A UTHORITARIANISM. D EFINITION Form of government characterized by absolute obedience to a formal...
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AUTHORITARIANISM
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DEFINITION• Form of government
characterized by absolute obedience to a formal authority
• Little individual freedom• Expectation of unquestioned obedience• Four qualities
– Constraints on political institutions & groups– Basis of legitimacy based on emotion (regime is a
necessary evil to combat societal problems)– Neither intensive nor extensive political mobilization +
restraints on mass public– Formally ill-defined, vague executive power
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CHARACTERISTICS• Highly concentrated centralized power• Political repression• Exclusion of political challengers• Use of political parties & mass organizations
to mobilize people around goals of the regime• Embrace informal & unregulated exercise of political power• Deprivation of civil liberties• Single-Party State – single political party has right to form
government– Most have been ruled following ideology of Marxism-Leninism and
international solidarity or by parties following nationalist or fascist ideology– Not always authoritarian– Not all authoritarian states are single-party states
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TYPES OF AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES
• Traditional Authoritarian Regimes– Ruling authority (single person) maintained in power
through a combination of appeals to traditional legitimacy, patron-client ties, and repression
– Example: Ethiopia under Haile Selassie I
• Bureaucratic-Military Authoritarian Regimes– Governed by a coalition of military officers who act
pragmatically (not ideologically) within limits of bureaucratic mentality
– Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes use state apparatus to rationalize & develop the economy
• South Korea under Park Chung-hee
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SUBCATEGORIES• Personalistic – arbitrary rule & authority
exercised mainly through patronage networks & coercion – More prone to corruption than single-party and
military regimes– Shorter-lived regimes more corrupt than those
trying to maintain power for longer period– Seen in post-colonial Africa
• Populist – mobilizational regimes in which strong, charismatic, manipulative leader rules through a coalition involving key lower-class groups– Example: Argentina under Perón
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DICTATORSHIPS• Political authority rests in one person or political
system– Despotism or Oligarchy– May coincide with totalitarianism
• Authority exercised through oppressive mechanisms• Politicians regulate nearly every aspect of public &
private behavior of average people• Employ political propaganda to suppress proponents
of alternative governing systems• Examples
– Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany– Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy– Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire from 1965-1997
(embezzled $5B from his country)– Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines stole $5-10B– More than $400B stolen from treasury of Nigerian
leaders between 1960 and 1999
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TOTALITARIANISM• Political system in which the state holds total authority over society• Seeks to control all aspects of public & private life
– Economy, education, art, science, private life, morals of citizens– Official ideology penetrates societal structure– Attempts to control thoughts & actions
• Differences from authoritarianism– Charisma: high in T, low in A– Ends of power: public in T, private in A– Corruption low in T, high in A– Official ideology in T, not in A
• Examples– Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union– Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy– Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany– North Korea’s ruling family– Mao Zedong in China (albeit less successful than Stalin)
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REVIEW MAIN IDEAS• Authoritarian regimes expect absolute obedience
to the ruler or ruling party.• Authoritarian regimes are often single-party states.• Authoritarian states employ propaganda to shape
the political culture, rule through fear, and feature political repression for citizens.
• Authoritarian regimes can take the shape of dictatorships.
• Totalitarianism is an extreme form of authoritarianism; not all authoritarian states are totalitarian.