A1 summary qs
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Transcript of A1 summary qs
A1 -‐ components of the human diet
Summary ques7ons
Nutrients • Nutrients are chemicals found in food that the body needs to func7on.
• Given the right raw materials, the human body can manufacture many useful chemicals from breaking down and reassembling other chemicals.
• Essen7al nutrients are ones that the body cannot manufacture. Therefore we have to eat them regularly.
A1.1 Define nutrient = a chemical substance found in foods that is used in the human body.
Ques7ons Research and answer these ques7ons in full sentences: • What are nutrients? • What are essen7al nutrients? • Give 2 examples of essen7al amino acids • Give 2 examples of essen7al faKy acids • Give 2 examples of essen7al minerals • Give 2 examples of essen7al Vitamins • Why is water so important in the diet? • What are non-‐essen7al amino acids? Give 2 examples.
A1.2 List the type of nutrients that are essen<al in the human diet A1.3 State that non-‐essen<al amino acids can be synthesized in the body from other nutrients.
Malnutri7on • There are 3 main kinds of malnutri7on all can lead to health problems: – Not enough food – Too much food – Not the right type of food
A1.4 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutri<on.
Kwashiorkor
• These children are suffering from Kwashiorkor – protein deficiency.
• Explain why they have swollen abdomens.
A1.4 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutri<on.
PKU Research and answer the following ques7ons in detail and in full sentences:
1. What causes PKU? 2. What enzyme are sufferers of PKU unable to produce? What are the consequences of this (explain in full)?
3. How can PKU be controlled by early diagnosis? 4. How can PKU be controlled by diet?
A1.5 Explain the causes and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU) and how early diagnosis and special diet can reduce the consequences.
FaKy Acids
Name Diagram of structure
Descrip7on of structure
Foods that contain them
Health implica7ons
Saturated faKy acids
Cis unsaturated faKy acids
Trans unsaturated faKy acids
Mono unsaturated faKy acids
Poly unsaturated faKy acids
Copy and complete this table to outline the differences between the different structures of faKy acids:
A1.6 Outline the varia<on in the molecular structure of faQy acids.
Fat diets across the world • What is hydrogena7on? Why is it done? • HDL stands for High Density Lipoproteins (o^en called “good cholesterol). LDL stands for Low Density Lipoproteins (“bad cholesterol). Using this informa7on, explain why hydrogena7on is thought to be bad for health.
• How does ea7ng a diet rich in olive oil help reduce the levels of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Mediterranean popula7ons?
• Give 3 examples of faKy, cold-‐water fish. What useful substances do they contain?
• What health benefits might this account for?
A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of faQy acid.
Fat diets across the world: Addi7onal Informa7on
• Using the food insight resource add to your notes by answering:
• What other than olive oil in the Mediterranean diet that might help reduce CHD? How does this protect cells from damage?
• List the other benefits of monounsaturated fats • Omega-‐3 and Omega-‐6 FaKy Acids also help reduce CHD, what addi7onal benefits might they have?
• How can you tell that it is not just Japanese gene7cs that gives them these health benefits?
A1.7 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in the different types of faQy acid.
Vitamins and Minerals • Dis7nguish between the chemical structure of Vitamins and Minerals
• What does RDI stand for? • What is the older method for calcula7ng RDI? • What is the more modern method?
A1.8 Dis<nguish between minerals and vitamins in terms of their chemical nature. A1.9 Outline two of the methods that have been used to determine the recommended daily intake of vitamin C
Vitamin C • What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease? Discuss how to
cure it. • What is the difference between RDI, RDA and DRI? • How much Vitamin C is required daily by the body? What
happens to any excess? • The RDA of Vitamin C has changed over the years. Suggest
reasons why. • What are the benefits and dangers / adverse effects of
taking more than the RDI of Vitamin C?
A1.10 Discuss the amount of Vit. C that an adult should consume per day
Vitamin D
• List 3 sources of vitamin D in the human diet • Apart from the source how else can humans gain sufficient vitamin D?
A1.11 List the sources of vit. D in human diets.
Vitamin D deficiency
• Suggest how environmental condi<ons cause malnutri<on [2] (past paper ques<on)
A1.12 Discuss how the risk of vit. D deficiency from insufficient exposure to sunlight can be balanced against the risk of contrac<ng malignant melanoma.
Dietary supplements • Iodine is an essen7al mineral in the diet. In many parts of
the world children show symptoms of iodine deficiency. Find out the answers to these ques7ons:
1. How is iodine used in the human body? 2. What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency? 3. What would be the benefits of dietary supplementa7on
with iodine? 4. Would it be feasible to develop a world wide programme of
dietary iodine supplementa7on? 5. Are there other mineral deficiencies that are widespread
causes of malnutri7on?
A1.13 Explain the benefits of ar<ficial dietary supplementa<on as a means of preven<ng malnutri<on, using iodine as an example.
Fibre • Discuss the importance of fibre in the diet. [3] (IB ques<on)
A1.14 Outline the importance of fibre as a component of a balanced diet.