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06-09-21

НАВЧАЛЬНІ ЗАВДАННЯ

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1. Business Card 12 2. Application Form 13 3. Resume 16

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5. (Body Language; Cultural Differences; A Word Guide to Good Manners; Problems that Business People Face) 30

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1: Business Card

Task 1. Study the forms of address.

Mister (Mr) – to a man e.g. Mister Johnson, Mr. Smith Mistress (Mrs) – to a married woman e.g. Mrs. Joseph, Mrs. Green Miss – to unmarried woman e.g. Miss Dee, Miss White Ms – to a woman not depending on her marital status

e.g. Ms Lee, Ms White Doctor (Dr) – a) to a medical doctor e.g. Doctor (use alone)

b) to a person with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Science (the surname is always included) e.g. Dr Brown

Sir – to a man a) to unfamiliar people; b) to clients in a restaurant

Madam – to a woman c) to customers Officer – to a policeman Father – to a priest

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My Lord – to a peer, bishop, a British judge Professor – to a University teacher at the highest level Ladies and Gentlemen –

as a formal opening of a speech

Task 2. Read the text.

Introducing People

There are some main rules of introduction which are useful to remember: men are introduced to women, young people to older ones, old friends to newcomers, and young girls to married. Usually women are not presented to a man unless he is the Head of state or a member of the Royal family. When introducing one says something like: “Mrs. Johnson, may I introduce Mr. Blake?” and then turning to Mrs. Johnson simply says “Mrs. Johnson”. That is all that’s necessary, but one can say a bit of information which will help the introduced people to start the conversation.

The usual response to the introduction is “How do you do” which is a kind of greetings and not a question, and the best answer to it is “How do you do?” Sometimes one may say less formally “I’m glad to meet you”, “Happy to have met you” or just “Hello”.

It is very good to add the name of the person introduced – “I am very glad to meet you, Mr. Sparks”. If you do not remember the name it is enough simply to ask “What was your name, please?” or “Could you repeat your name?” Men may stand when introduced, ladies may remain seated.

British and American people usually shake hands especially when formally introduced but they do not always shake hands with people they see often. When an Englishman passes a friend in the street he only touches his hat.

Usually they smile and say: “Good morning”, “Good afternoon”, “Good evening”, “Hello”, or “Hi”.

When two businessmen meet, they usually shake hands. They can exchange business cards:

CONTINENTAL EQUIPMENT

John G. Smith

Financial Director

9 North Road, Brighton, BNI 5JF, England

Phone: (0283) 543359 Fax: (0273) 559364

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Task 3. Answer the questions to the text. 1. What are the main rules of introduction? 2. What is the simplest way of introduction? 3. What is the usual response to introduction? 4. What is expected as an answer to “How do you do”? 5. What can businessmen exchange?

Task 4. Answer the questions to the business card.

1. Whose card is this? 2. What is he? 3. What company is he from? 4. What is his telephone number? 5. What is the address of his company? 6. What city is he from?

Task 5. Prepare your own business card.

2: Application Form

Essential vocabulary applicant , є apply for dismissal ь falsification full time job hire ; omit part time job ( / ь) prevent , salary sufficient temporary violation of law work overtime zip code

Task 1. Read and translate the following application form.

Texan Publishers Inc.

APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT All qualified applicants will receive equal opportunity for

employment without regard to race, creed, color, national origin, sex or

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age. NAME__________________________________________________

LAST FIRST MIDDLE

RESIDENCE_____________________________________________ STREET ADDRESS ________________________________________________________CITY STATE ZIP CODE TELEPHONE____________________________________________ SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER_____________________________ DO NOT WRITE HERE – OFFICE USE ONLY DATE OF INTERVIEW____________ POSITION______________ SALARY $_________________ INTERVIEWED BY ___________ HIRE _______________________ DEPT. _____________________ SPECIAL NOTES_________________________________________ TO BE COMPLITED IF & WHEN EMPLOYED

DATE OF BIRTH _______________ MARITAL STATUS________ MAIDEN NAME IF APPLICABLE __________________________ EMPLOYMENT DATA: REFERRED BY __________________ SALARY DESIRED ______ APPLICATION FOR POSITRION OF________________________ FULL TIME PART TIME SUMMER TEMPORARY OTHER ARE YOU WILLING TO WORK OVERTIME AS REQUIRED?

YES NO PERSONAL DATA: If you are not a U.S. citizen, what is your Alien Registration or Visa

Classification Form Number? Have you ever been convicted of any violation of law other that

minor traffic violation? If yes, indicate disposition. MEDICAL HISTORY: Do you have any medical problem that would prevent you from

performing the job you applied for? Yes No If yes, please explain EDUCATION: NAME AND ADRESS

MAJOR

DID YOU GRADUATE?

DATE OF ATTENDANCE

High School

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College or University Graduate School Other PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT: Are you now employed? ___________________________ If so, may we inquire of your present employer? Present or last

employment __ Company/address _________________________ Telephone _______________________________ Position/title _____________________________ Immediate

Supervisor _____ From: Month ______ Year______ Starting Salary $___________ per To: Month ______ Year______ Final Salary $____________ per Reason for leaving ________________________________________ Describe major duties ______________________________________ AS AN APPLICANT YOU AGREE TO AND UNDERSTAND

THE FOLLOWING:

1) I understand Texan Publishers Inc. follows an employment-at-will policy, in that I or Texan Publishers may terminate my employment at any time, or for any reason consistent with applicable state or federal law. I understand that this application is not a contract of employment. I understand that to be employed I must be lawfully authorized to work in the United States, and I must show Texan Publishers documents that will prove this.

2) I understand that Texan Publishers will thoroughly investigate my work and personal history and verify all data given on this application, on related papers, and in interviews. I authorize all individuals, schools and firms named herein, except my current employer if so noted, to provide any information requested about me, and I release them from all liability for damage in providing this information.

3) I certify that all statements herein are true and understand that my falsification or wilful omission shall be sufficient cause for dismissal or refusal of employment.

Signature of Applicant

Date_________________

Task 2. Fill in the application form of Task 1 as if you apply for the job with Texan Publishers.

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3: Resume

Essential vocabulary brevity ь internship , job objective marital status reference resume/CV ,

Abbreviations often used in CVs: B.A. = Bachelor of Arts B.L. = Bachelor of Law B.S. = Bachelor of Science CSE = Certificate of Secondary Education

M.A. = Master of Arts M.B.A. = Master of Business Administration

M.Ed. = Master of Education M.S./M.Sc. = Master of Science Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

The Resume A Resume is an objective written summary of your personal,

educational, and experience qualifications. It packages your assets in the form of a convincing advertisement, which sells you for a specific job. A resume is a kind of written sales presentation. An effective resume creates a favorable impression of you while presenting your abilities and experience.

The basic requirements for a good resume are: • brevity: one page is preferable, but not more than two pages; • top quality paper; • perfect spelling and grammar; • no typographical errors; • attractive layout. It is a detailed record of personal accomplishments. It presents briefly

what the person has achieved in education, job experience, special

honors, publications, and includes professional activities (such as

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conferences attended), personal information, and perhaps even

outstanding achievements in the person’s area of special interests or hobbies. A resume may be short – no more than two pages, but preferably one (than it is often called a resume). It may also be long – up to 20 pages and even more – and then it is always called a resume. A resume begins with personal details (name, date of birth, marital status, contact information). Sometimes after that career objectives are written and time of availability is noted (i.e., when the applicant can start a new job). Next, the person may describe his/her education and work (or

professional experience). In this section everything is usually written

in reverse chronological order: the last educational institution you

attended or the last place you were employed are indicated first,

while your first educational institution or your first place of employment are listed last. The information about education should include degrees held, honors received, and qualifications gained. Employment information should describe responsibilities and make clear what professional skills you have, including specific responsibilities. The employment information may be followed by information on other skills, such as computer skills or fluency in a foreign language. The next item is information about your interests and hobbies. It gives your prospective employers some idea of your intellectual scope and physical fitness (if you included sport interests).

At the end, references are usually cited.

Task 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a resume? 2. What should its maximum length be? 3. What parts does a resume include? 4. In what chronological order are entries in the education and

professional experience parts of a resume written? 5. What should be included in those entries? 6. What may be included in the additional skills section? 7. Why is the section about your interests and hobbies important? 8. Where are references cited?

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Task 3. Read and translate the example of resume. RESUME

Personal Details: Name: Maloney Joffra Date of birth: July 7, 1984 Citizenship: USA Marital status: single Address: 13 Prince Albert St.,

Chicago 45212

USA

Telephone: 8030 – 112 – 1211 Available: any time Career objective: Full-time secretarial position

Education: 2006 Ten-month Secretarial course at Chicago

Vocational Training School. Certified

Secretary. 2005 Ten-month PC user training course. Certificate

from Chicago Computer Skills Training Center. 1998 – 2003 Collin’s High School. General Certificate in

English; French; History; Geography; and Art. Work experience:

2003 to present Shop assistant at Excelsior supermarket

(Chicago). Information about additional skills:

Proficient IBM PC user: MS Office; Windows 95, 97, 98, 2000;

Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel; Adobe Photoshop; Adobe Acrobat;

Power Point; proficient Internet user.

Fluent in English, French, and Italian; good working knowledge of German.

Interests: Sports: jogging, skating, skiing.

Amateur drama, handicrafts.

References:

Anita Fione Excelsior supermarket manager Instructor Marianne Smitherly of the Secretarial Course at Chicago Vocational Training School

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Task 4. Choose the necessary word from the box and put it in the

sentence. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

to advertise resume employee applicant personnel office qualification agency personal

1. We are going to interview three … on the position. 2. If you need applications for this position, … in a special section of

the local newspaper. 3. Personnel office will help you to find a new … . 4. All the information about the staff of the firm can be found in … . 5. She has a good … for the position: a college degree, good work

experience. 6. I want to find a new secretary, so I’ll call an employment … . 7. If you are an applicant for the position, you have to write your … . 8. Don’t ask him … questions, it will be impolite.

Task 5. Read the text and write a resume for Violet Scott.

Violet Scott is 37. She was born March 8, 1974. She is not married and lives alone in small apartment 4C in a big apartment house number 15 at 120 Street in New York City, USA. She is a US citizen, but would like to work abroad. Recently she has read an advertisement that Rheinland Enterprises Ltd. in Germany needs computer programmers. Violet is an experienced programmer. She graduated from Columbia University in mathematics in 1998 and got her MS (Master of Science) degree. Since then, she was trained in two advanced computer technology programs at the same University in 1999 and 2003. Since 2000, Violet has been self-employed and has been developing computer programs at different companies’ orders. But orders are running low, and Violet has no contracts after October 2009. That is why she is looking for a full-time computer programmer position and is eager to be employed after November1, 2011.

Violet speaks three European languages fluently (German, French, and Spanish). She considers it as her important personal asset – a good addition to her advanced skills in computer programming.

She likes swimming and often takes part in swimming competitions. She is also very interested in modern history and in environmental issues.

One of her professors at Columbia University (who also trained her in both advanced computer technology programs), Dr. Higgins, knows her very well and is always ready to write a reference for her.

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Task 6. Read an advertisement and write your own resume. Wanted: manager assistants for advertising multinational

company in EU! Our company is growing and needs qualified reliable people with

good PC and foreign languages skills. University degree in Economics/Management is preferable.

ь ь 1 ( 1, 2, 3)

1. Read these pairs of sentences from job application letters. In each

case, decide which alternative: a) or b), you think is more

appropriate. 1. a) I am writing in reference to your advertisement for tourist guides.

b) I am writing because I saw your advertisement. 2. a) There are many reasons why I would be great at the job.

b) I feel I would be suitable for the position for a number of reasons. 3. a) I have achieved high marks on my English language exams.

b) My English language ability is unbelievable. 4. a) I can say everything I want to say.

b) I believe that I have good communication skills. 5. a) I am a major expert on your town’s history.

b) I have always taken a keen interest in the history of our town. 6. a) I would like to develop my career.

b) My present job is rubbish.

2. Find the English equivalent to the following Ukrainian words and

word-combinations. 7.

a) part time job b) overtime job 8.

a) MBA b) Master of Economics 9.

a) incentives b) accomplishments 10.

a) job objective b) incentive job

3. Choose the best answer. 11. When you address a middle aged man whose name you do not know, you say:

a) Mister b) Sir c) Excuse me, please

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12. When you address a middle aged woman whose name you do not know, you say:

a) Madam b) Lady c) Ms d) Excuse me, please

13. If you want to address an American tourist (Ms Jane Hardly) whom you have known for a few days, you say:

a) Madam b) Mrs Hardly c) Jane 14. If you want to address an eminent British scientist (Doctor John Lonsdale), aged 50, you say:

a) Mr Lonsdale b) Dr Lonsdale c) Doctor d) John

15. If you want to address a visiting English teacher called Helen Parker, aged 25-30 (unmarried), you call her:

a) Helen b) Miss Helen c) Miss Parker d) Miss

: 1. 1. – a; 2. – a; 3. – a; 4. – b; 5. – b; 6. – a.

2. 7. – a; 8 – a; 9 – b; 10 – a.

3. 11. – b; 12 – a; 13 – b; 14 – b; 15 – c.

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Greeting and introducing oneself

Good morning/afternoon. My name’s …/I am … Let me introduce myself. Let me start by saying a few words about …

/

Presenting the title/subject

The subject of my presentation is … The focus of my paper (academic) is … Today I’d like to talk about … I’m going to tell you something about …

Specifying the purpose/objective

We are here today to decide/agree/learn about … The purpose of the talk/presentation is … The talk/presentation is designed to …

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Signposting the presentation

My presentation will be in … parts. First/Firstly/First of all, I’ll give you … Second/Secondly/Next/Then, … Lastly/Finally/ … I’ve divided my presentation into … parts/sections. The first point will … Second … Lastly …

Sequencing/ ordering

Firstly…, secondly …, thirdly … Then … Next … Finally/lastly … . Let’s start with … Let’s move/go onto … Now we come to … That covers … Let’s go back to … Let me turn now to …

Giving reasons/causes

Therefore As a result, Consequently, That’s why, This is because of … This is largely due to … It may result in …

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Contrasting On the other hand, … Although …. In spite of this, … However, …

Comparing Similarly, In the same way,

Contradicting In fact, Actually,

Highlighting … in particular. … especially

Digressing By the way, … In passing, …

Giving examples For example, For instance, Such as A good example of this is … To illustrate this point, …

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ь Generalizing Usually Generally As a rule

Asking rhetorical questions

What’s the explanation for this? How can we explain this? How can we do about it? How will this affect…? What are the implications for …?

Referring to the audience

As I’m sure, you know/we’d all agree … We have all experienced … You may remember …

Analyzing performance

The main explanation for this is … A particular/one/another/ reason is … A key problem is …

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Describing trends, charts and graphs

There is/has been a light /dramatic /considerable /significant/ moderate decrease/fall /drop /collapse/rise/increase in … … remain(s)/ has remained constant/stable… …has/have decreased/increased/fallen/risen dramatically/considerably/slightly/moderately.

Preparing the audience for a visual

Now, let’s look at the position of … Now, I’ll show you the … For … the situation is very different Let’s move on now and look at … The next slide shows … If we now turn to the … This chart compares … and … The slide gives information about … You can see here the … I’d like to draw your attention to …

Focusing the audience’s attention

As you can see … What is interesting/important is … I’d like to draw your attention to … Notice/Observe the … It is important/interesting to notice that …

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ь Ending a presentation

To sum up … In brief … In short … I’d like to sum up now … I’ll briefly summarize the main issues. Let me summarize briefly what I’ve said. If I can just sum up the main points, … At this stage I‘d like to run through/ to go over … Let’s recap, shall we?

Concluding Summarizing

In conclusion, … To conclude … As you can see, there are some good reasons … I’d like to leave you with the following thought/idea.

Recommending My/Our suggestion/proposal/recommendation would be/is to … We recommend/I’d like to suggest/propose setting up …

Closing formalities

I’d be happy to answer any questions. If you have any questions, I’d be pleased to answer them. I would welcome any comments/suggestions. Thank you for your attention.

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Clarifying questions

So, what are you asking is … If I understand the question correctly, you would like to know … When you say … do you mean …? I’m sorry, I didn’t hear. Which slide was it? Sorry, could you repeat that? I’m not sure what you are getting at.

Avoiding giving an answer

Perhaps we could deal with that later. I’m afraid that’s not my field. I don’t have the figures with me. That’s interesting, but I’d prefer not to answer that today. I’m afraid I’m not the right person to

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answer that. I’m not sure this is the right place/time to discuss this particular question.

Checking the questioner is satisfied

May we go on? Does that answer your question?

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Vorstellung eines Referenten – а а а

• Als ersten Referenten darf ich Herrn A begrüßen, der über das/zum Thema X sprechen wird.

• Unsere nächste Rednerin ist Frau A. Sie wird uns über X informieren. • Das Thema des nächsten Vortrags lautet: .... Als Referentin für dieses

Thema konnten wir Frau Dr. ... gewinnen.

Begrüßung und Dank an den Veranstalter: – а а а а : • Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren / Meine Damen und Herren, ... • Liebe Freunde / Liebe Gäste, ... • Herr Präsident , sehr geehrter Herr Konsul, sehr geehrte Damen und

Herren, ... • ... gerne bin ich der Einladung des Herrn Präsidenten gefolgt, Sie über X zu

informieren. •... ich danke Ihnen für die Einladung und die Möglichkeit, zum Thema X

sprechen zu können. Nennung des Themas – а

• Das Thema meines Vortrags lautet: ... • Ich spreche heute zu dem / über das Thema: ... • Ich möchte (Ihnen) heute / nun über... berichten. • In meiner heutigen Präsentation werde ich Ihnen ... vorstellen. • In meinem Vortrag geht es um ... • Lassen Sie mich drei wichtige Aufgaben hervorheben: ...

Gliederung des Vortrags – а

• Ich möchte meinen Vortrag mit der Bemerkung beginnen, dass... • Im Rahmen der genannten / dieser Fragestellung werde ich auf folgende

Punkte eingehen: • Erstens: .../ Zweitens: / Drittens: ... • Ich habe meinen Vortrag in drei Teile gegliedert: ... I Mein Vortrag besteht

aus drei Teilen: ... • Nach einigen einführenden Worten werde ich Ihnen zunächst über X

berichten und Sie dann über Y informieren. • Zuerst / Zunächst spreche ich über ..., dann komme ich zu .... im dritten

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Teil befasse ich mit dann mit... • Ich nenne Ihnen zunächst drei wichtige Aufgaben: ...

Strukturierungselemente für den Hauptteil – С а

• Als erstes wäre hier... zu nennen. • Außerdem... / Ebenso... I Ebenfalls... / Des Weiteren... I Hinzu kommt,

dass... • Ein weiterer Aspekt/Gesichtspunkt ist... / • Ferner ist zu erwähnen, dass... • Eng damit verknüpft ist... • Nicht zu vergessen (in diesem Zusammenhang) ist... • Vor allem aber... • Besonders betont werden muss, dass... • Noch bedeutsamer ist...

Übergang zu einem anderen Thema –

• Ich möchte Sie noch auf ein anderes Aspekt aufmerksam machen. • Doch nun zunächst zu ... • Ich wende mich nun dem Thema X zu: • Ich komme jetzt zum zweiten Teil. / Jetzt wollen wir uns dem zweiten Teil

zuwenden. Als nächstes möchte ich zu ... übergehen. / Ich möchte jetzt übergehen zu ...

• Ein weiterer (wichtiger) Punkt ist... / Der nächste Punkt ist... Beispiele anführen/veranschaulichen – а а / а

• Ich darf das mit einigen Beispielen belegen. • Erlauben Sie mir, zur Veranschaulichung von X zwei Beispiele aus der

Praxis aufzuführen. • Lassen Sie mich nur an drei Beispielen die Stärken von X darlegen. • Ich erwähne in diesem Zusammenhang nur das Beispiel X • Hierzu ein Beispiel: • Ich nenne hier... • Stellen Sie sich einmal Folgendes vor.

Vorwegnahme möglicher Kritik /Zweifel – /

• Ich höre Sie nun schon einwenden, dass ... • Erlauben Sie mir deshalb, auf ... hinzuweisen. • Sie werden sich jetzt vielleicht fragen, wie/ob • Ich beantworte Ihnen diese Frage gerne. • Die folgenden Überlegungen mögen bei Ihnen vielleicht im ersten Moment

auf eine gewisse Skepsis stoßen, aber ich werde darlegen, dass ... • Sie könnten nun entgegnen, dass aber...

Zusammenfassung –

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• Ich darf zusammenfassen. /Ich fasse zusammen: Sie haben gesehen, dass ... • Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass ... • Damit bin ich am Ende meines Vortrages angelangt. Lassen Sie mich

zusammenfassen. Wir haben gesehen, dass ... • Bevor ich zum Schluss meiner Präsentation komme, möchte ich kurz die

wichtigsten Punkte noch einmal zusammenfassen …

Abschließende Bemerkungen – а

• Lassen sie mich am Schluss anmerken, dass ... • Abschließend möchte ich noch erwähnen, ... • Ich möchte mein Referat mit der Bemerkung beenden, dass ... • Bevor ich zum Schluss komme, möchte ich noch auf ... hinweisen. • Ich hoffe, dass Sie durch meinen Vortrag einige Anregungen für ...

bekommen haben. • Ich hoffe, dieser kleine Bericht hat Ihnen gefallen. • Wenn Sie keine weiteren Fragen haben, möchte ich jetzt meinen Vortrag

beenden.

Dank an die Zuhörer – а а а

• Ich danke Ihnen für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit. • Vielen Dank fürs Zuhören. Haben Sie noch Fragen? • Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit. Ich bin natürlich gerne bereit,

Fragen zu beantworten.

Eröffnung einer Frage-/ Diskussionsrunde –

• Wenn Sie Fragen zu ... haben, werde ich Ihnen diese jetzt natürlich gerne beantworten.

• Haben Sie (irgendwelche) Fragen? • Uns stehen noch rund 20 Minuten für Fragen und eine kurze Diskussion

zur Verfügung. Gibt es zu den einzelnen Punkten meines

Abschluss der Veranstaltung – а а

• Wir haben heute eine Reihe interessanter Vorträge gehört und lebhafte Diskussionen erlebt.

• Ich möchte mich noch einmal bei den Referenten für ihre interessanten Beiträge bedanken.

• Im Namen der/des ... danke ich Ihnen für die rege Teilnahme an unserer abschließenden Diskussion.

• Hiermit ist unsere diesjährige Tagung beendet. Vielen Dank für Ihr Interesse. Ich wünsche Ihnen einen guten Heimweg.

Task 1. Read and translate the text. If you want me to speak for five minutes – I need two weeks to

prepare. If you want me to speak for an hour – I need a week to prepare. If you don’t mind how long I speak, I’ll get up and do it now. (Unknown)

29

Tips for Successful Public Speaking

• Appearance, movements and body language

Check your clothes and general appearance. Adopt open, relax posture and keep calm.

• Voice

Concentrate on speaking and make sure people can hear you. A tip from the professionals is to deliver lower the tone of your voice. It would sound more pleasant and will help to keep you calm.

• Visual aids and use of the overhead projector

Make sure that they are clear, easy to read, and relevant. The rule is: one new slide for each main point you want to make. Practice operating before you start your talk and check that everybody in the room can see the screen.

• Content and structure

People pay most attention to the beginning and to the end of the presentation. Say what you are going to say, say it, and then sum up the main points. Limit what you want to say maximum to 5 main points.

• Audience perception

Speak directly to the audience, every member of the audience, maintain constant eye contact with them. If you have to speak to a large audience, imagine that you’re talking to a group of 3 or 4, and speak to a small group. Put yourself into the audience shoes.

Task 2. Study the structure of presentation and presentation

phrases, using a sample of Recommended exponents. 1. Opening part:

Greeting Introduction (name, position) The subject/theme The purpose The outline of the structure (main points) Timing Reference to questions Visual aids

2. Main part

1) point 2) point 3) point

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3. Closing part

Summary Conclusion Invitation for questions/discussion Parting

5:

Essential Vocabulary

to avoid discrepancy ь incongruency to grunt to make eye contact to shift eyes away to stare

Task 1. Read and translate the following texts.

Text A. Body Language

Non-verbal communication exists in every culture. To be able to communicate with people efficiently, it is necessary to learn their culture. Research carried out by the American psychologist Professor Albert Mehrabian showed that 55 per cent of the message is communicated bodily, 38 per cent through the tone of voice, and only 7 per cent through the words. When there is a discrepancy between what is said with words and how it is said with the body and voice tone, it is the latter which carries more weight. This mismatch between verbal and non-verbal behavior is known as incongruency.

The research has been concentrated on messages, conveyed the body

language (posture, gestures, facial expression, tone of voice etc.). Thus, in the United States it is important to give a firm handshake; it shows confidence and straightforwardness. You should always make eye contact with a partner while either of you is speaking. Many Americans feel that people who do not look at them while listening or talking, or who shift their eyes away, are trying to hide something. In many western cultures avoiding eye contact indicates that a person is

unfriendly, insecure, untrustworthy, or inattentive and impersonal. On the other hand, some people feel uncomfortable by lengthy eye contact and it is considered rude to stare. A businessman talking to a woman in

31

the eastern country should avoid keeping extended eye contact. Only a man and a woman in love will usually keep such close eye contact there. An eastern businessman will intentionally avoid eye contact with a partner as sign of respect. It is more appropriate there to begin and to end a conversation with at least a glance as a sign of friendliness and willingness for cooperation. Americans also signal interest by bobbing their heads or grunting.

The normal distance between speakers also varies from one culture to another. Latin Americans, for example, usually stand relatively close while talking – at an arm’s length or so. People from other parts of the world stand farther apart. In the United States, speaking distance is usually two or four feet long. A person born there is likely to become uncomfortable if someone stands much closer, since he naturally feels that somebody is invading his “personal space”.

Gestures are considered to be physical movements that have specific meaning in speech communication. Some gestures are known to people throughout the world, others are not. Be careful. A gesture familiar in your country may carry an entirely different meaning in the other part of the world. A well-known gesture for “Okay” in the American society in France has the meaning of a “zero”, in Japan it means “money”, and in Tunisia – “I’ll kill you”. Though people use gestures almost without thinking, gestures are an essential part of communication. They add a dimension to speaking.

Text B. Cultural Differences in Body Language Dr Peter Collett, Oxford University research psychologist, says that if

we compare the way different European nations use gestures, they fall into three major groups. The Nordic nations belong to the first group. These are the Swedes, Finns, Norwegians, and Danes. They use gestures very little. The second group, which includes the British, Germans, Dutch, Belgians, and Russians, use some gestures when they are excited, or want to communicate over long distances, or insult each other. The third group use gestures a lot, to emphasize what they are saying, or to hold the other person’s attention. They are the Italians, Greeks, French, Spanish and Portuguese.

The distance that separates one person from another – “personal space” – also varies between people of different nationalities. What is right for one nationality may be uncomfortable for another. People stand close enough to touch each other easily in such countries as France,

32

Spain, Greece, and Italy. British zoologist, Desmond Morris calls this

the ‘elbow zone’. In the countries of East Europe such as Hungary, Poland, and Romania, people stand a ‘wrist zone’, that is a little more distant. They are close enough to touch wrists. But in the Scandinavian countries, in Britain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany, people stand further away from each other – the ‘finger tips zone’.

Text C. A World Guide to Good Manners

How not to behave badly abroad (by Norman Ramshaw) Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live

in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o’clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleague to arrive? If they’re German, they’ll be bang on time. If they are

American, they’ll probably be 15 minutes early. If they’re British, they’ll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the

Italians. When the European Community began to increase in size, several

guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friend.

For example: • The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss

business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.

• The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French

like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything.

• Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.

• American executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded

33

by blowing your nose in public. The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and

business behavior. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business card immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone’s status and position.

When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be

given or received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to

shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter.

The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal ‘Have a nice day!’ American waiters have a one-word imperative ‘Enjoy!’ The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conservation between strangers in Britain is the weather – unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. ‘Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had un uncle who once worked there.’

‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ Here are some final tips to travellers. • In France you shouldn’t sit down in a café until you’ve shaken

hands with everyone you know. • In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello. • In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It’s offensive. • In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting,

eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your host’s home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.

• In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think that you are unfriendly.

• In Thailand you should clasp your hands together to lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone.

• In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as quickly as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is eaten.

34

Text D. Problems That Business People Face Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes

ever more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.

In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. This can be a demanding task and, in a crowded room, may require gymnastic ability if the farthest hand is to be reached.

Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries – including

Germany, Belgium and Italy. But Northern Europeans, such as the

British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.

In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the

food, but the way you behave as you eat. Some things are just not done. In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place: after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something – something, that is, other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head.

Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business

entertaining. In fact, in Italy the biggest fear, as course after course appears, is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy, you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends, and offer to pay. Then, after a lively discussion, you must remember the next polite thing to do – let your host pick up the bill.

In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don’t worry, it’s probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.

The German are also notable for the amount of formality they bring to business. As an outsider, it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met in the lift. If you used to call people by their first names, this can be a little strange. To the Germans, titles are important. Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doctor or Frau Directoring might cause serious

35

offence. It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess. In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that

everyone with a university degree can be called Dottore – and engineers, lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles.

These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties – disaster may be only a syllable away. But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with, the less likely you are to get into difficulties. It is worth the effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contact was not the product or the price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment. Good manners are admired: they can also make or break

the deal.

Task 2. Answer the questions to text A.

1. What are the research results carried out by the American

psychologist Professor Albert Mehrabian?

2. What carries more weight during the conversation: words or body

and tone voice?

3. What is incongruency?

4. What does a firm handshake show in the United States?

5. What is typical for Americans in body language during the

conversation?

6. What is common for Eastern businessman?

7. Do you know some differences in normal difference between

speakers? What are they?

8. What gestures in different cultures do you know?

Task 3. Answer the questions to text B. 1. Which nationalities in Europe usually use a lot of gestures when

they speak?

2. Which nationalities in Europe usually use very few gestures when

they speak?

3. What is a “personal space”?

4. Why does a north European move away from the person he is

talking to?

36

5. Which nationalities move closer to the person they are talking to?

Why?

6. Which nationalities stand a “wrist zone”?

Task 4. Answer the questions to text C. 1. Which nationalities are the most and the least punctual?

2. Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs?

3. What nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same

time?

4. An American friend of yours is going to work in Japan. Give some

advice about how she/he should and shouldn’t behave. 5. Imagine you are at a party in (a) England (b) America. How could

you begin a conversation with a stranger?

6. Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands? What are

the rules?

7. Why is it not a good idea to …

a) … say that you absolutely love your Egyptian friend’s vase. b) … go to Russia if you don’t drink alcohol. c) … say ‘Hi! See you later!’ when you are introduced to someone in Afghanistan.

d) … discuss politics with your American friend in a McDonalds.

Task 5. Decide if these statements are true or false, according to the

writer of text D: 1. In France you are expected to shake hands with everyone you

meet.

2. People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany.

3. In France people prefer talking about business during meals.

4. It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy.

5. Visitors to Germany never get taken out for meals.

6. German business people don’t like to be called by their surnames.

7. Make sure you know what the titles of the German people you

meet are.

8. Italians professionals are usually addressed by theit titles.

9. A humorous remark always goes down well all over the world.

37

Task 6. Match the adjectives with their definitions.

Adjective A person who …

1. efficient A arrives on time

2. sociable B isn’t rude

3. punctual C enjoys the company of other people

4. agreeable D always tells the truth

5. honest E adapts successfully to various situations

6. patient F really means what he or she says

7. polite G waits without getting angry

8. ambitious H doesn’t waste time and works well 9. sincere I is pleasant and friendly

10. flexible J wants to succeed

Task 7. Make the text of presentation about international etiquette

and body language (non-verbal communication).

ь ь 1 ( 4, 5)

Choose the correct variant.

1. Starting a presentation you … a) greet and introduce yourself b) immediately speak on the topic.

2. When you finish the presentation you say … a) That’s all. I have nothing more to say. b) Thank you for your attention.

3. Is it appropriate to avoid answering the question at the presentation? a) Yes b) No

4. What carries more weight during the conversation? a) words b) body and tone voice

5. In America, people who avoid eye contact are … a) trying to hide something b) rude

6. An … businessman will intentionally avoid eye contact with a partner as sign of respect.

a) eastern b) western c) American 7. A well-known gesture for “Okay” in Japan means …

a) money b) zero c) I’ll kill you 8. Is distance to be taken into account while talking?

a) Yes b) No

38

9. Which nationalities in Europe usually use a lot of gestures when they speak?

a) the Swedes, Finns, Norwegians, and Danes b) the British, Germans, Dutch, Belgians, and Russians c) the Italians, Greeks, French, Spanish and Portuguese

10. Which nationality is the most punctual? a) German b) American c) British

11. What nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same time?

a) the British b) the Japanese c) the German 12. In America, the main topic between strangers is …

a) weather b) the search to find a geographical link

13. Where is the bow very important of greeting someone? a) In America b) In Britain c) In Japan

14. It is important to know the titles of the German people you meet. a) Yes b) No

15. People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany. a) Yes b) No

: 1. – a; 2 – b; 3 – a; 4 – b; 5 – a; 6 – a; 7 – a; 8 – a; 9 – c; 10 – a; 11

– b; 12 – b; 13 – c; 14 – a; 15 – b.

ь ь 1.

Complete the following sentences: 1. ____ is a job that will end on a specific day.

a) part-time job; b) temporary job 2. ____ are training or exams needed for a job.

a) experience; b) qualifications 3. ____ is working less than the normal working week.

a) part-time job; b) temporary job 4. ____ is a job which you can expect to do for a long time.

a) part-time job; b) permanent job 5. ____ is the amount of money you are paid when you start working.

a) experience; b) starting salary 6. ____ is knowledge you get from a doing a job for a long time.

a) experience; b) qualifications

39

7. ____ is situation in which you work. a) apply; b) working conditions

8. ____ is a short history of your education and where you have worked so far.

a) resume; b) experience 9. If you need applications for this position, ____ in a special section of the local newspaper.

a) advertise; b) speak 10. The company usually advertises the ____ in a newspaper.

a) job vacancy; b) candidate 11. The job advertisement usually gives the ____ .

a) job title; b) salary 12. The company then chooses the best ____ .

a) candidate; b) career 13. The most qualified applicant will receive opportunity for ____ .

a) unemployment; b) employment 14. A good resume must be not more than ____ pages.

a) two; b) five 15. I ____ for the position of the accountant.

a) apply; b) need 16. I am interested in the ____ you offer.

a) department; b) position 17. At present I am ____ at Ukrtelekom.

a) employed; b) busy 18. I am a ____ of Florida University and possess a BA.

a) first year student; b) graduate 19. Many managers nowadays work ____ and this extra work is often unpaid.

a) overtime; b) part-time 20. My friend ____ from Lviv university last year and found the job at Intertelecom.

a) ended; b) graduated 21. Starting a presentation you ____ .

a) greet and introduce yourself b) immediately speak on the topic.

22. When you finish the presentation you say ____ . a) That’s all. I have nothing more to say. b) Thank you for your attention.

40

23. Business card is very important in ____ . a) Italy b) America c) Japan

24. In America, people who avoid eye contact are considered to be ___ . a) trying to hide something b) rude

25. A well-known gesture for “Okay” in Japan means ____ . a) money b) zero c) I’ll kill you

26. In America, the main topic between strangers is ____ . a) weather b) the search to find a geographical link

27. The bow is very important for greeting someone in ____ . a) German b) Britain c) Japan

28. An ____ businessman will intentionally avoid eye contact with a partner as sign of respect.

a) eastern b) western c) American 29. In France it is appropriate to raise tricky questions of business ____ .

a) after the cheese course b) over the main course

30. In Italy ____ can be called Dottore. a) every professional b) everyone with a university degree

: 1. – b; 2. – b; 3. – a; 4. – b; 5. – b; 6. – a; 7. – b; 8. – a; 9. – a; 10. – a;.

11. – a; 12. – a; 13. – b; 14. – a; 15. – a; 16. – b; 17. – a; 18. – b; 19. –

a; 20. –b ; 21 – a; 22 – b; 23 – c; 24 – a; 25 – a; 26 – b; 27 – c; 28 – a;

29 – a; 30 – b.

41

Supplement

ATTENDING A CONFERENCE

ь ь : 1.1.

1.2. ь : 1. I am writing to inquire about the conference. I would be grateful if

you would inform me of the possibility of attending this conference. 2. We would like to know if it is possible for someone from here to

attend the conference. 3. Unfortunately I could not manage to submit my application earlier

but I very much hope that it will still be possible to be included.

1.3. : 1. I am very grateful for kind invitation to cooperate with you on the

Organizing Committee and accept it with pleasure. 2. Thank you for your kind invitation. 3. І am very interested in the subject of this meeting and I should be

very pleased to come and I take part in it.

1.4. ь : 1. Unfortunately, I have to inform you I still find it impossible for me

to attend the conference. 2. Dear Professor N., I am sorry not be able to accept your kind

invitation. Many thanks. 3. Thank you for your letter. I do not know yet whether I shall be able

to come to the conference .

1.5. ' : 1. To: ALL PARTICIPANTS OF THE CONFERENCE The conference is scheduled for Monday, May 10, Conference Hall.

Promptly at 7 p.m. 2. To: STUDENTS The Theoretical Conference is scheduled for Monday, June 10, in

Conference Hall at 6 p.m. Attendance is mandatorry. No studen: is to be excused from the conference except on written request signed by the Chairman of the Department or Administrative Assistant.

The topic of discussion will be “________________________”.

42

. 1. ь i ; :

Topical vocabulary.

to hold a conference panel meeting briefing meeting opening session final sitting chairman to chair/ to preside over the meeting

to take minutes items of the agenda to submit an abstract to present a (scientific) paper ( ) ь presentation of a paper to participate; participant ь; to sit on committee reader/speaker to take the floor/to address the meeting

;

commencement address to fix/set up time limit to present an amendment to put (a question) to the vote to direct particular attention to a wide range of problems ь simultaneous translation to solve the problem, solutio ; honourary guest/guest of honour ь lobby on behalf of

2. ь :

Ladies and Gentlemen, I declare the conference open. On behalf of the Organizing Committee and in my own name I wish

to welcome the guests and the participants of the Conference to Rivne.

43

I wish you every success. My first and pleasant duty as a chairman is to introduce to you our honourary guest Mr.N.

II Dear friends, it is an honour and privilege for me to welcome you to

our country and to this Conference. I wish you every success. I am very happy to introduce to you our guest of Honour Mr.X.

3. : A. Introducing the speaker I am very happy to be able to introduce our speaker today. Professor

Jones has been at Riverside University since 1970. He graduated from the University of Visconsine and received his M. A.1 and Ph.D.2 in history from Columbia University. He has published several papers and books in his field. He is a member of several professional organizations. Prof. Jones has agreed to speak to us today.

4. ь, є . .

5. . ь : IN THE LOBBY3

I. – Who is to chair the meeting today? – Doctor Barton, he is a great authority in his field. – Oh, yes, he knows his jobs from A to Z. – Besides, he always makes some constructive suggestions. A pleasure to deal with him.

1 M.A.(M.Sc.) – Master's Degree, it is awarded after a year's

postgraduate study rather than by thesis. This degree does not correspond to any Ukrainian degree.

2 Ph.D – Doctorate, this degree is called in full Doctor of philosophy. The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a Ph.D. in English, or Mathematics, or Geography. A Ph.D. is awarded on acceptance of a thesis which must be an original contribution to knowledge. Research for this degree usually takes about three years.

3 Most business contacts are made in the lobby during the intervals when participants discuss the problems they are keen on in a friendly unofficial atmosphere of coffee breaks or during drinking sesions.

44

– I hope the meeting doesn't stretch out too long. – Don't expect it'll be over soon. We have a wide range of problems

to discuss at the top level. II.

– I say, Bill. Do you know who is engaged in this research problem? – You mean of those present? Sure. It's Professor Hewitt. He is one of

the leading specialists in Ecology. – Do you happen to know him well? – Fairly well. I used to meet him at some scientific gatherings more

than once. – I have a favour to ask of you. I'd like to meet him. Could you

arrange it? – I guess I can. Though he's pretty filled-up I'm afraid.Well, with luck

I'll introduce you to him. – It'll be splendid. I have quite a few questions to ask him. So I'll be

waiting for you at the auditorium during the coffee break.

6. ь , є .

. SPEECH PATTERNS TO TEXT

1. The chairman speaks of the work to be done by the session and of guests present at the conference.

2. Should the chairman rise, the member must step speaking and take his seat (if asked).

7. .

8. ь : The Chairman and His Duties.

The success of the meeting depends a great deal on the chairman (when a lady takes me chair she should be addressed as Madam Chairman). The Chairman shall direct the debates, maintain order, close the debates when necessary, put questions to the vote and announce the results of the vote The Chairman's address to the audience should be much shorter than any of the speeches that follow.

Work to be done. Anyone who wants to take the floor should ask the Chairman beforehand or by simply raising his hand after the Chairman opens discussion. The Chairman requires every speaker to keep to the

45

point, to avoid repetition and digression. Should the chairman rise while a member is speaking, the latter must stop and take his seat if asked so. Lately a new practice has been widely introduced for scientific gatherings with numerous participants: the papers are divided between sections and generalized by a principal speaker for each section with the discussion following afterwards.

PROMPTS FOR THE CHAIRMAN. – Mr. X, will you report, please, on the results of your ... – Now we come to item number one of the agenda. – Anyone got anything to say? – I give the floor to ... – Any other matters arising? – May I remind you, gentlemen, that ... – I'm calling the meeting to order . – Can we get this quite clear? – That's not the point, I'm afraid. – Will you keep to the point, please. – The whole point is that ... – Please, come to the point. – I'd ask the speakers to be brief. – We move on to our third and main item... – May I have your attention, please? – Another important item to be considered is... – Don't digress, please. – You will minute that, Mr. M, won't you? – Well, I think we all agree that ... – In the absence of any other business, I declare the meeting closed. – Very well, the meeting is over. Thank you very much.

9. ь : 1. What are the Chairman's duties at the Conference? 2. What do you do if you want to take the floor? 3. What should the Speaker do if the Chairman rises? 4. How should a lady be addressed if she is the Chairman? 5. What does the success of the meeting depend on?

10. ь : ) ' ; ) , , .

46

11. ь ь . . THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

What is a good style of speaking? It's the right word in the right place. Speakers may certainly choose any style to address the audience, but it is usual for English-speaking people to begin in moderate tone, pronouncing every word slowly and distinctly to attract attention.

Experienced speakers use many little stories, humorous comparisons and proverbs to make their listeners "see the point clearly". As good speaking is an art with two aspects – technical and intellectual – we must mention that this technique is mastered in Britain since school time. Students of British and American colleges are specially trained for public speaking. They are members of debating clubs and club meetings. Students' debating teams participate in intercollege debating contests. It is highly advisable to exercise one's speech beforehand, to avoid embarassment and confusion. For no amount of enthusiasm or knowledge can make up (compensate) for lack of speaking technique.

PROMPTS FOR THE SPEAKERS.

Starting your own position. – The problem under discussion is of special importance for ... – The suject of today's discussion is ... – I'm going to talk about some of the ... – What I want to do is to try and show how ... – Let's look first of all at ... – I think I should make it clear right from the outset that... – I think I ought to say right from the start that ...

Making a point. – I want to make it clear that … – I would like to say here that ... – There is the other thing to think about ... – And I think you'll probably agree that ... – You should know that ... – You do realize that.. – We should always remember that. – I believe you know that... – The point is that...

47

Expressing an opinion. – I'm inclined to think that ... – I rather think ... – I'm sure that ... – I'm certain that ... – I'm convinced that ... – I really do think that... – There is no doubt in my mind that ...

Completing the report. – In view of all these facts ... – Summarizing the problem we can say that ... – Summing up I'd like to say that... – In conclusion it's necessary to say... – In conclusion I want to stress that... – Well, I think that's all I have to say on... – And that's really all I've got to say... – Perhaps you'd like me to answer questions at this point... – Anything else? Well, thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. – Thanks very much for your attention.

12. ь .

ь : As a matter of fact; What really matters is ...; On the one hand; On

the other hand; In the first place; It's very hard to ...; It's next to

impossible to ...; In this connection it's necessary to say that ...; I'd like

to add that ...

1. All good speakers have their own style and manner of addressing the audience.

2. To attract the attention of the audience one should always begin in a very loud voice.

3. Experienced speakers begin their speech in a well-modulated voice, pronouncing every word clearly and distinctly.

4. Public speaking is an art which should be mastered and practiced since school time.

5. It's highly advisable to exercise your speech beforehand using a tape-recorder.

6. Very few speakers can speak from memory, without consulting their notes.

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7. It's next to impossible to keep to the point when one must cover a wide range of problems.

8. Enthusiasm and good knowledge of the subject can make up for lack of speaking technique.

9. The personality of a speaker is of great importance for the success of the speech he is making.

10. The art of speaking is an inborn talent and can't be taught or acquired with practice.

13. ь ь- , ь ь

.

14. ь , . ь :

to hold a conference; opening session; commencement address; the items of agenda; a wide range of problems; a top-priority problem; to submit an abstract; to present a paper; to take the floor; to address the meeting; to cover the subject; to direct particular attention to.

15. , . ь :

Certainly (with pleasure); You are (always) welcome; Not at all;

Don't mention it; That was a pleasure; Never mind; That’s all right; No trouble at all; Thank you any way; Thank you just the same.

1. Could you spare me a few minutes? I am anxious to know about your stay at the University.

2. Can you spare me a moment? I'd like to take your advice. 3. I'd be grateful if you could clear up some points. 4. Thank you for telling me all about it. 5. I appreciate your advice. It was helpful. 6. I'm afraid I wasn't of great help. 7. Sorry, I didn't warn you before. 8. Excuse my back. 9. Excuse my troubling /disturbing you. 10. Excuse my interrupting you. 11. Pardon, I've kept you waiting. 12. Excuse my being late.

49

16. ь .

17. ь : ) , є ь ь / ; ) ; )

, , . to give / attend a lecture; a series / course of lectures; excellent /

brilliant lecturer / speaker; well / best presented lectures; to make notes; to use notes; to follow notes as closely as possible; to speak in a loud, wellmodulated voice; to speak in a low dull voice; to speak from memory; to magnetize the audience; to be greatly impressed; to be filled with admiration.

DISCUSSION.

18. i .

: – I should (would) like to ask you ... – Mr.Chairman, may I ask a question to the speaker? – I have another question. – I'm going to ask you a question. – I'd like to know ... – I'd like to point out (to emphazise) that ... – What is your opinion on ... – What is your opinion about the reason for … – Would you tell us how ... – Do I understand you correctly that ... – Do you agree to that? – Will you give me the floor, please? – Could you clarify your point of view? – Could you be a little bit more explicit? – What about ... – What exactly are you suggesting? – Could you be more specific about ... – What evidence have you got for that? – Are you sure of your facts?

: – I like your question.

50

– I haven't quite understood your question, I am afraid. – Please, repeat your question. – May I begin by answering your last question? – I think (suppose, presume) that ... – I believe that... – I have (every, good) reason/ground to believe that ... – In my opinion ... – As to me ... – To my mind ... – As for me ... . – I am of the same opinion. – That's right. – Exactly. – Quite so. – Quite right. – Quite true. – Unless I am mistaken ... – I (quite, fully, entirely) agree with you. – I think so too. – I don't think so. – I don't agree here. – I disagree. – I can't agree with you. – You are (not) quite right. – Just the opposite/on the contrary. – I am afraid you are mistaken here. – It's highly improbable. – I doubt that ... – It's unlikely that ... – As a matter of fact ...

І є , , ь . ь ь :

– Well, let me see ... – Oh, let me think for a moment. – Well now ... – I'm glad you asked me that. – What do I think of your proposal? Well ...

51

, є ь , є ь.

: – I'd rather not answer that if you don't mind. – I've no idea, I'm afraid. – I’m sorry but I’m not the right person to answer that question. – I can't answer that. – I can't answer your question at the moment.

: – Do you mind if I just interrupt? – If I could just get a word in ... – Can I just say something here (on the point)? – Excuse me, but could I just say something? – Sorry for interrupting you but ... – Sorry to interrupt you but ... – I can't let that pass. – May I take a point? – Could I come in here? – Could I say a word about something?

є , : – Certainly. / Sure. – Yes, of course. – Go ahead. – No problems.

є ь, : – If you could just allow me to finish. – I’m sorry, but … – Could I just finish? – Just a moment, please. – This won't take more than a few seconds. – One moment, please.

52

1. ь І. ., . . - ь /

ь є І. . ь . – : , 2009. – 352 .

2. .І. : . – .: ь, 1996. 129 .

3. . . - ь . – : « », 2002. – 352 .

4. . ., .Є. ь « ». –

: , 2012. – 52 . 5. . ., . ., .І. ь

: . – : , 2010. – 447 .

6. ь . . ь / ь . . //

. – . 3. – 1999. – № 2. 7. ь є ь : ,

, // . . ь . . є . – .: , 2003. – 273 .

8. « » // . – 2002. – 20-27 .

9. . ., . . ь . – : , 1999. – 360 .

10. . . . – : , 1995. 11. ь : / ь . ., І. .,

. ., . . – .: ., 2002. – 214 . 12. ь

ь 02,06, 93 №161// ь -

ь . 13. . ь : . /

. , . . – ь : . І. , 2011.– 150 .

14. ь . : . Є. є , . . , І. І. є

. – .: , 2005. – 119 .

53

15. ь .І., І. ., І. . ь -ь , ь - ь

. – ь : , 2012. – 908 . 16. ь ь . .

є ь . – .: " ", 2006. – 248 .

17. Autonomy and independence in language learning / Ed. By P. Benson and P. Voller. – London and New York. Longman. 1997, – 270 p.

18. Norman S. We’re in Business : English for commercial practice and international trade. – England, Longman, 1990.

19. Tellmann U. Redemittel für einen Vortrag / U. Tellmann // Forum Wirtschaftsdeutsch. – : http://www.wirtschatsdeutsch.de