A2 Psychology of sport Personality Lesson 2. Trait theory Extrovert Introvert Stable Neurotic...
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A2 Psychology of sport
Personality
Lesson 2
• Trait theory• Extrovert• Introvert• Stable
• Neurotic• Eynsenk• Type A• Type B• Cattell• Nature• Nurture
What type of personalities would you guess that this group has?
What type of personalities would you guess that this group has?
A2 Level Sport and Physical Education
Personality
Lesson 2
OZZIE SPORTS VIDEO OF BANDURAS THEORY
By the end of the lesson you should
• understand the social learning & interactionist theories of personality
• understand how to apply practical examples to theory
BUZZ WORDS
• Social learning theory
• Bandura
• Interactionist Theory
• Lewin
What’s what
• Anything in red is a key word that you should have a definition for and then learn
• Anything in yellow is a task for you to do and you must write down the answer
• Anything green is a discussion task either with your partner or the whole class
Personality development
• How do we learn how to act in certain situations?
• How do we become to have the personalities that we have ?
• Why are some of us more aggressive than others whilst others are more emotional?
• The answer depends on who you ask!
Social learning theory Bandura
•Badura believes that our personality is learned
•He believes that we reaction to specific situations•we learn to deal with situations by observing others or by observing the results of our own behaviour
•We then model our own behaviour on what we have seen athletes learn behaviour by watching others
•Think about when young football player copy the behaviour of their role models
SOCIAL LEARNING
behaviour is determined by the situation– social comparison– behaving the same way as the peer group
• social approval or disapproval determines our responses– behaviour is reinforced or penalised
• the learning of emotional responses through observational learning
• Put this into a practical example
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
dem onstration
m atchingperform ance
ATTENTI ON
R ETENTI ON
M OTORREPRODU CTI ON
M OTI VATI ON
WATCH THE FOLOWING VIDEO CLIP TO FURTHER EXPLAIN THIS THEORY
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
dem onstration
m atchingperform ance
ATTENTI ON
R ETENTI ON
M OTORREPRODU CTI ON
M OTI VATI ON
• learning by copying others (observational learning)• Bandura• the performer is more likely to copy 'significant others’
• demonstration of the skill (by significant others)• is followed by the learning process
– attention (learner takes note of the demonstration)– retention (learner remembers the demonstration)– motor reproduction (learner attempts to copy the
movement)– and is motivated to do so
• finally produces a matching performance (successful reproduction of the skill)
• the learner copies because he / she wishes to be accepted by others or to be held in high esteem
• skills are often copied :– to achieve the success that others enjoy– and to be praised
Social learning theory
• All behaviour is learned from environmental experience
• Behaviour = function of the environment (B=F(E)
• Behaviour is learned through interaction with environment and inherited factors do not influence personality therefore behaviour can be manipulated by a coach
• But what about inherited behaviours?• Are you like anyone in your own family
Interactionist theory - Lewin
• traits determine behaviour
• but can be modified by our environment
• behaviour is a function of both the person and the environment
TH E SI TUATI ON
THE PER SON(PER SONALI TY)
BEH AVI OUR
behaviour =function of personality x environment (B=F (P) x E )
Interactionist theory
• Behaviour occurs from the influence of inherited traits and learning experiences
• Behaviour = function of personality x environment • B=F(P)E
Interactionist theory EXAMPLE OF INTERACTIONIST THEORY APPROACH• a young field event athlete shows promise, but worries about competing in
important competitions and underperforms in these situations• her coach works with her on anxiety management strategies and in her next
competition she achieves a personal best
• the innate (trait) factors of the athlete’s personality cannot be changed by a coach
• so the coach must therefore get her to view her anxiety (which could be a trait which emerges whenever undue stress is placed on her) in terms of the specific situation of the next competition
• the anxiety could be channelled into positive images of her technical model• rejecting poor efforts as due to external factors (the the weather / wind)• and building on positive images of successful technical elements achieved• the athlete can then build success by this focusing on factors other than
her own anxiety• this enables her to adjust her behaviour according to internal factors such as
rhythm and fluency• this strategy should enable the athlete to remove the stress from the
situation and hence reduce anxiety - even if she competes poorly
So….
• Interactionist theorist believes that our behaviour is a mixture of our traits and our learned experiences
• It is the most widely accepted theory of personality
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH• based on Freud’s work• which includes the notion that personality
is a combination of instincts• instincts are innate (traits) and inherited
from parents
• two types of instinct :
DEATH INSTINCTS• destructive and dangerous such as
aggression
LIFE INSTINCTS• positive and creative such as the need to
achieve• the approach says that certain
behaviours are out of conscious control• but can be overwritten by learned
behaviours
COMPONENTS OF MIND
ID• the basic biological
determinant of behaviour• includes food, love, sex
EGO• ensures that we behave in
ways which won’t damage us• includes the self-concept
SUPEREGO• includes our ideal self based
on an image of our parents• how we would like to be in a
perfect world• includes moral control, but
leads to guilt and conflict
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE - HOLLANDERPSYCHOLOGICAL CORE
• beliefs and values that remain more or less permanent
• example : a sportsman’s belief that fair play underlies his attitude on the field of play
TYPICAL RESPONSES• the way in which an individual responds in certain
situations• example : stopping fighting at the bell
ROLE RELATED BEHAVIOUR• in other situations we may behave differently• example : striking after the bell when annoyed or
frustrated
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
• how the behaviour and expectations of others affect our role
• example : a player argues with the referee because others have done so and got away with it before
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY - MARTENS
ROLERELATED
BEHAVI OURexam ple :
good captain
TYPI CAL RESPONSESexam ple : 'w in at all costs'- instrum ental aggression
PSYCHOLOGI CAL CORE :attitudes, values, beliefs, m otivesexam ple : achievem ent m otivation
EXTERNAL DYNAMI C
I NTERNAL CONSI STENT
June 04
The interactionist approach is the most widely accepted theory used to explain behaviour in sport
Use an example from PE or Sport to explain the interactionist approach [3]
How do we measure personality?
INTERVIEWS
• before or after the event
• not directly related to performance
• open ended and flexible
• transient feelings or attitudes may be expressed
• difficult to quantify accurately
• may be influenced by the interviewer
QUESTIONNAIRES• before or after the event• not directly related to
performance• rigidly and
systematically set out• transient feelings or
attitudes may be expressed
• able to quantify accurately
• would not be influenced by another
• can be used to assess specific traits
OBSERVATION• made during an actual
event• directly related to
performance• varies according to the
competitive nature of the event
• difficult to quantify accurately
• may be influenced by the observer’s views and attitudes
Task
• Using the previous slide complete the table on page 26
