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GENERAL AVITON DOUBLE ENGINE

PASSENGER AIRCRAFT

Aircraft design lab  i

  Submitted by

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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

0ARPAGA1 INSTITUTE OF TEC2NOLOG34COI1BATORE!

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CONTENTS

List of symbols 3

Introduction 4

Literature survey 10

Weight estimation 24

Engine selection 32

Airfoil selection 33

Wing design 35

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Wetted area calculation 40

rag estimation 4!

Lift estimation 54

"a#eoff and landing distance calculation $4

"hree vie%s of aircraft &0

'eference !0

LISTOF SYMBOLS

' ('ange

) ()elocity

* (s+ecific fuel consum+tion

E (Loitering time

L, (lift to drag ratio

V alt  ()elocity at altitude

 ρalt  (ensity at altitude

- ( %ing surface area

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 b ( %ing s+an

µ❑alt  (coefficient of viscosity at altitude

C  HT  (.ori/ontal tail volume coefficient

 L HT  ( .ori/ontal tail arm moment

S HT  ( .ori/ontal tail area

SW  (Wing area

C W   (Wing mean chord

 LVT  ()ertical tail arm moment

SVT   )ertical tail area

C VT  ()ertical tail volume coefficient

bW   (Wing s+an

SW  (Wing area

)"  ( )ertical ta#e(off distance -"  ( "a#e(off distance

" ( "a#e(off thrust

)A ( A++roach )elocity

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  An air+lane design is both an art and a science8 Air+lane design is an intellectual

engineering +rocess of creating on +a+er a flying machine to

 9eet s+ecifications established by users  6ioneer innovative: ne% ideas and technology8

"he design +rocess is an intellectual activity develo+ed via e;+erience: by attention +aid to

successful air+lane designs that have been used in the +ast and by design +rocedures and

databases that are a +art of every air+lane manufacturer8

6.A-E-  AI'6LAE E-I7(

 rom the time %hen an air+lane materiali/es as a ne% thought to the time the finished +roduct is

ready: the com+lete design undergoes three distinct +hases in +erfect se

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 "he end of the +hase is the decision if the air+lane is to be manufactured or not8 It is no longer a

critical condition %here Byou  bet your com+anyC on full scale develo+ment of a ne% air+lane8

E"AIL E-I7(

"his +hase is literally the Dnuts and bolts +hase of air+lane design8 "he aerodynamic: +ro+ulsion:structures: +erformance: flight control analysis are over in the +reliminary +hase8 "he air+lane is

to be fabricated and machined8 "he si/e: number and location of rivets: fasteners are determined

no%8 light simulators are develo+ed8 At the end of this +hase: the aircraft is ready to be

fabricated8

".E -E)E I"ELLE*"=AL 6I)" 6I"- ' **E6"=AL E-I7(

"he overall conce+tual design is anchored b seven intellectual B+ivot +ointsC  seven factors that

anchor the conce+tual design thought +rocess8 "hey allo% different: detailed thin#ing to reach

out in all directions from each +oint8

'EF=I'E9E"-7(

"he re

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 9a;imum lift coefficient  Lift to drag ratio @L,  "hrust to %eight ratio @",W

"herefore the ne;t ste+ is to ma#e first estimates of W,- and ",W to achieve the +erformance as

sti+ulated by reudged if it can meet all original s+ecifications8 An

interactive +rocess is initiated %here the configuration is modified8 "he critical +erformance

 +arameters are ad>usted for im+roving +erformance8 In this stage: some mature decisions should

 be made as the s+ecifications or cost or unavailable technology8

.ence some s+ecifications might be rela;ed so that others might get higher +riority8

6"I9IGA"I7(

When iterative +rocess is over: it has +roduced a viable air+lane8 "his leads to o+timi/ation8 "he

o+timi/ation analysis is carried out may be carried out by a systematic variation of different

 +arameters ",W: W,- and +lotting the +erformance o gra+hs %hich can be found using a si/ing

matri; or a car+et +lot from %hich o+timum design can be found8

WEI."  AI'6LA*E  I'-" E-"I9A"E7(

 o air+lane can ta#e off the ground unless it +roduces a lift greater than its %eight8 "here

should be a first estimate of gross ta#eoff %eight8 "he %eight estimate is the ne;t +ivot +oint after the re

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*-"'AI" IA'A97(

A constraint diagram is constructed %hich identifies allo%able solution s+ace for air+lane design8

A constraint diagram consists of +lots o the sea  level thrust to ta#e off %eight ratio versus %ing

loading atta#eoff %eight ratio",W versus%ing loading at ta#eoff W ,- determined by

intellectual +ivot +oint8

 T!E &ESIN W!EEL

SI'IN AN&

 TRA&E

STU&IES

RE*UIRE%ENT &ESIN

ANALYSIS

&ESIN

"ON"EPT

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LITERATURE SUR$EY

LITERATURE SUR$EY

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 It is very easy to design an aircraft if %e have datas about already e;isting aircrafts of similar 

ty+e8 It +rovides more satisfaction and avoids confusion %hile choosing some design +arameters

for our aircraft8 In this detailed survey some many im+ortant design drivers li#e as+ect ratio:

%ing loading: overall dimensions and engine s+ecifications are determined for our reference8 It

assists in +ro+osing a ne% design and modification in our design %hich %ill im+rove the

 +erformance of the +ro+osed aircraft8 "his assures the +erformance of the aircraft as +er the

design calculations and easy %ay of designing an aircraft %ithin +articular +eriod of time8 -o in

this literature survey %e have collected some ten already e;isting 20 seated >et trans+ort aircraft

for our reference of design +arameters8 9ostly these aircrafts have similar characteristics in

many designs as+ects %hich are sho%n in the table8

GEOMETRIC SPECIFICATION

S%NO AIRCRAFTNAM

E

ASPECTRATIO &INGSPAN'm( &INGAREA'm)*

(

 IAI A+,, !%!6 *!%.6 4/%60

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* CASA C **

A+i12,

!%!/ *!%*0 4

/

#e H,+i33,d /!!-

Seie5 !%!" .%0 /.

4 #e H,+i33,d 4!!-

Seie5

!%!" .%0 /.

" PL M*0 *%*" **%!6 /.%7*

6 At11+, A-/0 %40 **%!6 4*%4

7 At11+, A-*0 *%. ** /.%7

0 #1ie /*0  *!%.0 4! . #1ie **0 . 6%.7 /*

!

Emb,e EMB *!

b,5i3i, ! .%70 /.%4



Emb,e EMB !

b,5i3i, 0%!7 "%// *.%!

* Bee282,9t .!! .%"* 7%64 /*%67

/ H,bi y-* .%"* 7%*4 /4%67

4 S81t 52%7 5:y+, %" .%7. /"%*

" S81t-//! *%/ **%76 4*%

6 C-*/A *%/ **%70 4*%

7 C-*/B;C *%*6 **%0 4*%4

0

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 IAI A+,, *%6. "%*

* CASA C ** A+i12, 6%*! 6%/

/

#e H,+i33,d /!!-

Seie5 "%77 "%./

4

#e H,+i33,d 4!!-

Seie5 "%77 4%.

" PL M*0 /%6 "%!6

6 At11+, A-/0 "%67 4%6

7 At11+, A-*0 *%.0 7%*4

0 #1ie /*0 *% 4%06

.

#1ie **0

6%"6 6%/"

!

Emb,e EMB *!

b,5i3i, *! 4%.*



Emb,e EMB !

b,5i3i, "%! 4%7*

* Bee282,9t .!! 7%6* "%60

/ H,bi y-* 0%06 4%6

4 S81t 52%7 5:y+, *%* 4%."

" S81t-//! 7%6. 4%."

6

C-*/A

7%6. "

7

C-*/B;C

7%7 "%74

0

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S%NO

AIRCRAFTNAME EMPTY

&EIGHT':=(

MA>% TAKE OFF

&EIGHT':=(

 IAI A+,, /... 60!4

* CASA C ** A+i12, /70! 77!!

/

#e H,+i33,d /!!-

Seie5 /4!! "67