[123]

Abbott, W. S. (1925). A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J

Econ Entomol, 18, 265-267.

Abde Isalam, K. A., Eldeeb, M. A., Elfishawi, A. A. (1992). The role of gamma

irradiation in tolerance of the confused flour beetle, Insect Sci. Appl., 13(1), 2 – 4.

Abdel-Aal, Y.A. I., Lampert, E. P., Roe, R. M., Semtner, P. J., (1992). Diagnostic

esterase and insecticide resistance in the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman

(Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 43(2), 123-133.

Agarwal, U., (1960). Chromosome number and sex determining mechanism in

sixteen species of Indian Coleoptera. Curr. Sci. 29: 140

Ahmed , H. and Gardinar, B.G. (1967). Efffect of mineral oil solvent on the toxicity

and speed of action of malathion. Nature, 214 (S045), 1338-1339.

Andreev, D. D. (1999). Multiple origin of insecticide resistance in Tribolium . J.

Molec.Evolution , 48:615-624.

Andric, G., Kljajic, P., I., Prazic Golic, M. (2010). Susceptibility of red flour beetle

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) populations from Serbia to contact insecticides. 10th

International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection.

Angus, R.B. (1983). Separation of Helophorus grandis, maritimus and occidentalis

sp. n. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis. Systematic

Entomology 8, 1-13.

Anisur-Rahman, M. and Shahjahan, M. (2000). Resistance of red flour beetle,

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), against some commonly used insecticides in

Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Entomol., 10(1/2), 87-95.

Anon, (1978). pp 84-85 in Pest Infestation control laboratory report 1974-76 London,

HMSO.

Anspaugh, D. D., Rose, R. L., Koehler, P.G., Hodgson, E. and Roe, R. M. (1994).

Multiple mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the German cockroach, Blatella

germanica (L.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 50, 138-148.

[124]

Applebaum, S. W. and Konijn, A.M. (1965). The utilization of starch by larvae of

the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. J. Nutrition, 85,275-282.

Arendsen, Hein, S.A. (1920) Studies on variation in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor

L. I. Biological and genetical notes on Tenebrio molitor L. J Genet 10:227-263

Arendsen, Hein, S.A. (1924a) Selektionsversuche mit Prothorax- und

Elytravariationen bei Tenebrio molitor. Entomol Mitt 153:243-275

Arendsen, Hein, S.A. (1924b) Studies on variation in the mealworm Tenebrio

molitor L. II. Variation in tarsi and antennae. J Genet 14:1-38

Armes, N.J., Wightman, J.A., Yadav, D.R. and Rao, G.V.R. (1997). Status of

insecticide resistance in Spodoptera Litura in Andhra Pradesh, India. Pestic. Sci. 50,

240-248.

Arnaud, L., Brostaux, Y., Lallemand, S., and Haubruge, E. (2005). Reproductive

Strategies of Tribolium flour beetles. Jouranal of Insect Science 5. 33

Arthur, F. H. (1994). Efficacy of unsynergised deltamethrin and deltamethrin +

chlorpyrifos-methyl combinations as protectants for stored wheat and stored corn

(maize). J. of Stored Prod. Res. 30, 87-94.

Barsacchi, G. and Gall, J. G. , (1972). Chromosomal localization of repetitive DNA

in the newt, Triturus. J. Cell Biol. 54, 580-591.

Beach, R.F., Rosale, C. and Brogdon, W.G., (1989). Detoxifying esterases may

limit the use of pyrethroids for malaria control in Americans. Parasitol. Today 5, 326-

327.

Beeman, R. W. (1983). Inheritance and linkage of malathion resistance in the red

flour beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 76, 737-740.

Beeman, R. W. and Stuart, J. J. (1990). A gene for lindane + Cyclodiene resistance

in the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. of Econ. Entomol. 83, 1745-

1751

Beeman, R.W. and Brown, S.J. (1999). RAPD-based genetic linkage maps of

Tribolium castaneum. Genetics 153, 333-338.

[125]

Beeman, R.W. and Nanis, S.M.(1986). Malathion resistance alleles and their fitness

in the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ Entomol 79, 580-587.

Beeman, R.W., Johnson, J. R. and Nanis, S. M., (1986). Chromosome

rearrangements in Tribolium castaneum. The Journal of Heredity, 77, 451-456.

Beeman, R.W., Stuart, J.J., Haas, M.S. and Friesen, K.S. (1996). Chromosome

extraction and revision of linkage group 2 in Tribolium castaneum. J. Hered. 87, 224-

232.

Bengston , M., Koch, K. and Strange, A. C. (1991). Chemical control methods. In

Proceedings of the 5th

International Working Conference on Stored –Product

Protection. Bordeaux, France, F. Fleurat-Lessard and P.Ducom (Ed.) pp. 471-482.

Bengston, M., Cooper, L. M. and Grant Taylor, F. J. (1975). A comparison of

bioresmethrin, chlorpyriphos methyl and primiphos methyl as grain protectantagainst

malathion resistant insect in wheat. Qld. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 32, 51-78.

Bengston, M., Davies, R.A.H., Desmarchelier, J.M., Henning, R., Murray, W.,

Simpson, B.W., Snelson, J.T., Sticka, R. and Wallbank, B.E. 1983.

Organophosphorothiotes and synergized synthetic pyrethroids as grain protectants on

bulk wheat. Pest. Sci., 14 : 373-384.

Benson, (1971). On the necessity of controlling the level of insecticide resistance in

insect population. Bio Sci., 21, 1160-1165.

Benyi, K. and Gall, G.A.E. (1978). Genotype environment interaction effects on

growth and development in Tribolium castaneum. J. Herd., 69(2), 71-76.

Berger, E. and Canter, R. (1973). The esterases of Drosophila. The anodal esterases

and their possible role in eclosion. Dev. Biol., 33, 48.

Bergerson, O. and Wool, D., (1986). Genetic variation and the ability to colonize

new niches (food media) in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Heredity, 57, 403-406.

Bergerson, O. and Wool, D., (1988). The process of adaptation of flour beetles to

new environments. Genetica, 77, 3-13.

[126]

Berker, P. S., (1975). The response of eight strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

to hydrogen phosphide. Manit Entomol., 9, 39-42.

Bernfeld, P. (1955). Amylases In : S.P. Colowick and W.O. Kaplan (eds) ‘Methods

in Enzymology’. 1, 149, Academic Press.

Bhatia, S. K. and Panicker, S.N. (1976). Studies on resistance to insecticide in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). VI Inheritance of resistance to p,p’DDT. Indian J. Ent.

38, 63-68.

Bhatia, S. K. and Pradhan, S., (1970). Studies on resistance to insecticide in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 3. Selection of a strain resistant to lindane and its

biological characteristics. J. Stored Prod. Res., 6, 331-337.

Bhatia, S.K. and Nadarjan, L. (1978). Inheritance of black body colour in a mutant

of Tribolium castaneum with notes on its biology. J. Entomol. Res., 2(2), 219-221.

Bisset Lazcano, J. A., Rodriguez, M. M., San Martin, J. L., Romero, J. E. and

Montoya R. (2009). Evaluacion de la resistencia a insecticidas de una cepa de Aedes

aegypti de El Salvador. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 26(3), 229-234.

Bolet, G. (1979). Genetic determination of egg laying in virgin females of Tribolium

castaneum in standard on conditioned medium. Ann. Genet. Sel. Anima 11(3), 251-

266.

Bourguet, D., Genissel, A. and Raymond, M. (2000). Insecticide resistance and

dominance levels, J. Econ Entomol, 93, 1588-1595.

Bouvier, J. C., Bues, R., Boivin, T., Boudinhon, L., Beslay, D. and Sauphanor, B.

(2001). Deltamethrin resistance in the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae):

inheritance and number of genes involved. Heredity 87, 456-462.

Bradbury, S.P. and Coats, J.R. (1989). Comparative toxicology of pyrethroid

insecticides, in : G.W. Ware (Ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology, Vol. 108, Springer, New York, 133-177.

Bremner, T.A., Anderson, M.D., Pope, G.J. and Anderson, R.M. (1983). Genetic

polymorphism of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in 3 species of Tribolium (Coleoptera:

[127]

Tenebrionidae) T. confusum, T. castaneum, T. destructor. Comp Biochem. Physio. ,

74 (4), 755-758.

Brown, A.W.A. (1951). Insect control by chemicals. John Willey and Sons Inc. ,

N.Y., p. 817.

Brown, S.J., Fellers, J.P., Shippy, T. D., Richardson, E.A., Maxwell, M., Stuart,

J.J. and Denell, R.E., (2002). Sequence of the Tribolium castaneum homeotic

complex: the region corresponding to the Drosophila melanogaster Antennapedia

complex. Genetics 160, 1067-1074.

Brown, S.J., Henry, J.K., Blackforth, W.C. and Denell, R.E. (1990).Molecular

genetic manipulation of the red flour beetle: Genome organization and cloning of a

ribosomal protein gene. Ins. Biochem., 20, 185-193.

Bucher, G., Scholten, J. and Klinger, M. (2002). Parental RNAi in Tribolium

(Coleoptera). Curr. Biol. 12, R85-R86.

Campana, M.A., Panzeri, A.M., Moreno, V.J., Dulout, F.N. (1999). Genotoxic

evaluation of the pyrethroid lanmbda-cyhalothrin using the micronucleus test in

erythrocytes of the fish Cheirodon interruptus, Mutat. Res. 438, 155-161.

Campo, J. L. and Raya, L.G. (1986). Realized genetic parameters from an

autogonistic selection index in Tribolium castaneum. Can. J. Cytol. Genet., 28, 358-

364.

Carbonell, E.A., Frey, J.J. and Bell, A.E.(1985). Estimation of maternal sex linked

and additive X additive epistatic gene effects for body size of Tribolium. Theor. Appl.

Genet., 70(2), 133-142.

Carter, S. W., Chadwick, P. R. and Wickman, J. C. (1975). Comparative

observations on the activity of pyrethroids against some susceptible and resistant

stored product beetles. J. of Stored Prod. Res. 11, 135-142.

Chahal, B. S., Ramzan, M. , (1982). Relative efficacy of synthetic pyrethroid and

some organophosphate insecticides against the larvae of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma

granarium Everts). J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 19(2), 123-126.

[128]

Champ, B. R. and Dyte, C. E. (1976). Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide

susceptibility of stored grain pests. Plant Production and Protection Series No. 5,

FAO, Rome: 297 pp.

Champ, B.R. (1986). Occurrence of resistance to pesticides in grain storage pests.

Pesticides and Humid Tropical Grain Storage Systems: ACIAR. Proceedings No. 14.

In B. R. Champ and E. Highley (Ed.). ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, 229-255.

Champ, B.R. and Campbell-Brown, M. J. (1969). Genetics of lindane resistance in

Tribolium castaneum. J. of Stored Prod. Res. 5, 399-406.

Champ, B.R. and Campbell-Brown, M. J. (1970). Insecticide resistance in

Australian Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)- II Malathion

resistance in eastern Australia. J Stored Prod. Res. 6, 111-131.

Chandre, F., Darriet, F., Manguin, S., Brengues, C., Carnevale, P., and Guillet,

P. (1999). Pyrethroid cross resistance spectrum among populations of Anopheles

gambiae from Cote D’Ivoire. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 15, 53-59.

Chang, H.Y. and Lin, F.J. (1990). On the polymorphic esterase – F locus in

Drosophila albomicans. Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. (TAIPEI), 29(2), 81-88.

Chaudhary and Mohammad Quasim, (1990). Biochemical mode of action of

phosphine and mechanism of resistance in two species of stored product beetles. PhD

Univ. of Reading (U.K.)

Chlager, G. (1960). Sperm precedence in the fertilization of eggs in T. castaneum.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53, 557-560.

Cohen, E., Sverdlov, E. and Wool, D. (1976). Expression of esterases during

ontogenesis of the flour beetle, T. castaneum. Biochem. Genet., 15, 253.

Cohen, E., Sverdlov, E. and Wool, D. (1981). Epoxide hydrase activity in the flour

beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,

69, 29.

Collins, P. J. (1990). A new resistance to pyrethroids in Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst). Pesticide Science 28, 101-115.

Collins, P. J. (1998). Inheritance of Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. stored Prod. Res. Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 395-401.

[129]

Colomba, M.S., Vitturi, R. and Zunino, M. (2000). Karyotype analysis, banding,

and fluorescent insitu hybridization in the scarab beetle Gymnopleurus sturmi

McLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae). J. Hered. 91, 260-264.

confusum. Quart Rev Biol 9:36-54

Conyers, C.M., Macnicoll, A.D., Price, N.R., (1998). Purification and

characterization of an esterase involved in resistance to organophosphorus

insecticides in the saw toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera:

Silvanidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28(7), 435-448.

Costa, C. (1999). Coleoptera In: Biodiversidade do Estado de Sao Paulo. (eds CA

Joly and CEM Bicudo),FAPESP, Sau Paulo, Brasil, 113-122.

Costa, C., (2003). Estado de conocimiento de los Coleoptera neotropicals. Bol SEA

(Version Electronica 32). http://www. Sea-entomologia.org/aracnet/11/01/index.htm.

Costantino, R. F., Mumma, R. O. and Bruszewski, T. E., (1970). Genetic analysis

of a population of Tribolium: III Fatty acid sensitive mutant. Heredity, 23, 411-418.

Costantino, R.F., Bell, A.E. and Rogler, J.C. (1966).Genetic control of lipid

metabolism in Tribolium. Nature, 210, 212-213.

Costantino, R.F., Bell, A.E. and Rogler, J.C. (1967). Genetic analysis of a

population of Tribolium: I. Corn oil sensitivity and selection response. Heredity, 22,

529-539.

Costantino, R.F., Bell, A.E. and Rogler, J.C. (1968). Genetic analysis of a

population of Tribolium: II Metabolic pattern of corn oil sensitivity anomaly.

Heredity, 23, 477-483.

Costantino, R.F., Rowe, P.M. (1972). Genetic analysis of a population of Tribolium :

IV Gene expression modified by corn oil and relative humidity. Heredity, 29, 247-

252.

Crow, J. F. (1957). Genetics of insect resistance to chemicals. Ann. Rev. of Entomol.

2, 227-246.

[130]

Crow, J.F. (1960). Genetics of insecticide resistance: general consideration. Misc

Pub Entomol. Soc. Am. 2, 69-74.

Daglish, G.J., Zorzetto, M.J., Lambkin, T.M., Erbacher, J.M., Eelkema, M.

(1992). Control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in

stored peanuts using residual insecticides. Stored Prod. Res. 28, (3).

Dasgupta, J., (1975). Chromosomes of some Indian Tenebrionidae ( insect :

Coleoptera) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. , 81, 1-6.

Dauterman, W. C., 1985. Insect metabolism: extramicrosomal. Comprehensive

Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Volume 12. Insect control.

Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York. pp 713-730.

Davis, B (1964). Disc Electrophoresis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 121, 404-427.

Dawson, P. S. (1965). Estimation of components of phenotypic variance for

development rate in Tribolium. Heredity 20, 403-417.

Demuth, J.P., et al., (2007). Genome wide survey of Tribolium castaneum

microsatellites and description of 509 polymorphic markers. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7,

1189-1195.

Denell, R. (2002). Establishment of Tribolium as a Genetic Model System and Its

Early Contributions to Evo-Devo. Genetics 180: 1779-1786.

Desharnais, R.A. and Costantino, R.F. (1985). Genetic analysis of a population of

Tribolium : 8. The stationary stochastic dynamics of adult numbers. Can. J. Genet. C.,

27(3), 341-350.

Devonshire, A. L. and Field, L.M. M. (1991). Gene amplification and insecticide

resistance. Ann Rev Entomol, 36, 1-23.

Dewees, Andrew A., (1975). Genetic modification of recombination rate in Tribolium

castaneum. Genetics, 81(3), 537-552.

Dhaliwal, B. K., Chawla, R. P., (1995). Evaluation of current status of malathion

resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Punjab.

Indian Pesticide Research Journal, 7(1): 54-57.

[131]

Dhingra, S. Phokela, A. and Mehrotra, K. N. (1988). Cypermethrin resistance in

the population of Heliothis armigera Hubner. Nat. Acad. Sci Letters. II: 123-125.

Dhumale , U. M., Moharil, M.P. and Ghodki, B.S. (2009). Geographical variations

and genetics of pyrethroid resistance in diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. I J I

B, 7(3), 175.

Diez, R., (1979). Selection for flying ability in Tribolium castaneum. Behav. Genet.,

9(2), 115-122.

Drets, M. E., Corbella, E. and Folle, G.A.(1983). C-banding and nonhomologous

associations. Chromosoma 88, 249-255.

Dua, P. S. and Kacker, R. K. , (1980). Chromosome numbers in Indian Coleoptera.

Rec. Zool. Surv. India. , 76, 259-285.

Dutt, M. K. , (1953). Chromosome of Opatroides vicinus. Fairm. (Coleoptera :

Tenebrionidae). Curr. Sci., 22, 278.

Dyte, C. E. and Blackman, D. G., (1970). The spread of insecticide resistance in

Tribolium castneum. J. Stored Prod. Res., 6, 255-261.

Dyte, C. E. and Blackman, D. E. (1967). Selection of a DDT resistance strain of T.

castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored. Prod. Res., 2, 211-218.

Dyte, C. E., Green, A. A. and Pinniger, D. B. (1974). Some consequences of the

development of insecticide resistance in stored products insects. Proc. Ist Int. Working

Conf. on Stored Product Entomol, Savannah, Ga 261-271.

El-Lakwah, F. A., Darwish, A. A., Khattab, M. M., Abdel-Latif, A. M., (1996).

Development of resistance to carbon dioxide and phosphine in the red flour beetle

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Annals of Agriculture Sciences, 34 (4): 1907-1923.

Elliott, M., Janes, N. F., and Potter, C., (1978). The future of pyrethroids in insect

control. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 23, 443-469.

Enayati, A.A. and Hemingway, J. (2006). Pyrethroid insecticide resistance and

treated bednets efficacy in malaria control. Pest Biochem. Physiol. 84(2), 116-126.

[132]

Ennis,T.J.(1974).Chromosome structure in Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae). I.

Fluorescent and Giemsa banding Patterns. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 16, 651-661.

Erdman, E. E. (1970). Effects of X- irradiation and the insecticide DDT on the

mortality and reproduction of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and Tribolium

castaneum , with a genetic interpretation for DDT resistance. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 63,

191-197.

Falconer, D.J. (1989). Introduction to quantitative genetics. 3rd

Ed., Longman,

London, United Kingdom.

FAO plant protection paper 21, “Recommended methods for measurement of pest

resistance to pesticide”.

Finney, D. G. (1952). Probit Analysis. A statistical treatment of the sigmoid response

curve, 2nd

ed. Cambridge University Press, London.

Finney, D. J. (1946). The application of probit method to the toxicity test data

adjusted for mortality into control. Ann. Appl. Biol., 31, 68-74.

Finney, D. J. (1971) Probit Analysis, 3rd

Ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

Georghiou, G. P. (1969). Genetics of resistance to insecticides in house flies and

mosquitoes. Exp. Parasitol. 26, 224-255.

Georghiou, G.P. and Taylor, C.E. (1986). Factors influencing the evolution of

resistance. In: Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactis for Management, pp,157-

169. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Georghiou, P. (1972). The evolution of resistance to pesticide: a book review.

Goh, D. K. S., Anspaugh, D. D., Motoyama, N., Rock, G. C., Roe, R. M., (1995).

Isolation and characterization of an insecticide-resistance associated esterase in the

tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 51 (3): 192-

204.

Good, N. E. (1936). The flour beetle of the genus Tribolium. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dep.

Agric., 498, 1-58.

[133]

Goodpasture, C. and Bloom, S.E. (1975). Visualization of nucleolar organizer

regions in mammalian chromosomes using silver staining. Chromosoma 53, 37-50.

Gordon, H.T. (1961), Nutritional factors in insect resistance to chemicals. Ann. Rev.

Entomol. 6, 27-54.

Guenin, F., (1950). Chromosome et heterochromosomes de tenebrionides. Genetica,

25, 157-182.

Haliscak , J. P. and Beeman, R. W. (1983). Status of malathion resistance in five

genera of beetles infesting farm stored corn, wheat and Oat in the U.S., J. Econ.

Entomol., 76, 717-722.

Halliday, W.R. and Georghiou, G.P. (1985). Inheritance of resistance to permethrin

and DDT in the southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Econ.Entomol. 78,

762-767.

Harold and Ottea, 1997 Harold, J. A., Ottea, J. A., 1997. Toxicological significance

of enzyme activities in profenofos-resistant tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens

(F.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 58 (1): 23-33.

Haubruge, E., Amichot, M., Cuany, A., Berge,J.B.and Arnaud,L. (2002).

Purification and characterization of carboxylesterase involved in malathion- specific

resistance from Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insect

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32, 1181-1190.

Healy, M.J., Dumancic, M. M. and Oakeshott, J. G. (1991). Bochemical and

Physiological studies of soluble esterases from Drosophila melanogaster.

Biochemical Genetics 29 (7/8), 365-387.

Hemingway, J., 2000. The molecular basis of two contrasting metabolic mechanisms

of insecticide resistance. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30(11): 1009-1015.

Hemingway, J., Hankes , N. J., Mc Caroll, L. and Ranson, H. (2004). The

molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.

34, 653-665.

Herbst, J. F. W. (1797). Natursystem aller bekannten in undauslandischen insekten,

als eine Fortsetzung der vom Buffonschen Naturgeschichte. Der kafer pts, 4-7. Berlin.

[134]

Hideaki Hausi and K. Ozaki, (1984). Electrophoretic esterase patterns in the Brown

Plant Hoppers, Nilparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera) which developed resistance to

insecticides. Appl. Ent. Zool., 19(1), 52-58

Hinton, H. E. (1948). A synopsis of the genus Tribolium Macley with some remarks

on the evolution of its species groups. Bull. Entomol. Res., 39, 13-55.

Howe, R.W., (1956). The effects of temperature and humidity on the rate of

development and mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera,

Tenebrionidae). Ann. Appl. Biol., 44, 356-368

Howell, W. M., and Black, D. A., (1980). Controlled silver staining of nucleolus

organizer regions with protective colloidal developer: A 1-step method. Experientia

36:1014-1015.

Hoy, M.A. (1999). Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides. In

Denholm I Pickett J.A. and Devonshire A.L. (Eds.), Insecticide resistance: from

mechanism to management. CABI Publishing, Oxon, 111-119.

Hubbell, H. R., (1985). Silver staining as an indicator of active ribosomal genes.

Stain Technol. 60: 285-94.

humidity, and competition in 2 species of Tribolium. Physiol Zool 27:177-238

Hurst, H. (1943). Principles of insecticidal bioassay. Nature, 152(3858), 400-404.

Ishaaya, I., Ascher, K. R. S., Casida, J. E., 1983. Pyrethroid synergism by esterase

inhibition in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae. Crop Prot. 2 (3): 335-343.

Jacob, S. A. and Mohan, M. S. (1975). Predation on certain stored product insects

by red flour beetle. Indian J. Entomol., 35(2), 95-98.

Jeffery P. Demuth, D. (2007). Genome wide survey of Tribolium castaneum

microsatellites and description of 509 polymorphic markers. Molecular Ecology

Notes , 7: 1189-1195

Jitender, K. and Bhatia, S. K. (1982). Inheritance of resistance to lindane in a

laboratory selected strain of Tribolium castaneum. Pestic. Sci., 13(5), 513-516.

[135]

Jockush, D. R. (2008). Relationships among pest flour beetles of the genus Tribolium

(Tenebrionidae) inferred from multiple molecular markers. Mol. Phylogenet Evol. ,

46(I): 127-141.

John, B. and Lewis K. R., (1960). Nucleolar controlled segregation of the sex

chromosomes in beetles. Heredity 15: 431-439.

John, B. and Lewis, K. R. , (1960 b). Nucleolar controlled segregation of the sex

bivalent in beetles. Heredity, 15, 431-439.

Joneja, M. G., (1960). Chromosome number and sex determining mechanism in

twenty five species of Indian Coleoptera. Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. Sci., 11, 249-251.

Juan, C. , Gosalvez, J. , Mezzanotte, R. and Petitpierre, E. , (1991). Cytological

and biochemical characterization of the insitu endonuclease digestion of fixed

Tenebrio molitor chromosomes. Chromosoma, 100, 432-438.

Juan, C. , Gosalvez, J. and Petitpierre, E. , (1990). Improving beetle karyotype

analysis : restriction endonuclease banding of Tenebrio molitor fixed chromosomes.

Heredity, 65, 157-162.

Juan, C. , Vazquez, P. , Rubio, J. M. , Petitpierre, E. , and Hewitt, G. M. , (1993).

Presence of highly repetitive sequences in Tribolium flour beetles. Heredity, 70, 1-8.

Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. , (1989). C-banding and DNA content in seven species

of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Genome, 32, 834-839.

Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. , (1989). Karyological differences among Tenebrionidae

(Coleoptera). Genetica, 80, 101-108.

Kacker, R. K., (1968). Studies on the chromosomes of Indian Coleoptera (3)

Chromosomes compliment and spermatogenesis in two species of beetles of the

family Tenebrionidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. , 21,29-34.

Kambysellis, M. P., Johnson, F. M. and Richardson, R. M. (1968). Isozyme

variability in species of the genus Drosophila IV. Distribution of the esterases in the

body tissues of D. aldrichi and D. mulleri adults. Biochem. Genet., 1, 249.

[136]

Karunaratne, S. H. P. P. (1998). Insecticide resistance in insects: a review, Cey. J.

Sci. (Bio Sci.) 25, 72-99.

Kaur, P. and Prakash, R. (1979). Ontogenetic esterase isozyme and their

significance in Zaprionus paravittiger. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 17, 644.

Kem, T. R. (1977). Selection of strain of Tribolium castaneum resistant to phosphine.

Ent. Res., 1, 213-17.

King, C. E. and Dawson, P. S. (1973). Habitat selection by flour beetles in complex

environments. Physiol. Zool., 46, 297-309.

Korochkin, L. I. and Matveeva, N. M. (1974). Genetics of esterases in Drosophila

in the virilis group. II Sequential expression of paternal and maternal esterases in

ontogenesis. Biochem. Genet., 12,1.

Krishna, S. A. and Saxena, K. N. (1962). Digestion and absorption of food in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Physiol. Zool., 35, 66-78.

Kumar and Bhatia, (1982)

Kumar, K. and Rattan Lal, (1966). Comparative toxicity of some recently

introduced organic insecticides to some insect pests of crop. Ind. J. Ent., 28(2), 258-

264.

Langer, Georges and Allen M. Young (1976). Habitat selection in 2 species of flour

beetles (Tribolium) on a temperature gradient. AM Midl. Nat., 95(1), 131-143.

Lee, S. E. and Lees, E. M. (2001). Biochemical mechanism of resistance in strains of

Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) Resistant to malathion and

Chlorpyrifos-Methyl. J. Econ . Entomol. 94(3), 706-713.

Levan, A. , Fredga, K. and Sandberg, A. A. , (1965). Nomenclature for centromeric

positions on chromosomes. Heredity, 52, 201-220.

Levan, A., Fredga, K. and Sandberg, A.A. (1964). Nomenclature for centromeric

position on chromosomes. Hereditas 52, 201-220.

Lewontin, R. C. (1965). Selection for colonizing ability. P. 77-91. In baker, H. G. :

Stebbins, G. L. (Ed), Genetics of colonizing species. Academic Press.

[137]

Lloyd, C. J. and Ruczkowski, G.E. (1980). The cross resistance to pyrethrins and

eight synthetic pyrethroids, of an organophosphorus resistant strain of the red rust

flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) (Herbst). Pesticide Science 11, 331-340.

Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, R. I., (1951). Protein

measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265.

Manna, G. K. , (1969). Some aspects of chromosome cytology. Proc. 56th

Indian Sci.

Congr. , 2, 1-30.

Mansee, A. H. and Montasser, M. R. (2003). Maximizing Toxicity of Certain

Insecticides Against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Agriculture and Marine Sciences,

8 (1): 27-34.

Marce D. Lorenzen, Z. (2005). Genetic linkage maps of the Red Flour Beetle

Tribolium castaneum Based on Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Expressed

Sequence Tags. Genetics , 170:741-747.

Mashroof, R., Subramanyam, B., and Flinn, P. (2005). Reproductive Performance

of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Exposed to the Minimum Heat

Treatment Temperature as Pupae and Adults. J. Econ. Entomol. 98(2): 626-633.

Mathur, G., and Saxena, S. C., (1984). Effect of penfluron and difluron on the

growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Ind. J. Entomol., 46(4),

481-483.

Mayes, Paul A. and Duwayne C. Englert (1984). Interstrain differences for larval

dispersal and egg cannibalism in the flour beetle. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 26(4), 420-

424.

McCaffery, A. R., 1998. Resistance to insecticides in heliothine Lepidoptera: A

global view. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 353(1376): 1735-1750.

McCaffery, A. R., Gladwell, R. T., El-Nayir, H., Walker, C. H., Perry, J. N.,

Miles, M. J., 1991. Mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in laboratory and field

strains of Heliothis virescens. Suppl. Southwest. Entomol. 15: 143-158.

[138]

McCauley, D. E. and Wade, W. J. (1980). Group selection the genetic and

demographic basis for the phenotypic differentiation of small population of Tribolium

castaneum. Evolution, 34, 813-821.

Medrano, Juan Fernano and Ricardo Bressani (1977). Evaluation of nutritional

quality of food with the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum: 1Effects of protein

concentration in the diet on larval growth, and developmental time. Nutr. Rep. Int.,

16(3), 255-266.

Mikhailov, A.T. and Torrado, M. (2000). Carboxylesterases moonlight in the male

reproductive tract: a functional shift pivotal for male fertility. Frontiers in Bioscience

5, 53-62

Miller, D.A., Dev, V.G., Tantravahi, R. and Miller, O.J. (1976). Suppression of

human nucleolus organizer activity in mouse human somatic hybrid cells. Exp. Cell.

Res. 101, 235-243.

Misra, H.P. 1995 Studies on the development of resistance to fenvalerate in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and its interaction with gamma radiation. Ph.D. Thesis,

P.G. School, IARI, New Delhi. 120pp

Miyazaki, M., Ohyama, K., Dunlap, D.Y., Matsumura, F. (1995). Cloning and

sequencing of the para-type sodium channel gene from susceptible and kdr- resistant

German Cockroaches (Blatella germanica) and house fly (Musca domestica). Mol.

Gen. Genet. 8, 252-61

Mota-Sanchez, D., Bills, P.S., Whalon, M.E. (2002). Arthropod resistance to

pesticide: status and overview. In: Pesticides-in agriculture-and-the –environment.

241-272.

Mujeeb, K. A. , and Shakoori, A. R. (2007). Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fury,

A gainst Different Developmental Stages of Three Strains of Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst). Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 39(6), pp. 361-366.

Mukharjee, A. B. and Saxena, V. C. (1970). Relative toxicity of some

organophosphorus insecticides to the adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a pest of stored cereals. Ind. J. Ent., 32(3), 246-250.

[139]

Mukharjee, S. P. and Misra, D. S. (1972). Relative toxicity of some organic

insecticides to the larval and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a pest of stored

cereals. Ind. J. Ent., 34(2), 130-135.

Nakakita, Toru Hayashi, Shoheiaoki and Koji Kawashima, (1985).

Radiosensitivity of phosphine resistant and susceptible strains of the red flour beetle,

Tribolium castaneum. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 29(3), 242-246.

Noiman and Wool, D. (1982). Genetic and ecological properties of malathion

resistance in a field strain of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Z. Angew.

Entomol., 93(5), 496-503.

Olivia, R. B. (2009). Strain specific priming of resistance in the red flour

beetleTribolium castaneum. Proc. R. Soc.B , 276:145-151.

Ono, M., Richman, J.S. and Siegfried, B.D.(1994). Invitro metabolism of parathion

in susceptible and parathion resistance strains of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum

(Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 49, 191-197.

Oppenoorth, F. J., (1984). Biochemistry of insecticide resistance. Pestic. Biochem.

Physiol. 22 (2): 187-193.

Pai, A., Sharakhov IV, Braginets, O., Costa, C., Yan, G.Y. (2003). Identification of

microsatellite markers in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Molecular

Ecology Notes, 3, 425-427.

Park , T. (1936). Studies in population physiology V, the oxygen consumption of the

flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval. J. Cell and Comp. Physiol., 7, 313-323.

Park , T., Mertz, D. B. and Holecek, H., (1974). Factors affecting the susceptibility

of flour beetles pupae to cannibalism by adults. Physiol. Zool., 47, 226-272.

Park, T. (1934) Observations on the general biology of the flour beetle Tribolium

Park, T. (1937) The inheritance of the mutation "pearl" in the flour beetle Tribolium

castaneum Herbst. Am Nat 71:143-157

[140]

Park, T. (1948) Experimental studies of inter-species competition. 1. Competition

between populations of the flour beetles Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium

castaneum Herbst. Ecol Monogr 18:265-307

Park, T. (1948). Experimental studies of interspecies competitions. I. Competition

between populations of the flour beetles Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium

castaneum Herbst. Ecological Monographs, 18, 265-308.

Park, T. (1954) Experimental studies of inter-species competition. 2. Temperature,

Park, T. (1957) Experimental studies of inter-species competition. 3. Relation of

initial species proportion to competitive outcome in populations of Tribolium. Physiol

Zool 30:22-40

Park, T. M. (1965). Cannibalistic predation in population of flour beetles. Physiol.

Zool., , 38:289-321.

Park, T. M. (1968). The cannibalism of pupae by adult flour beetles. Physiol.Zool., ,

41:228-253.

Park, T. Mertz, D.B., Grodzinski, W., Prus, T. (1965) Cannibalistic predation in

populations of flour beetles. Physiol Zool 38:289-321

Pasalu, I. C. and Bhatia, S. K. (1983). Inheritance of resistance to malathion in

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Animal Sci). 92: 409-414.

Pasteur, N. and Kastritsis, C. D. (1971). Developmental studies in Drosophila. 1.

Acid phosphatases, esterases and other proteins in organs and whole fly homogenate

during development of D. pseudoobscura. Dev. Biol. , 26, 525.

Pavlopoulos, A., Berghammer, A.J., Averof, M., Klingler, M. (2004). Efficient

transformation of the beetle Tribolium castaneum using the Minos transposable

element: quantitative and qualitative analysis of genomic integration events. Genetics,

167, 737-746.

Perry, A.S., Yamamoto, I., Ishaaya, I. and Perry, R.Y. (1998). Insecticides in

Agriculture and Environment: Retrospect’s and Prospects, Springer, Berlin, pp. 261

[141]

Pope, G. J., Martin, D., Anderson and Theodore A. Bremner (1986). Constatancy

and divergence of amylase loci i four species of Tribolium ( Coleptera terebrionidae).

Comp.Bio chem physical,B.comp. Biochem.,, 83 (2):331-334.

Prabhakaran, S.K. and Kamble, S. T. (1996). Biochemical characterization and

purification of esterases from three strains of German cockroach, Blatella germanica

(Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 31, 73-86.

Pradhan, S. and Govindan, M. (1953). Effect of temperature on the degree of

susceptibility of insects to fumigation. Ind. J. Ent., 15, 362-375.

Pradhan, S. and Sarup, P. (1960). Relative toxicity of some insecticides to the

larvae of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as a pest of millet

cereals. Ind. J. Ent. , 22(1), 27-30.

Prakash, H. S. and Reddy, G. S. (1978). Variability of alpha and beta esterase

activities in the ontogeny of Drosophila rajasekari. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 16, 546.

Prpic, N.M., Wigand, B., Damen, W.G., and Klingler, M. (2001). Expression of

dachshund in wild type and Distal less mutant Tribolium corroborates serial

homologies in insect appendages. Dev. Genes Evol. 211, 467-477.

Prpic, N.M., Wigand, B., Damen, W.G., Klingler, M. (2001) Expression of

dachshund in wild-type and Distal-less mutant Tribolium corroborates serial

homologies in insect appendages. Dev Genes Evol 211:467-477

Raychaudhary, A. and Butz, A. (1965). Aging I. Effects of parental age on the life

cycle of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 58,

535-540.

Raymond, M., Pastuer, N. and Georghiou, P. (1987). Inheritance of chlorpyriphos

resistance in Culex pipens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and estimation of the number of

genes involved. Heredity, 58, 351-356.

Reddy, D.S., Srivastava, C. and Dhingra, S. (2004). Toxicity of different

insecticides against malathion resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium

castaneum (Herbst). J. ent. Res., 28(2) : 147-152.

[142]

Reynolds, J. M. (1943). Effects of parental feeding on the rate of development and

mortality of Tribolium destructor Uytt. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Nature, Lond.,

151,55.

Rich , S. S., Bell, A. E. and Wilson, S. P. (1979). Genetic drift in small population of

Tribolium. Evolution, 33, 579-584.

Rich , S. S., Bell, A. E. and Wilson, S. P. (1980). Genotype –environment interaction

effects in long term selected population of Tribolium. J. Hered., 71, (5), 319-322.

Rich, E. (1956). Egg cannibalism and fecundity in Tribolium. Ecology, 109-120.

Richmond, R. C., Gilbert, D. G., Sheehan, K. B., Gromko, M. H. and

Butterworth, F. M. (1980). Esterase-6 and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Science, 207, 1483.

Riddle et al., 1986

Riddle, R. A. and Dawson, P. S. (1983). Genetic control of emigration behaviour in

Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum. Behav. Genet. , 13(4), 421-434.

Riddle, R., (1983). Genetic control of migration behaviour in Tribolium.

Biochem.Gemet., , 21:167-176.

Riskallah, M. R. , Abd Elghafar, S. F. , Abo Elghar, M. R. , Nassar, M.E.,

Elghafar, S. F. A. and Elghar, M. R. A. (1983). Development of resistance and

cross resistance in fenvalerate and deltamethrin selected strains of Spodoptera

littoralis (Boisd.). Pestic Sci. 14, 508-512.

Rodriguez, M.M., Bisset, J.A., Rodriguez, I., and Diaz, C. (1997). Determination

of insecticide resistance and its biochemical mechanisms in 2 strains of Culex

quinquifaciatus from Cuba. Abstract: Rev. Cubana. Med. Trop. 49, 209-214.

Rossi. E., Cosimi, S. and Loni, A. (2010). Insecticide resistance in Italian

population of Tribolium flour beetles. Bulletin of Insectology 63(2) : 251-258

Rossiter, L.C., Gunning, R V. and Rose, H.A. (2001). The use of Polyacrylamide

Gel Electrophoresis for the investigation and detection of fenitrothion and

[143]

chlorpyrifos-methyl resistance in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera,

Silvanidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 69, 27-34.

Rowlands, D. G. (1975). The metabolism of contact insecticides in stored grains. III

1970-1974. Residue Rev., 58, 113-115.

Rozek, M., Lachowska, D., (2001). C-bands on chromosomes of flour beetle species

(Coleoptera: Carabidae, Silphidae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae). Folia Biologica 49: 3-4.

Samallow, P. P. (1983). X- linked and autosomal inheritance patterns of homologous

genes in two species of Tribolium . Biochem. Gemet., , 21:167-176.

Sasaki, F. (1974). Esterase isozyme in Drosophila virilis: Developmental aspects of

the α and β esterases and their distribution in the body parts. Jap. J. Genet., 49, 223.

Sawicki, R.M. (1987). Definition, detection and documentation of insecticide

resistance. In Ford MG Holloman DW Khambay BPS Sawicki RM (Eds.) Combating

resistance to xenobiotics: Biological and Chemical Approaches. Ellis Horwood,

London. 105-117.

Saxena, J. D. , Bhatia, S.K. and Sinha, S.R. (1991a). Status of insecticide resistance

in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in India. V- Resistance to DDT Bull. Grain Tech. 29

: 89-92.

Saxena, J.D. and Sinha, S.R. (1989). Dichlorvos resistance in Tribolium castaneum.

Indian J. Agric. Sci. 59: 191-193.

Saxena, J.D., Banerjee, S.K. and Sinha, S.R. (1992). Pyrethroid resistance in field

populations of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders in India. Indian J.

Ent. 54 : 347-350.

Saxena, J.D., Bhatia, S.K. and Sinha, S.R. (1991b ). Status of insecticide resistance

in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in India. IV Resistance to phosphine Bull. Grain

Tech. 29 : 148-151.

Saxena, P. S. (1985). Toxicity and structural relationship of newly synthesized

organotin derivative against Trogoderma granarium( Everts) ad T. castaneum(Herbst)

the stored product pests. . Biologist, , 17(1), 23-24.

[144]

Saxena, S. C. and Veena Pareek, (1992). Effect of pyrethroids on Vth instar larvae

of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Ad. Bios., 11(II) , 39-44.

Saxena, Y. and Saxena, S.C. (1975). On the role of antennae in the reproductive

biology of Tribolium castaneum subjected to the crowding stress. Geo Bios.

(Jodhpur), 2(5), 149-151.

Scharf , M. E., Neal, J.J. and Bennett, G.W. (1997). Changes of insecticide

resistance levels and detoxication enzymes following insecticide selection in the

German cockroach, Blatella germanica (L.). Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 59(2), 67-79.

Scharf, M. E., Neal, J. J. and Bennett, G. W. (1998). Changes of insecticide

resistance levels and detoxication enzymes following insecticide selection in the

German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) Pest. Biochem. and Physiol. 59, 67-79.

Schroder, R., Eckert, C., Wolff, C. and Tautz, D. (2000). Conserved and divergent

aspects of terminal patterning in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Proceedings of the

National Acad. Sci. U.S.A 97, 6591-6596.

Shariff, G., Vohra, P., and Qualset, C. O. (1981). The nutritional evaluation of

wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale and rice grains using the red flour beetle

(Tribolium castaneum). Cereal Chem., 58(2), 86-89.

Sharma, G. P., Handa, S. M. and Sharma, S., (1973). Karyotype and sex

mechanism in four species of Tenebrionid beetles. Curr. Sci. 42: 216.

Sharma, G. P., Handa, S. M., and Sharma, S. , (1977). Karyometrical analysis of

three species of Tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera). Res. Bull. Punjab Univ. , 28(3-4),

197-199.

Shimeld, L., (1989). A cytogenetic examination of eight species of Tribolium. Tribo.

Inf. Bull. , 29, 102-107.

Siegfried, B. D. and Ono, M. (1993). Mechanism of parathion resistance in the

greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 45, 24-33.

Siegfried, B. D. and Scott, J. G. (1992). Biochemical characterization of hydrolytic

and oxidative enzymes in insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of the German

cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 1092-1098.

[145]

Simon, E. and Boussy, I. A. (1987). A sensitive and efficient isozyme technique for

small arthropods and other invertebrates. Bull. Ent. Res. , 77, 407-415.

Sinha, S. R. and Saxena, J. D. (1999). Laboratory Selection of the Red Flour Beetle

Tribolium castaneum for Resistance to Deltamethrin. Indian J. Ent., 61(4): 337-341.

Sinha, S.R and Saxena, J.D. (2001). Status of lindane resistance in Tribolium

castaneum in India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 63 (2): 166-169.

Small, G. J. and Hemingway, J. (2000). Differential glycosylation produces

heterogeneity in elevated esterases associated with insecticide resistance in the brown

planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 30, 443-453.

Smith, S. G. , (1962). Cytogenetic pathways in beetle speciation. Can. Ent. , 94, 941-

55.

Smith, S. G. and Virkki, N. , (1978). Animal Cytogenetics. 3. Insecta. 5. Coleoptera.

– Gebruder Borntraeger.

Smith, S. G., (1950). The cytotaxonomy of Coleoptera. Can. Ent. , 82, 58-68.

Smith, S. G., (1951). Evolutionary changes in the sex chromosomesmof Coleoptera.

Genetica, 25, 552-524.

Smith, S. G., (1952a). The evolution of heterochromatin in the genus Tribolium

(Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera). Chromosoma, 4, 585-610.

Smith, S. G., (1952b). The cytology of some Tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera). J.

Morph. 91: 325-64.

Smith, S. G., (1953). Chromosome numbers of Coleoptera. Heredity, 7: 31-48.

Smith, S. G., (1960). Chromosome numbers of Coleoptera II. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. ,

2, 67-88.

Soderlund, D. M. and Bloomquist, J.R. (1990). Molecular mechanism of insecticide

resistance. In Roush RT and Tabashnik BE(Eds.) Pesticide resistance in Arthropods,

Chapman and Hall, New York, 58-96.

[146]

Sokal, R. R. and Fujii , K. (1972). The effects of genetic background on the ecology

of selection in Tribolium population Evolution, 26, 489-512.

Sokal, R. R. and Karten, I. U. (1964). Competition among genotypes in Tribolium

castaneum at varying densities and gene frequencies (the black locus) Genetics, 49,

195-211.

Sokal, R. R. and Sonleitner, F. J. (1968). The ecology of selection in hybrid

population of Tribolium Ecological monograph, 38, 345-379.

Sokoloff, A. (1977). The Biology of Tribolium with special emphasis in Genetics

aspects. vol.3, oxford university press.

Sokoloff, A., (1966). The genetics of Tribolium and related species. Academic Press,

New York. 212pp.

Srinath, D., Raghunathan, A. N. and Majumdar, S. K. (1976) Stored product

insects as carriers of toxicogenic fungi. Ind. J. Entomol., 38(2), 189-191.

Srivastava ,2007 personal communication, IARI, PUSA

Srivastava, M. K. and Krishna Gopal, (1984). Relative toxicity of

organophosphorus insecticide against stored grain pests. J. Adv. Zool., 5 (1), 23-28.

Stuart, J. J., and Mocelin, G. (1995). Cytogenetics of chromosome rearrangements

in Tribolium castaneum. Genome 38: 673-680.

Stuart, J. J., Ray, S., Harrington, B. J., Neal, J. J. and Beeman, R. W. (1998).

Genetic Mapping of a Major Locus Controlling Pyrethroid Resistance in Tribolium

castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 91(6): 1232-1238.

Subramanyam, B., Wright, V. E. and Fleming E. E. (1992). Laboratory evaluation

of food baits for their relative ability to retains 3 species of stored product beetles

(Coleoptera) J. Agri. Entomol., 9(2).

Sukumar, K. 1987). Impact of chemicals on feeding and reproduction in insects Proc

Ind. Acad. Sci. (Anim Sci.), 96(3), 311-316.

Sumner, A. T. , (1972). A simple technique for demonstration of centromeric

heterochromatin. Exp. Cell. Res. , 75, 304-306.

[147]

Suzhi Wang, M. (2008). Analysis of repetitive DNA distribution patterns in the

Tribolium castaneum genome. 9:R61(doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-3-r61 .

Sverdlov, E. and Wool, D. (1973). The effect of rearing Tribolium castaneum in

used culture medium on the developmental time of the next generation. ent. exp. and

appl., 16, 505-556.

Sverdlov, E., Wool, D. and Cohen, E. (1970). Esterases of some Tribolium strains.

Trib. Info. Bull.

Tabashnik, B. E., Schwartz, J. M., Finson, N. and Johnson, M. W. (1992).

Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera:

Plutellidae). J Econ Entomol, 85, 1046-1055.

Terriere, L.C. (1984). Induction of detoxication enzymes in insects. Ann. Rev.

Entomol. 29, 71-88.

Text Book of Insect Toxicology: Evaluation of toxicity of insecticides.

The-Database-of-Arthropod-Resistance-to-Pesticides, 2003

Timothy, A. L. and Ayala, F. J. (1980). Molecular genetics, Academic press,

London.

Toews, M. D., Arthur, F. H., and Campbell, J. F. (2005). Role of Food and

Structural Complexity on the Capture of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae) in Simulated Warehouses. Environ. Entomol. 34(1): 164-169

Toro, M. A., Rafael Diez and Carlos Lopez Fanzul (1979). Genetic differences

between population for a quantitative trait, Studies with Tribolium castaneum. J.

Hered., 76(6), 451-455.

Trivedi (1993): Studies on the biology, genetics and toxicology of Tribolium

castaneum (Herbst) .Thesis, DEI

Ugarkovic, D., Plohl, M., Petitpierre, E., Lucijanic-Justic V and Juan, C. (1994).

1996) Tenebrio obscures satellite DNA is resistant to cleavage by restriction

endonucleases in situ. Chromosome Research 2, 217-223.

[148]

Ved brat, S. S. and Whitt, G. S. (1975). Isozyme ontogeny of the mosquito,

Anopheles albimanus. Isozymes, Vol. III Developmental Biology, Academic Press,

New York, p. 131.

Veerbhadrappa, P. S., Marcus, S. R. and Shadaksharaswamy, M. (1978).

Electrophoretic study of esterases in different tissues of the beetle Haltica

caerules Olivier. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 16, 1158.

Verma, K.V.S. and Rahman, S.J. (1986). Development of knockdown resistance

(kdr) against fenvalerate in a DDT resistant strain of Anopheles stephensi. Curr. Sci.

55, 914-916.

Vidal, O.R., Giaccomozzi, R.O. and Riva, R. (1977). Los cromosomas de la

subfamilia Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). I. Inversion pericentrica en

Diloboderus abderus (Sturm) 1862. Physis. 37, 303-309.

Virkki, N. (1983). Banding of Oedionychna (Coleoptera: Alticinae)chromosomes: C-

and Ag- bands. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 67, 221-225.

Virkki, N. and Denton, A. (1987). Silver staining of the elements of spermatogenesis

in Oedionychna (Crysomelidae: Alticinae). Hereditas 106, 37-49.

Virrki, N., Mazzella, C. and Denton, A. (1991). Silver staining of the Coleopteran

Xyp sex bivalent. Cytobios 67: 45-63.

Vojoudi et al., 2012 Vojoudi S., Saber M., Mahdevi V., Golshan H. and Abedi Z.

(2012). Efficacy of some insecticides Against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium

castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults exposed on Glass, Ceramic

Tile, Plastic and Paper disc Surfaces. Journal of Life Sciences 6, 405-410.

Vulule, J.M., Beach, R.F., Atieli, F.K., McAllister, J.C., Brogdon, W.G., Roberts,

J.M., Mwangi, R.W. and Hawley, W.A. (1999). Elevated oxidases and esterase

levels associated with permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae from Kenyan

villages using permethrin impregnated nets. Med. Vet. Entomol. 13, 239-244.

W Islam R. K. and Mondal K A M S H (2009). Performance of Cypermethrin,

Deltamethrin and Nimbicidine on larval development of Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst). J. bio-sci. 17: 45-50.

[149]

W Islam, R. K. and Mondal K A M S H (2010). Effects of Cypermethrin,

Deltamethrin and Nimbicidine on Population of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. bio-

sci. 18: 84-87

Wade, M. (1980). Effective population size :the effect of sex, genotype and density

on the mean and variance of offsprings number in flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum.

Genet. Res., 36:1-10.

Watters, F. L. (1976). Persistence and uptake in wheat of malathion and Bromophos

applied on granary surfaces to control the red flour beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. , 69,

353-356.

Watters, F. L. (1977). Comparison of acephate and malathion applied to stored grain

for control of rusty grain beetles and red flour beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. , 70(3), 377-

380

Watters, F. L., White, N. D. G. and Cote, D. (1983). Effect of Temperature on

Toxicity and Persistence of Three Pyrethroid Insecticides Applied to Fir Plywood for

the control of the Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ. Entomol.

76: 11-16.

Websites: Google.com

Werner, P. (1997). Insecticide resistance in red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the Czech Republic. Ochrana Rostlin, 33 (1): 57-63.

Wheeler, S.R., Carrico, M.L., Wilson, B.A., Brown, S.J., Skeath, J.B. (2003) The

expression and function of the achaete-scute genes in Tribolium castaneum reveals

conservation and variation in neural pattern formation and cell fate specification.

Development 130:4373-4381

White , N.D. G. and Bell, R. J.(1990). Relative fitness of a malathion-resistant strain

of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucijidae) when development and

oviposition occur in malathion treated and untreated wheat kernels. Journal of Stored

Products Research 26, 23-47.

[150]

White, N. (1983). Effect of continuous exposure of malathion resistant red flour

beetle to melathion treated wheat or wheat exposed to treated surface. J. Economic

Entom., , 76, No.73

WHO, 1957). WHO Expert Committee on insecticides

Whyard, S., Downe, A. E. R., Walker, V.K., (1995). Characterization of a novel

esterase conferred insecticide resistance in the Culex tarsalis, Arch. Insect Biochem.

Physiol. 29(4), 329-342.

Wolf, K. W., (1997). Kinetochore structure in six species of the Coleoptera. Genome

Wool , D. and Bergerson, O. (1973). Sperm precedence in repeated mating of adults

of Tribolium castaneum. Ent. Exp. And Appl. , 26, 157—160.

Wool , D. and Bergerson, O. (1979). Analysis of selection processes using the

incompletely peneterant mutant are of Tribolium castaneum. Can. J. Cytol. And

Genet. , 21, 405-413.

Wool , D. and Mendlinger, S. (1981). Genetic and ecological consequences of

subdivisions in Tribolium castaneum populations. J. Anim. Ecol., 50(2). 421-434.

Wool And Manheim, O. (1980). Genetically induced suceptibility to melathion in

Tribolium castaneum despite selection for resistance. Ent. Exp. And Appl. , 28, 183-

190.

Wool, D. (1972). The growth phase of serially transferred Tribolium populations. J.

of Animal Eco. , 41, 439-451.

Wool, D. (1982). Family selection for DDT resistance in flour beetles (Tribolium

castaneum) as a model for group selection of fitness traits. Israel J. Entomol., 16, 73-

85.

Wool, D. (1985). Directional and correlated effects of selection on amylase activity,

weight and developmental tme in Tribolium confusum. Genetica, 65(2), 173-178.

Wool, D. and Shirtz, E. (1984). selection for high and low amylase activity in adult

flour beetles ( Triboliumn confusum), (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Genetica , 63,229-

234.

[151]

Wool, D. and Sverdlov, E. (1978). Temporal trends of food availability and their

effect on Tribolium population. Res. on Population Eco. , 20, 91-104.

Wool, D., Namir, Z. and Bergerson, O. (1986). Dietary regulations of amylase

activity levels in four beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (Tribolium). Ann. Entomol.

Soc. Am. , 79(3), 407-413.

Wool. (1970). Deviation of zygotic of zygotic frequeency from expectation in eggs of

Tribolium . Genetica , 66,115-132.

Yadav, J. B. (1987). Chromosome number and meioformulae in 36 species of India

coleoptera( insecta). National Acadamy Science letters India. , 10;223-229.

Yadav, J. S. and Pillai, R. K. , (1973). Karyological studies on Tenebrionidae. Proc.

6th

Ind. Sci. Cong. , 45.

Yadav, J. S. and Pillai, R. K. , (1974). Karyological studies on Tenebrionidae. III

Zool. Anz. Jena. , 193, 323-331.

Yamada, Y. (1974). Tribolium as a biological model in quantitative genetics. Pro. 1st

World Cong. Genet. Appl. Livestock prod. , Madrid, 1, 439-450.

Yamamoto, K., Chadarevian , A. and Pellegrini, M. (1998). Juvenile hormone

action mediated in male accessory glands of Drosophila by calcium and Kinase C.

Science.

Yosida, T. (1958). Proc. 10th

Int. Congr. Ent. , 2, 979-989.

Young, A. H. (1970). Predation and abundance in population of flour beetles.

Ecology, 51, 602-619.

Zettler, J. L. and Arthur, F. H., (1997). Dose–response test on red flour beetle and

confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) collected from flour mills in the

United States. Journal of Econ. Entomol., 90: 1157-1162.

Zhao, G., Rose, R. L., Hodgson, E., Roe, R. M., 1996. Biochemical mechanisms

and diagnostic microassays for pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate

insecticide resistance / cross-resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothisvirescens.

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 56 (3): 183-195.

[152]

Zhen Zhou, J. D. (2007). Comparative genomic analysis of the Tribolium immune

system. Genome Biology , 8:R177

Zhong, D., Pai, A. and Yan, G. (2004). AFLP-based genetic linkage map for the red

flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). J. Hered. 95, 53-61.

Ziegler and James, R. (1978). Dispersal and reproduction in Tribolium : The

influence of initial density. Environ. Entomol., 7(1), 149-156.