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A537A537SPACE ORIENTATIONSPACE ORIENTATION

InstructorsLTC Deborah Gregoire

Major Dusty TysonMajor Tom Frooninckx

Mr. Jeff Barker

CGSC Space Office: Room 65B, Bell Hall684-2536/2513

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A537 Lesson ScheduleA537 Lesson ScheduleLESSON SUBJECT

1 IntroductionSpace Policy and LawSpace Organizations

2 Space EnvironmentOrbital Mechanics

3 Space Mission Areas

4 Communications

5 NavigationWeather

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A537 Lesson ScheduleA537 Lesson ScheduleLESSON SUBJECT

6 Remote SensingMultispectral Imagery (MSI)RISTATENCAP

7 WarningMissile Defense

8 Practical ExerciseHandout Exam

9 Student BriefingsCourse Review

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SPACE ORIENTATIONSPACE ORIENTATIONCourse RequirementsCourse Requirements

– Examination 40%

– Group Presentation 20%

– Class Participation 40%

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LESSON 1LESSON 1INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSPACE POLICYSPACE POLICY

SPACE ORGANIZATIONSSPACE ORGANIZATIONS

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INTRODUCTIONSINTRODUCTIONS&&

EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS

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Sources ofSources ofSpace Policy and LawSpace Policy and Law

• Custom• Domestic and International Laws• Treaties and Agreements• Policy Statements and Directives

– Presidential– DoD and the Armed Services– Other Government Organizations

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CUSTOMCUSTOM• Based on maritime law and customs.• Specific differences: Abandoned space

materials are still the property (and responsibility) of the launching nation. Not like maritime derelicts and wrecks.

• Concept: If not specifically illegal, then it is legal.

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Principles of Principles of International Space International Space

LawLaw

• International law applies to outer space• Space is free for use by all countries • Space will be used for peaceful purposes• Space objects must be registered with

the UN

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Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963

• Prohibits nuclear tests or explosions in space, underwater, and atmosphere

• US, UK, and USSR original parties• Many countries have signed since 1963• Notably, France and PRC still have not

signed

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Outer Space Treaty 1967Outer Space Treaty 1967

• Broad, general principles, non-binding• Established freedom of access to space• Nations can’t “claim” space or planets• Establishes basic liability for damage

caused by manmade space objects

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Outer Space Treaty 1967Outer Space Treaty 1967 (continued)(continued)

• Space is for peaceful purposes only• No space-based weapons of mass

destruction• Over 100 countries have signed to

include all space capable nations

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Agreement on the Rescue and Agreement on the Rescue and Return of Astronauts 1968Return of Astronauts 1968

• Elaborates principles stated in Article V of Outer Space Treaty of 1967

• Astronauts are peaceful envoys of mankind and must be returned safely and promptly

• Recover spacecraft if possible, launching state must pay for recovery

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ABM Treaty 1972ABM Treaty 1972• Bilateral agreement between US and USSR.

Russia has affirmed.• Deploy ABM system around capital and

one missile field– Amended by 1974 protocol to either/or

• Deploy warning radars only on periphery• Can’t interfere with national technical

means of verification of other party• ABM systems and components cannot be

sea, air, space, or mobile land-based

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Liability Convention 1972Liability Convention 1972• Created effective rules and procedures

governing liability of space objects (Outer Space Treaty, Articles VI and VII)

• Defines damage from space object– On earth and in air: absolute– In space: fault based

• Claims through diplomatic channels• Cosmos 954/Skylab good examples

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Registration Convention 1975Registration Convention 1975• Requires central registry of space

objects with UN to further strengthen liability convention of 1972

• Each state shall provide, as soon as possible: Launching state, designator number, date and location of launch, basic orbital parameters and deorbit information

• Use satellite catalog to identify objects

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Moon Treaty 1979Moon Treaty 1979

• Declares Moon and its natural resources to be common heritage of all mankind, and all countries benefit from exploration, exploitation of moon

• Wealth redistribution scheme• Only 6 countries have signed, no space

powers have signed treaty

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Strategic Arms Reduction Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I and II)Treaty (START I and II)

• START I:– Effective 4 Dec 1994– Limits must be met by Dec 2001

– 6000 warheads/1600 delivery systems

• START II:– Ratified by US Congress (not Russian)– Limits must be met by Jan 2003

– No MIRVs or “Heavy” ICBMs– 3000-3500 total warheads

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Domestic LawDomestic Law

U S Law and Regulations

– Budget and appropriations process– NASA Act of 1958– Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984– Land Remote Sensing Policy Act (1992)

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NASA Act 1958NASA Act 1958

• Established National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• Responsible for space activities not related to national defense

• Peaceful exploration of space• Enhance national prestige of the US

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Commercial Space Launch Act Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA) 1984(CSLA) 1984

• Purpose: To promote private sector activity in space and provide single agency to regulate commercial launches

• Set liability limits and made military space launch infrastructure available for commercial use on a cost-reimbursable basis

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Land Remote Sensing Policy Land Remote Sensing Policy Act (1992)Act (1992)

• Repealed previous LANDSAT Act of 1984

• Joint ownership of LANDSAT by DoD and NASA

• Only unclassified images• Civilian organizations must pay cost for

data retrieval only

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National Space PolicyNational Space Policy

• Each President since Eisenhower has published a space policy

• Each builds on the previous policies• National security use of space and

space systems always included• Supplemented by additional directives

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National Space Policy EvolutionNational Space Policy Evolution• 1958 - First national space policy. Separate programs

for civil, commercial, and national security. NASA created.

• 1960’s - Kennedy set first major space goal. “…man on the Moon…”

• 1970’s - Moon landings then space program looses focus and priority is lowered. Broad objectives. Shuttle program approved.

• 1980’s - Space warfighting perspective. Strategic Defense Initiative to eliminate ballistic missile threat.

• 1990’s - Space relatively low priority. Emphasis of joint ventures. Space station downsized.

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Clinton AdministrationClinton Administration1993 - 1993 -

• BMDO replaced SDIO• National Space Council replaced by

National Science and Technology Council

• Consolidation of weather satellite systems to POES

• Declassification of information

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Clinton AdministrationClinton Administration1993 - 1993 -

• National security space activities shall contribute to US national security by:– supporting right of self-defense of US, allies and friends– deterring, warning, and defending against enemy attack– assuring hostile forces cannot prevent our use of space– countering, if necessary, space systems and services used for

hostile purposes– enhancing operations of U.S. and allied forces– ensuring our ability to conduct military and intelligence space-

related activities– satisfying military and intelligence requirements during peace and

crisis as well as through all levels of conflict

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Department of DefenseDepartment of DefenseSpace PolicySpace Policy

• Supports and amplifies U.S. national space policy

• Space recognized as an operational medium (like land, sea and air)

• Space mission areas defined:– Space Support– Force Enhancement– Space Control– Force Application

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Air Force Space PolicyAir Force Space Policy

Tenants• Spacepower will be as decisive in

future combat as airpower is today• The Air Force leads the integration of

space throughout all joint operations• Create fully integrated air and space

forces that exploit the aerospace environment

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Air Force Space PolicyAir Force Space PolicyObjectives

• Integrate space into all facets of joint operations

• Develop the world's best spacelift and infrastructure

• Create effective TMD, NMD, and GMD capabilities

• Pursue international space cooperation for a global missile warning system

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Navy Space PolicyNavy Space Policy• Space is an essential medium

for the conduct of maritime operations.

• DON will integrate space into every facet of naval operations. The primary focus is to provide space-based support to the warfighter. Emphasis is placed on naval tactical requirements and operations

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Army Space PolicyArmy Space Policy• Recognizes that Army is dependent on space

systems, capabilities and products• Space products are a force multiplier• Space to be embedded in Army doctrine,

training scenarios, wargames, exercises, and plans.

• Requires developing, maintaining, and enhancing Army space expertise,to include provision for training of space-knowledgeable soldiers and civilians

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US Space Strategy FormulationUS Space Strategy Formulation• Space law and policy acts as a foundation

upon which strategy and tactics are built– Policy drives strategy– Strategy drives tactics

• Policy should be adaptable– If no longer valid, change it

• Re-assess policy on a periodic basis– Change due to technology/requirements

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SummarySummary

• The legal and political parameters under which US space policies and programs are developed

• International and domestic space laws, treaties and policies

• Things to consider in developing US space strategy