A Utilização da Lingüística de Corpus na Investigação do Gênero

Contratos Bancários Internacionais

Adriana M. Z. P. Rossini

Orientador: Prof. Dr. A P.Berber Sardinha

LAEL - PUC/SP

área de pesquisa: Linguagem e Trabalho

Objetivo:

Descrever, a partir dos padrões léxico-gramaticais, alguns aspectos da linguagem utilizada em contratos bancários internacionais em Inglês.

Características do corpus: Corpus especializado composto por 12 contratos

Bytes 494.683

Tokens 78.487

Types 3.176

Type/Token Ratio 4,05

Tipos de contratos:- PRE-EXPORT FINANCING AGREEMENT- LEASE AGREEMENT- IMPORT FINANCING AGREEMENT- GUARANTY- AGENCY AGREEMENT- AGREEMENT FOR USE AND NON-DISCLOSURE OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION- US$-DENOMINATED WORKING CAPITAL LOAN WITH SWAP - CREDIT AGREEMENT

Metodologia:

Uso do WordSmithTools:

1. Wordlist

2. Keywords

3. Index/ MI (colocados)

4. Etiquetagem (lael.pucsp.br/corpora/tagcounter)

5. Concord

KEYWORDS:

WORD FREQ.THE 6.687OF 3.589OR 3.063AND 2.553ANY 1.908SHALL 1.053BY 930BE 879SUCH 834BORROWER 741AGREEMENT 710OTHER 617THIS 579ITS 467ALL 466AGENT 412DATE 401UNDER 370BANK 368LENDER 318INTEREST 298MAY 295

ETIQUETAGEM

Etiq. Freq. NN 14575 (noun, common singular) DT 8983 (determiner - this (579)) IN 8786 (preposition) CC 4701 (conjunction, coordinating - and/ or) JJ 4324 (adjective) NNS 3491 (noun, common plural) VBN 1995 (verb, past participle) VB 1764 (verb, base)

Participantes do contrato:

Borrower (741)

Bank (368)

Lender (318)Agent (318)

Guarantor (132)

Lessee (128)

Lessor (113)

Purchaser (126)

Exporter (109)

Shareholder (99)

Modais:

SHALL (1.053) <pay, be, constitute, construed, bear, reimburse>

- obrigação e deveres- posição de desvantagem- The Company, Lessee, Borrower, Purchaser, Participant- utilizado nas definições

Modais:

MAY (295) <objection, bound, assign, disclose>

- poder ou direitos

- permissão ou solicitação

- The Administrative Agent, Bank, Lessor, Lender, Controlling Shareholder

Modais:

WILL (179) <provide, have, maintain>

- acordo entre as partes, atividade futura.

- Administrative Agent, Borrower, Lender, Bank

• "Complex Prepositional Phrases" - P-N-P (preposition-noun-preposition)

"The use of complex prepositions rather than the simple ones are preferred because the simple ones tend to promote ambiguity and lack of clarity". (Bathia 1993:107)

for the purpose of

with/in respect to/ of

in accordance with

on account of

in the event of

on the part of

by means of

by way of

• Binomios - pares de palavras unidas pelas conjunções and ou or.

And (2.553)

Or (3.063)

• ANY (1.908)

1) abrangência, precaução

(42) any and all + NN (obligations, liabilities)(209) any + OTHER + NN

deposit accounts issued or offered by any other Brazilian bank or

informed decision regarding any risks, liabilities or uncertainties

the Deposit Account. In the event that any installment of principal or

accounts issued or offered by, any Brazilian or United States office of

ANY (1.908)

2) utilizado na seção de Definições

"External Indebtedness" means any indebtedness for borrowed money

Coligações: ANY + NN (seqüência de subst.)

PREP + ANY (under, for, from, upon, against)

ANY + SUCH (129) + NN (refere-se a algo mencionado anteriormente)

Colocações:

(84) or any other + NN

(79) any of the + NN

(55) at any time

• BE (879)

- Voz passiva (be + particípio passado do verbo) - estilo impessoal

- não-envolvimento das partes

1) shall (332)/ may (134) + BE + p.p.vb (ex. deemed (22))

General. This Agreement shall be governed and construed under the laws

Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterpart

11.3. All payments hereunder to be computed on a per annum basis will be

Date"). 3.2. Amounts repaid may not be reborrowed and will reduce the amount

2) as the case may be (89) - final da frase.

he Note or the Advance, as the case may be. "Taxes" shall mean all present and f

the relevant Advance, as the case may be. The Borrower shall provide the Bank

• Sequência de substantivos e verbos

- responsável também pela alta freqüência de and e or;

- “pre-emption”

• Nominalização

• require the creation/imposition

• make the registration/ representation/ notation

• assure the protection and preservation

• include in the computation of

• gives written consent to termination

• enter into any reorganization

• to disclose the information

• make the payment

• the acceptance of

• the maintenance of

• the remittance of

• enforcing a judgement

• Referência Bibliográfica:

Berber, Sardinha. (1999). Usando o Wordsmith Tools na investigação da linguagem. Direct papers # 40 -

Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sinclair (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press.

Stubbs, M. (2001). Words and Phrases - corpus studies of lexical semantics.Oxford: Blackwell.

Swales (1990). Genre Analysis: English in academic and professional settings. Cambridge University Press.

• Binomes - AND

VB CC VB NN CC NN outros

Execute and deliver Representations and warranties To and from

Advise and consent Act and omission due and payable

Perform and comply with loss and damage from and against

governed by and construed Terms and conditions by and between

authorizes and empowers withholding and deduction Subject to and upon

organized and existing power and authority from and against

Indemnify and hold harmless Free and clear null and void

valid and binding force and effect on and in relation to

irrevocably and unconditionally

• Binomes - OR

VB CC VB OUTROS

incurred by or asserted at any time or from time to time interpret or construe Out of or in connection with

execute or enforce Under or in relation to

relating to or arising out of With or without

modified or amended in full or in part

given or required by or on behalf of

represents or undertakes all or substantially all

make or maintain By or on behalf of

Whether or not

NN CC NN in whole or in part

deductions or withholdings hereunder or thereunder

pursuant to or in connection with for or on account of

action or proceeding

rights or remedies