Ab initio Simulation for Materials Design - Introduction of New Methods and Application to Molecular...

72

Transcript of Ab initio Simulation for Materials Design - Introduction of New Methods and Application to Molecular...

  • Ab initio Simulation for Materials Design- Introduction of New Methods and Application to Molecular Electronic Devices -

    Yoshiyuki Kawazoe([email protected])Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

    Workshop on ab initio Direct DynamicsMaui High Performance Computing CenterDecember 18-20, 2002

  • Expected Market Scale for PCJapan Economy News PaperYear10 Billion $final products = Linear increment

  • Expected Market Scale for Quantum DevicesJapan Economy News PaperYearBillion $End of silicon tech.Molecular device?

  • Progress of semiconductor devicesAtomic &MoleculardevicesPhysical and chemical limitationsscale downMinimum dimensionnm 104Year1970200019901980201031021010 1atom upReal Devices in Nanotechnology 50nm=nanotech? No quantum effect

  • National Nanotechnology InitiativeIn USA, on January 21, 2000.NNI (National Nanotechnology Initiative)White House Press Released it.Shaping the World Atom by Atom.Leading to the Next Industrial Revolution.Links to the NNI participating departments and agencies: NIST, NIH, Defense, Space

  • Molecules, Clusters, PolymersAssemble orSelf-assembleNanoscale ICHigh density recording mediaEtc.Special functions(Electric,Magnetic)Present day high technology is limited 0.1mDemands from society

  • ContentsWhy ab initio simulation useful?TOMBO=All-electron ab initio programMolecular ElectronicsMore Advance ab initio methods in TOMBOSupercomputer

  • Why ab initio simulation?

    = Prediction possible

    Problem:No parameters but with a lot of approximations

  • Why we can predict materials?Simply because we know every necessary things!The basic equation of quantum mechanics = Shroedinger equation or Dirac equationInteraction = Coulomb forceFor macroscopic systems + gravityWhat we should do is to solve the Shroedinger equation for a specific many body system composed of nucleus and electrons interacting via Coulomb force.Thats all!!!

  • 2. TOMBO

    = TOhoku All-electron Mixed-Basis Orbitals ab initio program

    M. Sluiter, K. Ohno, Y. Maruyama, S. Ishii, and Y. Kawazoe

  • TOMBO:Importance of all-electron and full-potential formulationPresent standard first principles methodLDA+GGA with pseudopotential or local orbitalsThe best treatment from our group: original formulation LDA(LSDA)+GGAall-electron full-potential by mixed-basis (PW+AO)Complete relaxation and MD for lattice and electrons (SD, CG)advantages: absolute energy, core-electron related properties,2nd row elementsGW approximationTime dependent Schrdinger equation solverAvailable for distribution upon request (next year commercialized)

  • Specifically Applicable Objects of TOMBOSystem with First-raw elementsChemical molecules, clusters

    Core Electron Related PropertiesXPS, Defects

    Scattering StatesPlane waves important, TD-LDA, chemical reactions

  • Example: Oxidation of Si SurfaceSi/SiO2interface structureXPS experiment by Seiko Com.

    Absolute energy level estimation of core electronsAll-electron TOMBO calculation is necessary

  • TOMBO

    Gra_Nk2sWIDE

    44726.1

    43774

    44096.45

    45219.85

    44593.6

    44241.15

    44835.15

    44715.35

    44716.85

    45028.05

    44912.75

    46031.75

    45888.5

    45841.45

    46435.4

    46315.25

    46322.5

    46432.3

    45514.45

    46499.5

    47015.2

    46858

    47804.4

    47388.95

    47437.1

    47918.4

    48253.45

    48422

    48607.4

    48856

    49110.4

    49052.95

    49170.5

    50175.5

    49693.3

    48989.8

    49325.75

    49849.45

    50349

    51208

    51116

    50567

    51412.5

    51855.5

    51636

    51282

    52150

    53092.5

    52511.5

    53256.5

    53868.5

    53900

    54156

    55066

    55023.5

    55350

    55209.5

    56072

    55997

    57106

    56858.5

    57170.5

    57691.5

    58887

    58779.5

    59640.5

    59317.5

    60758.5

    61709

    60768.5

    61788

    62562

    62739

    64118

    64124

    65604.5

    67034

    67556.5

    68082.5

    69734.5

    70693.5

    71130

    72687

    76149

    77770.5

    78070.5

    76173.5

    75014

    74157.5

    73521

    72983.5

    75165

    76187

    78469

    81706.5

    84413

    87395

    92415.5

    95158.5

    98305

    101730

    101998

    98024

    92283

    87340

    85796.5

    85985.5

    84664.5

    81505

    79100

    78206

    80094.5

    84501

    86793

    87649.5

    89325.5

    97203

    110583.5

    124310

    135306.5

    147597

    163154

    166861.5

    150787

    130443.5

    112310

    98367

    87697

    77311.5

    69337.5

    63186.5

    57939.5

    52501

    46051.1

    41186.05

    37832.25

    36328.35

    36502.45

    36179.9

    35698

    35628.4

    35759.8

    34966.9

    35293.3

    35693.6

    35212.75

    35018.25

    34551.25

    34892.2

    34684.25

    35286.6

    34958.55

    34765.6

    35043.15

    34540.1

    34426.8

    34709.85

    34371.5

    34591.05

    35090.5

    34926.7

    35480

    35456.25

    35414.5

    35721

    35766.85

    34750.15

    35116.8

    35296.45

    34784.65

    35278.45

    35652.2

    35088.6

    34831.25

    36114.65

    35814.05

    35413.45

    35422.45

    35406.9

    35389.8

    35611.35

    35451.6

    35993.3

    36002.15

    36006.8

    36173.15

    36129.35

    35742.3

    36542.35

    36060.1

    36237.7

    35694.55

    35572.6

    35608.15

    36556.5

    36383.95

    37069.55

    35924.15

    35882.7

    36060.5

    35688.9

    35988.45

    36534.2

    36254.85

    36082.45

    35946.9

    35939.45

    36425.65

    36402.6

    37079.75

    36287.4

    36760.4

    36983.55

    37263.65

    36912.8

    36702.7

    36925.45

    37696.55

    36782.25

    37103.45

    36930.85

    37685.65

    37192.1

    36430

    36361.95

    36799

    36273.65

    36614.95

    37256.3

    37322.45

    37681.1

    37782.05

    37469.95

    37921.3

    37974.6

    37867.55

    38261.05

    38369.3

    38374.55

    37602.5

    37524

    37514.55

    37434.35

    37676.15

    37606.1

    37757.35

    37959.65

    38417.55

    38198.55

    38064.45

    38210.45

    38345.3

    38532.8

    37736.85

    38276.15

    39102.55

    38723.6

    38337.6

    38131.85

    38571.25

    38374.5

    38240.05

    38114.85

    39081.4

    38399.45

    39201.7

    38582.3

    39209.4

    38916.8

    39362.15

    38832.55

    38856.25

    38535.1

    38837.95

    39178.4

    39045.4

    39287.5

    39285.15

    38671.75

    38960.6

    39666.9

    39439.25

    39628.9

    39501.25

    40367.5

    39737.9

    39889.85

    39672.1

    39489.2

    40302.9

    39486.3

    40018.6

    39779.1

    40017.2

    40014.15

    40619.8

    39770.5

    39658.95

    40028.75

    39917.15

    40293.95

    39868.35

    40309.5

    41226.85

    40687.25

    40340.85

    40217.05

    40082.6

    40941.65

    41211.2

    40689.2

    40642.2

    41434.85

    40615.75

    40927.35

    40877

    40643.75

    41180.15

    41356.25

    41320.35

    41243.25

    40912.95

    40844.65

    41676

    41009.95

    41308.05

    41490.25

    41440.75

    42205

    42044.9

    41848.4

    42186.2

    42077.7

    42022.8

    41780.65

    41713.45

    41819.95

    41933.25

    42799.5

    42115.75

    42689.3

    42441.45

    42393.95

    42945.7

    42820.1

    42892.9

    43315.8

    42229.2

    42492.95

    42205.9

    42367.5

    42725.15

    42505.2

    43420.85

    42849.65

    43204.7

    43213.8

    43225.2

    44245.55

    43609.95

    42977.85

    43373.25

    43599.95

    43862.35

    44710

    43202.8

    43504.9

    44068

    44419.9

    44452.5

    43830.1

    44213.1

    44230.3

    43987.55

    44029.8

    44081.9

    44233.5

    44682.6

    44298.9

    44820.95

    45124.25

    45121.95

    44886.95

    44235.15

    44955.25

    45478.1

    45197.65

    45537.8

    44519.3

    45313.8

    44838.9

    45673.55

    45879.35

    45837.1

    45731.45

    45129.7

    45471

    46840.9

    45981.35

    45876.7

    45718.4

    45988.4

    45877.75

    46783.05

    46555.05

    46139.5

    46495.8

    46886

    46615.85

    47065.7

    47112.7

    46593.35

    46890.35

    48393.7

    48007.4

    47550.05

    47473

    47646.25

    47535.95

    47739.1

    48052.1

    47456.85

    48300.95

    48003.3

    47854

    48676.2

    48498.45

    48435.9

    48401.3

    48551.7

    48922.6

    48340.3

    49223.9

    49536.25

    48985.25

    49680.35

    50050.5

    49324.2

    49241.75

    49818.25

    49826.4

    50133.5

    50284.5

    51286

    50650

    51154

    50781

    51016

    50503.5

    51507.5

    52059.5

    51479

    51343.5

    51541.5

    51728

    51506

    52046

    52617.5

    51964.5

    52539.5

    52486.5

    53644

    53184.5

    53040.5

    53121

    54042.5

    53051.5

    53651.5

    53622.5

    54731

    54823

    54397

    54624

    55052.5

    55116

    55541

    55816.5

    54970.5

    56020.5

    56271

    55753

    56889.5

    57268.5

    56650.5

    56944

    57969

    58687.5

    58177.5

    57538.5

    58540.5

    59226

    59008

    59266

    59965.5

    59810.5

    60439.5

    59794

    60639

    61339.5

    61067

    61603.5

    61792.5

    61721

    63111.5

    63451

    63338.5

    64038.5

    63876

    64671.5

    64611.5

    65327

    65992

    66321

    66992

    68103

    68446

    68828.5

    69181.5

    68662

    68550.5

    69465.5

    69098

    69441.5

    69048

    69383.5

    68999

    69715.5

    70777.5

    71954

    71749

    71423

    72188.5

    72640

    71051

    70916.5

    71618.5

    72618

    75270

    78627.5

    82875.5

    84999

    86547

    88201.5

    88517

    89910

    92362.5

    94136.5

    91086.5

    85490.5

    79622.5

    75588.5

    73028

    71629

    70676

    68848.5

    66720.5

    64572.5

    63029

    59919

    55836

    54301

    53113

    52409

    51679.5

    52742

    58468.5

    106879

    311413

    579230

    522640

    231074

    81538.5

    56472

    51747

    49738

    49087.5

    48094.35

    47502.25

    47875.2

    47331.75

    48125.9

    48128.65

    47715.25

    47917.3

    47417.25

    47930.55

    47819.6

    47356.7

    47736.3

    47942.55

    48011

    48385.2

    47980.6

    48047.1

    47492.5

    47759.9

    48276.35

    48895.05

    48139.9

    47927.45

    48787.8

    48247.7

    47878.05

    48563.55

    47789.85

    48853.15

    48669.9

    48586.55

    48319.6

    48608.75

    48557.5

    48878.7

    48499.25

    48998.45

    49267.6

    49365.1

    48995.95

    49682.3

    48928.5

    49843.75

    48873.6

    49098.35

    48890.1

    49325.3

    49151.95

    49183.95

    49284.25

    50083.5

    49726.1

    49332.6

    50107.5

    50725.5

    50091.5

    49521.55

    50104

    49854.35

    50295.5

    49245.6

    49959.4

    50293

    49696.9

    49448.9

    49310.6

    50616.5

    50967

    49908.85

    50605.5

    50671.5

    49983.9

    50666.5

    51458.5

    51118

    50512.5

    51006.5

    50827.5

    51880

    51336

    51644.5

    51206.5

    51305

    50725.5

    51405

    51294.5

    51510.5

    51443

    51726.5

    51529

    51688

    51635.5

    51621

    52322

    52385

    51912.5

    52198.5

    52095

    51028.5

    52167

    52008

    51734

    52412.5

    52527

    52078.5

    52027.5

    52839

    52303.5

    51874

    52636.5

    52634

    52889.5

    53379.5

    52966.5

    52490.5

    52293

    52975

    52840

    52895

    52993

    52659.5

    53422

    53563

    53205

    53287.5

    52985.5

    52650

    53658

    54100.5

    53058

    52415.5

    53489.5

    54236.5

    54055.5

    53525.5

    53555

    54438.5

    54610

    54732.5

    54615.5

    54533

    54272.5

    53858

    54810.5

    54691

    54818

    55506

    54624

    54464.5

    55072

    54765.5

    54889.5

    54879

    54955

    55376.5

    55363.5

    55907.5

    54927

    55444.5

    55723.5

    55057

    55041

    55776.5

    55279.5

    55403

    54985

    55684.5

    55692.5

    56444

    56309

    56203

    56692.5

    57174

    56679

    55834.5

    56624.5

    57048.5

    56712

    56443.5

    56697

    56808.5

    56265.5

    56272.5

    56753.5

    57552.5

    56805

    56615.5

    56867

    57463.5

    58015

    56947.5

    57806.5

    57675

    57588.5

    57713.5

    58052

    57681

    57591.5

    57948.5

    57078.5

    57583

    57794.5

    57515.5

    58827.5

    58687.5

    59048

    59453.5

    58604.5

    58433.5

    58705.5

    59236

    59589.5

    58382

    58105.5

    58199.5

    59226.5

    59398

    59665.5

    59021.5

    59888

    59908

    60363.5

    60623

    59788

    60038

    60591.5

    60617.5

    60479.5

    59972

    60376

    59934.5

    61543

    60874.5

    60750.5

    61034.5

    61753

    61965

    62291

    65066.5

    68110.5

    66458

    62813

    61303

    61652

    62739

    62311

    62259

    61916

    62219

    62002.5

    62029

    62118

    63390.5

    62661.5

    63104.5

    62259

    62414.5

    63670

    63924.5

    64136

    64094.5

    64047.5

    64270.5

    64551.5

    64932

    64283.5

    64245

    65163

    65520

    66009

    65255.5

    65541.5

    66377.5

    66881.5

    65795.5

    66701

    66449

    66549

    67585.5

    67117.5

    66669.5

    68347

    67432

    68412.5

    68851

    69034.5

    69612.5

    70450

    70655

    69730.5

    69648

    70220.5

    71178.5

    70498.5

    71344

    70338.5

    70678

    70869

    72843.5

    72693

    73781

    74126

    74842.5

    73796

    74729.5

    74295.5

    74161.5

    75938.5

    74660

    74318

    74020

    74382

    74513.5

    74990

    75187

    76565

    76275.5

    78314

    79063

    78846

    80346

    79945.5

    80101.5

    79790

    79347

    78585

    78267.5

    77340.5

    77301.5

    77759

    77829.5

    78981.5

    79890

    81586

    83482

    84756.5

    87015

    88403

    89495.5

    88514

    87019

    84595.5

    82022

    79760

    77641

    77493.5

    77191.5

    77553.5

    78438.5

    80078.5

    81353

    83909.5

    88037.5

    93089

    102010.5

    106873

    106100.5

    98269

    87314

    78083

    69972

    64407

    60998

    59367.5

    58801

    59844

    62881

    70370.5

    93066

    121431.5

    131208

    129935

    171153

    200677.5

    144466

    78280.5

    55267.5

    48760.55

    44995.4

    43284.45

    42226.2

    42752.4

    43260

    43274.35

    43602.25

    45142.75

    46155.9

    47935.95

    49638.25

    50044

    49346.25

    47557.15

    45087.8

    42490.05

    39756.25

    38711.4

    36531.85

    37019.55

    37525.5

    37802.8

    38301.95

    39211.85

    40641.55

    43371.15

    48139.6

    55445

    62342

    64070

    56480.5

    45183.05

    34516.55

    27582.55

    23418.05

    20347.2

    18649.75

    17371.5

    16735.4

    15735.5

    19177.8

    43315.45

    84420.5

    86213

    58236

    99976.5

    163186

    111305

    28532.85

    6362.95

    4610.8

    3962.3

    3928.45

    3773.8

    3421.15

    3765.25

    3494.4

    3839.75

    3588

    3499.4

    3576.7

    3677.65

    3836.95

    3804.7

    3760

    3886.7

    3956.85

    4044.85

    4036.25

    4066.85

    4327.9

    3922.55

    3995.8

    3990

    4297.05

    4301.8

    4237.15

    4095.1

    4280.9

    4358.25

    4267.55

    4236.45

    4402.65

    4430.05

    4441

    4428.75

    4552.4

    4712

    4854.75

    4810.9

    5132.45

    4788.8

    4683.15

    4920.35

    4904.45

    4986.15

    5200.35

    5205.7

    5245

    5205.25

    5167.9

    5296.1

    5201.05

    5483.15

    5321.5

    5119

    5275.55

    5054.7

    4954.15

    4833.05

    4702.8

    4782.15

    5092.75

    5105.9

    5592

    6012.6

    6854

    7975.2

    10661.45

    14294.2

    18365.15

    18106.3

    13659.7

    8182.75

    5485.05

    4368.15

    3844.05

    3442.3

    2783.3

    2608.9

    3516.3

    5359

    5852.4

    6236.5

    6692.75

    7000.75

    6850.55

    7340.45

    8048.9

    7060.8

    5450.3

    4396.2

    3986.05

    3465.3

    2553.9

    958.2

    Wide Scan

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    Wide Scan

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si Ref SiO2tyukan

    Gra_Nk2sSi2p10around100

    454.5

    455.314

    454.636

    452.468

    448.81

    440.838

    433.432

    428.794

    426.988

    431.13

    433.708

    432.994

    427.82

    422.002

    416.018

    411.988

    406.764

    408.11

    411.496

    415.612

    417.134

    419.398

    417.696

    415.224

    408.652

    403.248

    398.322

    397.674

    398.396

    397.242

    395.484

    392.104

    388.34

    382.02

    375.072

    375.092

    376.996

    376.462

    377.452

    377.11

    378.612

    376.008

    374.732

    376.976

    376.432

    372.162

    369.368

    367.29

    364.782

    364.814

    369.764

    374.386

    374.262

    372.192

    370.244

    368.94

    366.656

    366.802

    367.398

    367.862

    366.034

    367.004

    368.556

    370.526

    372.14

    371.102

    367.07

    363.944

    362.73

    365.338

    365.404

    364.676

    364.62

    362.452

    359.43

    358.014

    357.03

    361.168

    359.994

    359.58

    359.542

    360.794

    363.914

    363.474

    361.11

    362.212

    359.802

    356.144

    352.978

    350.866

    350.432

    346.548

    343.796

    343.27

    343.828

    343.986

    345.372

    344.49

    341.514

    339.322

    335.974

    333.244

    331.162

    329.352

    327.008

    325.016

    324.968

    323.91

    319.278

    315.602

    313.718

    311.504

    309.588

    311.922

    315.228

    316.452

    316.154

    317.088

    317.764

    318.846

    321.038

    327.138

    331.916

    340.518

    349.648

    361.712

    377.12

    394.174

    414.192

    438.634

    461.836

    488.26

    520.152

    559.648

    612.514

    674.886

    738.768

    808.424

    881.548

    959.29

    1043.466

    1129.73

    1226.986

    1338.07

    1446.664

    1559.076

    1678.136

    1807.242

    1942.184

    2070.46

    2196.46

    2320.16

    2425.64

    2514.26

    2599.06

    2680.92

    2755.44

    2812.64

    2856.52

    2882.96

    2885.88

    2872.56

    2842.76

    2803.56

    2747.98

    2672.92

    2586.02

    2486.32

    2372.86

    2246.34

    2110.44

    1973.592

    1830.786

    1685.764

    1540.644

    1400.69

    1267.204

    1140.588

    1027.26

    925.428

    836.244

    758.896

    688.476

    627.172

    576.402

    537.894

    507.194

    484.646

    466.898

    455.276

    443.626

    428.494

    416.38

    407.234

    398.544

    387.51

    379.316

    372.546

    363.544

    355.418

    351.746

    348.828

    347.796

    348.9

    353.592

    357.452

    362.894

    369.716

    374.968

    373.144

    369.246

    365.654

    358.822

    357.514

    365.32

    379.8

    405.332

    444.194

    509.838

    609.12

    755.608

    976.444

    1297.35

    1737.406

    2308.74

    2998.44

    3740.08

    4431.4

    4957.16

    5222.36

    5187.28

    4911.14

    4513.08

    4166.36

    4037.22

    4245.2

    4862.36

    5847.3

    7033.5

    8237.12

    9171.76

    9620.02

    9424.02

    8610.68

    7350.34

    5864.4

    4377.1

    3099.6

    2104.06

    1403.098

    925.534

    632.362

    456.124

    347.35

    278.382

    233.912

    204.758

    183.4388

    169.3614

    158.6174

    150.4282

    143.9624

    139.65

    136.5952

    133.5812

    131.0806

    128.4656

    125.7986

    123.8026

    122.3624

    121.7266

    121.181

    120.1722

    120.858

    120.0562

    119.6874

    118.7406

    118.2794

    117.5144

    117.3866

    118.5018

    119.9116

    119.1508

    117.7104

    115.5664

    113.0434

    112.3112

    112.8446

    114.2664

    115.4762

    115.7298

    115.9884

    115.363

    115.6632

    115.175

    115.018

    115.087

    114.5756

    113.2604

    113.1106

    112.639

    112.8014

    112.5436

    113.2216

    113.3476

    112.7104

    111.785

    111.0566

    110.9394

    109.852

    110.3508

    110.4654

    109.7456

    109.0634

    109.0712

    109.2504

    110.0796

    109.7704

    110.5554

    110.8496

    110.1068

    109.8276

    110.2106

    110.2214

    109.0604

    107.9308

    108.291

    106.5124

    105.3592

    105.844

    108.0796

    108.696

    107.9698

    107.4326

    106.918

    105.5982

    105.579

    105.2834

    107.0448

    109.0154

    109.0302

    108.7972

    109.0176

    108.799

    107.8546

    106.7764

    106.9696

    108.3796

    108.1566

    108.5698

    108.5044

    106.8246

    106.0292

    106.9934

    108.8402

    110.0724

    110.5416

    111.2998

    110.2608

    107.9786

    107.189

    106.894

    108.2654

    109.435

    109.9634

    110.067

    108.522

    105.5494

    104.2084

    102.1678

    102.413

    103.8782

    105.2686

    107.2014

    108.244

    107.7288

    108.3604

    108.2032

    108.526

    108.3394

    106.6788

    106.1166

    105.6128

    104.9004

    105.4732

    106.165

    105.8036

    106.9636

    107.6904

    108.3264

    109.0988

    109.0738

    107.7126

    106.8292

    106.3988

    108.0892

    108.0892

    107.7832

    107.2052

    106.3554

    105.2338

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    Si2p10

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si 2p

    Gra_Nk2sSi2p10

    454.5

    455.314

    454.636

    452.468

    448.81

    440.838

    433.432

    428.794

    426.988

    431.13

    433.708

    432.994

    427.82

    422.002

    416.018

    411.988

    406.764

    408.11

    411.496

    415.612

    417.134

    419.398

    417.696

    415.224

    408.652

    403.248

    398.322

    397.674

    398.396

    397.242

    395.484

    392.104

    388.34

    382.02

    375.072

    375.092

    376.996

    376.462

    377.452

    377.11

    378.612

    376.008

    374.732

    376.976

    376.432

    372.162

    369.368

    367.29

    364.782

    364.814

    369.764

    374.386

    374.262

    372.192

    370.244

    368.94

    366.656

    366.802

    367.398

    367.862

    366.034

    367.004

    368.556

    370.526

    372.14

    371.102

    367.07

    363.944

    362.73

    365.338

    365.404

    364.676

    364.62

    362.452

    359.43

    358.014

    357.03

    361.168

    359.994

    359.58

    359.542

    360.794

    363.914

    363.474

    361.11

    362.212

    359.802

    356.144

    352.978

    350.866

    350.432

    346.548

    343.796

    343.27

    343.828

    343.986

    345.372

    344.49

    341.514

    339.322

    335.974

    333.244

    331.162

    329.352

    327.008

    325.016

    324.968

    323.91

    319.278

    315.602

    313.718

    311.504

    309.588

    311.922

    315.228

    316.452

    316.154

    317.088

    317.764

    318.846

    321.038

    327.138

    331.916

    340.518

    349.648

    361.712

    377.12

    394.174

    414.192

    438.634

    461.836

    488.26

    520.152

    559.648

    612.514

    674.886

    738.768

    808.424

    881.548

    959.29

    1043.466

    1129.73

    1226.986

    1338.07

    1446.664

    1559.076

    1678.136

    1807.242

    1942.184

    2070.46

    2196.46

    2320.16

    2425.64

    2514.26

    2599.06

    2680.92

    2755.44

    2812.64

    2856.52

    2882.96

    2885.88

    2872.56

    2842.76

    2803.56

    2747.98

    2672.92

    2586.02

    2486.32

    2372.86

    2246.34

    2110.44

    1973.592

    1830.786

    1685.764

    1540.644

    1400.69

    1267.204

    1140.588

    1027.26

    925.428

    836.244

    758.896

    688.476

    627.172

    576.402

    537.894

    507.194

    484.646

    466.898

    455.276

    443.626

    428.494

    416.38

    407.234

    398.544

    387.51

    379.316

    372.546

    363.544

    355.418

    351.746

    348.828

    347.796

    348.9

    353.592

    357.452

    362.894

    369.716

    374.968

    373.144

    369.246

    365.654

    358.822

    357.514

    365.32

    379.8

    405.332

    444.194

    509.838

    609.12

    755.608

    976.444

    1297.35

    1737.406

    2308.74

    2998.44

    3740.08

    4431.4

    4957.16

    5222.36

    5187.28

    4911.14

    4513.08

    4166.36

    4037.22

    4245.2

    4862.36

    5847.3

    7033.5

    8237.12

    9171.76

    9620.02

    9424.02

    8610.68

    7350.34

    5864.4

    4377.1

    3099.6

    2104.06

    1403.098

    925.534

    632.362

    456.124

    347.35

    278.382

    233.912

    204.758

    183.4388

    169.3614

    158.6174

    150.4282

    143.9624

    139.65

    136.5952

    133.5812

    131.0806

    128.4656

    125.7986

    123.8026

    122.3624

    121.7266

    121.181

    120.1722

    120.858

    120.0562

    119.6874

    118.7406

    118.2794

    117.5144

    117.3866

    118.5018

    119.9116

    119.1508

    117.7104

    115.5664

    113.0434

    112.3112

    112.8446

    114.2664

    115.4762

    115.7298

    115.9884

    115.363

    115.6632

    115.175

    115.018

    115.087

    114.5756

    113.2604

    113.1106

    112.639

    112.8014

    112.5436

    113.2216

    113.3476

    112.7104

    111.785

    111.0566

    110.9394

    109.852

    110.3508

    110.4654

    109.7456

    109.0634

    109.0712

    109.2504

    110.0796

    109.7704

    110.5554

    110.8496

    110.1068

    109.8276

    110.2106

    110.2214

    109.0604

    107.9308

    108.291

    106.5124

    105.3592

    105.844

    108.0796

    108.696

    107.9698

    107.4326

    106.918

    105.5982

    105.579

    105.2834

    107.0448

    109.0154

    109.0302

    108.7972

    109.0176

    108.799

    107.8546

    106.7764

    106.9696

    108.3796

    108.1566

    108.5698

    108.5044

    106.8246

    106.0292

    106.9934

    108.8402

    110.0724

    110.5416

    111.2998

    110.2608

    107.9786

    107.189

    106.894

    108.2654

    109.435

    109.9634

    110.067

    108.522

    105.5494

    104.2084

    102.1678

    102.413

    103.8782

    105.2686

    107.2014

    108.244

    107.7288

    108.3604

    108.2032

    108.526

    108.3394

    106.6788

    106.1166

    105.6128

    104.9004

    105.4732

    106.165

    105.8036

    106.9636

    107.6904

    108.3264

    109.0988

    109.0738

    107.7126

    106.8292

    106.3988

    108.0892

    108.0892

    107.7832

    107.2052

    106.3554

    105.2338

    Si2p10

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    Si2p10

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si Ref SiO2tyukan

    Gra_Nk2sSi2p

    3285.5

    3230.36

    3176.96

    3125.3

    3075.38

    3019.24

    2966.78

    2935.94

    2916.3

    2901.32

    2875.18

    2835.62

    2797.26

    2757.78

    2722.74

    2687.2

    2698.6

    2665.86

    2661.4

    2629.62

    2590.2

    2587.84

    2573.18

    2567.18

    2583.3

    2580.02

    2576.8

    2561.88

    2535.8

    2539.06

    2514.14

    2506.12

    2504.18

    2478.48

    2480.66

    2500.18

    2513.14

    2525.28

    2510.54

    2478.36

    2439.08

    2403.5

    2414.46

    2427.52

    2424.66

    2419.76

    2384.54

    2326.32

    2272

    2263.98

    2269.12

    2254

    2219.44

    2209.76

    2185.98

    2156.02

    2157.5

    2169.36

    2171.78

    2137.92

    2109.2

    2097.68

    2106.26

    2161.1

    2292.6

    2457.12

    2688.5

    2984.22

    3374.86

    3894.06

    4620.76

    5523.5

    6638.98

    7913.84

    9343.14

    10956.5

    12628.58

    14355.4

    16138.42

    17775.28

    19210.66

    20381.8

    21218.6

    21665.6

    21624.6

    21081.4

    20062.6

    18627.86

    16835.1

    14881.5

    12885.02

    10957.26

    9239.6

    7676.96

    6360.4

    5360.76

    4550.44

    3950.9

    3508

    3198.32

    2974.9

    2794.44

    2688.56

    2642.12

    2628.74

    2632.04

    2614.72

    2678.08

    2965.84

    3819.74

    5549.7

    8435.34

    12497.54

    17357.34

    22519.6

    27469.4

    32012

    36355.8

    40820

    45409.4

    49557.4

    52171.4

    52029.4

    48255.4

    41113.8

    31899.8

    22343.6

    13986.16

    7819.46

    4025.96

    2103.42

    1279.672

    1005.864

    963.388

    930.644

    885.438

    850.982

    802.64

    757.588

    709.43

    680.896

    665.718

    648.248

    641.54

    643.954

    624.872

    598.81

    583.814

    579.488

    576.254

    568.424

    570.644

    569.882

    564.618

    555.172

    563.354

    574.308

    577.69

    578.526

    576.266

    560.002

    552.798

    538.71

    541.124

    545.616

    550.912

    556

    553.486

    548.008

    551.708

    549.502

    547.48

    540.49

    537.98

    534.922

    538.394

    553.048

    549.784

    541.482

    532.308

    529.014

    535.768

    556.138

    569.394

    579.18

    562.338

    547.646

    531.756

    529.376

    537.612

    556.636

    565.44

    563.674

    555.44

    540.656

    527.624

    527.624

    527.23

    533.126

    545.308

    563.778

    Si2p

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    Si2p

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si Ref SiO2tyukan

    Gra_Nk2sO1s10

    1526.584

    1520.008

    1513.648

    1507.502

    1501.57

    1490.688

    1484.152

    1482.582

    1487.136

    1487.524

    1489.344

    1489.494

    1483.552

    1478.246

    1475.508

    1468.422

    1463.26

    1460.208

    1457.828

    1453.932

    1446.86

    1441.17

    1442.65

    1444.66

    1449.564

    1455.13

    1457.962

    1455.06

    1448.08

    1447.268

    1446.46

    1446.104

    1443.588

    1437.618

    1431.08

    1423.618

    1423.732

    1424.588

    1428.484

    1438.404

    1443.168

    1443.89

    1439.616

    1439.922

    1445.386

    1444.782

    1444.58

    1447.44

    1437.904

    1427.178

    1417.45

    1415.304

    1418.802

    1423.148

    1424.996

    1428.626

    1424.414

    1421.418

    1420.918

    1424.166

    1425.154

    1430.608

    1431.378

    1432.18

    1431.266

    1428.884

    1424.556

    1424.572

    1418.22

    1418.684

    1416.296

    1415.488

    1417.546

    1417.85

    1418.726

    1419.634

    1425.948

    1431.562

    1433.35

    1437.092

    1439.04

    1436.8

    1429.408

    1418.146

    1418.65

    1417.478

    1416.072

    1419.398

    1422.6

    1424.576

    1419.576

    1416.716

    1420.088

    1422.284

    1419.892

    1415.336

    1413.846

    1411.982

    1406.142

    1407.362

    1410.656

    1413

    1419.2

    1424.478

    1430.764

    1436.868

    1434.246

    1432.198

    1430.054

    1425.964

    1423.678

    1422.192

    1427.59

    1435.81

    1436.748

    1437.02

    1441.16

    1438.202

    1431.152

    1426.354

    1427.676

    1431.004

    1431.71

    1437.67

    1449.222

    1451.288

    1455.912

    1455.368

    1456.712

    1459.222

    1456.302

    1456.95

    1459.104

    1456.83

    1460.516

    1463.894

    1473.704

    1484.252

    1491.504

    1501.614

    1515.534

    1526.428

    1536.296

    1542.428

    1549.056

    1554.442

    1561.606

    1572.346

    1597.828

    1623.014

    1651.354

    1683.658

    1722.32

    1764.642

    1814.84

    1869.302

    1939.042

    2009.86

    2095.28

    2202.38

    2318.14

    2450.4

    2598.36

    2756.48

    2940.78

    3156.22

    3406.56

    3697.7

    4029.7

    4393.62

    4796.22

    5250.32

    5753.1

    6320.8

    6956.12

    7663.1

    8430.38

    9261.08

    10143.96

    11089.18

    12084.86

    13132.14

    14212.5

    15316.76

    16421.74

    17548.36

    18638.1

    19685.38

    20678

    21572

    22335.6

    22967.2

    23427.4

    23745

    23912

    23902.4

    23727.6

    23364.2

    22827.2

    22147.2

    21305.4

    20346

    19310.38

    18184.34

    17010.8

    15813.64

    14625.48

    13472.6

    12355.38

    11288.92

    10291.14

    9341.46

    8469.36

    7678.62

    6958.22

    6306.22

    5720.42

    5189.68

    4719.86

    4293.12

    3919.02

    3588.34

    3290.6

    3027.04

    2794.6

    2584.12

    2403.66

    2251.44

    2123.7

    2017.46

    1922.194

    1840.3

    1773.632

    1726.158

    1685.386

    1660.162

    1640.996

    1620.69

    1597.444

    1565.464

    1536.376

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    1500.85

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    1483.536

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    1412.25

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    1399.136

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    1373.982

    1369.762

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    1355.016

    1353.528

    1355.638

    1354.144

    1352.05

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    1347.18

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    1352.944

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    1316.514

    O1s10

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    O1s10

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si Ref SiO2tyukan

    Gra_Nk2sO1s

    9266.125

    9190

    9113.8625

    9121.1375

    9106.425

    9061.8

    9086.6375

    9061.5625

    8965.65

    8821.525

    8873.1375

    8805.375

    8763.725

    8846.4125

    8784.35

    8655.1375

    8627.2375

    8676.05

    8858.7875

    8789.25

    8762.3875

    8690

    8484.275

    8547.075

    8710.5375

    8716.55

    8440.1375

    8607.8375

    8632.675

    8633.8625

    8526

    8543.8125

    8398.8125

    8473.75

    8734.775

    8548.9625

    8550.0875

    8595.625

    8607.85

    8681.3875

    8559.525

    8496.825

    8611.5375

    8569.625

    8457.125

    8420.6875

    8661.3375

    8551.5875

    8517.8

    8499.0375

    8365.0625

    8440

    8608.825

    8553.725

    8574.1125

    8467.65

    8514.425

    8324.525

    8528.225

    8600.4625

    8627.0875

    8614.1

    8421.5

    8621.375

    8666.8875

    8701.2625

    8730.6375

    8776.85

    8955.2

    8973.1125

    9164.3

    9192.3375

    9546.4

    9882.8

    10025.7625

    10442.0875

    10977.8625

    11710.525

    12660.125

    14017.375

    15793.75

    17870.375

    20663.75

    24787.375

    28897.25

    35130.125

    42385.75

    51014.875

    61109.375

    73156.875

    86103

    100314.5

    115298.75

    129293.75

    142285

    154302.5

    162418.75

    166353.75

    167115

    163332.5

    155336.25

    143303.75

    129972.5

    115418.25

    99726.875

    85849.5

    72274.875

    59475.5

    49727.75

    41162.875

    33527.125

    27654.75

    23059

    19389.25

    16791.875

    14937.25

    13192

    12200.825

    11277.4

    10632.3625

    10254.8375

    9742.2

    9502.55

    9181.45

    9150.7375

    9173.2375

    8848.7375

    8772.875

    8744.9125

    8672.975

    8453.05

    8447.0125

    8284.975

    8444.4

    8402.5125

    8292.4

    8179.2625

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    8092

    8147.9

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    8053.475

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    7763.2125

    7836.6875

    7859.8125

    7812.275

    7767.2

    7826.825

    7795.225

    7804.6

    O1s

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    File: Nk2s

    Toray ResearchCenter inc.

    O1s

    Binding Energy (eV)

    cps

    Si Ref SiO2tyukan

    Nk2s

    VAMAS Surface Chemical Analysis Standard Data Transfer Format 1988 May 4

    Toray Research Center

    EscaLab 220-IXL

    TRC

    F:\HAYASHI\EP\KE\NK2SA

    0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0Shift(eV)0

    NORM

    REGULAR111111111

    9

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    9

    Region 1Region 2Region 3Region 4Region 5Region 6Region 7Region 8Region 9

    Si Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukanSi Ref SiO2tyukan

    200120012001200120012001200120012001

    111111111

    131313131313131313

    181818181818181817

    161616161616161658

    394039393939393952

    255255255255255255255255255

    000000000

    XPSXPSXPSXPSXPSXPSXPSXPSXPS

    XAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alphaAl K-alpha

    X(eV)1486.61486.61486.61486.61486.61486.61486.61486.61486.6

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    FATFATFATFATFATFATFATFATFAT

    3030303030103010100

    1.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+371.00E+37

    5.215.215.215.215.215.215.215.215.21

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    B1s301B1s302C1sF1sO1sO1s10Si2pSi2p10WIDE

    B1s301B1s302C1sF1sO1sO1s10Si2pSi2p10WIDE

    -1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1

    Kinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic EnergyKinetic Energy

    eVeVeVeVeVeVeVeVeV

    (eV)1282.051282.051189.05789.05944.05944.051375.051375.05386.05

    0.10.10.10.10.10.050.10.051

    111111111

    CountsCountsCountsCountsCountsCountsCountsCountsCounts

    pulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse countingpulse counting

    0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1

    1000100010308505502

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    000000000

    2512512012012014012014011101

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