is expected that

exhaust emissions of the plant will fall within the permissible 60 NOx which is

approximately 25 percent of a typical diesel generators emissions. More detail

on the composition of exhaust gases, their volume and concentrations will

follow in the impact assessment phase of the ESIA process.


19

During construction, the major waste stream will be the disposal of surplus

spoil from the site. Other wastes will comprise general domestic waste

(construction camp) including sanitary and food waste, office waste, organic

material, small volumes of wastes arising from mobile plant, chiefly waste

lubricating oil and packing materials (e.g. crates).

During operation, the major solid waste stream will be waste chemicals from

the demineralisation plant and office waste including paper cardboard, glass,

food wastes and cans. The plant will be fired �dry� so as to avoid issues

relating to discharge of effluents into the environment. Moreover, no

industrial wastewater will be produced, a part from blow down of equipment

and possibly oily waters. This water will be fed into a neutralisation basin for

treatment and separation before discharge. Storm water and domestic

wastewater will be collected separately and discharged via the drainage

system that will be constructed as part of the Project. It is anticipated that

small amounts of hazardous waste will be generated in the form of fuel oil

residues, cleaning solvents and sludge from oil tanks. All used oil will be

collected and removed from site and delivered to an approved recycling

agent. Finally, all workshop-related wastes will be collected and removed

from the Project site to government approved dump sites.

Collection, transport, handling and disposal of these wastes will be discussed

in more detail in the impact assessment phase.

3.3.3 Decommissioning Phase

The proposed Project has a lifespan of 20 years. There is currently no

agreement in place which defines what will happen to the facility at the end of

its lifecycle, but it is anticipated that the Project site will be returned to its

original state. A site closure and restoration plan will be developed prior to

initiation of decommissioning activities.

All infrastructure (including the cables and pylon for the connection to the

existing transmission line) will be dismantled and removed. Machinery, steel

and dismantled materials will be recycled where possible and disposed of at

licensed disposal sites.

3.4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

In order to ensure the environmental and social sustainability of the Project,

the ESIA will include an analysis of the potential Project alternatives. This

will include the various alternatives considered during the design phase of the

Project and within the ESIA process, namely:

· The �No Project� alternative;

· Location alternatives for the power plant;

· Power plant construction using new equipment and infrastructure; and

· Design, technology and fuel feedstock alternatives.


20

The preferred alternative will be considered during the assessment of potential impacts.


21

4 BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter describes the environmental and socioeconomic baseline

conditions. The study area for the scoping phase is the general region around

the proposed Project site.

The baseline conditions described in this chapter are, in many instances

described at a regional or even national level since they are largely based on

secondary data collected during scoping. Limited secondary data exists for

the local or site level. Specific local conditions are described where possible

based on information from secondary sources and gathered during a

preliminary site reconnaissance carried out by the ESIA team from the 23 to 26

September 2014.

A locality map showing an approximate site outline and surrounding features

is included in Figure 4.1.

Where further information is required to inform the impact assessment,

primary baseline data will be collected as part of specific ESIA studies and

these will fill any knowledge gaps for the baseline section of the ESIA report.

These Terms of Reference (ToR) for these additional studies are included in

Chapter 8.

Figure 4.1 Locality Map


23

4.2 BIOPHYSICAL RESOURCES

4.2.1 Climate and Meteorology

The climate of the area is tropical with alternating wet and dry seasons. The

climate is strongly influenced by Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

weather patterns. Maritime tropical air masses, characterized by warm,

humid south- westerly winds and the continental air mass, characterised by

hot, dry north-easterly winds, converge in the ITCZ. The alternating wet

season and dry season phenomenon is determined by the north-south

oscillation of air masses in the ITCZ.

Movement of these air masses results in two main seasons in the Project area;

a wet season from April to October, and a dry season from November to

March. During the dry season there are periods when the harmattan (a period

characterised by dry dusty winds and relatively low temperatures) is

experienced. This typically occurs during the months of December and

January. While there are two main seasons during the course of the year, the

annual weather patterns are somewhat more complicated due to a short break

in the wet season in August. The four observed seasons are:

· A long rainy season from March to the end of July, with a peak period in

June over most parts of southern Nigeria.

· A short dry season in August which lasts for 3-4 weeks. This is due to the

ITCZ moving to the north of the region.

· A short rainy season follows the brief dry period in August and lasts from

early September to mid-October as the ITCZ moves south again, with a

peak period at the end of September. The rains are not usually as heavy as

those in the long rainy season.

· A long dry season starts in late October and lasts to early March with peak

dry conditions between early December and late February. Vegetation

growth is generally hampered during this period, grasses dry and leaves

fall from deciduous trees due to reduced moisture.

Wind from the southwest and south-southwest blow year round, with

monthly averages between 2 meters per second (m/s) and 4 m/s.

The mean annual rainfall in the region ranges from 500 mm to 2,000 mm.

During the wet season, rainfall events can be as much as 140 mm per day.

Along the coast, the mean annual rainfall ranges between approximately 920

mm and 1,500 mm. Lagos (located approximately 60 km to the east of the

Project site) receives an average of1 740 mm of rain annually.

At near sea level in the equatorial zone, temperatures can be high and only

vary by approximately 8°C throughout the year. Maximum temperatures are


24

in the region of 32ºC during the dry season (February and March) and at a

minimum of around 22ºC in August.

4.2.2 Terrestrial Soils and Geology

The geology of Ogun State comprises sedimentary and basement complex

rocks. The rock is soft and brittle but in some places cemented by iron and

silicon containing materials. The sedimentary rock of Ogun State consists of

the Abeokuta formation, which lies directly above the basement complex and

is in turn overlain by the Ewekoro, Oshosun and Ilaro formations. These

formations are overlain by coastal plain sands (Benin formation) (Badmus and

Olatinsu, 2009).

Abeokuta is underlain in the north by basement rock while in the south by the

sedimentary rocks of the eastern Dahomey basin (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013).

The south-eastern area of Abeokuta is part of the Ise formation of the

Abeokuta group. The basement rock in the north consists of ancient gneisss-

migmatite suite (Complex) which can be divided into two categories due to

the penetration of Pan-African (6ooMa) bodies of granodiorites, porphyritic

granites, quartz diorites and pegmatites (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013). The

major divisions include:

· Biotite granite gneiss;

· Porphyroblastic gneiss, porphyritic biotite, granite; and

· Biotite schist and migmatite.

The soil profile in the area consists of reddish clay to approximately 2.0 m

depth, followed by reddish brown clay. The subsequent strata include clayey

units, sandy aquifers and greyish dark clay beneath these. The Ise Formation

comprises of conglomerates and grits at the base and is in turn overlain by

coarse to medium grained loose sands (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013).

4.2.3 Topography

The terrain of the area around Abeokuta is characterised by two types of

landforms namely, sparsely distributed low hills and granite buttes; and

almost flat topography (Olomide, 2008). The rugged relief is more prominent

in the north, central, and south eastern parts of the town of Abeokuta

(Olomide, 2008). The Project site is located on a low hill and slopes down to

the northeast.

4.2.4 Groundwater

In the northern parts of Abeokuta groundwater occurs in fractured and in-situ

weathered portions of the rocks (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013). In in-situ

weathered rocks that overlay the basement formation groundwater occurs

through phreatic aquifers which are usually exploited through hand-dug

wells. In weathered sections of the in situ rocks that occur within the basement

rock, however, groundwater is confined in nature and can only be exploited


25

through the construction of drilled wells (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013). The

area underlain by sedimentary formations have potential for groundwater due

to the presence of aquiferous sandy layer (Aladejana and Talabi, 2013).

Movement of water is strongly influenced by topography and two common

types of springs (over land and slope springs). Recharge is mainly by

percolating rainwater and seepage from adjacent surface water. Recharge

areas consist of decomposed and fractured rocks in which pressure heads

quickly spread through local water-bearing fissures and interconnected voids,

thereby leading to abrupt rise in discharges in response to precipitation

(Aladejana and Talabi, 2013). Spring discharges occur in the rainy season but

are not expected during the dry season.

4.2.5 Surface Water

The area around Abeokuta is drained by two major rivers; the Ogun River and

the Oyan River. The Ogun River rises in in Oyo state near Shaki and flows

through Ogun State into Lagos State where it is discharges into Lagos Lagoon.

In Oyo State the River is dammed at the Ikere Gorge Dam which has a

reservoir capacity of 690 million m3. In Ogun State, the Oyan River, another

tributary, is crossed by the Oyan River Dam which supplies water to

Abeokuta and Lagos. The river has a total area of 22.24 km2 and a flow of

approximately 393 m3 per second-1 during the wet season (Dimowo, 2013).

The water within these rivers is used primarily for agriculture, transportation,

human consumption, various industrial activities and domestic purposes.

Along its course, it reportedly receives effluents from breweries,

slaughterhouses, dyeing industries, tanneries and domestic wastewater before

finally discharging into the Lagos lagoon (Dimowo, 2013).

The Oyan River Dam is located in the Abeokuta North Local Government

Area, approximately 20 km North West of Abeokuta (Ogun-Oshun River

Basin Authority, 2013). The surface area of the dam is 4,000 ha with a total

capacity of 270 million m3. The catchment area is approximately 9 000 km2

and the dam supplies approximately 700 000 m3f raw water per day to the

Water Corporations of Ogun and Lagos state for treatment and distribution

and the irrigation of approximately 3,000 ha (Ogun-Oshun River Basin

Authority, 2013). Moreover, the dam is reportedly able to generate 9

megawatts of electricity, although this is not currently in operation.

A small surface water body was observed approximately to the northeast of

the Project site. This is understood to be fed by a spring during the wet

season. From this spring the water drains and flows to the northeast and is

expected to join the Ogun River. The biophysical and biological condition of

this surface water body will be assessed in further detail during the ESIA

process.


26

4.2.6 Flora and Fauna

The Ogun State falls within the Lowland Rain Forest Ecological Zone and

Abeokuta falls within the rainforest zone as well. Although, the state is

classified as a forest zone many parts of the state are now classified as derived

savannah. The savannah has formed out of the existing forest due to

population pressures, cultivated land, and bush burning (Olomide, 2008).

Important tree species in the region include Lophira Lanceolata, Daniellia

Olivern and Afzolia Africana (Olomide, 2008). The rain forest is generally

found in the coastal areas in Ogun and the southern part of Egbado South.

The derived savannah is generally found in the western and northern LGAs

including Abeokuta (Nigeria Online, 2 February 2003).

There are approximately 290 mammal species in Nigeria. Of these one is

critically endangered, 13 are endangered, 16 are vulnerable, and ten are near-

threatened (IUCN, 2005).

The Project site is dominated by agricultural land uses (small-scale cropping)

and some areas of secondary vegetation growth.

The Maba forest is located within Ogun State and is considered a key forest

area and one of the naturally free-zone forests existing in the southwestern

part of Nigeria (Laweed, 2010). Although land uses within this forest

ecosystem includes arable farm, fallow farm land, riparian forest, secondary

forest, and plantations. Furthermore, typical fauna found in this area include

Mona Monkey, Baboons, lizards, giant scorpions, squirrels and other

amphibians (Laweed, 2010).

The existing fauna and flora within the Project AoI will be investigated further

during the ESIA.

4.2.7 Air Quality

In general for Nigeria, air quality in the rural areas is generally good, while air

quality in cities is poor with elevated concentrations of carbon monoxide, lead,

volatile hydrocarbons, ozone, and particulate matter. These are pollutants

associated with transportation sources.

In general, for the area, air quality conditions would be expected to be better

during the wet season when rain removes pollutants from the air. Dust is

expected occur both naturally due to the fine nature of the soil and the wind

conditions and due to disturbance during construction activities. Bush

burning of undeveloped land will also affect ambient air quality.

Ambient air quality will be investigated further during the ESIA.


27

4.2.8 Noise, Vibration, Light

Current anthropogenic noise on site is related to agricultural and domestic

activities. Vehicular traffic along the Abeokuta-Otta Expressways near the

eastern boundary of the site contributes also to existing noise levels.

Natural noise sources include noise from animals/insects, both of which can

be very loud at times. In general, for the area, ambient noise levels would be

expected to be higher during the wet season due to rain events. Ambient

noise levels will be investigated during the ESIA.

There were no significant sources of vibration noted during the site visit. The

area is also generally not illuminated at night.

4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC RESOURCES

4.3.1 General Area

The site is located in the Abeokuta North LGA in Ogun State, Nigeria. It is

located approximately 200-300 m west of the Lagos-Abeokuta Expressway

and approximately 10 km south west of the town of Abeokuta. Abeokuta is

the largest city and capital of Ogun State in southwest Nigeria. The town is

situated on the east bank of the Ogun River, near a group of rocky outcrops in

a wooded savannah. The town is located 77 km north of Lagos by railway or

road or 130 km by water (Hoiberg and Dale, 2010).

The Project site was acquired from the Adebowale family, who are understood

to also own the land surrounding the Project site. The Adebowale family

homestead is located to the northeast of the site along as well as other

communities/ homesteads located on land adjacent to the Project site. In

addition, there are two small communities/ homesteads located within the

Project boundary. It is understood that these communities living on the site

will be resettled as a result of the Project.

4.3.2 Demographics

The population of Ogun State is approximately 3, 751,140 with an almost

equal ration between male and female (Ogun State Government, 2014). In

2006 the National Census estimated the population within the Abeokuta

North LGA to be 198,793 people with 96,463 (male) and 102,330 (female)

(Ogun State Government, 2014).

Approximately 45 percent of the population of Ogun State live in urban

settlements (>20,000 people) and the remainder live in rural settlements

(CPMS, 2008). In comparison the Abeokuta North LGA approximately

75percent of the population live in urban areas with remaining in rural areas

(Ogun State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, 2014).


28

Demographics of communities within and surrounding the Project site will be

detailed further in the ESIA.

4.3.3 Ethnicity and Religion

The ethnic composition of Ogun State is dominated by Yoruba people

comprising mainly the Egba, the Yewa, the Awori, the Egun, the Ijebu and the

Remo. People from the Oke-Ona, Gbagura, Owu and Oke-Ogun make up the

majority of the population in the Abeokuta North LGA areas (Ogun State

Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, 2014). The scoping

visit also indicated that people of Fulani decent also comprise the local

community living close to and within the Project site.

The official language of Ogun State is English although Yoruba and various

dialects of the Yoruba language such as Ijebu, Yewa, Egba and Remo are

commonly spoken. In the Abeokuta North LGA the predominant language

being spoken is Yoruba Language with Egba dialect. The majority of the

population in Ogun State is made up of Christians and Muslims, with a small

proportion of the population still practicing traditional African religions.

Apart from the Adebowale family, the small communities living on and

around the site are understood to be comprised of people of Fulani heritage.

Baseline data collection will further inform an understanding of the current

ethnic makeup of area in and around the Project site.

4.3.4 Governance and Administrative Structures, Relationships and Decision

making

Government Institutions

Ogun State is one of 36 states in Nigeria and is located in the southwest of the

country. There are 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun State which

includes Abeokuta North, Abeokuta South and Ewekoro. The Project site is

located within the Abeokuta North LGA but close to the border with

Abeokuta South and Ewekoro LGAs.

Each LGA is headed by an elected Chairman or administered by a local

committee. Other relevant government institutions will be outlined following

the baseline data collection.

Traditional Leadership Patterns and Representation

Within Ogun State, the highest traditional leader is the Oba who is given

responsibility for a group of small communities. The Baale, or village head,

represents the Oba at a village level and is responsible for overseeing issues

relating to culture and values. The traditional leadership patterns and

representation will be described in greater detail following the baseline data

collection.


29

Other Institutions

Most villages in Nigeria typically have a range of livelihood associations,

religious groups, savings groups and other Community Based Organisations

(CBOs) that play an important role in the way a small settlement is run. It is

likely that groups or institutes such as these are operating within the study

area. Information on these will be collected during the social baseline data

collection.

4.3.5 Livelihoods and Microeconomy

Livelihoods

Most of the people living in Ogun State are poor. The Nigeria Living

Standard Survey 2003/ 2004 carried out by the Federal Office of Statistics

(now called the National Bureau of Statistics) reported that 81.25 percent of

the State population are considered poor. Ogun State was rated in tenth

position in terms of poverty amongst the other States in Nigeria.

Farming

Fadama farming (1), which allows growing of crops in the dry as well as the wet

seasons, is an important livelihood activity in Ogun State. Most are small-

scale farmers cultivating plots of less than one hectare, but some in larger

plots of two to three hectares. It is estimated that at least 70 percent of the

rural communities within Ogun State depend on subsidence farming for

survival (CPMS, 2008).

In Abeokuta North LGA, agricultural activities include cultivation of arable

crops, keeping livestock, and fishing. The major food crops include cassava,

cocoyam, plantain, maize and vegetables, while palm produce and cocoa form

the major cash crops.

During the scoping visit it was observed that small scale farming is

undertaken on the Project site, including the cultivation of chili peppers,

maize and cassava. In addition, small animal husbandry was observed

including goat herding and keeping of chickens.

Non-agricultural Activities

Non-agricultural activities around Abeokuta include, quarrying, artisan works

and handicrafts, for example Adire fabrics. Granite is abundant in the areas

surrounding Abeokuta and there are a large number of quarry companies

operating around the city. The availability of stand-by market within the City

and its close location to Lagos enables quarried materials to be sold easily

(Olusegun et al., 2009). Limestone quarrying also takes place in Ogun State.

(1) The term Fadama is a Hausa word for irrigable land. This type of farming refers to small scale farmers who irrigate their

land usually from shallow aquifers found along major river systems.


30

Economy

The key economic sectors of Ogun State include trading, real estate and road

transportation. Each of these sectors contribute N25 billion to the State

economy which combined amounts to 60 percent of the economic output

(Ogun State Government, 2011). Commercial crop production generates

approximately N13 billion and contributes 10 percent to the regional

economy. The financial and manufacturing sectors generate about N12 billion

each and each sectors accounts for eight percent of the economy. Finally,

forestry generates about N6 billion and accounts for six percent of the

economy (Ogun State Government, 2011).

Figure 4.2 Key Economic Sectors and Contribution to Ogun State Economy

Source: Ogun State Government (2011)

In the past agriculture was the key economic sector. Agricultural productivity

and production in Ogun State has declined in recent years, reportedly due to

poor funding, poor performance of government institutions and the limited

involvement of the private sector. Despite the poor performance in the

agricultural sector, over 65 percent of the population of Ogun State directly or

indirectly rely on agriculture and agro-related activities (Ogun State

Government, 2011).

4.3.6 Land Tenure, Land Use and Ownership

The Project site is located in a peri-urban environment, close to the City of

Abeokuta. The Project site has been acquired commercially through a direct

purchase of the land from the Adebowale family. There are reportedly

currently two groups of Fulani decent settled on the land as tenants and using

portions of the site for agricultural purposes. They have reportedly been

using the land for six years with the Adebowale family�s permission.

20

20

20

10

8

8

6

8

Contribution to Economic Output (Percentage)

Trading

Real Estate

Transportation

Commercial Agriculture

Financial sector

Manufacturing

Forestry

Other


31

The dominant land use in the area surrounding the Project site includes

residential (in particular the Ogun Housing Estate), small scale subsistence

agriculture as well as larger scale commercial agricultural activities within the

neighbouring Ogun State irrigation Project.

4.3.7 Social Infrastructure and Cultural Sites

Energy Consumption

Energy consumption in Nigeria economy can be divided into industrial,

transport, commercial, agricultural, and household sectors. Households

account for the majority of this energy consumption, approximately percent,

which attributed to the low level of development in other sectors (Oyedepo,

2012). Domestically, energy consumption is primarily made up of cooking,

lighting and electrical appliances, with cooking making up as much 91 percent

of household energy consumption.

Common sources of energy (domestic and commercial) include electricity fuel

wood, charcoal, and kerosene.

Electricity

The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) accounts for 98 percent of

electricity generated in Nigeria (Oyedepo, 2012). The national grid comprises

of 14 generating stations which have a total installed capacity of 8039 MW and

the transmission grid is connected across the country either by 330 or 132 kv

lines. However, it must be noted that many of these stations operate below

their full capacity.

It is estimated that between 60-70 percent of Nigerians do not have access to

electricity (Oyedepo, 2012). Moreover, there has been a supply and demand

gap as a result of the inadequate development and inefficient management of

the energy sector (Oyedepo, 2012). Rural areas suffer the most in terms of

access to electricity. These are areas are not adequately serviced by roads and

associated infrastructure making it difficult to expand transmission grids. For

example 70 percent of Fuel wood is used by over 70 percent of Nigerians

living in the rural areas (Oyedepo, 2012).

Water Supply

Public water schemes are limited within Ogun State, and water is accessible to

less than 40 percent of the population (CPMS, 2008).

In Abeokuta public water supplies are primarily drawn from surface sources.

The majority of public supplies come from the Arakanga water scheme which

has a pumping capacity of 103 000 m3 per day and relies principally on water

from the Ogun River (Ufoegbune et al., 2010).


32

The water for the scheme stores water at different reservoirs around Abeokuta

including at Asaran hills (two reservoirs with a capacity of 22 500 m3), Oke-

egunya hill (capacity of 6 500 m3) and the old waterworks reservoirs (capacity

of 25 500 m3) (Ufoegbune et al., 2010). The Arakanga Scheme was expanded

and has the design capacity of 163 000 m3 per day but only produces

approximately 80 000 m3 per day. The public water supply is reportedly

currently inefficient and does not serve the majority of the population

(Aladejana and Talabi, 2013).

Telecommunications

Telecommunications within Ogun State have improved substantially since

2000. By January 2007, 1.7 million fixed line connections were established

within the State (CPMS, 2008). Moreover, fibre optic cables had been laid to

certain regions within the state. Internet access through mobile, fixed

wireless, or wireless broadband is available in Abeokuta (Balancing Act, 2014).

However, Internet access with the communities surrounding the project site is

not yet known and will be identified during the Site visit.

Cultural Sites

Abeokuta was a walled town and remnants of the historic wall still exist

today. The Ake, the traditional residence of the Alake, along with Centenary

Hall is located in Abeokuta (Hoiberg and Dale, 2010).

An important aspect under cultural property for the members of the society is

the burial ground or cemetery. It remains common for people to bury

relations at the back or front of their houses. Burial could also take place in

the corridor, living room or bedroom within the premises of the house. This

practice is based on the belief of the Yoruba that their departed loved ones

should not sleep outside their known homes although those who died as a

result of serious illness are carried to areas away from the village for burial.

Further detail on cultural heritage and sites within the AoI will be investigated

during the ESIA study.

4.3.8 Transport and Access

Abeokuta is connected to nearby Lagos by a railway that was completed in

1899, 48 miles (77 km). Moreover the City is connected to Lagos as well as

Ibadan, Ilaro, Shagamu, Iseyin, and Ketou via a road network.

The Lagos Abeokuta Expressway is located 200-300 m to the west of the

Project site. This road provides a direct connection to Lagos. A sand road

connects the Project site and the Expressway, which is currently used by the

people using the Project site. Portions of the road are also used by those

accessing the Ogun State housing estate and the commercial agricultural land

(irrigation project) to the south of the Project site.


33

4.3.9 Education and Literacy

There are numerous secondary and primary schools within Ogun State and

Abeokuta North LGA. As of 2010, there were only 16 nomadic schools (1) in

the whole of Ogun State.

Tertiary education institutions include the University of Lagos Abeokuta

Campus, which opened in 1984. This campus specializes in science,

agriculture, and technology. This has since been changed to an independent

full-fledged tertiary institution, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

(UNAAB) in 1988. There is also a Federal College of Education in Abeokuta.

Ogun State has an average literacy rate of 77.7 percent with, 82.6 percent of

men and 72.9 percent of women being literate (2) respectively (National

Literacy Survey, 2010). Abeokuta North is above the State average with 92

percent literacy (96.2 percent literacy in males and 87.7 percent literacy in

females). This is probably due to the proximity to the State capital and access

to better schools.

Further detail on the access to education, literacy levels of the project affected

communities, and related challenges will be investigated further during the

ESIA study.

4.3.10 Community Health

Ogun State has approximately 456 public health facilities and 904 private

health facilities. Public health facilities are divided between primary (242),

secondary (29) and tertiary (3); and private are divided between profit (903)

and not for profit (one). Public health facilities are evenly spread across the

twenty Local Government Areas, whilst the private health facilities are

concentrated in urban areas (Ogun State, 2011). Primary Health Care centres

offer basic care and are mainly preventive in nature with emphasis on mother

and child.

The most prevalent disease in the area is malaria. Other common diseases are

typhoid enteritis and diarrhoea caused by poor quality drinking water,

followed by cholera, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension / cardiac

conditions and diabetes mellitus (CPMS, 2008).

HIV/AIDS is a growing problem within Ogun State, and the prevalence is

likely to be underestimated due to social prohibition.

In addition, urinary schistosomiasis is a problem in areas surrounding the

Oyan River Dam. After four years of constructing the initial Oyan reservoir (in

(1) Nomadic Schools were established in 1989 by the Federal Government to address the need to educate (basic Literacy)

for nomadic people. The primary targets for this program were children from migrant fisherman and nomadic herdsman

groups- for example the Fulani. Regular schooling was not found to suit the nomadic lifestyle of these people and there

specialised schools were introduced to provide relevant basic and functional basic education. (2) Literacy in any language


34

1984) there was an outbreak of schistosomiasis. This health issue exists today

and new communities around the dam/reservoir are subject to infection

(Akinwale et al, 2010).

Further detail on the health of the project affected communities will be

investigated during the ESIA study. Investigation into the key social

problems and development issues in the project area will be a component of

the social baseline data collection.

4.3.11 Vulnerable Groups and Gender Issues

Vulnerable groups in the communities are likely to comprise of women,

children, disabled people and the elderly. In addition, the community of

Fulani decent farming on the site might be classed as vulnerable as they are

understood to not have formal land tenure. This will be examined during the

social baseline data collection in order to get a clearer understanding of the

various groups in the community and how they might be affected by the

development.


35

5 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 Overview

This Section describes the activities that the ESIA has carried out to engage and

consult with key stakeholders during the scoping phase. It describes the

process by which stakeholders have been identified, the means by which

stakeholders were engaged and the outcomes of the engagement activities to

date and actions that the Project took to disclose pertinent information to

stakeholders.

This document also describes a framework for a plan to ensure that

stakeholders continue to be engaged during the ESIA process and into the

construction of the facilities and ultimately during operations.

5.1.2 Defining Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder engagement is an on-going process of sharing project

information, understanding stakeholder concerns, and building relationships

based on collaboration. Stakeholder consultation is a key element of

engagement and essential for effective project delivery. Disclosure of

information is equally as vital.

If there are risks or adverse impacts from a project, consultation must be

inclusive and culturally appropriate and provide stakeholders with

opportunities to express their views. In line with current guidance from the

IFC, consultation should ensure �free, prior and informed consultation of the

affected communities� (IFC, 2012). In other words, effective consultation

requires the prior disclosure of relevant and adequate Project information to

enable stakeholders to understand the risks, impacts, and opportunities.

The Project�s consultation programme is intended to ensure that stakeholder

concerns are considered, addressed and incorporated in the development

process, especially during the ESIA.

5.1.3 Objectives

The stakeholder engagement process is designed to conform to the Nigerian

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No 86 of 1992 and international

standards, including the IFC Performance Standards.

For this Project, the key objectives for stakeholder engagement are:

· inform and educate stakeholders about the Project;


36

· gather local knowledge to improve the understanding of the

environmental and social context;

· better understand locally-important issues;

· enable stakeholders to input into the Project planning process;

· take into account the views of stakeholders in the development of effective

mitigation measures and management plans; and

· lay the foundation for future stakeholder engagement.

5.1.4 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP)

To fulfil the objectives for stakeholder engagement, the Project will develop a

plan for engagement with stakeholders through the Project lifecycle.

The plan lays out a process for consultation and disclosure. The four stages of

the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) are as follows:

· Scoping;

· ESIA Study;

· ESIA Disclosure; and

· Project Execution (Construction and Operation).

The following Sections provide an overview of the engagement activities that

have been carried out to date and those that are planned for each of the

subsequent stages.

5.2 SCOPING

5.2.1 Stakeholder Identification

A preliminary list of project stakeholders has been identified. These consist of

individuals, groups, and organisations that may be affected by or may

influence project development positively or negatively. The list was

developed using international guidance and considered the following groups:

· national, regional and local government;

· local community leaders;

· community members including vulnerable sub-groups such as women,

youth and elderly;

· international, national and local environmental and social Non-

Government Organisations (NGOs);


37

· potential contractors and service suppliers; and

· local businesses/cooperatives and associations.

This list of potential stakeholders is illustrated in Table 5.1 and will be

continuously revised (expanded or reduced as necessary) throughout the

ESIA study.

5.2.2 Preparation of a Background Information Document (BID)

During the scoping phase, a short Background Information Document was

produced for stakeholder engagement related to the Project (Annex A). This

document explains the project and the ESIA process in simple terms, and will

provide details on how and where comments and input could be given.

The BID will be used to disseminate basic Project information to stakeholders

at the scoping meeting, used as a notification tool for additional stakeholders

and for the face-to-face and other engagement activities during the ESIA

phase.

5.2.3 Invitation to Scoping Workshop and Notification of Project

A letter was prepared introducing the Project proponents, the Project and

inviting attendance and participation at the Scoping Workshop. These letter

notifications were distributed to key stakeholders groups identified (as listed

in Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 List of Project Stakeholders and Engagement Activities

Stakeholder Group and

Interest in the Project

Stakeholder Name Stakeholder Level Engagement Activity

Internati

onal

National Regional Local Meeting Letter

Scoping Study

Government Authorities:

National, regional and

local government of

primary political

importance to the Project

with permitting

requirements that must be

met by the Project.

Federal Ministry of Environment

(FMEnv)

x x x

Federal Ministry of Agriculture,

Forestry and Natural Resources

x x x

Federal Ministry of Lands and Survey x x x

Federal Ministry of Power and Steel x x x

Ogun State Ministry of Environment x x x

Abeokuta North Local Government X x x

Federal Ministry of Environment

Abeokuta

X x x

Ministry of Rural Development x x x

Bureau of Land and Surveys x x x

Ministry of Community Development

and Cooperation

x x x x

Ministry of Commerce and Industry x x x x

Office of the Special Advisor on Energy x x x x

Federal Ogun-Oshin River Basin

Authority

Ogun State Ministry of Health

Ogun State Ministry of Community

Development & Cooperatives

Ogun State Ministry of Works and

Infrastructure

Ogun State Office of the Governor

Ministry of Power and Steel

Nigerian Electricity Regulatory

Commission

Local Community(ies) and

Neighbouring Land users

Adebowale family X x

Iyana Kireku Community X x x

Ajindo Oba Community X x x

Oba Community X x x

Tenants currently on the site X x

Federal Housing Estate

Non-Governmental and

Community Based

Organisations (NGOs and

CBOs)

Nigerian Conservation Foundation

(NCF)

x x x

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) X x X x

Social and Economic Rights Action

Centre (SERAC)

x x


40

5.2.4 Scoping Workshop

Initial consultations were carried out during a 4 hour scoping workshop held

on the 26 August 2014 with government, local community and NGO

stakeholders at the Green Legacy Hotel, Abeokuta. Local residents from the

communities in and around the Project site were involved in the initial

scoping meeting ie the Adebowale family who were the previous landowners,

and are current neighbouring landowners, as well as their tenants who

currently reside on and adjacent to the site . These stakeholders are

understood to adequately represent community concerns at this stage. Any

other affected communities and other key stakeholders will be fully engaged

during ESIA.

The scoping meeting was hosted by Energy Culture and was attended by a

various stakeholder groups including the FMEnv and representatives from

the Ogun State Ministry of Environment. The scoping meeting served to

provide stakeholders with information about the Project and the ESIA process

and to obtain feedback from these stakeholders on their key concerns and

issues. The objective was to identify any key concerns or high level issues that

the stakeholders had at this early stage.

The workshop included powerpoint presentations on an introduction to the

Project elements, an overview of the ESIA process and likely environmental

and social issues as well as an address by the FMEnv. The workshop also

included an open forum for discussion and questions from workshop

participants. The discussion and comments raised were recorded and meeting

minutes and the attendance register are presented in Annex A.

The key environmental and social issues identified during the workshop is

summarised Table 6.2.

Table 5.2 Initial Scoping Findings � Stakeholder Issues Raised

Stakeholder

Group

Issue Group Quotes/Issues

Government

authorities

Employment

and local

benefits

· The Project should provide employment opportunities for

local communities.

· Need for community agreements (eg Memoranda of

Understanding (MOUs)) which include local government

agencies particularly the Commission of Community

Development.

· Project should result in improved electricity provision for

local communities, particularly in terms of rural

electrification.

· Encourage the communities to work together for long-

term benefit for all community members.

· The Project should include community development

aspects to provide additional infrastructure in the local

area (eg clinic or school).


41

Stakeholder

Group

Issue Group Quotes/Issues

Resettlement · The need to thoroughly understand farming practices and

advise local communities to plan for any resettlement.

Project design

and energy

efficiency

· The Project should consider CCGT, which is more

efficient, instead of OCGT.

Waste · Requested details on the plans for water use and waste

water discharge.

Scope of the

ESIA

· The ESIA should consider the impacts of the upgrading of

the road.

· The ESIA should address potential health impacts of the

Project on local communities.

· The ESIA should understand what flora and fauna is

currently on the site.

·

Integration with

existing spatial

planning

· The Project should confirm with the LGA that the land is

not designated for other uses within the development plan

for the area.

Local

communities

Employment

and local

benefits

· Opportunities in terms of employment and procurement,

particularly for local communities

NGOs and

CBOs

Impacts on

birds

· The ESIA would need to assess the potential impacts of

the Project (transmission line tie in) on birds.

Scope of the

ESIA

· The ESIA should clarify whether the construction and

operation of the gas line spur is included in this ESIA

process.

Community

H&S

· The Project will need to plan for the community health

risks related to the gas pipeline spur and potential

damage.

Livelihoods and

resettlement

· The Project needs to thoroughly understand the

livelihoods within the area of influence to understand the

impacts of the Project on local communities.

5.2.5 Authority Site Visit

The ESIA team carried out a site reconnaissance on 25 August 2014 (see Figure

5.1) together with representatives from the FMEnv and the Ogun State

Ministry of Environment. The main purpose of the visit shall be to undertake

a site reconnaissance and to observe the key sensitive features of the

surrounding environment. In addition to this, the visit will also be used to

verify that the information contained in the ESIA application form is valid and

to confirm that no development activities have commenced on site.


42

Figure 5.1 Energy Culture Team with FMEnv and Ogun State Authorities

5.3 ESIA STUDY

5.3.1 Introduction

Engagement activities carried out in the ESIA study stage will include

consultations designed to inform local stakeholders about project design, to

obtain their key concerns and high level issues and to inform the development

of mitigation for the Project. This consultation will enable the ESIA team to

refine the ESIA analysis by generating additional feedback on the ESIA

approach, key issues and analysis of potential impacts (such as assessment of

their relative significance).

5.3.2 Stakeholder Engagement

Further consultation will be carried out with the stakeholders consulted

during scoping above as well as with a list of additional groups. These will

include:

� Federal Ministry of Environment;

� Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources;

� Federal Ministry of Lands and Survey;

� Federal Ministry of Power and Steel;

� Ogun State Ministry of Environment;

� Ogun State Ministry of Commerce and Industry;

� Ogun State Ministry of Works;

� Abeokuta North Local Government Area (LGA) administration;

� Ewekoro LGA;


43

� Local communities; and

� Social and Economic Action Rights Centre (SERAC); and

� Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF).

5.3.3 Community Engagement

Consultation will be carried out within the local community. This will include

small group discussions with local community leaders, men, women and

youth from the communities living on and around the Project site. These will

be undertaken alongside the socioeconomic baseline study that will be carried

out and will include one public forum/ community meeting with the Project

team and the Adebowale family and the communities living on and around

the Project site

The BID will be distributed to the community in advance of the consultation

meetings. This will explain the Project and the ESIA process in simple terms

and will provide details on the dates and venues for the community

consultation meetings.

The results of these consultations and feedback will be presented in the ESIA

report.

5.3.4 Engagement with Other Stakeholders and the General Public

The Project BID will be used as an information-dissemination tool as required,

and may be used as follows:

· the BID will be distributed to stakeholders during meetings carried out to

discuss the project, potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures;

and

· the BID may be attached to a letter sent to key stakeholders announcing

that an ESIA process for the project is being carried out.

5.4 ESIA DISCLOSURE

5.4.1 Regulatory Requirements

Once the draft ESIA report has been submitted to the FMEnv, it will likely be

subjected to a review by a panel of experts constituted by FMEnv. The panel

would likely comprise experts from within FMEnv as well as external

specialists included for their expertise on the specific environmental or social

topic. Following the review period, the findings will be presented to the

panel, likely be in the form of a public hearing. The Project will then need to

take appropriate actions to address these findings and comments received

from the panel members on the ESIA report. This may include additional

studies; revision to the ESIA report text to correct or clarify content; or

development of additional mitigation measures or management actions.


44

Upon satisfactory completion of the actions required to address the findings,

the draft ESIA report will be finalised and the FMEnv will issue the ESIA

authorisation.

5.4.2 Public Disclosure

As part of the formal regulatory process, in this stage FMEnv will make a

public notice of the opportunity for information and comment on the draft

ESIA report for the project. This notification is typically done through a

newspaper announcement.

The notification will provide:

· a brief description of the project;

· a list of venues where the ESIA report is on display and available for

viewing;

· duration of the display period; and

· contact information for comments.

The FMEnv generally requires a twenty-one (21) working day display period.

Display venues will be decided by FMEnv but could be expected to include:

· FMEnv offices in Abuja;

· Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency (OGEPA) (or the Ogun State

Ministry of Environment) in Abeokuta; and

· Abeokuta North Local Government headquarters, Ota.

5.5 PROJECT EXECUTION

5.5.1 Ongoing Engagement

Ongoing engagement after submission of the ESIA will be taken forward

within the framework of the SEP to be developed by the Project team.

Stakeholder participation will be fundamental to the success of project

implementation, and stakeholder feedback will be a key component in

monitoring the success of mitigation measures.

5.5.2 Grievance Mechanism

Grievances are any complaints or suggestions about the way a project is being

implemented. They may take the form of specific complaints for

damages/injury, concerns about routine project activities, or perceived

incidents or impacts.

Identifying and responding to grievances supports the development of

positive relationships between projects and the communities, and other


45

stakeholders, they may affect. Grievance mechanisms therefore provide a

formal and ongoing avenue for stakeholders to engage with the company,

whilst the monitoring of grievances provides signals of any escalating

conflicts or disputes.

International good practice outlines requirements for grievance mechanisms.

Grievance mechanisms should receive and facilitate resolution of the affected

communities� concerns and grievances. International good practice states the

concerns should be addressed promptly using an understandable and

transparent process that is culturally appropriate and readily acceptable to all

segments of affected communities, at no cost and without retribution.

Mechanisms should be appropriate to the scale of impacts and risks presented

by a project.

Grievances can be an indication of growing stakeholder concerns (real and

perceived) and can escalate if not identified and resolved. The management

of grievances is therefore a vital component of stakeholder management and

an important aspect of risk management for a project.


46

6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

6.1 INTRODUCTION

An impact is considered to be any change to a resource or receptor brought

about by the presence of a Project component or by the execution of a Project-

related activity. The assessment of the potential impacts and benefits

associated with the Project requires a defined and systematic methodology in

order to accurately determine the significance of the predicted impact on, or

benefit to, the surrounding biophysical and/or socioeconomic environment

and reduce the subjectivity involved in the assessment.

For the impact assessment phase of the ESIA process a clearly defined system

will be used to rate impacts in order to achieve the following objectives:

· to apply analytical rigor to the assessment and rating of the proposed

power plant development and associated infrastructure;

· to provide comparable ratings of impacts in order to prioritise mitigation

measures; and

· to guide the analysis on how, where, and to what extent mitigation

measures can be implemented to reduce negative impacts and enhance

benefits.

The impact assessment process is summarised in Figure 6.1. The broad

principles and steps of the impact assessment methodology are described in

this Chapter.


47

Figure 6.1 Overview of the ESIA Approach

Source: ERM, 2013

6.2 BASIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT

6.2.1 Preliminary Identification and Screening

In line with recommended impact assessment approaches (FMEnv, 1995;

Lohani et al, 1997) the first level of impact assessment involves the preliminary

identification and screening of potential environmental impacts by

anticipating activity-environment interactions. This requires an

understanding of the project activities (project description), the project setting

(the biophysical and socioeconomic description), and the interaction with

environmental components.

6.2.2 Scoping Study Outcomes

The scoping process identifies the issues that are likely to be of most

importance, and eliminates those that are expected be of little concern. In this

way, scoping of the issues allows the impact assessment to focus on the

significant effects of the Project on the receiving environment.

Following on from the preliminary impact screening and scoping, a detailed

assessment of all potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts will be

undertaken as part of the full ESIA.


48

6.3 DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

The ESIA will be undertaken by following a systematic process that predicts

and evaluates the impacts the Project could have on physical, biological,

socioeconomic (including social, economic and health) resources and

receptors and identifies measures that the Project will take to avoid,

minimise/reduce, mitigate, offset, or compensate for adverse impacts; and to

enhance positive impacts where practicable.

This process includes the definition of the Area of Influence of the Project,

description of the baseline conditions, and application of an appropriate

impact assessment methodology. These are described further in the following

Section.

6.3.1 Defining the Area of Influence (AoI)

The extent of the effect of a project activity on a particular physical, biological

or social resource will vary and is termed the Area of Influence (AoI).

Specifically, the AoI encompasses the following:

· The area likely to be affected by: the Project, Project activities, and Project

facilities (direct AoI); and unplanned but predictable development

caused by the Project that may occur later or at a different location

(indirect AoI);

· Associated facilities, which are facilities that are not part of the project

but are required and would not have been constructed or expanded if the

Project did not exist and without which the Project would not be viable;

and

· Cumulative impacts that result from the incremental impact on areas or

resources directly impacted by the Project from other existing, planned

or reasonably defined developments.

The impact assessment considers that the AoI will vary depending on the type

of effect, but in each case it is defined to include the entire Project area where

it is likely that significant impacts could result. A conservative but reasonable

approach is taken in defining the AoI.

6.3.2 Baseline Conditions and Specialist Studies

To provide a context within which the impacts of the Project can be assessed, a

description of physical, biological, socioeconomic (social, economic and

health) conditions that would be expected to prevail in the absence of the

Project is presented. The baseline description includes information on the

resources and receptors identified during scoping as having the potential to be

significantly affected by the Project.


49

The baseline information is based on secondary data, site visits interactions

with stakeholders as well as specialist studies. Secondary information for the

baseline will be sourced from publically available secondary information

including current scientific literature, non-technical literature (tourism reports,

newspaper articles, other EIA documents if available), online databases and

other data sources.

The following specialists studies will be undertaken in order describe the

baseline conditions of the AoI and to develop supplement the baseline chapter

of the ESIA report:

· Soil;

· Groundwater;

· Surface water Study;

· Air Quality;

· Noise; and

· Socioeconomics (including social, cultural, economic and health aspects).

6.3.3 Assessment Methodology

Impact identification and assessment starts with scoping and continues

through the remainder of the ESIA Process. Interactions with the potential for

significant effects were subjected to a detailed impact assessment. The

principal EIA steps are summarized in Figure 7.3 and comprise:

· Impact prediction: to determine what could potentially happen to

resources or receptors as a consequence of the Project and its associated

activities.

· Impact evaluation: to evaluate the significance of the predicted impacts by

considering their magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, and the

sensitivity, value and/or importance of the affected resource or receptor.

· Mitigation and enhancement: to identify appropriate and justified

measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts.

· Residual impact evaluation: to evaluate the significance of impacts

assuming effective implementation of mitigation and enhancement

measures.


50

Figure 7.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Process

Source: ERM, 2003.

Prediction of Impacts

Prediction of impacts is an objective exercise to determine what is likely to

happen to the environment as a consequence of the Project and its associated

activities. The impacts to the various resources/receptors are identified and

elaborated from the potentially significant interactions identified during

scoping.

The diverse range of potential impacts considered in the IA process typically

results in a wide range of prediction methods being used, including

quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative techniques.

Evaluation of Impacts

Environmental impacts arise as a result of Project activities either interacting

with environmental receptors directly or causing changes to the existing

environment such that an indirect effect occurs. Impacts may be described and

quantified in a number of ways. This ESIA Report will quantify impacts in the

following ways:

· Nature of the Impact: positive or negative;

· Type of Impact: direct, indirect, induced, cumulative;

· Extent of Impact: local, regional, national, international, tans boundary;

· Duration of the Impact: temporary, short term, long term, permanent;

· Scale of the Impact;

· Frequency of the Impact; and

· Magnitude of the Impact: Combination of extent, duration, scale, and

frequency.


51

In addition, the likelihood and impact of unplanned events are also taken into

consideration.

Evaluation of Significance

Once magnitude of impact and sensitivity/vulnerability/importance of

resource/receptor have been characterised, the significance can be assigned

for each impact.

For this ESIA, the following definition of significance has been adopted:

�An impact is significant if, in isolation or in combination with other impacts,

it should, in the judgement of the ESIA team, be taken into account in the

decision-making process, including the identification of mitigation measures

and consenting conditions.�

In assessing whether an impact is significant, reference has been made, where

appropriate, to criteria on which the evaluation is based. These may include

legal standards, policy guidance or accepted practice and past experience.

Assessment of the level of significance requires consideration of the likelihood

and magnitude of the environmental and/or social effect; its geographical

scale and duration in relation to the sensitivity of the key receptors and

resources are also considered.

For this assessment, five impact significance categories have been applied:

� Positive impact

� Negligible impact;

� Minor significance;

� Moderate significance; and

� Major significance.

Identification of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

A key component of the ESIA process is to explore practical ways of avoiding

or reducing potentially significant impacts of the proposed survey. These are

referred to as mitigation measures and are incorporated into the proposed

Project as commitments. The objective of mitigation is to prevent, minimise or

manage significant negative impacts to as low as reasonably practicable

(ALARP) (1) and to optimise and maximise any potential benefits of the Project,

where applicable.

For this ESIA, mitigation is aimed at ensuring that wherever possible potential

impacts are mitigated at source rather than mitigated through restoration after

the impact has occurred.

(1) As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) is the point at which the cost and effort (time and trouble) of further risk

reduction is grossly disproportionate to the risk reduction achieved.


52

Residual Impact Assessment

Following the identification of potential environmental and social impacts,

their significance is assessed, taking into account those proposed mitigation

measures already incorporated into the design of the Project and, where

appropriate, any further mitigation measures that are considered feasible and

justified. Mitigation measures are applied to reduce impacts to �as low as

reasonably practicable� ALARP and as such may not be eliminated entirely.

These remaining impacts are thus termed residual impacts.

One objective of the ESIA is to understand the significance of these residual

impacts that will remain after mitigation measures have been designed into

the intended activity and so some form of monitoring or measurement might

be justified.

6.3.4 Dealing with Uncertainty in the Assessment of Impacts

ESIA is a process that deals with the future and there is inevitably uncertainty

that arises between the predictions made and what will actually happen

during the course of the Project.

Impact predictions will, wherever practicable, been made using available data,

but where significant uncertainty remains, it will be acknowledged in the

ESIA Report. Where the sensitivity of a resource to any particular activity is

unknown and the magnitude of impacts cannot be predicted, the ESIA team

will use a conservative approach and its professional experience to judge

whether a significant impact is likely to occur or not and will be reported

accordingly.


53

7 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

A key part of the scoping phase is a preliminary analysis of the ways in which

the Project may interact (positively and negatively) with environmental

(including physical and biological receptors) and social resources or receptors.

The impacts that are identified as potentially significant during the scoping

process provide focus for the studies undertaken during the ESIA phase. Each

of the potential impacts will be discussed and assessed in more detail in the

draft ESIA Report.

This Chapter provides a preliminary identification and evaluation of the

environmental and social impacts of the Project. It sets out the impacts

resulting from the following:

· construction phase activities;

· operational phase activities; and

· decommissioning phase activities.

7.2 SCOPING PROCESS

The scoping process identifies potential impacts through a systematic process

whereby the activities associated with the Project phases are considered with

respect to the potential to interact with identified resources and receptors.

Interactions are then classified in one of four categories:

· No interaction, where the Project is unlikely to interact with the

resource/receptor;

· Interaction likely, but not likely to be significant: where there is likely to

be an interaction, but the resultant effect is unlikely to change baseline

conditions in an appreciable way;

· Significant interaction, where there is likely to be an interaction, and the

resultant impact has a reasonable potential to cause a significant effect on

the resource or receptor; and

· Positive interaction, where there is likely to be a positive interaction, and

the resultant impact has a positive effect on the resource or receptor.

Various project features and activities that could reasonably act as a source of

impact are identified. These are listed down the vertical axis of the scoping

matrix (refer to Table 7.1 below). The resources and receptors relevant to the

baseline environment are listed across the horizontal axis of the matrix. Each

resulting cell on the scoping matrix thus represents a potential interaction


54

between a project activity and a resource or receptor. Those interactions with

the potential for significant effects are subjected to a detailed assessment

during the subsequent ESIA process.

Activities considered in each of the Project phases are as follows:

Construction Phase

· Fencing and resettlement Earthworks for infrastructure and foundation

works.

· Vegetation clearance and earthworks

· Pile driving of the foundations

· Construction of site access roads (including external roads)

· Construction of Power Plant

· Construction of gas pipeline spur and subsidiary facilities

· Construction of transmission line tie in

· Operation of construction machinery, equipment and generators

· Waste generation, collection, transport and disposal

· Wastewater generation, transport, treatment and disposal

· Transport of materials, people and equipment to site

· Groundwater and surface water uptake/diversion/abstraction

· Handling of hazardous materials

· Mobilisation of construction workforce

· Lighting

· Establishment of construction camp temporary housing

· Employment and procurement of goods and services

Operational Phase

· Operation and maintenance of the power plant

· Operation of supporting machinery, equipment and generators

· Periodic maintenance (eg major maintenance every six years)

· Solid waste generation, collection, transport and disposal


· Transport of materials, people and equipment to site

· Groundwater and surface water abstraction

· Handling of hazardous materials

· Mobilisation of operational workforce

· Lighting

· Employment and procurement of goods and services

Decommissioning Phase

· Vehicular movements and traffic

· Demolition of buildings and removal of infrastructure

· Waste generation, collection, transport and disposal



55

Accidents and Unplanned Events

· Accidental releases of equipment fuels and oils.

· Accidental releases of gas from the facility.

· Traffic accidents

· Explosions or fires at the power plant or gas pipeline.

· Improper disposal of waste.

The completed scoping matrix is presented in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Scoping Matrix

- No interaction

I An interaction with the environment or receptor which is not expected to be significant (�scoped out� of environmental impact assessment process)

S An interaction with the environment or receptor that could be significant

P Denotes a positive interaction

Project Activity

Air

Qu

ality

Am

bie

nt

No

ise

Terr

estr

ial S

oils a

nd

Geo

log

y

Su

rface W

ate

r

Gro

un

dw

ate

r

Lan

dscap

e a

nd

vis

ual

Flo

ra

Fau

na

Avif

au

na (

bir

ds)

Su

rface w

ate

r eco

log

y

Pro

tecte

d A

reas

Co

mm

un

ity H

&S

an

d S

ecu

rity

Wo

rker

Healt

h &

Safe

ty

Lo

cal C

om

mu

nit

y D

em

og

rap

hic

s

So

cia

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Fencing and resettlement - - - - - - S S I - - S S S S S - S - S S

Vegetation clearance and earthworks S S S S S S S S S S - S S - - - - S S S S

Pile driving of the foundations S S S I S S I S S - - S S - - - - - S I S

Construction of site access roads (including external roads) S S S I - S S S S S - S S S S S P P S S S

Construction of power plant S S S I - S S S S S - S S - - - - - S I -

Construction of gas pipeline spur and subsidiary facilities S S S I - S S S S S - S S - - - - - - I S

Construction of transmission line tie in S S S I - S S S S S - S S - - - - P - I S

Operation of construction machinery, equipment and generators S S S - - I I S S - - S S - S - - - - - -

Waste generation, collection, transport and disposal I I - - - - - - - - - - S - - - - - S - -

Wastewater generation, transport, treatment and disposal I I - S I I S S S S S S S - - S - - - - -

Transport of materials, people and equipment to site I S - - - S - S S - - S S S S - - S S - -

Groundwater and surface water uptake/ diversion/ abstraction - - I S S - S S S S S S S - - S - P - - S

Handling of hazardous materials I - - - - - - - - - - I S - - - - - - - -

Mobilisation of construction workforce - - - - - - - I I - - S S S S - P S - - S

Lighting - - - - - S - S S - - - - - S - - - - S S

Establishment of construction camp temporary housing - I - - - S - I I - - S S S S - P S P - S

Employment and procurement of goods and services - - - - - - - - - - - - - P - P P - - - -

Operation and maintenance of the power plant S S - - - S I I I I S I S I - - P P - - -

Operation of machinery, equipment and generators S S - - - S I I I - - S S S - - - - - - -

Periodic maintenance (eg major maintenance/ six years) S S - - - - - - - - - I S I - - P - S - -

Solid waste generation, collection, transport and disposal I I - - - - - - - - - - S - - - P - - - -

Wastewater generation, transport, treatment and disposal I I - S I - I I I S S S S - - S - P - - S

Transport of materials, people and equipment to site I S - - - S - S - - - S S - - - - - S - -

Groundwater and surface water abstraction - I S S S - I I I S - S S - S S - S - - S

Handling of hazardous materials I - - - - - - - - - - - S - - - - - - - -

Mobilisation of operational workforce - - - - - - I I I - - S S S S - P S S - -

Lighting - - - - - S - I I - - - - - - - - - - I I

Employment and procurement of goods and services - - - - - - - - - - - - P - P P - - - -

Vehicular movements and traffic I S - - - I - S S - - S S S - - - - S - -

Demolition of buildings and removal of infrastructure S S S I I S - - S I - S S I - P P - - - -

Waste generation, collection, transport and disposal I - - - - - - - - - - S - - P P - S - -

Wastewater generation, transport, treatment and disposal I - - S I - I I I S - S S S - P - - S - -

Accidental releases of equipment fuels and oils S - S S S - S S S S S S S - - S - - - - -

Accidental releases of gas from the facility S - S S S - S S S S - S S - - S - - - - -

Traffic accidents - - S S S - S S S S - S S - - S - - S - -

Explosions or fires at the power plant or gas pipeline S - S S S - S S S S - S S - - S - S - - -

Improper disposal of waste - - S S S S S S S S S S S - - S - - - - -

Operational Phase

Decommissioning Phase

Construction Phase

Accidents and Unplanned Events

SocioeconomicBiologicalPhysical


57

7.3 DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

A summary of significant interactions identified during the scoping process is

provided within this Section. The potential impacts are discussed for each of

the physical, biological and socioeconomic aspects (construction and

operational phase).

As described above, these interactions will be retained for detailed

consideration in the ESIA process.

7.3.1 Physical

Air Quality

· Dust and engine emissions created by construction, operational

decommissioning activities (ie earthworks, demolition and operation of

machinery) could have an effect on the local ambient air quality.

· The release of exhaust emissions to the atmosphere could have an effect on

the local ambient air quality.

· The release of gas to atmosphere as a result of accidents or unplanned

events could have an effect on the local ambient air quality.

Ambient Noise

· Truck and vehicle traffic along main transport/access routes will create

noise and vibration that could have an effect on ambient noise levels.

· The construction and operation of facilities, equipment and machinery

could create noise and vibrations that could have an effect on ambient

noise levels.

Terrestrial Soils and Geology

· Soil properties at the site could be permanently altered due to site

preparation. Clearing, grading, and restoration could cause instability of

soil at the site.

· Soil quality and properties could be altered through compaction created

by construction, operations, and demolition activities.

· Accident/ unplanned event: Depending on the method of waste disposal,

impacts could be felt on surface or groundwater, flora and fauna and/ or

local communities.

· Accident/ unplanned event: Soil quality and properties could be altered

through the release of oil to land as a result of an unplanned event or

accident.


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Surface Water

· Clearing and grading could alter surface water drainage patterns.

· Surface water quantity and quality could be affected by construction

activities, particularly in areas where there are river crossings.

· Surface water could be affected should water abstraction be required for

the Project.

· Water quality could be degraded due to erosion and surface water runoff

or due to the discharge of effluent or sewerage into the water course.

· Accident/ unplanned event: Surface water could be contaminated through

accidental fuel spills.

Groundwater

· Groundwater levels and groundwater users could be impacted should

groundwater need to be abstracted for the Project.

· Accident/ unplanned event: Groundwater could be contaminated through

accidental fuel spills.



local communities.

Landscape and Visual

· Clearing and grading activities could alter the topography on a local scale.

· Presence of facilities may impact visual character and sense of place.

7.3.2 Biological

Flora

· Site clearing will result in removal of vegetation and habitat.



local communities.

Fauna

· Site clearing will result in removal of habitat.

· Noise and vibrations during operations have the potential to disturb

animals.


59

· Increased vehicular movements, particularly during construction and

decommissioning, could impact fauna.

· Facility lighting may impact terrestrial fauna.

Avifauna (birds)

· Site clearing will result in loss of habitat.

· Bird strikes related to the construction and operations of the short

transmission line.

· Physical disturbance in relation to increased noise and emissions.

Surface Water Ecology

· Decreased water quality related to increased runoff.

· Surface water ecology could be affected by construction activities,

particularly in areas where there are river crossings.

· Surface water ecology could be affected should water abstraction be

required for the Project.

· Surface water ecology could be affected by erosion and surface water

runoff and/ or discharge of stormwater and limited wash water or

sewerage into the water course.

· Accident/ unplanned event: Surface water ecology could be affected

through accidental fuel spills.



local communities.

Protected Areas

· The impacts on biological and physical receptors in the immediate Project

may have broader impacts of other habitats, including neighbouring

protected areas.

7.3.3 Socioeconomic

Community H&S and Security

· Dust and engine emissions created by construction activities could impact

air quality and hence community health.


60

· Accident/ unplanned event: Degraded water quality from discharged

effluent and sewerage and unplanned events could have an effect on

community health.

· Equipment and activities will create noise and vibration during

construction, operations and demolition that could impact human health.

· Movement of materials and workers during construction could impact

public safety.

· Access to water and water quality impacts could negatively affect local

communities.

· Illegal tampering of pipelines could impact public safety.

· The presence of workers in the project area could result in a change in the

disease profile of the local population particularly of STDs and HIV/AIDS.

Worker Health & Safety

· Hazardous construction or operational activities could impact worker

H&S.

· Handling of hazardous materials could impact worker H&S.

Local Community Demographics

· Land acquisition or land clearing could result in the resettlement of host

communities.

· Influx of workers from outside of the local Project area will result in a

change in demographics of the local communities.

Social and Cultural Structure

· The presence of workers in the project area and the money they earn and

spend may cause changes to local customs and norms causing social

tensions and impacting on social institutions.

· Impacts on local livelihoods (eg farming) from project construction and

operation activities could also impact on social institutions and cohesion of

the local communities since livelihoods and social institutions are often

closely bound with each other.

· Equipment and activities will create noise and vibration during

construction, operations and demolition that could impact human

receptors and disturb the sense of place.


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Land Use and Livelihoods

· Site clearing and grading could affect farming, the informal collection of

food products and other livelihood activities in the area.

· Transportation of waste from the site and materials and equipment by

road may disrupt local livelihoods.

· Land acquisition and land clearing and resultant resettlement could result

in the disturbance to and/ or loss of livelihoods.

· The change in land use in the Project area may result in change in local

livelihoods.

Local and Macro Economy

· The presence of construction workers in the project area may enhance the

local economy through their purchase of local goods.

Infrastructure and Services

· The presence of workers in the project area could have an impact on local

social amenities (water, electricity, roads, schools, health centres).

· While there might be a temporary pressure on these amenities in the short

term, there may also be a positive impact on infrastructure development in

the longer term.

Traffic and Transportation

· Site clearing and grading could have an impact on local transport routes

and footpaths and access to the area.

· Transport of facilities, equipment and machinery (ie gas turbines) during

the construction phase may impact on local transport and access.

· The presence of construction and operational workers in the area and their

use of local buses and taxis, may impact on access to local transport.

· Transportation of waste from the site and materials and equipment to the

Project area may impact on local transport and access.

· Decommissioning activities could also impact local transport and access.

Tourism/ Recreation

· The change in land use and sense of place may impact on local recreational

uses of the land.

·


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Cultural/Heritage Resources

· Site clearing and grading could have an impact on local cultural sites as

well as the sense of place.

The presence of workers in the Project area, transportation of materials and

equipment to the construction sites may impact on cultural areas.


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8 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ESIA

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The screening and preliminary assessment of impacts represents an initial step

of the ESIA process. This step is followed by a scoping of the Project�s

potential impact. This includes consultations with key stakeholders which

will include government representatives. A key outcome of scoping includes

the creation of Terms of Reference for a full ESIA study. The ESIA studies will

then be carried out prior to approval and environmental licensing of the

Project.

This chapter serves as the Terms of Reference for the ESIA and sets out the

following:

· objectives and overview of the ESIA process

· specialist studies;

· stakeholder engagement activities;

· impact assessment;

· outline structure for the ESIA report; and

· provisional schedule for the ESIA process.

These are described further in the following Section.

8.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW

It is recognised that comprehensive planning and management of

environmental and socioeconomic issues are essential to the execution of any

successful project. As such, the ESIA process seeks to fully integrate

environmental and socioeconomic considerations into the life cycle of the

Project.

To support this, an integrated ESIA shall be conducted in accordance with the

following Nigerian requirements:

� Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992; and

� Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure for Nigeria, 1994.

The purpose of the ESIA shall be to assess the potential impacts of the Project

and project-related activities on the environment (including biophysical,

biological and socioeconomic resources), and where applicable to design

mitigation or enhancement measures to remove, reduce or avoid negative

impacts to the environment. Figure 8.1 depicts the FMEnv ESIA process that

will be followed.


64

Figure 8.1 Federal Ministry of Environment ESIA Process

8.2.1 ESIA Steps

The ESIA will be conducted by a locally-based firm with appropriate

qualifications and registrations with involvement from an international

consultant to provide technical input and quality control.

Following on from the scoping phase of the project, the ESIA team will:

· update and finalise the technical project description as further engineering

details become available, working closely with project engineers to

confirm details such as the final facility layout and construction and

operation plans;

· conduct additional consultation and further refine the scope of the ESIA as

necessary;


65

· collect additional baseline data through desktop research and field studies

to complete a comprehensive description of the environmental and social

conditions.

· develop mitigation and enhancement measures and outline an

environmental management plan (EMP) including an approach for

monitoring; and

· report findings in a comprehensive ESIA report.

8.3 SPECIALIST STUDIES

To develop a complete understanding of the existing environmental and social

conditions (resources and receptors) in the Project area of influence, further

desktop and field studies will be carried out.

8.3.1 Desktop Studies

Desktop studies shall be undertaken to acquire environmental data for the

ESIA study. Materials to be considered shall include other ESIA�s, articles,

reports, maps, and photographs.

The FMEnv will be consulted with regards to relevant projects and to obtain

any data that might be in the public domain.

In addition, a literature search will be carried out to identify publically

available research and scientific reports with relevance to the Project site and

general area.

Finally, project engineering studies will be reviewed for quantitative

information on environmental elements. Studies that may provide useful data

would include geotechnical investigations, process and operations water

source investigations, surface water drainage studies, and air emission

studies.

8.3.2 Field Studies

Planned Studies

Primary data will be collected by field studies carried out by biophysical and

socioeconomic specialists. Specialist with qualifications in the particular

resource area and knowledgeable of the local conditions will be used.

International specialists will be used to provide technical guidance and quality

assurance.

Specifically, the survey shall cover the following environmental components:


66

� the physical environment � surface water, groundwater, soil, air,

ambient noise, and natural hazards;

� the biological environment � surface water ecology water, soil

microbiology, benthos, plankta, flora and fauna species;

� the socioeconomic and cultural environment - population, land use/

patterns of land ownership, tenure, community structure, employment,

distribution, public health, cultural heritage, customs, aspirations and

attitudes.

Studies that will be carried out are summarised in Table 8.1 and Table 8.2.

Table 8.1 Biophysical Baseline Studies

Resource Potential Area of Influence Approach Parameters

Terrestrial Soils Soils in the immediate area of

the proposed site

A geologist will undertake a study to determine the physio-chemical properties of the soil in the vicinity of the study

area. This will involve analysing (in-situ and laboratory analysis) the physio-chemical properties of 17 soil samples taken

from within the study area, as determined by the specialist.

For soil samples:

· profile (depth, type)

· grain size

· total organic matter

· soil microbiology

· soil colour, permeability, texture, particle size distribution, porosity, bulk

density and bearing capacity

Surface water bodies

including streams,

freshwater swamps

and creeks

Surface water bodies including

any swamp areas

A surface water specialists will carry out a study to:

· identify surface water bodies;

· describe the relationship to surface water patterns of the wider geographic area;

· determine surface water physio-chemical characteristics

Sampling and analysis will be conducted on two surface water locations or more as determined by the specialist. A total

of 16 water samples (inclusive of one control sample) will be taken from these surface water locations, as determined by

the specialist.

15 samples of surface water (excluding the 2 control samples) will be collected

and analysed for:

· pH and temperature

· salinity and conductivity

· biological and chemical oxygen demand

· carbon oxygen demand

· turbidity

· dissolved and suspended solids

· hydrocarbons

· oil and grease (mineral and FOG)

· heavy metals

· VOC and SVOC including BTEX

· bicarbonates

· nutrients

· microbiology

Groundwater within

the zone of

hydrological

influence

Groundwater within the zone

of hydrological influence, both

shallow and deep

A groundwater specialists will carry out a study to:

· determine groundwater conditions;

· determine flow patterns;

· develop a conceptual site model;

· determine quality of groundwater with respect to use for process water and potable water;

· determine water extraction potential; and

· identify public and private water use sources (eg boreholes, shallow wells) within 2 km of the project site.

Sampling and analysis will be conducted on two groundwater locations or more, as determined by the specialist. The

location of the wells will be chosen to allow the measurement of groundwater direction and to determine the conditions

at the up gradient and down gradient site boundaries (where possible).

Up to three groundwater and 15 soil samples (topsoil and subsoil) will be

submitted for analysis of:

· depth to and thickness

· hydraulics

· recharge

· colour

· pH and temperature

· salinity and conductivity

· hardness

· heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, K, Ba)

· phosphate

· SO

· NO!

· biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD)

· carbon oxygen demand

· turbidity

· dissolved and suspended solids

· total hydrocarbons (THC)

· oil and grease (mineral and FOG)

· VOC and SVOC including BTEX

· nutrients

· microbiology

Air Air quality near the A specialist will conduct a study to determine the status of local air quality using suitable existing monitoring data, or by · suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Resource Potential Area of Influence Approach Parameters

construction activities and

during operations at the facility

conducting measurements at 15 locations on and surrounding the site. The study will include confirmation of regional

wind patterns as well as any localised patterns.

In addition to this, a diffusion tube monitoring programme will be undertaken to more accurately determine ambient

annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO") and sulphur dioxide (SO") within the study area. This will

involve ambient air monitored using combined passive diffusion tubes over a period of three months.

· Carbon oxides;

· Sulphur oxides;

· Nitrogen oxides;

· Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC);

· Oxygen (O2);

· Hydrogen Sulphide (H"S);

· particulate Matter (PM); and

· combustible gas.

Noise and Light Noise and light levels at

sensitive receptors

Short term measurements are to be collected. Once-off attended measurements are to be taken during the day at

approximately 15 locations on and surrounding the site as determined by the specialist. The study will identify locations

of sensitive receptors. The investigation will undertake continuous attended noise measurements at identified sensitive

receptors (ie, nearby households, schools, settlements etc.).

For light spill, a specialist shall identify locations of potential sensitive receptors and viewpoints. The ESIA will consider

visual impacts on sensitive receptors on a qualitative basis.

· Acoustical measurements using a Type I or Type II integrating sound level

meter will be taken.

· All measurements will be taken in decibels (dB)

· The continuous attended noise measurements will record continuous

equivalent sound measurements (LAmax, LAmin, LA1, LA5, LA10, LA50,

LA90, LA95, LA99) at each of the sampling points.

Fauna and Flora Relevant ecological habitats on

and surrounding the site.

Zoo and phytoplankton samples shall be collected at all surface water sampling points.

A line transect or belt transect method would be used for the vegetation study. The study shall entail observations and

documentation of vegetation characteristics of the area. Peculiar features of vegetation within the area shall be described

and pictures taken as evidence.

The fauna study will use direct sightings and structured interviews with key informants in the area (ie, hunters and

community inhabitants who interact with wildlife). Observations would also be made from animal activities including

observed droppings and spoor marks around sampling points to check for direct or indirect evidence of their presence.

Photographs of sighted wildlife and birds and flora in the study area will be taken.

The fishery study will involve inspections/visit to fishing camps and nearby markets. Fish samples will be collected,

identified and photographed with the assistance of local fishermen.

Fauna and flora including:

· freshwater ecology (including plankton and fish);

· wildlife;

· birds; and

· vegetation.

Table 8.2 Social Baseline Studies

Aspect Approach Parameters/

Waste A specialist will evaluate types and quantity of project generated waste and evaluate the capacity of licensed disposal

option to process the waste.

· waste types (including hazardous and non-hazardous)

· expected volumes

Traffic A specialist will describe the status of the integrity of project transportation routes and assess suitability with respect to:

· functionality (condition of road surface); and

· safety (noting signage, markings, and potential public safety hazard areas).

The study will also determine the current usage patterns and volumes.

· not applicable

Land Use

A specialist will use a combination of existing maps, satellite imagery and other spatial data to classify and delineate

current land use patterns and identify potential development constraints. Field work will involve ground-truthing and

geo-referencing.

· Land use patterns

Demographics, Population, Ethnicity

Language, Vulnerable Groups, Education

A specialist will conduct a study to determine the demographics within the potential area of influence. The study will

include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews).

· population, population trends, ethnic groups, languages, migration and

demographics

Socio-Cultural Institutions, Leadership Patterns,

Government Administration, and Other Institutions

(NGOs/CBOs)

A specialist will conduct a study to determine the structure of socio-cultural organisations of the potential area of

influence. The study will include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews).

· government structure

· land use

Aspect Approach Parameters/

· land tenure

· traditional land title

· settlement patterns and mapping

· safety, security, law and order

Livelihoods and Micro-Economy, Key Livelihoods,

and Employment

A specialist will conduct a study to determine livelihoods in the potential area of influence.

The study will include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews, observations).

· means of livelihood, economic base

· economic importance of aquatic ecosystem

· income distribution

· occupation and employment structure including proponent�s employment

plan

Transport and Access A specialist will conduct a study to determine transportation practices and access routes in the potential area of influence.

The study will include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews, observations).

· transportation practices

· access routes

Social Infrastructure and Cultural Sites A specialist will conduct a study to determine status of social infrastructure and cultural sites in the potential area of

influence. The study will include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews, observations).

· settlement and man-made features

· social organizations and institutions

· economic, culture and historical sites

· recreational facilities

· cultural, religious recreational facilities

· terrestrial cultural heritage, archaeological sites or customs

· determination of animals used for worshiping

· cultural traditions

· sites of cultural and religious significance

Community Health A specialist will conduct a study to determine community health status in the potential area of influence. The study will

include both desktop research and primary data collection (interviews, observations). No invasive diagnostic

measurements will be taken (eg no blood testing).

· host community health status

· health determinants

· community health needs and concerns of host communities


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8.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Having completed initial scoping consultation, additional stakeholder

engagement activities will be undertaken during the ESIA study. These

engagement activities will include consultation during the socioeconomic

baseline studies, and disclosure of the ESIA report through an FMEnv-led

process.

Further details of these activities are included in Section 5.3.

8.5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

8.5.1 Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation

Once data is acquired from the baseline study, the ESIA would be conducted

using the following steps:

Identification of Potential Environmental Issues and Impacts

This shall be done by identifying potential environmental issues and impacts

(including social ones) due to the proposed development for both routine and

accidental events. All impacts shall be identified and assessed as positive or

negative, beneficial or adverse, cumulative, short or long-term, temporary or

permanent, direct or indirect, residual or immediate.

Techniques shall be used which link project activities to individual

components of the environment. The techniques shall lead to a refinement in

the number of impacts being studied.

The associated and potential impacts of the proposed project shall be

identified and described for the various phases of the project. These shall

include impacts resulting from:

� Project location/siting;

� Project installation activities;

� Project operational activities; and

� Project abandonment/decommissioning.

Evaluation and Interpretation of Impacts

The significance of each impact will be evaluated. Such evaluation shall

involve comparison with national, international as well as international/

industry standards, and consensus of opinion.

Impact Mitigation and Control

All significant impacts identified shall be considered for mitigation and

control through preventive, reductive/enhancement and curative strategies

and control measures. Measures will be identified, described and


71

recommendations incorporated in the proposed development to minimise or

avoid the key impacts. Where the effectiveness of mitigation measures is

uncertain, or depends on assumptions about operational procedures,

monitoring programmes and/or power plant operations/management

procedures will define the required practice.

8.5.2 Environmental and Social Management Planning

The EMP, which will include social aspects in addition to environmental

aspects, shall specify guidelines for ensuring conformance to project

implementation with the procedures, practices and recommendations outlined

in the ESIA report. In this way, it will ensure that the commitments inherent in

the assessment are fully managed and that the unforeseen and unidentified

impacts of the project are detailed and resolved. The plan shall as a minimum

provide information pertaining to:

� Personnel resourcing and assignment of responsibilities;

� Conformance to detailed design with concept design;

� Conformance to installation activities with specified standard practices

and philosophies;

� Conformance to operations and maintenance activities with specified

standard practices and philosophies;

� Procedures for dealing with changes and project modifications;

� Inspection, auditing and monitoring guidelines for all phases of project;

and

� Decommissioning and abandonment of project.

8.5.3 Documentation

The ESIA process shall be documented in accordance with regulatory

requirements and guidelines. The technical output/ milestones for report

writing to reflect the various stages of the ESIA process are indicated below:

� Scoping Report;

� Draft ESIA report in accordance with FMEnv ESIA Sectoral Guidelines

for Infrastructure Projects and IFC Performance Standards; and

� Final ESIA report to have addressed all comments and observations

made by the regulatory authorities and stakeholders.

The Project Team shall make the draft ESIA report available to the regulatory

agency (FMEnv) which is expected to release to key stakeholders and the

public for comments.

8.6 DRAFT STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA REPORT

An outline of the proposed contents of the main volume of the ESIA report is

provided in Table 8.3. The proposed structure follows the guidance provided

by FMEnv.


72

The content may be altered during the evolution of the Project or based on the

findings of on-going consultation, however it is anticipated that the contents

of the ESIA report will accord broadly within the suggested framework.

Table 8.3 Structure of the ESIA Report

Chapter

Number

Contents

Heading

Explanatory Note

Front Piece Title page, acknowledgements, authors and contributors, table of

contents (including lists of figures, tables, and maps)

Non-technical

Summary

Summary of the entire ESIA report.

1 Introduction This Chapter will outline the development and structure of the

ESIA report including the background, terms of reference and

declaration. The policy, legal and institutional framework

within which the ESIA has been conducted will be discussed.

National regulations will be summarized along with relevant

international agreements and conventions to which Nigeria is

party, as well as applicable international best practice guidelines

and project standards.

2 Project

Justification

This Chapter will include discussion of the Project background,

objectives, need for the project, value of the project, envisioned

sustainability, alternatives considered (including no project

alternative), development options considered and site selection.

3 Project

Description

This Chapter will provide a concise description of the project and

its geographical and temporal context. It will include a site

description, an overview of the Facility Project design and

details of project inputs and outputs.

4 Description

of the

Environment

This Chapter will summarise the available baseline data on the

environmental and social resources and receptors within the

Project AoI. It will be based on both primary and secondary

data sources and will consider changes in the baseline condition

without the development in place.

5 Consultations

and

Disclosure

This Chapter will present the results of consultation undertaken

as part of the EIA, plus plans for future consultation. It will

identify key project stakeholders and present their feedback on

the Project.

6 Associated

and Potential

Impacts

This Chapter will summarise the predicted positive and negative

impacts of the Project. Cumulative impacts will be assessed as

appropriate.

7 Mitigation

and Residual

Impacts

This Chapter will outline general and specific mitigation

measures to reduce, remove or avoid negative impacts to

environmental and social receptors. Any residual impacts (post

mitigation) will be outlined.


73

Chapter

Number

Contents

Heading

Explanatory Note

8 Environment

al and Social

Management

Plan (EMP)

The ESMP will draw together the possible mitigation measures;

group them logically into components with common themes;

define the specific actions required and timetable for

implementation; identify training needs, institutional roles and

responsibilities for implementation; and estimate the costs of the

measures.

9 Conclusion This Chapter will summarise conclusions that are made based on

the assessment as well as outline any further recommendations.

References All references made in the report and documents drawn upon

during the course of the assessment

Annexes These will include technical annexes with details of specific

technical surveys, the bibliography and list of acronyms.

8.7 PROVISIONAL ESIA SCHEDULE

A provisional schedule for the ESIA is provided in Table 8.4 below.

Table 8.4 Provisional ESIA Schedule

Activity Timing

Start Finish

Specialist Field Surveys (wet season) September 2014

Scoping Report Submission October 2014

Authority Review of Scoping Report October 2014 November 2014

TOR Approval November 2014

Specialist Field Surveys (dry season) January 2015

Submission of Draft Final ESIA Report to

FMEnv

February 2015

Disclosure March 2015 June 2015

Revision and Review July 2015 July 2015

Submission of Final report to FMEnv August 2015


74

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