Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Transcript of Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Abbasid Decline and Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South Civilization to South and Southeast Asiaand Southeast Asia
12
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islamic Civilization
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
• Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries– Peasant revolts
• Al-Mahdi (775-785)– Shi’a unreconciled– Succession not secure
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
• Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes– Harun al-Rashid
Son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides• Persian advisors
Death followed by civil war
– Al-Ma'mun
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Imperial Breakdown andAgrarian Disorder
•Civil unrest•Caliphs build lavishly
–Tax burden increases–Agriculture suffers
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society
• Seclusion, veil• Polygyny
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power
• Former provinces threaten Abbasids• Buyids, Persia
–Take Baghdad, 945–Sultans
• Seljuk Turks–1055, defeat Buyids–Sunnis
Shi'a purges
–Defeat Byzantines, Egypt
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Impact of the Christian Crusades
• 1096, western European Christian knights–Small kingdoms established
• Saladin retakes lands–Last in 1291
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
•Urban growth•Merchants thrive
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
• Persian the court language–Administration, literature
• Arabic in religion, law, sciences•Calligraphy• Firdawsi
–Shah-Nama Epic poem
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
• Sa'di•Omar Kayyan
–Rubaiyat
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Achievements in the Sciences
•Math–Build on Greek work
•Chemistry–Experiments
• Al-Razi• Al-Biruni
–Specific weights
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam,10th-16th Centuries
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Achievements in the Sciences
•Medicine–Hospitals–Courses of study
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
• Sufis–Mysticism
•Ulama–Conservative–Against outside influence–Greek philosophy rejected
Qur'an sufficient
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
• Al-Ghazali–Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas–Opposed by orthodoxy
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate
•Mongols–Chinggis Khan
•Hulegu• 1258, Baghdad falls
–Last Abbasid killed
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central•Conflict between two different systems
–Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism–Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions
• First as traders, 8th century–Attacks lead to invasion
•Muhammad ibn Qasim–Umayyad general–Takes Sind, Indus valleys–Indians treated as dhimmi
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Early Islam in India
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
• Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy– India influences Arab
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
• 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan– Mahmud of Ghazni
Begins invasion of India
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
• Muhammad of Ghur– Persian– State in Indus valley– Thence to Bengal– His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns of Conversion
• Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables– Also, conversion to escape taxes
• Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns of Accommodation
• High-caste Hindus remain apart– Muslims also often fail to integrate
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Islamic Challenge andHindu Revival
• Bhakti– Devotional cults– Emotional approach– Caste distinctions dissolved– Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially
• Mira Bai, Kabir, – Songs in regional languages
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period
• Brahmins v. ulama– Separate communities
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia
• Shrivijaya
• Trading Contacts and Conversion– Trading leads to peaceful conversion
Sufis important Starting with Sumatran ports
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia
• Malacca– Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
• Coastal cities especially receptive – Buddhist elites, but population converts to
Islam
• Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam