A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids...

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A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs

Transcript of A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids...

Page 1: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs

Page 2: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Banned substances and practices

Anabolic steroids

Hormones and releasing factors

Beta-2 agonists

Hormone agonists

Diuretics

Blood doping

Gene doping

Stimulants

Narcotics

Beta blockers

Is it an infringement of athletes human rights to be required to give blood and urine samples?

Page reference: 178-179 Edexcel A2 Biology (concept) textbook

Page 3: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Steroid hormones

Pass through the plasma membrane and stimulate protein synthesis

Steroid hormones

Other steroid molecules

Page 4: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Mechanism of action of steroid hormones:

cell surface membranesteroid hormone

receptor

Hormone enters cell and binds with receptor

hormone-receptor complex

enters nucleus nuclear membrane

Complex binds to DNA and acts as a

transcription factor

Switches on a gene for synthesis of a protein

Page 5: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Testosterone

Stimulates protein synthesis

Results in bigger and stronger muscles

Page 6: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Anabolic steroids

testosterone

nandrolone

Natural testosterone is quickly broken down.

Testosterone is modified to produce drugs that remain for longer in the body

These synthetic anabolic steroids are illegal.

Page 7: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Side-effects of using anabolic steroids

21 year old body builder: A and B Severe acne conglobata C After 8 weeks off steroids and with antibiotics

Infertility due to disruption of normal hormone production:- disrupted menstrual cycle - reduced sperm production-impotence

In addition:- liver damage- high blood pressure- heart attacks- increased aggression

Page 8: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Peptide hormones

Peptide hormones do not enter the cell.

They bind to receptors on the cell surface membrane.

They also act to switch genes on or off.

Human erythropoietin

Page 9: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Mechanism of action of peptide hormones:

peptide hormone

receptor

cell surface membrane

Inactive secondary messenger eg. cAMP

Secondary messenger activated: initiates a protein kinase cascade

enters nucleus

acts as a transcription factor which switches on gene for a specific protein

Page 10: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is synthesised in the kidneys

Causes the synthesis of enzymes required for synthesis of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in bone marrow.

Useful for treating anaemia.

Page 11: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Use of erythropoeitin

Increases number of blood cells and therefore enhances oxygen supply to muscles.

Improvement of 10% in aerobic performance

Use is popular with endurance athletes and cyclists

Page 12: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Side-effects of overuse of erythropoietin

Excess of red blood cells can lead to strokes and heart attacks .

Attacks most common at night due to low heart rate.

Thought to have caused the unexpected deaths of 18 european cyclists between 1987 -1991 .

Abuse difficult to prove as it is naturally occurring.

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Ethics of performance-enhancing drugs

Creatine is not banned:Classed as a nutritional supplementCan cause kidney damage and high blood pressure

Erythropoietin is banned:Is a naturally occurring hormoneCan cause strokes and heart attacks

Blood doping banned:Donating, storing and transfusing own blood before competition

High altitude training not banned:Increases number of red blood cells.Caused by natural increase in erythropoietin production.

Is everything acceptable in the pursuit of sporting excellence?

Isn´t it the choice of the athlete to risk using drugs or not?

Do use of performance- enhancing drugs improve or ruin competition?

Are there circumstances when drug use is acceptable?

Problems with deciding on what is illegal: Ethical questions:

Page 14: A2 Biology Topic 7 Performance enhancing drugs. Banned substances and practices Anabolic steroids Hormones and releasing factors Beta-2 agonists Hormone.

Essay

Read pages 182 – 183 (of concept approach textbook) and answer question 2 on page 183:

Describe an absolutist and a relativist ethical position on the proposal to set a maximum total red blood cell count for athlete rather than measure erythropoietin levels.