A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year....
Transcript of A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year....
![Page 1: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TOSHIBA
A United Technologies companyA United Technologies company
Andrew Keogh
Refrigerant
Matters
![Page 2: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Refrigerant Matters
Agenda
Phaseouts
Environmental Issues
Total Environmental Warming Impact
Refrigerant Chemistry
Natural Refrigerants
HFC’s
Chiller Technology
![Page 3: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Hamilton Sundstrand
Carrier Pratt & Whitney
Sikorsky
Otis
![Page 4: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Toshiba Carrier UK Ltd
OfficesOffices
Leatherhead (HQ)
Plymouth (Warehouse)
Orpington
Heathrow
Warrington
Birmingham
Glasgow
Belfast
HeadcountHeadcount
Plymouth 40
Carrier Service 110
Sales and Admin 100
TOTAL 250
![Page 5: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
TOSHIBA
• Light Commercial focus
• High brand awareness
• National account focus
• VRF segment growing
Toshiba
![Page 6: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TOSHIBA
• Commercial focus
• Target specified work
• Prestige installations
• Brand known as commercial
Carrier
![Page 7: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Thomas MidgleyInventor Of Chlorocarbon Refrigerants
![Page 8: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TOSHIBA
EC Regulation 2037/2000
Ban CFC’s for servicing A/C from July 2001
Bring forward the HCFC phase out dates
50 % cut 2001
75 % cut 2004
90 % cut 2010
Tighten HCFC end-use controls
Ban in new Air Conditioning >100kW from 1/1/2001
Ban in new Air Conditioning <100 kW from 1/7/2002
Ban for new heat pumps from 2004
No virgin HCFC’s for service from 2010
![Page 9: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TOSHIBA
‘F’ Gas Directive
Take all practical steps to minimise leakage
Mandatory inspections for leakage
> 3 kg – inspect annually
> 30 kg – inspect bi-annually
> 300 kg – inspect quarterly
Mandatory leak detection on equipment > 300 kg
Mandatory record of gas usage for plant > 3kg
Improved recovery of refrigerants
Mandatory training
![Page 10: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Environmental Issues
Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse Effect
What RefrigerantWhat Refrigerant
Today ?Today ?
![Page 11: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
TOSHIBA
The Greenhouse Effect
Global warming
Increase in the greenhouse effect as the result of
human industrial activity
Accelerating production of natural gases
– CO2, CH4
Production of new gases
– NO2, CFC & HCFC
![Page 12: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Relative Contributions to the
Greenhouse Effect
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
CO2 CFC's CH4 HCFC's NO2 H2O
Compound
![Page 13: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Growth in Carbon Dioxide Levels
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
PPM
1720 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
Year
![Page 14: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Predicted Development of Global Warming
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2T
em
pe
ratu
re R
ise
C
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year
![Page 15: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
TOSHIBA
TEWI
INDIRECT + DIRECT
![Page 16: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Calculating TEWI for a Chiller
Chiller life (years) 20
Refrigerant Charge (kg) 60
Refrigerant Type R22
Loss rate (% / yr) 3
ITH (20 -100 - 500 years) 100
GWP 1700
Direct emission of CO2 (kg ) 61,200
![Page 17: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Calculating TEWI for a Chiller
Nominal cooling capacity (kW) 300
Annual capacity load factor (%) 50
COP (kW/kW) 4
Chiller total power input (kWh) 3,000,000
Cooler PD (kPa) 50
Condenser PD (kPa) 50
Annual pumps load factor (%) 100
Cooler pump total power input (kWh) 47,000
Cond. pump total power input (kWh) 47,000
Country UK
Regional Conversion factor (kg CO2/kW) 0.5
Indirect Global Warming Effect 1,547,000
![Page 18: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Relative Contributions to Global Warming
5%
95%DIRECT
INDIRECT
![Page 19: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Refrigerant GWP Capacity Cycle COP
R22 1700 1.00 1.00
R134a 1300 0.64 1.01
R407c 1610 1.02 1.05
R404a 3750 1.10 0.91
R410a 1890 1.38 0.95
Alternative Refrigerants
Summary of Properties
![Page 20: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Build on the concept of TEWI
Total TEWI is dependent upon:
Equipment performance
System design
System control
System maintenance
![Page 21: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TOSHIBA
System Evaluation
0
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cooli
ng kW
h Per
Year
Chiller System ikW/kW
Building Load (%)
Cooling kWh Chiller System ikW/kW
![Page 22: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Understanding Refrigerant Chemistry
A Guide To What’s Left After ThePhaseouts
![Page 23: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Periodic Table of the Elements
Refrigerant components
Tend to Form Solids
Toxic or Unstable (Reactive)
Unstable, Manmade or
Radioactive & Rare
Does Not React
H
Na Mg
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ar
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bl Po At Rn
Fr Ra As
H He
B C N O F Ne
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pg U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Ct Es Fm Md No Lw
Li Be
![Page 24: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TOSHIBA
CL
H F
Flammable
Compromises in the Properties ofRefrigerants
![Page 25: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TOSHIBA
CL
Toxic
Flammable
H F
Compromises in the Properties ofRefrigerants
![Page 26: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TOSHIBA
CL
Flammable
H F
R-22
R-12
R-11Toxic
R-123
R-134a
Compromises in the Properties ofRefrigerants
![Page 27: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Alternative Refrigerants
R11
R12
CFC
R22
R123
HCFC
R32
R134a
R125
R143a
HFC
R717
R290
H2O
CO2
Natural
Pure Fluids
Refrigerants
![Page 28: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Long used, well established refrigerant
Zero ODP and no direct GWP
High efficiency
Very corrosive to copper and copper alloys
Toxic, fatal at concentrations of 0.5% v/v
Flammable at concentrations of 15 to 28% v/v
Code restrictions on use
See latest edition of EN 378
Alternative Refrigerants - Ammonia
![Page 29: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Zero ODP and no direct GWP
Capacity slightly lower but efficiency is equal to R22
No material problems
Mineral oils can be used as a lubricant
Highly flammable / explosive
1 kg of hydrocarbon is equivalent to 1 Kg of TNT
Code restrictions on use
See latest edition of EN 378
Alternative Refrigerants - Hydrocarbons
![Page 30: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TOSHIBA
ARE YOU LIABLE FOR REFRIGERANT CHOICE ?
“I would say that if you are bringing into yourbuilding, a substance for which there is analternative that is less dangerous, you’re goingto be scrutinized if there is a problem...”
Helen ZukinManager,Environmental Litigation GroupLos Angeles, CA
![Page 31: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Comparison of TEWI
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160T
EW
I
R404a R407c R22 R410a R134a NH3
![Page 32: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Safe
Environmentally Acceptable
Good Thermophysical Properties
Alternative Refrigerants
Water
![Page 33: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Alternative Refrigerants
Water
For a cooling capacity of 100TR (350 kW)
Mass flow of water is 0.140 kg/s
The volume flow of water vapour at 0.007 barA
is about 25.6 m3/s
Conventional vapour compression equipment
capable of handling such a volume is both large
and expensive
![Page 34: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TOSHIBA
![Page 35: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Environmental Considerations
Carbon dioxide emissions
Vapour Compression
350 kW @ COP = 4
Energy Input = 87.5 kWe
CO2 equivalence = 0.414
CO2 Emission = 36.23 kg
Absorption
350 kW @ COP = 1.1
Energy Input = 318 kWg
CO2 equivalence = 0.194
CO2 emission = 61.7 kg
![Page 36: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Absorption Chiller with CHP
Electrical Load
Heating Load
Engine GeneratorCooling
Tower
Absorption
ChillerCooling Load
HX
![Page 37: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Absorption and CHP
Very low electrical demand
Low thermal efficiency
Large plant
Water cooled with very high
specific heat of rejection
Operation down to 20 deg C
without tower bypass
control
Low noise & vibration levels
typical 80dBA
![Page 38: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Absorption and CHP - Economic Considerations
Climate change levy (April 2001)
Surcharge on electricity of 0.43 pence per kWh
Surcharge on gas of 0.15 pence per kWh
Exemptions for CHP provided
Quality Index > 100 for exisiting schemes
Quality Index > 110 for new schemes
QI = 200* e + 130* t
Systems qualify for ECA’s
![Page 39: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle
![Page 40: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle
Motor
Compressor Expander
Heat Exchanger
Air In Air Out
![Page 41: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle
Motor
Compressor Expander
Heat Exchanger
Air In Air Out
![Page 42: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
TOSHIBA
![Page 43: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle - Performance
1.542.041.542.071.542.04COP Overall
1.181.471.181.491.181.47COP Heating
0.360.570.360.570.360.57COP Cooling
56 kW140 kW56 kW139 kW56 kW140 kWInput Power kW
66 kW206 kW66 kW208 kW66 kW206 kWHeating kW
20 kW80 kW20 kW80 kW20 kW80 kWCooling kW
-3 C-3 C15 C15 C28 C28 CAmbient
![Page 44: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle - Advantages
Simultaneous cooling and heating
80 deg C + hot water temperatures
COP’s independent of ambient
Robust equipment
Easy re-charging
Low air temperatures possible
![Page 45: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Air Cycle – Disadvantages
Requires ‘balanced’ load
Poor COP’s
A/C chiller 3.0 (cooling) at 28 C ambient (cf 0.5)
With heat recovery COP rises to 4
Noise
Cost
Nobody makes a commercial version
![Page 46: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Carbon Dioxide
![Page 47: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Carbon Dioxide – R744
Used in early part of 20th Century
Low cost / Non-flammable / Non-toxic
Competition
Ammonia
Sulphur dioxide
Methyl Chloride
CFC’s and HCFC’s were superior in all respects
Low efficiencies and high pressures
![Page 48: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Properties
2301313268394210214H vapourisation
1284658100854913411331Density liquid
1.251.361.761.201.161.27Cp Ratio
1.414.532.192.411.291.15Cp liquid
17106810711P/T Sensitivity
4712362288292164296Pressure kPa
73133319710196Critical Temp
R410aR717R744R290R134aR22Refrigerant
![Page 49: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Trans-critical Cycle
200
250
300
350
400
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0.00 100
Enthalpy, h, [kJ/kg]
![Page 50: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Basic Cycles
.31.16.55.300.290.25Inlet Quality
1681102123279147163Refrigeration
Effect
3.924.953.153.684.704.03Pressure ratio
4.394.752.534.544.614.66Cooling COP
R410aR717R744R290R134aR22Refrigerant
![Page 51: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R744 - Development
To meet current levels of efficiency
New heat exchanger designs
Improved heat transfer technology
Efficient expander
New, high efficiency compressor
Potential as a secondary heat transfer fluid
![Page 52: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Alternative Refrigerants
R11
R12
CFC
R22
R123
HCFC
R32
R134a
R125
R143a
HFC
R717
R290
H2O
CO2
Natural
Pure Fluids
R407c
R404a
Zeotropes
R502
R507
R410a
Azeotropes
Mixtures
Refrigerants
![Page 53: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Properties of Alternative Refrigerants
Op
era
tin
g P
res
su
re
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750
Volumetric Capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
R12
R134a
R22
R407c
R502
R125
R507R410a
R32
R404a
![Page 54: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Numbering system
R134a tetrafluoro-ethane C2H2F4
134+90 = 224
2 carbon 2 hydrogen 4 fluorine
C
FL
FL
H
Add 90 to the number
C H
FL
FL
![Page 55: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Widely used :
Automobile Air Conditioning
Centrifugal Chillers
Pharmaceutical Applications
As component in nearly all HFC blends
Alternative Refrigerants
R134a
![Page 56: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Widely used :
Automobile Air Conditioning
Centrifugal Chillers
Pharmaceutical Applications
As component in nearly all HFC blends
No application restrictions
Other alternatives limited by low critical temperature
Alternative Refrigerants
R134a
![Page 57: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Widely used :
Automobile Air Conditioning
Centrifugal Chillers
Pharmaceutical Applications
As component in nearly all HFC blends
No application restrictions
Other alternatives limited by low critical temperature
Low GWP and TEWI
Alternative Refrigerants
R134a
![Page 58: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Widely used :
Automobile Air Conditioning
Centrifugal Chillers
Pharmaceutical Applications
As component in nearly all HFC blends
No application restrictions
Other alternatives limited by low critical temperature
Low GWP and TEWI
Simplicity
‘Pure’ Refrigerant
No fractionation - No Service Complications
No Glide - No Danger of Freezing Cooler Tubes
Alternative Refrigerants
R134a
![Page 59: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Properties of Alternative Refrigerants
Op
era
tin
g P
res
su
re
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750
Volumetric Capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
R12
R134a
R22
R407c
R502
R125
R507R410a
R32
R404a
![Page 60: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
TOSHIBA
![Page 61: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Screw Compressor Design for R134a
Rotors optimised for R134a
Slide valve capacity control
![Page 62: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
TOSHIBA
![Page 63: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
TOSHIBA
![Page 64: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R22R407
High
Pressure
&
Capacity
Low
Pressure
&
Capacity
R125
H
FL
FL
FL
FL
C CFLFL FL
H
C
R32
H
R134a
FL H
FL
FL FL
C C
H
![Page 65: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R22’s closest functional equivalent;
Was initially regarded as retro-fittable with only
minor system modifications
Alternative Refrigerants
R407c
![Page 66: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R22’s closest functional equivalent;
was initially regarded as retro-fittable with only
minor modifications
Overall system capacity and efficiency loss
compared to R22.
Alternative Refrigerants
R407c
![Page 67: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
TOSHIBA
McQuay water-cooled screw chiller (BRE)
Carried out with the help of ICI
COP reduced by 9%
Capacity reduced by 8 %
Results attributed to poor heat transfer coefficients
Site Test Results
![Page 68: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Heat Transfer Characteristics
Evaporator
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Quality x
HT
C (
W/m
2 C
)
R22
R407c
![Page 69: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Mixture Boiling Characteristic
Light component
Heavy component
Nucleation
site
Vapour bubble
![Page 70: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R22’s closest functional equivalent;
was initially regarded as retrofittable with only
minor modifications
Overall system capacity and efficiency loss
compared to R22.
The tendency to fractionate can compromise
performance and complicate maintenance.
Alternative Refrigerants
R407c
![Page 71: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R22’s closest functional equivalent;
was initially regarded as retrofittable with only
minor modifications
Overall system capacity and efficiency loss
compared to R22.
The tendency to fractionate can compromise
performance and complicate maintenance.
5.5 Deg C Glide
Alternative Refrigerants
R407c
![Page 72: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Glide
Enthalpy
Pre
ss
ure
Enthalpy
Pre
ss
ure
PsatTsat
Tdew
Tbub
Glide
Psat
![Page 73: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Te
mp
era
ture
Length
R22
Water
Te
mp
era
ture
Length
R407c
Water
Te
mp
era
ture
Length
R407c
Water
Mixed Flow Mixed Flow
![Page 74: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
TOSHIBA
+
=
Aquasnap Chiller
![Page 75: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Properties of Alternative Refrigerants
Op
era
tin
g P
res
su
re
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750
Volumetric Capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
R12
R134a
R22
R407c
R502
R125
R507R410a
R32
R404a
![Page 76: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
TOSHIBA
R410a
High
Pressure
&
Capacity
Low
Pressure
&
Capacity
R125
H
FL
FL
FL
FL
C CFLFL FL
H
C
R32
H
![Page 77: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Alternative Refrigerants
R410a
Inferior Thermodynamics (low critical temperature)
Higher Pressures
Higher vapour density
Higher capacity
Superior heat transfer and low pressure drops
Good isentropic compressor efficiency
Mixture that behaves like a pure fluid
![Page 78: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Evaporative Heat Transfer Performance
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Quality
He
at
Tra
nsfe
rfi
R22
R410A
R134a
R407C
Liquid Vapour
![Page 79: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Ambient Air Temperature
Leaving Chilled Water Temperature
Discharge Pressure Drop
Condensing Temp
Suction Pressure Drop
Evaporating temp
Compression
R407C
Temperature
R410A System Advantages
![Page 80: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Ambient Air Temperature
Leaving Chilled Water Temperature
Discharge Pressure Drop
Condensing Temp
Suction Pressure Drop
Evaporating temp
Compression
R407C
Temperature
R410A System Advantages
R410A
Reduced
Lift
Every 1 deg C
reduction in
temperature lift
equates to ~ 3%
improvement in COP
![Page 81: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
TOSHIBA
190 - 760 kW
190 - 500 kW
![Page 82: A United Technologies company - Carrier UK · Temperature Rise C 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year. TOSHIBA TEWI INDIRECT + DIRECT. TOSHIBA ... Building Load (%) Cooling kWh Chiller System](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062317/5ece53dd513e37653c444ad6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
TOSHIBA
Summary
HFC Alternatives
R407c
Performance depends on HX technology
Fractionation makes service complicated
Losing ground to R410A
R134a
Cheap, simple and widely used
No application limitations
Requires increased compressor displacement
R410a
Promises higher efficiencies than R407c
Standard for most splits / VRF
Application range extended into medium chillers