A World In FlamesA World In FlamesWorld War IIWorld War II

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators After World War I it seemed as if After World War I it seemed as if

Democracy was on the rise and that the Democracy was on the rise and that the peace would be long lastingpeace would be long lasting

However the Treaty of Versailles that However the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I had created many new ended World War I had created many new problems-In nations like Germany the problems-In nations like Germany the treaties terms had created terrible treaties terms had created terrible conditions and allowed idealistic leaders to conditions and allowed idealistic leaders to gain controlgain control

The economic crisis of The Great The economic crisis of The Great Depression made the situation much Depression made the situation much worseworse

Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyMussolini and Fascism in Italy In Italy a former school In Italy a former school

teacher and journalist teacher and journalist named Benito Mussolini named Benito Mussolini returned from World War I returned from World War I convinced Italy needed a convinced Italy needed a strong leaderstrong leader

In 1919 he founded the In 1919 he founded the Fascist PartyFascist PartyFascism is a very aggressive Fascism is a very aggressive form of Nationalismform of Nationalism

Fascists believe that the Fascists believe that the country is more important country is more important than the individualthan the individual

They believed individualism They believed individualism made countries weak and made countries weak and that a strong military along that a strong military along with territory expansion with territory expansion were essentialwere essential

Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyMussolini and Fascism in Italy

Fascists were also strongly Anti-Fascists were also strongly Anti-Communists-they insisted that Communists-they insisted that Communists were trying to bring down Communists were trying to bring down European governmentsEuropean governments

He promised to protect private property He promised to protect private property and the middle class, he also granted the and the middle class, he also granted the working class full employment and social working class full employment and social securitysecurity

He stressed national prestige and pledged He stressed national prestige and pledged to return to the glory days of The Roman to return to the glory days of The Roman Empire Empire

Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyMussolini and Fascism in Italy

Mussolini backed a Fascist militia known as the Mussolini backed a Fascist militia known as the Blackshirts-this group used violence to intimidate Blackshirts-this group used violence to intimidate the public and silence oppositionthe public and silence opposition

In 1922 he threatened to march on Rome to In 1922 he threatened to march on Rome to protect the city from Communismprotect the city from Communism-Liberals -Liberals wanted the king to declare martial law-when he wanted the king to declare martial law-when he refused the cabinet resigned-conservatives refused the cabinet resigned-conservatives persuaded the king to make Mussolini the persuaded the king to make Mussolini the premierpremier

Once in power he virtually destroyed Democracy Once in power he virtually destroyed Democracy and made himself dictator-and made himself dictator-with the support of with the support of industrialists, landowners, and The Roman industrialists, landowners, and The Roman Catholic Catholic Empire-Mussolini declared himself Il Empire-Mussolini declared himself Il Duce or “The Leader” Duce or “The Leader” and began to establish his and began to establish his form of order in the countryform of order in the country

Stalin Takes Over the USSRStalin Takes Over the USSR The Communist were a major The Communist were a major

force in Russia-in 1917 the force in Russia-in 1917 the Bolsheviks took control of Russia Bolsheviks took control of Russia and renamed the various and renamed the various countries combined-the Union of countries combined-the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) they proceeded to establish they proceeded to establish control over these territoriescontrol over these territories

They instituted a one-party They instituted a one-party government, suppressed civil government, suppressed civil liberties, and punished liberties, and punished opponentsopponents

When Lenin died in 1924 a When Lenin died in 1924 a power struggle began-through power struggle began-through murder and deception Joseph murder and deception Joseph Stalin became leaderStalin became leader

He began a massive He began a massive industrialization movement that industrialization movement that would lead to the death of 8 to would lead to the death of 8 to 10 million Soviet peasants that 10 million Soviet peasants that resisted his policiesresisted his policies

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany Adolph Hitler a strong Anti-Adolph Hitler a strong Anti-

Communist and an admirer of Communist and an admirer of MussoliniMussolini

He had fought in World War I and He had fought in World War I and was angered over the terms of was angered over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles-he hated the Treaty of Versailles-he hated the German government for the German government for agreeing to its termsagreeing to its terms

In the chaotic climate of post In the chaotic climate of post World War I Germany many new World War I Germany many new political parties were formed political parties were formed including the National Socialist including the National Socialist German Workers Party or the German Workers Party or the Nazi Nazi Party –the party did support the Party –the party did support the workers as the name suggested workers as the name suggested but was nationalist and anti-but was nationalist and anti-communists-Hitler was one of the communists-Hitler was one of the first recruitsfirst recruits

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany In 1923 the Nazis planned to march on In 1923 the Nazis planned to march on

Munich and take control of the local Munich and take control of the local government and then Berlin, the capital-government and then Berlin, the capital-but the plan failed and Hitler was arrestedbut the plan failed and Hitler was arrested

While in prison he wrote While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf-Mein Kampf-My My Struggle-in this book he called for the Struggle-in this book he called for the unification of Germany and argued that unification of Germany and argued that blonde-haired-blue-eyed Germans blonde-haired-blue-eyed Germans belonged to a Master Race-Aryansbelonged to a Master Race-Aryans

He said Germans needed more He said Germans needed more lebensraum of living space and that should lebensraum of living space and that should expand into Poland and Russiaexpand into Poland and Russia

Mein KampfMein Kampf Sooner will a camel pass through a needle’s eye than a Sooner will a camel pass through a needle’s eye than a

great man be ‘discovered’ by an election.great man be ‘discovered’ by an election. The broad masses of a population are more amenable to The broad masses of a population are more amenable to

the appeal of rhetoric than to any other force.the appeal of rhetoric than to any other force. Never forget that the most sacred right on this earth is Never forget that the most sacred right on this earth is

man’s right to have the earth to till with his own hands, the man’s right to have the earth to till with his own hands, the most sacred sacrifice the blood that a man sheds for this most sacred sacrifice the blood that a man sheds for this earth.earth.

Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not deserve to live.deserve to live.

Any alliance whose purpose is not the intention to wage war Any alliance whose purpose is not the intention to wage war is senseless and useless.is senseless and useless.

The Jew’s life as a parasite in the body of other nations and The Jew’s life as a parasite in the body of other nations and states explains a characteristic which once caused states explains a characteristic which once caused Schopenhauer, as has already been mentioned, to call him Schopenhauer, as has already been mentioned, to call him the 'great master in lying.the 'great master in lying.

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany Hitler thought that Slavic Hitler thought that Slavic

Eastern Europeans Eastern Europeans belonged to an inferior belonged to an inferior race and that German’s race and that German’s should enslave themshould enslave them

However his greatest However his greatest racist hatred was for the racist hatred was for the JewsJews

He blamed the Jews for He blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic Germany’s economic problems and for their problems and for their loss in World War Iloss in World War I

His hatred for Jewish His hatred for Jewish people would play a people would play a major role in his future major role in his future military and political military and political actionsactions

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany After his release from prison Hitler changed his After his release from prison Hitler changed his

tactics and decided to take control of the country tactics and decided to take control of the country by political meansby political means

He focused on having Nazis elected to the He focused on having Nazis elected to the Reichstag-the lower house of the German Reichstag-the lower house of the German government government

After the Great Depression hit Germany many After the Great Depression hit Germany many desperate people started to vote for radical desperate people started to vote for radical parties by 1932 the Nazis were the largest party parties by 1932 the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstagin the Reichstag

Many traditional German leaders supported Many traditional German leaders supported Hitler’s nationalism and pushed to have him put Hitler’s nationalism and pushed to have him put into into power-in 1933 he was appointed the power-in 1933 he was appointed the chancellor chancellor

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany After taking office Hitler began to crackdown on After taking office Hitler began to crackdown on

Socialist and Communist PartiesSocialist and Communist Parties His paramilitary forces called Storm Troopers His paramilitary forces called Storm Troopers

intimidated votersintimidated voters After the next election the right wing parties After the next election the right wing parties

decided to give Hitler dictatorial powers-in 1934 decided to give Hitler dictatorial powers-in 1934 he became president and took control of the he became president and took control of the militarymilitary

He declared himself the He declared himself the Fuhrer Fuhrer or leader and the or leader and the next year began to rebuild the German military next year began to rebuild the German military violating the Treaty of Versailles violating the Treaty of Versailles

Challenges to the Treaty of VersaillesChallenges to the Treaty of Versailles

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany

Life Under Adolf Hitler videoLife Under Adolf Hitler video

Militarists take control of JapanMilitarists take control of Japan Difficult economic times in Difficult economic times in

Japan helped to undermine Japan helped to undermine the government the government

In the 1920’s Japan did not In the 1920’s Japan did not make enough money on make enough money on exports to pay for its imports-exports to pay for its imports-when the depression hit other when the depression hit other countries raised their tariffs-countries raised their tariffs-this made the situation worsethis made the situation worse

Many blamed the problems on Many blamed the problems on a corrupt government and a corrupt government and began to think that began to think that democracy was –un-Japanesedemocracy was –un-Japanese

Japanese military leaders and Japanese military leaders and those that supported them those that supported them thought the only way to get thought the only way to get needed resources was to needed resources was to seize territoryseize territory

Militarists take control of JapanMilitarists take control of Japan

In 1931 the Japanese invaded the resource In 1931 the Japanese invaded the resource rich Chinese province of Manchuriarich Chinese province of Manchuria

Without government permission the Without government permission the Japanese military started a war Japanese military started a war

The Japanese government tried to The Japanese government tried to negotiate peace-the prime minister was negotiate peace-the prime minister was assassinatedassassinated

From this point on the military was From this point on the military was effectively in control-the civilian effectively in control-the civilian government began to support the government began to support the nationalist expansion minded policiesnationalist expansion minded policies

America Turns to NeutralityAmerica Turns to Neutrality

Many Americans did not see the benefits of the Many Americans did not see the benefits of the sacrifices that were made in World War Isacrifices that were made in World War I

Once again America turned to isolationismOnce again America turned to isolationism During the depression many European nations During the depression many European nations

decided they would no longer pay their war debts-decided they would no longer pay their war debts-at the same time many individuals printed books at the same time many individuals printed books and articles stating that the United States had and articles stating that the United States had been tricked into joining World War I by arms been tricked into joining World War I by arms companiescompanies

A Senator from named Gerald P. Nye held hearings A Senator from named Gerald P. Nye held hearings to investigate the nations involvement in the warto investigate the nations involvement in the war

His committee found that arms companies had His committee found that arms companies had made huge profits during the war-these findings made huge profits during the war-these findings only increased feelings of isolationismonly increased feelings of isolationism

America Turns to NeutralityAmerica Turns to Neutrality

Afraid of arms sells dragging America into Afraid of arms sells dragging America into war again-The Neutrality Act of 1935 made war again-The Neutrality Act of 1935 made it illegal to sell arms to foreign nations at it illegal to sell arms to foreign nations at warwar

In 1936 a rebellion began in Spain after In 1936 a rebellion began in Spain after many socialists and communists were many socialists and communists were elected-it was lead by Francisco Franco elected-it was lead by Francisco Franco and other Fascistsand other Fascists

The rebellion turned into a full scale civil The rebellion turned into a full scale civil war Hitler and Mussolini began to support war Hitler and Mussolini began to support Franco-the United States remained neutralFranco-the United States remained neutral

America Turns to NeutralityAmerica Turns to Neutrality Shortly after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War-Shortly after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War-

Germany and Italy formed an alliance known as the Rome-Germany and Italy formed an alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis.Berlin Axis.

The following month Japan aligned itself with Germany and The following month Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy when it signed the Anti-Comitern Pact with Germany Italy when it signed the Anti-Comitern Pact with Germany

Together the three countries became known as the Axis-Together the three countries became known as the Axis-Powers –although they were not formally allies until 1940Powers –although they were not formally allies until 1940

With the situation getting worse in Europe-the United States With the situation getting worse in Europe-the United States passed another neutrality act in 1937-it included selling non passed another neutrality act in 1937-it included selling non military supplies on a cash and carry basis-foreign nations military supplies on a cash and carry basis-foreign nations would have to pay for the item immediately and transport would have to pay for the item immediately and transport them on their own shipsthem on their own ships-Why would the united States -Why would the united States include this concept in this act? include this concept in this act?

America Turns to NeutralityAmerica Turns to Neutrality In 1933 Roosevelt understood the importance of In 1933 Roosevelt understood the importance of

international relationships but thought that establishing a international relationships but thought that establishing a stable American society was more importantstable American society was more important

He did believe in internationalism- this was the idea that He did believe in internationalism- this was the idea that trade between nations helped to prevent wartrade between nations helped to prevent war

He feared neutrality acts might actually bring about war but He feared neutrality acts might actually bring about war but continued to support bills that defended isolationismcontinued to support bills that defended isolationism

After the Japanese invaded China in 1937-Roosevelt went After the Japanese invaded China in 1937-Roosevelt went against the neutrality acts and began to sell weapons to against the neutrality acts and began to sell weapons to China stating that the United States could not allow China stating that the United States could not allow lawlessness to infect the worldlawlessness to infect the world-despite this Americans were -despite this Americans were still not willing to risk war to stop overseas aggressionstill not willing to risk war to stop overseas aggression