A5. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
10
A5 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants Nitin Goel Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd. R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) R-134a (1,1,12-Tetrafluoroethane) R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)] R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52) R-410A [R-32/125 (50/50)] Ammonia/Water Water/Lithium bromide The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and later amended in 1990, 1992, 1997, and 1999 controls the production of ozone-depleting substances including refrigerants containing chlorine and/or bromine production chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFC). Pursuent to this treaty, refrigerants such as R-11 and R-12, ceased to exist in 1996 although continued use from existing stocks is permitted. In addition, hydrofluorocarbon (HCFCs) (such as R-22 and R-123) are being phased out, with complete cessation of production by January 1, 2030. These refrigerants are being replaced by HFC refrigerants which have zero ozone depletion potential. Common HFC refrigerants are R-32, R-125, 134a, and R-143a and their mixtures, such as, R-404A, R-407C, and R-410A. This appendix gives thermophysical properties of these HFC refrigerants and ammonia water and water–lithium bromide mixtures which are used in absorption refrigeration systems. Properties of R-22 are given to serve as a reference (Figure A5.1 through Figure A5.8). A5-1 q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Transcript of A5. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
A5
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ThermophysicalProperties ofRefrigerants
Nitin GoelIntel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)
R-134a (1,1,12-Tetrafluoroethane)
R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)]
R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)
R-410A [R-32/125 (50/50)]
Ammonia/Water
Water/Lithium bromide
The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and later amended in 1990, 1992, 1997, and 1999 controls the
production of ozone-depleting substances including refrigerants containing chlorine and/or bromine
production chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFC). Pursuent to this treaty, refrigerants such as R-11 and R-12,
ceased to exist in 1996 although continued use from existing stocks is permitted. In addition,
hydrofluorocarbon (HCFCs) (such as R-22 and R-123) are being phased out, with complete cessation
of production by January 1, 2030.
These refrigerants are being replaced by HFC refrigerants which have zero ozone depletion potential.
Common HFC refrigerants are R-32, R-125, 134a, and R-143a and their mixtures, such as, R-404A,
R-407C, and R-410A.
This appendix gives thermophysical properties of these HFC refrigerants and ammonia water and
water–lithium bromide mixtures which are used in absorption refrigeration systems. Properties of R-22
are given to serve as a reference (Figure A5.1 through Figure A5.8).
A5-1
1000.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.080.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
2
4
6
810
20
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.080.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
2
4
6
810
20
150
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20 2.40
s =
2.20
kJ/
(kg·
K)
200 250 300 350
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Pre
ssur
e, M
Pa
Properties computed with: NIST REFPROP Based on formulation of Kamei et al. (1995)version 7.0
400 450 500 550
0.30
0.40
0.60
0.801.0
1.52.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
10
15
20
3040
6080
100
150200
400500600700800900
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
Sat
urat
ed li
quid
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Sat
urat
ed V
apor
x =
0.4
n = 300 kg/m3
8.0
600
100 150 200
10
−10
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
0
190
200
T =
180
°C
−20
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30
−10
0
10
20
30
40
5060
7080
T = −20°C
−20
−30
−40
−50
−70
−80
T =
−6.
0°C
0
1500
1450
1400
1350
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
FIGURE A5.1 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-22.
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20 20
108
6
4
2
10.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.10.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
108
6
4
2
10.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Pre
ssur
e, M
Pa
0.10.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01100 150 200 250 300
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
350 400 450 500 550 600
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Properties computed with: NIST REFPROP Based on formulation of Tsiner-Roth and Beehr (1994)version 7.0
–60
–50
–30
–20
–10 0
1013
00
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000 900 800 700 600
9080
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
400
300
200
150
10080
60
40
30
20
15
108.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.80
0.60
0.40
ρ=500 kg/m3
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T=
–40˚
C
T=–10˚C
T=
160
˚C
1450
1400
1350
0.70
0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
x =
0.4
Sat
urat
ed li
quid
Sat
urat
ed V
apor
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.40s
= 2.
30 K
J/(k
g·K)
FIGURE A5.2 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-134a.
Th
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10.08.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
1.00.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.010.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Pre
ssur
e (M
Pa)
DuPont Fluorochemicals 0.00
10
0.00
110.
0012
0.00
13 0.001
4
0.001
5
0.00160.0018
0.00200.0030
0.0040
0.00500.0060
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.00
105
220 23
0 240
Volume = 0.0080 m'/kg
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.85
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05 2.10
2.15
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40 2.45
2.500.75
Entro
py =
2.2
0 kj
/kg.
k
Tem
pera
ture
= −
50°C
Tem
pera
ture
= 1
40°C
Temperature = 0°C
0.00
075
0.00
080
0.00
085
0.00
090
0.00
095
−70
−60
−40
−30
−20
−10 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
60
50
40
30
20
10
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
−60
−70
Satu
rate
d liq
uid
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
qual
ity =
Sat
urat
ed v
apor
−40
−30
−20
−10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10
0
110
120
130
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
0
Suva® 404A (R–404A)Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram(SI Units)
FIGURE A5.3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-404A.
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100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
100
Satu
rate
d liq
uid
0.1
0.2
Qua
lity
= 0.
3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Sat
urat
ed v
apor
0.60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95 2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
.
2.40
2.45
2.50 2.55
2.60
2.65En
tropy
= 2
.35
kJ\k
g.K
150 200 250
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
oc.p.
300
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
350
–50
–40
–30
–20
–10 0 10 20 30 50 60 70 80 90 11
0
130
140
150
160
170
180
Tem
pera
ture
= 1
20°C
100
40
400 450 500
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.50
0.70
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.080
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.00600.0050
0.00400.00300.00250.00180.0016
0.0014
0.0013
0.00
12
0.00
15
0.0020
0.00
11
0.00
10
0.00
095
0.00
090
0.00
085
0.00
080
0.00
075
0.00
070
Volume = 0.0080 m3/kg
550 600
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
30.0
190 20
0 210 22
0
20.0
10.0
6.0
8.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
Dupont fluorochemicals
Pressure–Enthalpy diagram(SI units)
Suva® 407C (R–407C)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.08
0.1
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
Pre
ssur
e (M
Pa)
FIGURE A5.4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-407C.
Th
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100 150 200 250 300 350
60
50
40
30
20
10
Temperature = 0°C
400 450 500 550 600
100
Sat
urat
ed li
quid
Sat
urat
ed v
apor
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Qua
lity
= 0.
5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9 2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Ent
ropy
= 1
.8 k
J/kg
.K
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 5508.0
6.05.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.0600.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.015
0.0100.008
0.0060.004
0.005
Volume = 0.50πY/kg
600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
6
4
2
1
0.08
0.1
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Pre
ssur
e (M
Pa)
6
4
2
1
0.08
0.1
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.8
0.6180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
90 100
70 8060
403020100
Tem
pera
ture
= 5
0°C
0.4
0.2
Pressure (M
Pa)
Dupont fluorochemicals
Pressure–Enthalpy diagram(SI units)
Suva® 410A (R–410A)
®
FIGURE A5.5 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-410A.
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210 Saturation pressure, kPaEnthalpy of saturated vapor, kJ/kg vapor
Enthalpy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg liquidVapor composition, kg NH1/kg vapor
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
0.0 0.1
10
20
30
40
50
75
100
125
150
200
225
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
1800
20002200
2500
0.30
0
0.50
0
0.60
0
0.70
0
0.75
0
0.80
0
0.85
0
0.90
0
0.920
0.940
0.960
0.980
0.990
0.995
0.997
0.999
0
1001350
1400
1450
1500
1600
1700
1800
400
300
200
100
−100
−200
−300
−400
0
500
600
700
200
300
400
500
600
10000
8900
7800
6800
5800
4800
38003400
4300
5300
6300
7300
8300
9400
31002800250022002000180016001450130011501000900
800700600500
450400
350300
250225200
175150125
10075
5040
30
1225
1250
1275
1300
−100
−200
−300
−400
28003100
34003800
43004800
53005800
63006800
73007800
83008900
9400
10000
450
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Ammonia in saturated liquid, kg (ammonia)/kg (liquid)
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
FIGURE A5.6 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia/water solutions prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Centre for Environmental Energy Engineering,
University of Maryland at Colleage Park.
Th
erm
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500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Lithium bromide concentration, mass%
180170
160150
140
130
120
110
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
10
20
100°C
Ent
halp
y, k
J/kg
sol
utio
n
Equations Concentration range 40 < x < 70% LiBr Temperature range 15 < t < 165°Ch = Σ0
4 + rΣ04 + r2Σ0
4AnX7 BnXn CpXn in kJ/kg, where t = °C and X = %LiBr
A0 = −2024.33
A2 = −4.88161
A4 = −2.913705 E-4A3 = 6.302948 E-2
A1 = 163.309B0 = 18.2829
B2 = 3.248041E-2
B4 = 1.8520569 E-6B3 = −4.034184 E-4
B1 = −1.1691757C0 = −3.7008214 E-2
C2 = −8.1313015 E-5
C4 = −4.4441207 E-9C3 = 9.9116628 E-7
C1 = 2.8877666 E-3
FIGURE A5.7 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for water/lithium bromide solutions.
A5-8 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Equations
1. t = S0B0X"+t'S0A0X" Solution temperature, °C2. t ′ = (t –S0B0X" )/S0A0X" Refrigerant temperature, °C
3. log P = C+DIT' + E/T 2 P = kPa T ′= K
4. Γ =-2E
D+|D2−4E(C−log P)|0.5
3 3
3 3
A0 = −2.007 55 B0 = 124.937 C = 7.05D = −1596.49D = −104 095.5
B1 = −7 710.49B2 = 0.152 286B3 = −7.950 90 E-04
A1 = 0.169 76
A3 = 1.976 68 E-05
Range: −15 < t ' < 110°C 5 < t < 175°C 45 < X < 70% LiBr
A2 = −3.133 362 E-03
0
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
100
150
200
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Solution temperature,°C
Refrig
eran
t tem
pera
ture
, °C
030
%40
%
70%
60%
50%
Sat
urat
ion
pres
sure
(P
), k
Pa
FIGURE A5.8 Equilibrium chart for aqueous lithium bromide solutions reprinted by permission of Carrier Corp.
Th
erm
oph
ysic
al
Pro
pertie
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A5
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