CHAPTER 22: EXILE IN DAPITAN 1. BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN0. Dapitan, is a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits 0. Rizal could live at the parish convent on the following conditions:1. That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution. 1. That he perform the church rites and make a general confession of his past life.1. That he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion0. Rizal did not agree with these conditions 2. Consequently, he lived in the house of the commandant; Captain Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. 1. WINS IN MANILA LOTTERY1. The mail boat, Butuan, brought no Spanish official to Dapitan but the happy tidings that:0. the Lottery Ticket No. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carnicero, Rizal and Francisco Eqiulor (Spanish resident of Dipolog) won the second prize of P20,0001. Rizals share of the winning lottery ticket was P6,2001. He gave P2,000 to his father and P200 to his friend Basa in Hong Kong1. The rest he invested well by purchasing agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay1. Rizal never drank liquor and never smoked but he was a lottery ticket addict. 1. RIZAL-PASTELLS DEBATE ON RELIGION2. Father Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda, with advice that Rizal should desist from his foolishness in viewing religion from the prism of individual judgment and self-esteem2. Rizal revealed his anti-catholic ideas which he had acquired in Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars 1. It is understandable why he was bitter against the friars who committed certain abuses under the cloak of religion. 2. Rizals Catholicism requires enlightenment, like the Catholicism of Terilhard de Chardin 1. RIZAL CHALLENGES A FRENCHMAN TO A DUEL3. Mr. Juan Lardet, a businessman, purchased many logs from the lands of Rizal.0. It so happened that some of the logs were of poor quality0. Lardet , in a letter written to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan merchant and friend of Rizal,1. expressed his disgust with the business deal 1. and stated that if Rizal was a truthful man, he would have told me that the lumber not included in the account were bad. 3. Miranda indiscreetly forwarded Lardets letter to Rizal1. Joses weakness: sensitivity1. When he read Lardets letter, he flared up in anger, regarding the Frenchmans unsavory comment as an affront to his integrity3. Carnicero told the Frenchman to apologize rather than accept the challenge3. Rizal accepted the Frenchmans apology1. RIZAL AND FATHER SANCHEZ4. Father Pastells tried to persuade Rizal to discard his errors of religion0. He assigned Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizals favorite teacher at Ateneo0. Sanchez is the only Spanish priest to defend Rizals Noli in public 0. Failed to persuade Rizal to discard his unorthodox views on the Catholic Religion1. RIZALS ENCOUNTER WITH THE FRIARS SPY5. Pablo Mercado posed as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house0. Strange visitor offered his services as a confidential courier of Rizals letter and writings for the patriots in Manila which might incriminate him in the revolutionary movement 5. Rizal, being a man of prudence and keen perception became suspicious 1. Rizal went to the comandancia and denounced the impostor to Captain Juan Sitges0. As commandant of Dapitan, Sitges ordered the arrest of Pablo Mercado and instructed Anastacio Adriatico to investigate him immediately 5. The real name of Pablo Mercado was Florencio Namanan1. AS PHYSICIAN IN DAPITAN 6. Patients are poor; he gave them free medicine 6. Studied the medicinal plants and their curative values 1. To poor patients, who could not afford to buy imported medicine, he prescribed the local medicinal plants.1. WATER SYSTEM FOR DAPITAN7. Rizal held the title of expert surveyor which he obtained from Ateneo7. He applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townpeople. 1. Engineers marveled how Rizal could have built such a system of waterworks, for he had inadequate tools and his finances are limited 1. Without aid from the government, he succeeded in giving a good water system7. Length of this aqueduct is several kilometers 1. COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN8. Aside from constructing the towns first water system, he spent many months draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan8. The P500 which an Englishman patient paid him was used by Jose to equip the town with its lighting system1. This lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps1. Electric lighting was unknown then in the Philippines 1. It was not until 1894 when Manila saw the first electric lights8. Another project was the beautification of Dapitan2. He remodeled the town plaza to enhance its beauty 2. He wanted it to have the same standards as Europe1. RIZAL AS TEACHER 9. His exile in Dapitan gave him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas9. Established a school; he applied the same system of education that he learned in Ateneo in his school1. Best is called the emperor and sat at the head of the bench1. CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE 10. Was able to built a rich collection of concology 10. Among these:1. Draco Rizali (a flying dragon)1. Apogonia Rizali (a small beetle)1. Rhacophorus Rizali (a rare frog)1. ARTISTIC WORKS IN DAPITAN11. Rizal made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan1. RIZAL AS FARMER12. Rizal bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school, and hospital, and planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts and fruit trees.12. He acquired more lands until his total holdings reached 70 hectares, containing 6,000 hemp plants 1,000 coconut trees, and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao. 12. Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. 12. He imported agricultural machinery from the U. S. 12. He invited his friends and family to come to his projected agricultural colony 4. Rizal wanted to establish a new Calamba in Dapitan 4. This project did not materialize because he could not get the support of the government. 1. RIZAL AS BUSINESSMAN13. In partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries, and lime manufacturing 13. The most profitable business of Rizal was in hemp industry 13. To break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, Rizal organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers2. Helped the producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices.1. RIZALS INVENTIVE ABILITY14. While practicing medicine in Calamba, he invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt0. He called this sulpukan, which is made of wood0. Its mechanism is based on the principle of compressed air14. He invited a machine for making bricks 1. This machine could manufacture about 6,000 bricks daily 1. MY RETREAT15. Serene life as an exile in Dapitan 1. RIZAL & JOSEPHINE BRACKEN 16. The death of Leonor Rivera left a poignant void in Joses heart16. Josephine Bracken 1. Came to Dapitan, an Irish, 18 y.o.1. Her mother died in childbirth and she was adopted by George Taufer, who later became blind1. No ophthalmic surgeon in Hong Kong could cure that is why they need to go to Manila to seek the services of the famous ophthalmic surgeon 1. They heard in Hong Kong that Rizal was in Dapitan 16. Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight2. They agreed to marry after a month2. But Fr. Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu16. When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected marriage3. He flared up in anger3. Unable to endure the thought of losing Josephine, he tried to commit suicide by cutting of his throat with a razor3. Rizal, however, grabbed his wrists and prevented him from killing himself 3. To avoid the tragedy, Josephine went with Taufer to Manila by the first available steamer3. The blind man went away uncured because his ailment was venereal in nature, hence incurable 3. Mr. Taufer returned alone to Hong Kong, Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizals family.16. Since no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands together and married themselves before the eyes of God. 4. Fr. Obach was scandalized and gossips circulated around 16. Rizal was expecting a baby5. Unfortunately, Jose played a prank on her, frightening her so that she prematurely gave birth to an 8th month baby boy, who only lived for three hours5. This lost son of Rizal was named Francisco in honor of his father1. RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN17. Andres Bonifacio, the Great Plebian, was sowing the seeds of an unarmed uprising0. Founded the Katipunan, the secret revolutionary society 17. Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan1. To inform Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedoms sake1. Dr. Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer, Venus1. To camouflage his real mission, he brought with him a blind man named Raymundo Mata17. Rizal objected to Bonifacios audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution2. He was of the sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons:0. The people are not ready for revolution0. Arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry for revolution2. He also disapproved of the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue him1. Because he had given his word of honor to the Spanish authorities 1. And he did not want to break it1. VOLUNTEERS AS MILITARY DOCTOR IN CUBA18. Months before the Katipunan contacted Jose, Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of a revolution and a raging yellow fever epidemic.0. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the Spanish troops and the Cuban people.18. It was Blumentritt who told him of the deplorable health situation in war-ridden Cuba and advised him to volunteer as army physician there18. Rizal wrote to Gov.-Gen. Ramon Blanco, Despujols successor, offering his services as military doctor in Cuba2. Blanco notified him of the acceptance of his offer 1. THE SONG OF THE TRAVELER19. Great was Rizals joy in receiving the gladsome news19. He knew that he was free and he can travel to Europe then Cuba

CHAPTER 23: LAST TRIP ABROAD (1896)1. RIZAL MISSES SHIP GOING TO SPAIN0. Letter to Blumentritt0. I did not catch the mail ship for Spain0. Fearing that my stay in Manila for a month might bring me troubles I made known to the governor general, while remaining on board, of my wish to be isolated from everybody, except my family. 0. Rizal was transferred to another cruiser by the order of Ramon Blanco1. Was given good accommodation1. He was treated not a prisoner, but a guest detained on board in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies0. Rizal stayed on the cruiser for about a month, pending the availability of a Spain-bound steamer. 1. OUTBREAK OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION 1. The Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil1. This incident struck terror into the hearts of the Spanish officials and residents, producing a hysteria of vindicative retaliation against the Filipino patriots.1. The tumult produced by the discovery of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by the Cry of Balintawak which was raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros 2. The revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan, but they were repulsed with heavy losses2. After the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight provinces for rising in arms against Spain:1. Manila, BUlacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac1. DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN2. Rizal received from Governor General Blanco 2 letters of introduction for the Minister of War and the Minister of Colonies, with a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for the raging revolution2. Letter by Blanco to the Minister of War:1. His conduct during the 4 years that he was in exile in Dapitan has been exemplary 1. He is the more worthy of pardon and benevolence as he is in no way involved either in the criminal attempt that we are lamenting these days or in any conspiracy or secret society that they have been plotting. 2. Don Pedro Rozas and his son, Periquin2. Fellow passenger of Rizal1. RIZAL IN SINGAPORE 3. Don Pedro, with his son, disembarked at Singapore0. He advised Rizal to stay too and take advantage of the protection of the British Law0. Rizal did not heed his advice 3. Don Manuel Camus1. Boarded the steamer, urging Jose to stay in Singapore to save his life1. Jose ignored their appeal because he had given his word of honor to Governor General Blanco and he did not like to break it. 1. VICTIM OF SPANISH DUPLICITY 4. Without Joses knowledge, Gov. Gen. Blanco was secretly conspiring with the Ministers of War and the Colonies for his destruction 4. One of Joses mistakes was to believe that Gov. Gen. Blanco was a man of honor and a friend because:1. He allowed him to go as a free man to Spain to become a physician-surgeon of the Spanish army in Cuba, where a bloody revolution was raging1. Blanco gave him 2 letters of introduction addressed to the Spanish Ministers of War 4. Blanco and the Ministers of War and the Colonies were exchanging coded telegrams and confidential messages for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona2. That Jose was a deportee and was being kept under surveillance 1. RIZAL ARRESTED BEFORE REACHING BARCELONA 5. A passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of Gov. Gen. Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco) 5. Rizal belatedly realized that he was duped by the unscrupulous Spanish officials, particularly Blanco5. Letter to Blumentritt:2. I have offered to serve as a physician, risking life in the hazards of war and abandoning all my business2. I am innocent and now in reward they are sending me to prison2. I am communicating to you this news that you may appraise my situation. 1. ARRIVAL IN BARCELONA AS A PRISONER (8 days) 6. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days6. Jose was kept under heavy guard in his cabin for three days6. Rizal was escorted to the grim and infamous prison-fortress named Monjuich 2. He spent the whole morning in a cell6. Joses interview with Despujol3. Told Rizal that he would be shipped back to Manila6. Rizal was taken aboard on a ship full of soldiers and officers

CHAPTER 24: LAST HOMECOMING AND TRIAL1. A MARTYRS LAST HOMECOMING 0. Rizal knew he was facing the supreme test, which might mean the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid.0. He thanked God for giving him the chance to return in order to confront his slanderers and to vindicate his name0. Diary:2. Either they do me justice and recognize my innocence and then I will be rehabilitated or they sentence me to death 2. Society will forgive me and later, without any doubt, justice will be done and I will one martyr2. Instead of dying abroad, I will die in my country2. I believe that what is happening is the best that can happen to me Gods will be done1. CONFISCATION OF RIZALS DIARY 1. It was known to the Spanish authorities that Rizal was keeping track of the daily events in his diary0. They were curious as to what were recorded in his diary 0. Their suspicion was aroused, for they feared that the diarist might be writing something seditious or treasonable 1. Rizals diary was taken away and was critically scrutinized by the authorities1. Nothing dangerous was found in its contents 1. The diary was returned to him1. UNSUCESSFUL RESCUE IN SINGAPORE 2. News of Rizals predicament reached his friends in Europe and Singapore2. They dispatched frantic telegrams to an English lawyer in Singapore named Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore by means of a writ of habeas corpus2. When the steamer arrived in Singapore,2. Atty. Fort instituted proceedings at the Singapore Court for the removal of Rizal from the steamer2. The crux of Mr. Forts legal contention was that Rizal was illegally detained on the Spanish steamer2. Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ on the ground:3. That the steamer (Colon) was carrying Spanish troops to the Philippines3. Hence it is a warship of a foreign power, which under international law was beyond the jurisdiction of the Singapore authorities1. ARRIVAL IN MANILA3. Rizal was quietly transferred under heavy guard from the ship to Fort Santiago3. Spanish authorities fished for evidence against Rizal1. Many Filipino patriots were brutally tortured to implicate Rizal 1. Rizals brother, Paciano, was arrested and cruelly tortured1. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 4. 2 kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal, namely documentary and testimonial 1. RIZAL CHOOSES HIS DEFENDER5. The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish authorities was to choose his defense counsel5. This was highly restricted, for he had to choose only from a list submitted to him5. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade2. He name was familiar to Jose so that he chose the lieutenant to be his defender in court 2. The brother of Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizals bodyguard in Calamba 1. READING OF INFORMATION OF CHARGES TO THE ACCUSED 6. Jose was accused of being the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion 6. As the accused, Rizal raised no objection on the jurisdiction of the court, but pleaded not guilty to the crime of rebellion.1. He admitted that he wrote the Constitution of the Liga Filipina which was merely a civic association1. He waived the right to amend or make further statements already made, except that he had taken no part in politics since his exile to Dapitan. 6. The withdrawal of Blanco from the gubernatorial office sealed Rizals fate, for he was more humane in character than the ruthless Polavieja2. Blanco believed that Rizal was not a traitor to Spain2. Had he remained in longer in office, Rizal would not have been executed1. RIZALS MANIFESTO TO HIS PEOPLE 7. Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and liberty 7. Contents:1. My name had been used as a war cry among some who were in arms1. When I had news of what was being planned, I opposed it and demonstrated its absolute impossibility 1. I was convinced that the idea was highly absurd and would bring great suffering 1. In spite of my counsels, the movement broke out1. I spontaneously offered not only my services, but my life, and even my name so that they might use them in the manner they saw fit to suppress the rebellion1. Liberty is desired by placing education as a premise by means of education and of labor they might have a personality of their own and make themselves worthy of liberties 1. In my writings I have recommended redemption 1. I have written that reforms, to be fruitful, have to come from above, that those that come from below are irregular and unstable 1. I condemn this absurd, savage uprising planned behind my back, which dishonors us1. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all participation therein. 7. Rizals manifesto was not issued to the people2. Rizal was saved from the shame of his manifestos being misinterpreted and disobeyed by the Filipinos in arms1. THE TRIAL OF RIZAL8. His case was prejudged; he was considered guilty before the actual trial8. Rizal was not given the right (which any accused is entitled to have in a real court of justice) to face the witnesses against him in open court8. The prosecuting attorney urged the court to give the verdict of death to the accused8. Rizal proved his innocence by twelve points:3. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution3. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he were guilty he could have escaped Singapore3. If he had a hand in revolution, he could have escaped in a Moro vinta and would not have built a home, a hospital, and bought lands in Dapitan3. If he were the chief of revolution, why was he not consulted by the revolutionists?3. It was true that he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but this is only a civic association not a revolutionary society. 3. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan and it died out.3. If the La Liga was organized 9 months later, he did not know about it. 3. The La Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, otherwise they would not have supplanted it with the Katipunan.3. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizals letters, it was because they were written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted3. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-military commanders and missionary priests could attest3. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by one of his speech at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront. His friends knew his opposition to armed rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him?8. The military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death1. POLAVIEJA SIGNS RIZALS EXECUTION 9. Polavieja approved the decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal o be shot at 7am of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field.

CHAPTER 25: MARTYRDOM IN BAGUMBAYAN1. LAST HOURS OF RIZAL0. Rizal gave to Trinidad the alcohol cooking stove instructing her that there is something inside 0. This something was Rizals farewell poem0. 10PM 29 December 18961. Rizal wrote his retraction, in which he abjured Masonry and his religious ideas which were anti-catholic 1. MARTYRDOM OF A HERO1. He requested the commander of the firing squad, that he be shot facing the firing squad0. His request was denied, for the captain had implicit orders to shot him in the back1. Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo1. A Spanish military physician asked his permission to feel his pulse1. Castillo was amazed to find it normal, showing that Rizal was not afraid to die1. It was exactly 7:03 in the morning when he died in the bloom of manhood aged 35 y. o. 1. AFTERMATH OF A HERO-MARTYRS DEATH 2. After the heros execution, the Spanish spectators shouted Viva Espana! Muerte a los Traidores (Long live Spain! Death to the Traitors!)2. He proved that the pen is mightier than the sword