A ty, Partial Pulf'111mento:t the Re...in her book. Also, many ot the empirical stu to·,''lents she...

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL RELATIons·:

AN ANAJJYSIS OF JANE JACOBS 1 v/OltK

by

Riohard R» Mil l er. B. S.

A The s i s subMitted t o the Facult'S'· of the Gradua te School, Nar quette Un! vers t ty, i n

Partial Pulf'111mento:t the Re .... qu.ireme nts t'o·r the De gree

of Maste~ of Arts

Hilwaukee, Wisconsin January$ 1969

PREF'ACE

The vl'r'i tel' wishes to Etxplr'es$ his appreciation to

Dr. Joseph Tamney ~ :who first introduced him to the topic of

urban man ' s relationship to his physical envi.rorrrllent. In an

independent research oourse S\lpervised by D.t> . TruID1ey, the

"l!'i tel' first betJ a.lue ll"la.re. of how 1.1 ttle soc 1al sc ientl;st s

understand t he city and its effeot on human behavior. Jane

.TacQhs r book ,The ,Death and ,Life of Gre,a,t Americe.n; Oities ,

was one of' several books which. the writer r:ead dur.1.ng the

course. or !,art1clllal" interest were Jaeobs f observe. tiona

that n dt versa physical structure 1s necessary for diverse

and heterogeneous social aotivity to OOCllr~ According to

Jacobs, physical structure in a.n urban area. reqUires (l) a

mixtu)['e of at least two pri!l1ary uaes- .. business, residential,

educational, or cultural , (2} ohort blocks and frequent

str0ets in order to stilllulEl.te the use of streets by persons

on different Boh!i1dule-s and 'Yi! th cl1.fferent purposes; (3)

bull dings of various ages and Dondi tions to e nsure that dif

ferent facilities needing different t'ypea of buildings may

I

be presen t, and (4) a high conoentra.tion of poople, so long

as there 1s no t overc;ro'Hding wi thin dwelling unl ts. fJhen

these four factors aro present, public sarety, casual publio

contact, and the assim.l1atlo1'lof ohildren into ftol ty society"

will oocur. It was the e~~irical ve~iflcatlon of these

observations which was cho5en as the 3ubj~ct Inatter :f"or the

wri tel' r s Master t s thesis.

In addition to Dr . 'famney, the vJriter's thesis

director,. a.pp:r~eiation is extended to Fr. John OtConnell,

3 . J. and ~,tv .. Robert Adams J who read drafts of the study and

offered eonst:r>uetive advioe .

II

IJ1ina11y, the wri tar is indebted to Dr .. \iilli:.am Nurphy

of the Marque.t te Un! versi ty School of fi.'nglnee.ring, who 1"'00.

Olnmended background 1'l1ater1al for this study, Dr. \1illiam

':Protter of the Scho ol of Speech at Marquette Unlve!'sity, who

was able to obtain i mportant census data fOl" the writer, a.nd

to Bernard Sinagub,. assistant controller for the di ty of'

MilHaukee, who secured information on the types of buil dings

found in all sections of N11l'V"aukee.

Cha.pter I .

II.

TABLE OF COllTENT3

TUE IMPORTANCE OF AN URBAN AREA1S i?RYSIGAT. STRUCTURE TO RU!'1AN

Paga

BEHi\ V! OR .... 0 • • • • • " ,. • " .... ;, _ ....... ~ • "' .. .. 1.

Il,itroduc tion Jane .Jacobs t Idea,a Statement of the Thesis Pvoblem

p!WCEDURE FOR DATA c ottECJTION . .... ..

Choosing the Sampl~ Constructing the Q,u~stlonne.ire

22

III. ANATJ'TSIS OF' DATA ~ ~ , ......... " •••••••• , • 32

Frequenc y of ~valking to the six stores

Index of Similar! ty Holding Eduoat10.n Constant Holding Age Con.stant "1hila \t>Jal.lc1n g to and \fuile at

the Groe,ery Number ot Ohildren w1 t h W'nom vJ'Qtnen

Talk "'mil e \:1a1king to a.nd t-Jhil,$ at a StQr~

SU1.llDlan

IV. A REASSESSf.'lENT OF JACOBS f THIlCING. . .. 59

BIBLIOGR.{\PHY. ' • . _ • • •••• " .~ •• J •• •• " . . ...... « " • ~ • .. • • • 6)

III

T.lIST OF TA}JLES

Table Pa~0

1" Distributionoi' Atrtoul'1t of Education t()'X' the Thirty ... Eight Respondents by Area " ...... ·. 44.~~ • . ., .. ' '' .. .... ·~ ,. * '''-.<!~'''..... 26

2 , Distribution of AgE) for the Th1.rty,.,.Eigh.'b Re'SPon~entf\j br A~ea. it; . t .. f 27

3 . Number otP~QP1E:) in Both Areas \Inn Ev~:r Go to .a. Stor$ .. . . ~.,. ' t .. !J" •• ~1' ... ~, 32

4. Frequoncy of' Ha.lking toa stop(J. by A~aa. A Re spondents . ... roc ., ..... . ~ . .... .. . t- " • ~ 33

5. Frequ~no'Y of Walking to a. store by Area B Real~ond.enta .. ... " pc • • W .. ~ • •• " !> . .... . ., .13

6 . !nd:6~ 'Of Sl1'l1ilarity Tor the Thirty ... JUght Re~pondent$ by Area. , .~ . Q Ii. 39

7 _ Index of Similar! ty Brokan :Down Into Its F't>0quency and Similarity Com.pon~nts t.or Each Area t s 'Respondents ", " '" ,. ~ ~ , ••• ' t ....... .. • • " « .. '" • • • 45

S .. Nationality Ind~x Holding Edu,oa:t1on O(:'metant for- Respondents in Ea.oh A:rea, 49

9 . Sex !nd~x Holding Education Constant for Rcap(}nd~nts in Each Area.. ......... 51

10 , 11ational1ty Index Holding Age Const~nt for ~espondEtnts in Eaeh Area. 52

11 • Sex lndex Holding Age Constant foX'-nea:pondent~ in £ao11 A:rea • •• " . .... ~ .. • • .. • • 53

IV

Table

1,2.,

13~

14.

Number of Times the rrhlrty-Eight Respondl1Hlts Walk to a StQt'G • • ~ !O •• , ••

Indox Qr 3im11e.rl ty for Walking to a Grocery for ~loae Respondents in Each Area. Vfuo \1a.lk to Tn.i s Type of S,tore . ~ . • r. ,. • , • .,; 't .......... ... .- • , . , ~

Mean N\.unber of Chil dren to trJhom Women in Both Area.s Talk Whil~ Walking to and \;{hile at s. store .• _,.

v

Page

54

55

56

CRAPTERI

'fEE IHPORTANCE OF AN URBAn A'REA l S PliYSICAL S'llIWCTlJRE TO HUViAN BEHAVIOR

IntrodUction • IS .t - ' _ ~

Jane Jacobs t book, '1:'h~ Peath .an? L!.fe ot; Grf>at

Am~~lco.n C~ t~~~.) provides add! t1ona1 insight into th~ spa.rse ...

ly"stud1ed subjectot urban man's l'elatl.0l1sh1p to h1.o physi

eal envl:r·onrnent.1 :rna term I1s t'&;rsely ... studled tt is used be ...

aause soo101og1st$ !:lx-a- just beginning to taptha fltotal nr

effect of this physioal structure . Pr~viO'l~.s thinking in

sociology, nota.bly the l..rorks of Robert Perk and Artl.os Hawley,

has been primarily geare d to anal:ya.,s: of spatial relation

ships in Ul"oa.u ar&&.s, whereas Jacoba 1s conoerned with the

arehitectu:t'1l1 effe-ot ot eit1eson hUlmm behavio:r, in e..dditlon

to their spatial rslationahips . 2

HOWe'lN!~:r , before pro:cee dinG to a de11nea tlon of Jacobs'

ideas, it mU'$t be point-ed out that these idees are not baaed

on rigorously-defined sooiological rea.soning. As Jaoobs says: .-___ ..... _____ .~ ~l. /t ", 1, ."

.. . IJanc& Jac,obs , 1h~ j)eath.!lnd ~1f'e QI;Gr!l~..l Amo:r1..2!u Cl ties {Nel-l York: Random tfquse, 1903 }. ,.

2The sirr.nificance of the idoas, of.' both Park and Hawley 1s limited by the writerg' laok of QQnsid0!"ation of the archi ... teaturnl effeot of cities on human behnvio1' (Interpretation of material. taken in lecture from ~Uchael Aiken, Ph . D~, Sociology 61.fS", Modern Alnerloan COIlll'lllln1t1os, University ot lVisconain, 196,? ). Ja.oobs, on the other hand, by consider1n~ tho arch! ... teotura.l effect of cltiGs't as well as their spatial effeot, is add1ngan add! tiona.l varia.ble to be considered in studying hU1llan beha.vior . See f for exa.'nple, Jacobs' views on the ma.ke .. up of 0:1 ty n~lghborhoods (Jaoobs ~ 120 ... 1 21).

In trying to explain tho unde!~lyil1g order-of cities" I used til. preponderance of exaTnpl oS from NOlf York because t hia is where I live , .Jut nlost of th.e basic ideas in this book ~o~e f3'?ln t h i ngs I fir~t noticed or \.Jas told in other Ol tles.

It will be the purpose of this paper to sociologize

the stimula.ting but unscientific i deas found in Jacoba' book

--ideas ~lhioh relate to the common , ordinary eXperiences of

urban I1fe. 4 To that end, all terms and t heir dofinitions

which ,Taoobs nrovides have been noted. However, 1 t ,,~ill be

a.ppa.rent t hat Fl&11Y of these terms are not pTeeisely defined

in her book . Also, many ot the empirical stu to·,''lents she Ti'lakes

are t h e result of her own experiences or those of other people

to ,,,hom she has snoken* and are not the result of sociological

research.

Jane Jacobs i Ideas i It '

The aa,pec t of T'.ne Death . an4 l.tf'e of Great Americo.n . ! . - ........ .

ct tiee "thioh is, of moat interest to us is not the flain theme ,

of her Hork . .Jacobs 1s -primarily conc.srned \-1:1 th the follo\Jlng

four cond! tiona of the eoono:rrlc behavior of a1 ties \-thioh , when

present in oombination; create Merfeetl ve economic pools of

use . liS First, there must be at least t"t-IO mixed pr"!"1ary uses

--business; residential , educat i onal, or cultural--to avoid a

single -pUl'-pose area , e,g., a college campus or cultural center .

Second, blocks must be short and streets treque.nt in order to

3.Ya.cObs J 15,

4Ib1d" 3. -5Xb1 f\q lSf) -151.,

3

stimulate the use or streets by persons on different sched

ules and Hith different purposes ~ Third. buildlng~ lllust be of

various ages and condi tiona So that d1rfe:r-ent 1'aci11 ties

needing different types of buildings may be present. lifor

exanJ.ple 'f whilo a ba.nk can afford the :rent of a. new bu11ding~

a nelf!.,hborhood restaurant or bookstore probably cannot.

Finally;. there must be a high ooncentration of people, so

long as there is not overcrowding \11 thin $-le111ng uni tSt 6

Eaoh of these four l'aotG:rs,which have bGen inter

preted as the most .i1.1lportant $lelllel1ta 1,n an ur'ba..l1 area 1 s

physical str'tlcture, mus.t in turn be seen in rela.tion to the

ooncept of' a city nel€",hborhood~ 7 :@..; • . ~ 1 _lr

ttRobert A" t,OW', ff sVlee-t j 'Depressed Area' Home, /I

Saturday Rev!ew ~, t.zl. <Dea~r-dber 2, 1961)# P . 28 M

7Saoo'bs t desoription of the four generators of economic pools of use 18 not neee$sar11y synonymous with what is ueu .. a.lly assooiated wi tIl const! tutlng eoonomic bel'loavior. HoltJever, SOOie ln~dght into. her 1dee.$aan be ga,1ned by considering suoh types of econonic enter'Pr1~es as ttsmall" manufe.e tv.rers and It small "l'leta!lar$.11 Each of these types of e11tE:!l-'prises needs the advantages of urban life ...... "the ex.1stenoe of many people of different tasttl$ ~ ski~ls , and needs (Jacobs, 1L~ 7).

The key word here' is Hemall. 1f Porexample, concorn .... ing fllanufacturing.,. largo ttlCU111fac turers need not be in cl ties beoause they "'}aav-c gros-tel' selt ... ~uffic1ency than small ones, are abl~ to mainta.in within themsel ves H10St of the skills and equipment they need, can 'Vtarehouae fat'- the1llsel vee , and can sel l to a broad r-lQrke,t which thGY Q'an seek out wherevel!' it tllay be·' (Ihid. ~ 14.5) ~ On the other hand, sma.ll manufacturers un1us t draw on many .and varied supplios a.nd skills outs.ide theros~l ves , thQ-Y mU8"f; serve a narro'l'; market at the point 'Where a. market exists", and they :must be sensi ti va to qu1ck cha..'1ges in this mal'ket~ · i'Jl thout cities , the.y wouldslmplj not (ixist" {Ibid. ). - - Economic d1versityin urban areas is based upon having

enou.gh mlxtureamC1l1fj; uses Hthroughout enough of the!!! terri ... toritils, to suet$.ltl their atom oivilizutlonu (Ibid .. J 144)" While smallness and diversity are llot neoessarily synon~ous,

Neighborhood is a ~"ord that ha.s come to sound like a Valentine. As a sentimental concept" 'nei(t,hborhoodt

i ,a harru.ful to city plannin.g . It lead$ to attempts at W"~ing city life into imitations of town or suburban lifeq Sentimentalitg plays with 8W~0t intentions in pI ae e of goo d sense ..

4.

T.hls concept of ne1ghbol'hood is not meant to refar' to

a self .. oQntained unit. A6carding to orthodox city planning

theory.t a neig)1.borhood is cot1lpos~d of about 7 ,000 perf}ona and

haa "suffiGient size to populate an eleme ntary school and to

support conveh:lence shopping tL1'ld a <tOIm'lUni ty center. ,,9 Oon

trary to this I ,jaoobs v1.~& these neighborhoods as parts of a.

larP:.® city l;here interchang6$ a.nd fluld1 ty dominate 10

Perhaps the fal1aey of orthodo~ city planning theory

can be elarifled by d.1st1nguighlng be·tween these self·-oon

tained nelghbol'hoods and town life . ,

a high :p:t'oportion oft!n""lal1 elamenta i:1 ne·\t~sear'Y for vQl"iety. In addlt.ion, where ·diV$~a1.ty 61Clsts with respect to cOl.mnerOG, the urban area also con:talns suoh other kinds of diversity as t'oultural opportun1t1(HI; val'iety of s¢iPnes r and. a great variety i n its populat.ion and other uses n tIbj,d.; 148).

?inally. it should be noted that cities do not automatically generate diver1l1ty.. lJ1Jhey generate it because of the- var1ou$ efficient econorn1.e pools of u:se that thoy f'Qr-m tf

{I~i,d !, ', Also, given the four oonditions of eoonoznlc behav-10r.t not all city areas, will p:r>oduo& equ.ivalent d1v(,1J>sity ,~ tl1he potf>ntla.l .s of d1f"ff,Jt>~nt di.s tri()ts Ca c1 ty nelghbo:vhood of app.~o1d.1itately 100,000 people (Ibid • ., 11711 diffe:;- for many reason.s; but " given the dev€)lopment of thoSG four conditions (or the best approximation.. tQ their full development that can be Fl8.naged in real lii'e) ~ a. 01 ty distriot should be able to reali.ze its best potential, Wherever that may lie" (Ib1<!0J 1$1).

8 Ibid .. , 112.

9Th,f5!'" 115 ..

lOl'2J,d,. II ll6.

./

In a. to'1iJn of 5 l1 oo0 or 10 ,.000 population, it you go to Hain street (analogous to· the eonaollda,te d cOIln:l1ercio.l facil1 ties or conrmuni ty center foT' a p lanned neighborhood) ; you l"Ul'1 into people you al.so knCHJ at work:l or llent to school with, or see at churoh, or people t..rho are yout' chi ldren f a teachers t or who have sold or given you professional or ari;isan 's servtcoB, or va'hOl1l you lrnO'\f to be friends of your casual a.cqua.int~mces, or' Nhom you knovl by reputation.. \I!ithin th.~ l im! ts of n tov.ll'l or vil lage , t h e connections among its people keep crossing and r ecI"osaing und this -can make workable and essentially cohe~i Vo cOlmnuni ties out of even larger tm..rns than those of 7 ,000 populution, and to so:me extent out of l ittle cities .

But a population of 5 , 000 ():P lO, oor) 1."0s:tdents in a. big city has no such innabe degree of natural cross .. conneo ... t~ons wi thin :j-t~elf, exe apt under the r'1ost extraordi nary cl.rcurastances ..

'tiihere city pe ople differ' i.s the. t they are mobile.

nThey can and do p ick and choose from t he entire oi ty (and

beyond) for everything from a j ob, a dentist, reoreation ~ or

friends.; to shops , enterta.inme nt, or evan in some casos their

chil drep t s schools . ,,12

This is i ndeed t he point of c5. ties.. ~'urtherl110re, this very fluidity of usa and choice among c:tt:y people is reciaely the foundation underlying most city cultural

actlvitiesand special enterprises of all kinds ., 3ecG'..use thes@ can draw skill s j material s ~ customers or clientel e s from a great noel, thoy C(~n E).xi$t in extraord:lullry variety and not only dmllntOtffi but in ot.her city d:tstricts ~ity noi[!,b.borhood of apprOXimately 100, 000 peor § that dev-elop special ties and c haracters oJ' their 0'1'111.

And in dl-'(l~:-1in8 up on the groeat p ool o.f the 01 ty 1n t h is way oi ty enterprises inorease, in tUI'!1, the cheices availablo to 01 t-y people fo!' jobs, goods, entertui.nlnent, idea.s , contacts, 3erv1ces.

Nhatev6r ci ty neiGhborhoods may be~ or may not be, and whatever usefUlness they may have , or r'ta.y be coaxed into having ,. their quall ties oannot v-lork at crOS$-pur ... Doses to thorou(t)l ... going .city mob11itya.l'ld fluidity of

11l.Ql...g., 115.

12Ib1d. , 116 . --...--...,

t """T"'"

una." l<¥i thout Ocarlotl.d.call 'Y 'WOak~blt'} the <i1 ty Qf 'WS.tiCh they ~. a pa:i~t " Tho laok oto1tl1or e¢onor .. d"o or ~ie.l olf' .... {H,')ntn,innent it) n&tur-al and r.tetf$$$t1ry to c1.-ty ;:~1s11.

bo:rtto()ds--a:tynply boenull\;l th~y ' &1"0 parts of olt1<H!-.,

But 'Wbat exaotly oonst1tuttls a 'city l'lelgbborh.ood?

Acoord1ni~ to Jacoha, t~ho,y can ~)O thought ' of as ttmlU'nla.:ne Ol"£'Jllls

ot ,self ... gOV01"ntltOnt . ,;4 In oth-or Hords. they aro" ganol'>ally

npeak1ns, plaoes \'11:\01"& both th~ ramuli and informal salt-:man

!lr,;ement tuoot1.ons ()t $'oeiety e.nat.1.5 vtew$<l t'.r~'!l this per ..

st)eotiVE>. Jacoba 11,sts three t:YPO$ of n~ie,hborhoods \l

The :fll"st in the city as a wholo, 16 ~lli$ 13 tho levol

at which many peopla of d1£.f&~nt into"sta a~~o brollght to ..

r,ether. ru~ is also tIlt:> aOU"fI trot,l ~h1eh mO$t t>ublio money

flows " wb~t"e m.o~t admin1tt~Q.ti v:ac tand po11..o:,- ~~a1$:(O~s are

,no..dG:I ' a.nd whore 8p~lal .... 1ntG~st e~j'lm,un1tlea &.1'1.d pl"'e:.1SUr1)

7>OUpS ar& tound,17

lJ!b.o saoQ.U<l t~ or elty n~ighbo;t'hood is tho di,:;trlot

of larpze sUbcl.ty $1z;}. cOl'1:lposedot' 100 ;000 paopl$ or uaore 1n

tht} ,ease of th.~ la.t'gestcltles . It is th~ o111$-t f'l.ltlQ,tlol"l of

:l,() Buee~uwtul d1atr1et to aet a~ t1. modiator bett~~Gn the

powerfUl oity al1d the thi~d type o·f c1 ty n~1@1bGrhood~ .. th~

po11tlG~11y poWG~lese etrQ$t ne1ebbo~ood. In otllQr wordg~

d1et:r1ets ttJ.UGt ''help 'bril1{§the N&()\1~es Qf a e1t:y tl.o't-lll to --,.00i. 1t lf ail! .-p _ -0; - )1; . ...... ...,..". . ( ,.,,.,, - ,, )'.) I , t.. .I.t 'fl."

13Ibid., 116.117. - .

14n>1d.. 11 t • . ~' 1+.*

~! O:tt103" Jacobs i

not to townolf l1ttl(). oit1()s 17 . ~1.q.f 118.

~o.f~l"x-1ng to. tteree.t ,~1tl\h"lJ· nnd Ot? suburbe (~ ... i.4. . 16) .,

whe:N} the)}' are. needed by street neighborhoods, and they have

to he1p translate the experiences. of l'eal life, ill street

neip'hborhoods, into policies and purposes of their oity as

a whole . ti18 As a result" nn e:ffe.ctlv~ district usually

aooru~s, 'VIi th time f oonsiderabl$ po11 tical pO'lifer" 19

7

A sooond point concerning dist:rlcta is that residents

are aware of the existence of their dlst:r'icts and identify

with them" Idontification with a distriot follows because:

(1) the distriot t s streets are lively and interesting; (2)

these streets fom as continuous a network as possible

throughout t he distriot; a.nd (3) parka and squa:resand publio

buildings ai'S seen as uart of the stroets f i'al:n"ie. T'ne ef~

fort is continually :made 'topttov1de differences which,. accord-

ing to ,1acobs , "-lllake for cross,..,use and hence fa!> a person t s

1dentif'1cation wlth an a.~a greater than his i mmediate street

neighborhood. .. t:r.20

A final thought about districts concerns the matter

of' 8i~e . now big is an effeotl ve distrio t? {fwo points are

important . First, a functional definition of size is that it

ls "big enough to' fightci ty hall , but not so big that street

neit:\hborhoods are unable to dr~H dlstri0t attention and to

count., n or courae" th'-s means different slses in dlf.ferent

18Ib1d • • 1 21-122 . ~ ~

1 9Xb;td' J 128 . 2(} . Ibid • ., 1,29-130.

21 Ib+-A~ ., 130.

cities. Population size is i mporta.nt here since it repI'o,,,,

scnts, :1.11 actuality or by imp1icatlonl' votes which -can be

EHnployed to ob tain city 1\J.oney.22 Second, an effective dis

trict is not econOllltoallY1 politically, or socially self ...

,.,-

contained.. Being a. e i ty neighborhood ... it draws on users fl"om

outsid.e 6 and its ot.m people also leave the dl,Str1ct. 23 How-

ever, in tOrt1S or 8'qatial lil'l'.1ts, Jacobs ate. tea that the

lflaxirrlttrll size of ef'fec t1. ve d1 s trio ts 1 s approxiraa tel y a mil e

and a half squa.re ..

Probnbl:{ this is because anything larger gets tooi:ooonvenientfor sufficient looal oro.\':ls-uoe and for th.e· functional identity that underlies distriot political identity_ In a ve-ry big oity .; populations must therefore b0 denae to aehie~ 'Bucca.scful districts ; other .. wls-~, 8ufticient politloalpowe~2As n~ver rOQonoiled wi th viable geo8raph1c identity. ~

Spatially. the stroet neighboJ:lhood is the smallest of

the three typos of oity neighborhoods ! T(). say exactly hm'l

large an area is involved, however , is meaning.less .

If we look at successful street neiChborhood net'l<l'orlts in 'real life, we find this @e matter of al i&! is a msan ... lngless question, because 11h.e~ver they '-iO!'K best j street neighborhoods have no beginnings ~nd ends $cetting them ·apart as di s t inc t un! ts .. The siz'e (rven d:ttfers fo~ different people from thesarll6 spot, be~ause some

eople range far-ther, or hang around more 1 or 0xtend their street acquainta.nce farther than others. Indoed~ a great part of the ::;ucaess of these neig',h borhoods of thestrects depen.ds on their ~~erlapplng and intel:'w$av1ng, turnin~ the corners .

22Ib1d,_ 130~131 . -2JIbid. , 132-133 .

24~b~4. , 131~13~ . 25Ibiq •• 120. -

,: -S

But "that exaotly constitutes a successful atr'eet

nel {!pborhoo d? Acoording to Jac obs, the four condi tiona of'

the eoo nomic behavior' of 01 ties provi de rtlost OJ-:' the basis for

t he three selr~ goveI"nment f 1..rnct1ons of 01 ty streots:- t'to

weave webs of publio surveIllanoe and thus to prot:;ect

strangers as lH:lll as the!ns~l ves) to g.I'Ol'l netMorl!s of small ...

scale, everyday publIc lif'e and thus of tl,"Ust and social con

trol; and to he-lp assimilate ehildr~n into. reasonably respon-

26 sible a.nd tolerant city li.fe. tI

This papol" is designed to test ~racobs t $tat~ment that

the l'C)Ur aspects of an llJ?ban areaf s physical S!tructure are

necessary .for the three sel.f ... govermllent ful'lotionsof city

2'7 streets to ooeur~ . A · r~

26Th! d,. 14 and 119 f't . TEere 1s one: other .sel.f .. governraent fttl1ctiol:l of city

street neighborhoods ... - 'tto draw effeetively an hell? "rhen trouble (lQmes along tha,t is too b1g for the streets to handle . t~ ~['hl s help s-Otnetimes com€!$ from the city as a. vIllole, with mediation aoming from the dia'triots. Beaaus,e it 1;>1a,a thou&;ht tha.t t heM were not any district.a in !'Iilwauke<7 and, even if' such ex1stec\ their political natur~ would not be familiar to us, it was decided to conc~ntrate on safety, eontact y and the aS$im1latlon of childr-en~

27rrwo points are Qif 1nte-~est. First , al thou&"l ~1aeobs bellows that all thr-eo typea of c1. ty neighborh oods should he:ve fl. diverse physical structure, $110 state$ that her four genel"ato~ .. s of effective economic pools of: use are to be goared to a cityts streets and distriots (Ibid .. , 150-151). Seeond,Jacohs distinguishes between a city t s . streets and sidewaiks ~ Contrary to their tradi t1o'Ual views .. ~-lhere oi"ty streets are seen as Dla.oes fo·r th6) circulation of vehi.cles and sidewalks for the eirculation of pedestrians" Jacobs takos a broader vi ew by $BoinF both streets and sidewalks as abstractions which mean something only in oonjunctlon with the bul1dit'lgs and other uses that bordor them" ol(l border other streets and sidetvalks very n$a.r them (Ibid., 29) . noth t ypes of pa:thways are seen, in relation to their surroundings, as plaoes where :sa.fety. public contact. and the assimila.tion of child.ren i n to c1 ty life occur (Ibid., 30, 56

1 86) . -

J.Q

By way of lnt~odu¢lng the topic of how sld~walks are

the 1001 forsatety 6 thlsstatement by Jaoobs is very

inciSive:

Some city streets afford no oppo!'tunities to street arbarism. The streets o·f the North And of Boston are

outstanding examples. They are probably as safe as any place. on ea.rth 1n this reapeot . Al thoug.b. nwat of the ~rorth End t sresidents are Ital ian or of Italian descent I the dlstr1c t l a streets art} al so heavily and oonstantly used by people of every raoe a.nd baokground. Some ' of the strangers f:romoutsida work in or c l ose to the distx>i¢ t; aom~ come to shop and stroll ; many including members of minor1 'by group s who have 1nherl ted dangerous districts prevloualy Q.bandon~d by othersjl. mal{e 0. point of cashing their paychecks 1n North &nd s t ores a.nd lmmediattHy making their big weekl y purchases in streets where they know they lv111 not be par'tod fr~8their money bet"lacn the getting and the spending.

As the author says , while a "lell-used street 1s apt

to be sat'e , a. dese3?ted. one is apt to b@ unsafe . 29 A Boad

61 ty street , equipl'&d t o hanrUe s tl'anger a and t o !!lake

stl'anflters an asset tOl" pu.rpos es of safety,. must have three

-w.tn qualities : (1 ) there must be a clear demarcation be ...

tWoen public and pri vste spae&f ( 2) there mu.at be eyes on the

street, ejes belonging to the natu.ral proprietors of the

stree t. whether stOi'ekeeper s or r esidentIal dwellers; (3)

the s1dt1lW'al k ~'m\l$t have users em i t fairl y oont1nuQusl y , both

to add to the nunlber of effective eye s on the street and to

induc e th~ people in bu11d1nSD along the street to watoh the

sidewalk in $ufficlent nurnbers .., "30 It 1$ oe~ta1nl'Y mo)1e -.-.-~ .~-- ... -- ~--~.-~. ~ -

28 ld 33-Ib . , • -29}:piq.* t 34. 30 .

I bi d .• , 35 ... 38 ~ -

enjoyable to 'VJatoh an active, ratlu:lX' than a dull $id~'Walk.31

On the surface» we Se$ill to' ha.ve h!i;lr~ e·omeslmple aims f To try to ,S$CUre ,streets where the pub11¢ spa(H'.~ is unequivocably publ :i.c , physioally unmiKa-d Witll pri ... 'Vate or with nothing-nt ... all spaoe,sQ that the s,l'"ea needing surveillance hae ole·at" and pl"e..etleable limits* and. to see that these public ..... spaceB ha.V'® eyes on the-Ifl as contirmoualYilS pos;$1b1$ .

..L.J,.

aut it is not so .tm._l. '~o . ehie-vee the,;J$ objects, ~s:p~oially the latt$l~ .. . You cantt make people usa streets they have no reaS()11 to us'e. You (14m f t mru<e peop.le watch st:t>eeta they do not want to watch. Safety on the ,$treetl1l by su:rvG11lanoe and lnutWAl policing 01' oneanothe:r $Qunda gr1m~ but in ¥'~al life it is not !Vim~ Tb.e aafaty of the street wOl'*ks b·ast ~ lttost casu ... all y, and w! th 1 eQstf;r:e:<a'Uent ta.1nt of hosti1! ty at' su.spioion pree1sely when people- Q;X'* u.$ing and moat enjoylngthe e1 ty . st~et$ voluntarily 'and ar~21&a,.st oon$,c1ouB. no:rt)ul11y, that they ar~ policing~

This fom of aurv&111.anee is baaed upon having a sub

s~antia.l quan tity -of ato~es $ino. o'bher places used almost toe

entir$ ~,day and situated along the s1 d€1walksQ·f a 01 ty aroa. 33

Store~; bars, and l'$ste.uranta. tor lnst-a.l1ce,: 'Work in the

following ways to abet sldeW'alk safe·ty.~

t*F:t~8t, they ei\te peop16- ... both residents and strang

~rs- ... Gone:r$te reaa~ms toP using the sidelV'alk-s o.n whioh thasQ

enterprls$s f'tU;H:) .,1.34

ft.s~oond,. they ~roI p0Qpl~ along th~ side,walka past

pla(Ht$ wh10h hl1V'e no a.ttXW4:ettona. to ,ubl1c use in th(J,)m~,H~l vee _ J f~ ' T" ,,*" .- .1 "0 : . . .-aL

-- r::: .31 Ib1d• J. ),:) . --.32xbtg." 36"

. j ' . ..

33Xb1d• -34 Ibid. ~

1.~

but which beoor'l'ls traveled and peopled as J?outes to somewhere

1 .a5 e s@\*,~ ..

IfThi3?ds storekeepers and other small bl..lsi116fJsm.en

are typi ca.l1y atl"ong pJ?o.p<.;ments of peace a.nd order the,ul

selves; they bate brolum winclows 6\nd holdups; they hate hav ...

ing<lustomers made nervous about safet·YlI They ave grent

&treet tlatehers and sidewalk guardians it pl:'esent in suff1~:~{

' 6 clent numbers;,3

uFOll,rth, the aotivity genora.tQd by people on errands,

or peopl~ aittl1ng for tOf) d 01' drink , 13 i tealf an attrae tion

tost11l other people"ft37

In this diseu$sion~ the four aspeots of physical

structure play an impoX'tant role . Jacobs t f1rst concern is

with the presence of auohpr1mary uses as Qff'1ces and fa.e ..

torfes ...... usE)S ft'Whioh, i n thamsel ves. 'bring people to a ape ...

ctfic plaa~ beeQus~ they are anehoragea~n38 In addition., in

response' to a m:h:.tura or prim.ary uses grow enterprises of sec

ondarydi vel's! ty, which are design$d to $.erve t he people the

primary us;e.s dra:w. J9 Th.~ fiJ.ffect of auch seconda.ry uses as

35IPld4

36~.,

371P1d •

.38Ib1 d., ~

391b1 d.. , -

37~

152 and 161.

162q

stores, bars ~ a.nd ~egtaul"ants on safety has been mel'ltioned

-in th~ preceding paragraphs . 40

13

Seeond l by having short blooks. streets and opportu

nl ties to turn corners are frequent, 41 Userso.f 11 street a.re

thus permitted acoess to both pr1maryand ij.eeonda~y uses

loeated on the street, and peoples' paths therefore ha~e

occasion to. orOS$~ 42 Htreet safety- Is secured t-fhen this f'aot

1s related to the ohsea,"vat1on that people enjoy watching

streets which have users on them.43 C-ontrast this vi th long

blocks , where diftering primary uses are thwarted because

these blocl!s Uautomatioally sort p,eople into paths that meet

too intrequ~ntly" $0 that Clf"ferent uses very nea.r each other

geographically are" in pra.otloal effeot, lltera11y blocked

off from Qrt~ anotha:r. u44

The third aspect or physical $tructure invol WI! Ii

!t.°Apove, pp .J 11 ... 12.

41J S\¢obs j 178 tf .. Jacobs never defines what ahemeans by a f·short

block . It However, in one· of her 'exWllples of' how shovt blocks wQrk eftect1v&ly in New Yopk, she states that in an area with poor economic act:tv1t1; the blookS are uflu€tlly about eight hundred feet long, while in an a-rea with viable economic actlvlty~ the blooks VfJ.r"l between four hundrf)d and four hundt'ed twenty feet in length~ Howeve·t', this is not to sa.y that these l(1jngthsar~ Qb~olute values for all 01 ties ~ since Jacobs descrlbes a certain series of Philadelphia long blocks as 6ach being seven hundred feet long, with the standu:r-d blOCk Inthat o1.ty being fou:r hundred feet sqUQN.

42 Ibid,,,, 178 ... 180.

43.!R!.£!.,,. 3S!I

44 ll;)1dll , l ~l.

+(.;1-

'tu1xturce of bull dings which vary in age and condition. ftlt a.

city area haa only nt1)1tl buildings, tue entorp-rla~a that can

exist there are automa.ticQlly limited to those that can sup ...

port the hig.1.t eost of ne'll construetlon~ n45 This would in ...

elude ope:ratl-ons wh.leh are u\vell established; high turnovel:' j , , ,,4.6

stand~u"ized 04' hea.vily $ubsldiz~d., f · However,jl bookstores

and pawnshops, as well as the many ente:l"pr:ts~s necessary fOll

the safety of stroet neighborhoods", ne~d old bu!1d1ngs .. 47

The final a.apect is that th0re must be eo donae con

oentration of people in the al?&a; for whatevG:r- purposes they

may be the¥~lO !t8 In tenas of tJaf~ty ~ thJ.s include.$ residents "t <

!t.51 bi 1%. , 187.

46Th! d.. 188 ..

4.7 ;rb1~ •• 181 ft . . . . By old bul1dings,Ja.oobs does not mean "musaUln .. plece

old bu1ldings _ not old buildings in an Gxcellent a.nd expen ... sivestate of ~ehabilltation ...... although thes8. m.ake fine Ingredie:nts ... -but also a, good lotC)f plain, ordinary" low .... valuQ old build1ng~ t .including $Olfle rundown old buildings. tf

48I,blq~, 200 rf . Ome agal:!') , JaCobs does not apeolfically define; what

she metana by lthltt."h oQn,umtt'ation. fI Howe:ver , she uses. the mmoer of dwelling un1 'lis per net acr~ of' residential land to etate that districts which enjoy "great good fortune in mlx~ tures of uses and attl"A-otlons to Qute1de users can demonstrably maintain vitality at densities, of approximately one hun ... dred dwellin.g units to the net aOlr'f;l " It Her reaaon1ne; for the measuremont of dwelling units pe:v ne't aoreot re$lden1:;1a.l land is tha.t in districts where people live, denae concentra. .. tions of people mean a I'Ide:nse coooentration of the1~ dwellings on the: land p;reel~pted for dl.fel11ngs , If Toe people who 11 va in an area usually f'orrl1 a la:rge share of the people Who, ua~ the area's streets f parks " a.nd ent~l"P1'1aes, In turn, othe:r primnr;r uses work wIth the d'l>lell1ngs to insure that people on t he streets will be ap):'ead through the houra of the day"

of the area. and strangers, who use the streets, and store

ke(tper,s who wa.tch tbe stre~t$.49

15

Sidewalks also provide the place where contaot, s\'l.ch

as stopping Qt a, bar Cor a. beer or comparing opinions 1nlth

oth(),~ cuatovlera at a bakery. oocurs:. 50

:f.1ost of it 19 ostenstbly 'l.ltterly trivial but th$ aum is not triVial at all. TAe sum or suc.h casual public contact at a l ocal l.evel ..... mQst of it rortulto:u.s

f most

of it aS$Qoiatad with @l"l'8indB, all of it lna tere,d by the per$ol'l conoe:rned and not thrust upon him by anyone ....... ls a feeling foX' the publ:1c identity of people,. a web of' publle l"o-spec'b andtr\lst,. and a resource in time of personal or nelghborh.ood · ne~d, flba absence of' this truet is a disaster to a. city street,., It$ cultivation ~~nnot Q~ inetltuti~na~ized. And abovo a.ll et it ilnp11ea l.0 pu'bll0 eortlml tments ..

The last point, concerning a distinction betl>feen pub ..

lic and private oorn,'1litments , 'bears elaboration. According to

Jacobs, a good city street neighborhood achieves a. balanc$

between publio contact and pvl vaoy ..... 11 bala.nce based upon

nsrnall, sens! t1 v~l 'Y ma.naged details p:ractlced and accented

.so oasual1ytha.t they a:r''0norl.nally takeni'or granted. n52 For

exal'llpl 'E!, in U€n" Yorl{, Jaoobs 1 family leave..s the key to thei!'

home .1:1. th a stor.ekeeper so, for i nstance , 9. friend of the

family may entet> the home when the owner$. a),"e away.

This practice laet-nployed because the family trusts

tbestorekeeper, nt1:rat, to b~ a responsible oustodian, but __ - _____ ..... _.-.......,. ' t 3 . 1'1 1" , ;

49Ib1d. , -5°1'01<1 • • --5'l Ibid. , -52Ib1d" ,

35-37 ..

55-56. 56.

59.

;!.v

equally inaportant becatu,J'$ we know tba t he combi nes a te~11ng

of good will with a feelIng of no personal ~$ponslbili t,. a.bout our p~ivate aftai;J:'s. 1f53

Thi, line lli.etw~en the city public l1ol'ldand the WQ!:'ld ot'p:rivaci] can be tl'1&lntQ1n~d~ \4ith<>ut awkwardness to anyone, beca.u.s~ of the great plenty of oppor ... 'bun1 t1el$ for publ1ceontact in the ente:vpr:J.f!es along th$aid..walkg. or 011 the sidewalks themselv~:Hi! a.s pEW .. pIe move to and :fro or d.e11bQl"~tel:r 101 t$~ lmen they feel like it,. and also b0<uu,1$e' of the pl>e$~neG Qr ma:ny ~ubl1c hoat$, so to "Speak. proprietor(l of lYiElet1ng plaQes . , . \ib,&re one ia tree elther tQ ha.ng around or <lash in and out, no stl"1t'iiS attached.

Under this $yst~n'tl'f; it is pO$S1hl~ in a oity street neighborhood to know ~!l kinde of people without unwel .. come. ~l1t{llngle.'Ylebts ... ... .

As t,,1th ~$.£ '6ty, the 1mport~nee of physical struc t1.n:¥6

to pub11¢ eonulU')u 1" a.ppa.ren'hi!' First, $&$ondary uses such

as ba:r-s and .groceries otten provid~ places wher.e Gontac t

occurs~$~ C()~l"61atlve'ly,. seeondary ua.e,s, such a$the store

at which the Jacob~ f$.miljt le.a.v:esthai.r house key. oonati~

tute one r&~t<ll' in the $ystertl undEtlf whioh $Oll1.e,Ol1e ean flltno'W

all kinds of people, wi tl"lC)ut unwelcome entangl~i.llentli •• • • 56

Seoond,. by having short blocks , a,tl'eets and opPot'tun1 ti6$ to

turnoornai[l$ 8.:£'$ tre·que.nt ,. thus pl?Qv!d1ng t'o.X' the ol"Ossi;ng

ot peoples 1 paths, and a4a0SS to s~CQndary uaes6x1,st1ng on

the,se streets. 57 As a re$u1 t, the nmnbGr of QPPOl'"t.unlt.ies

for contaQt ; both in the enterprise,s ,Etndon the 51dew$.lks,

'53I:t>ld • • , 60 . 51,,- 6 ~l)i4. , 2'iI

55see how often the 6x.ampl~.s of publl.c contaot which .Jacoba lista occur a.t secondary US0S {lb1d. ,~ 56).

~'.

56 Ibi 'd~ 'J 59 ... 62. ~

57 . . DA Ibid. ~ 178 ... 1 ,)\/_ ~

should therGfol"e increase *.58 Thil"'d~ old buildings pl-ovide

the facilities for secondary Gnterpr:tses, the importance of

which to contac t has been previously mentioDed .. .59 Finally J

concernIng a. d~nse concentration of peoople in an area k con-

-,-

tact requi:l"e8 resident,s t-tho conversG a.nd storekeepers ,...;ho are

often 1n'lol "!fed j.n such contact. 60

Tho third function V1hich side'Ymlks serve is providing

plaoes whe:re the ass.im:11ation of' ch.ildren occurs. 61 W'HH1

children are playine ell sidewalks t>Jh1ch enjoy an e.oti ve local

public life, adults are teaching thein to Rssirnilate into

!loi ty socletyff itlhl1e the adul ts a:rEl cnrX"y11'lg on their other

ursuits ~ 62

58It \,;'0111<1 be expected that,_ other things equal, the more opportun1tle,s there a.re for -SO~ileone to talk Hi th othel"S, the moro he \1111 talk Hi th these people.

59!bove. pp . 15~16 . 60 Jacobs, .56 ft ..

Concerning :I"€lsidents" Jacobs is mainly concerned wi th residentsQf a.n area tt.llking with othe;r> residents, t'ihile the author does state tha.t residents are concerned with strangers 'ltJhen the strangers' protectIon it-! involved, even this is

on trust ooming from c ontac ts between neighborhood residents .

61I bi d. ___ , ?t~ ff' . Ii1"add1tlon to thlsassimllation prooess , Jacobs also

discusses how sidewalkS with an aotive public life are safer and offer more protection for ohildren than do sid0Hall~s whore this condition doe~ 110t ecxist . The toplos or safety and protection Jacobs oonsldel"s negative aspeots of child rearing in c:ttlos. This pa.pel' concentra.tes on t he posItive aspec t of assilnllation.

62I-"'''d 82 ~. , -, .

In real 1 ire, only from the ordinary adul ts of the 01 ty sidewalks do children learn- -if they learn at all·~".the flrst fundalJaental of successful c1 ty life:

llJ

People l'Il'!lst take a :'ilodieum of public respo:nstb11i ty for each othol' even it they have no ties to each othl;l1"'~ This is a lesson nobo(ly learns by being told. It is lea.rned from the experionces of having other people without ties of kinship o!'close friendship 0;):' .formal responsibl11 ty t06~oU takes. modicum of publierespooslbil1ty for you~

Children l'lho t for instance, offer dirac tions to p eo·ple Nho

are lost or tell someone he will :receive a ticket, if he

arks too near a .fire hydrant, are 1m.i tating adul t e. ttl tu 8 .. 64

Here , as in tho cases of both safety nnd public o'On

tac t;, an ax'ea' s physical stntc ture plays :an important part .

First , secondary uses of buildings constitute facilities for

the adult resid.ents of an area. to ea:!;'!'y on their Hother pur

suits . fl6S Also , a$ JacobS' says, llthe san~ rules of oity

safety and city public life that a.pply to adul ts apply to

childre n •.•. n66 Since secondary uses are essential fer c1 ty

safety nnd cIty public life, they must be used by children as

well as adlllts ... 67 CorrelativelY,short blocks and frequent

streets provide access to secondary uses existing on these

63Ibid• -64 Ibid. ; 33 .

65Under this category , Sacobs considers such uses as stores , oars , and restaurants and the activities uith which they ar e associa.ted. < Ibld f , 82) .

66~. , 77 . 67 Ie' 6 . 8 ~bOV~t pp ~ 11, 12 , 1.:7~ 1 , 1 1 .

-7

65 stroets, with peoples' paths ha.ving the occasion to cross .

The number ofopportuni ties for adults to assimilate child

ren should therefore inorease. 69 Third, old bu.ildings non ...

stt tute fae111 ties for aclul ts to oarry on their nother pur ...

sui ts . ,,70 Finally * in o1"oer to assirllilate ohildren into

I·O! ty society" n both aduJ. tsand children aro obviously

needed. 71

It is arr')arent th.at Jacoba' i deas cast considerahle

doubt on traditional urban planning theory. Based on her

experiences and 1~hose of others" Jacoba has dov:eloped an

interesting a:nproaeh to eomlllon, ord1na.'ry urban ac tl vi ties ..

ven acknowledglng that many of her terms are not precisel y

defined and that her empirical statements ar@ not based on

rigorous soaiologioal l?6saarah, Jaoobs does p:rovld0 stimula ...

tinE! ln$lghts into a relati vely unexplored a:r-ea,

Sta.t~ment of the Thesis Frobleul . k - . - -

l,fna.t 1s evident from the ab()v~ dlscusslon 1$ that

Jacobs is proposl nB a diversity of phyaical structure, which

emables a diversity of social aotivity to occur. In sunport

of ,Tacobs are the ideas of Loui $ \~irth; who speaks of the

68JacobS, 178.180 .

69It would be expected that, other things equal, the more orrportunl ties there are for gomeon~ to talk wi t h otht)rs, the more he 1tl11 talk with these people .~

70 , 1 AbOve , p . v .

71T.b.ls is by definition of the assimilation process a$ definod in this discussion (AbOve , pp. l7~19).

dlV01."E;ityof funotions in i.m11,l1ne3 thouaJ:l not, it ~lust be

~d~Gdi as s})@o1ftco.lly ~a doe$ .raooba~ 72

20

Contre.st thS.s t<ri th th$ observations of til$- notod

f.'oo10(f.ist, Hobert J>arir. who viewed. cOlill',uun1 ty 11te as founded

oP OOli1jiet:l. tion, l-thich raoul t~d in like unl tt:1 '(lluet~ri.ne.

'l'atul"al at~Si{i \Jlll~h und$r~ ehlll1ge- oval" t11':;H~' , and Which pass

tl"Qri1 ol'l~dom1Mntt'1.pO of land U$~ to f:.tn()t1J.~~, li\t'<f thUi;J

fOTl"ltld", Ill. th1tl frun'1O\"ol"k~ $oc1al lire 'W$.HJ, oot'i $:fii$fl {'loS boing

oOn(.Hi)~ned wl th COT;l.¥llOn l1ft:» 01" lnvol v1ng eolleetivc (jlJals ..

on the -oontf'ary, P&l"k A.a.~1 Qi\¢·h person ,uttQlllpt1118 to mf.ud:m1z$

h18 min 1'nt()l"ea,te. '(,3

The question 4)"1.4HH~ il tb.(t1?er(')~tE), of tho 'Value of

Ja.o,o1:H~ " Pl'Oposals .. IfJ th$ 8.1 Vt3%>td.t,. or physieal struottU"o

l'ltlCO£ffHlry £011 a het01"e>g&~oU$and d1v&l?GG sQeial life'?

11im ~QPGt· , dlii$1{!.rled to test tn.& hy,potheGis that it

Q. street n(J1f",hJ)O~lOod hus a divaX'su physioal struoture, it

will ~l:ao naw a dlver$$ $001a1 structu.v., j",t) divided into

tou:r' ehtll>t$~~h ~o,o first ha$ pt'ovtded e. stat$ment of the ,.' Ij) P ..... rr, \' f r ~~ .. 'i _f( 411_1'" t: (it); "_ , ., '~

72contrast Ja.cobs t rol at!valy spe¢1.fla li'errUU~kS 011 th uses of' bu11d1n~ witb \thtiA.t Wirth $&1$1 ft\vhat hae. mado the otty th0 vital force) in national llta tha.t l~j howave~. is not ff10l"<'fl 11 th~ f&¢:t that it pe-rforxl3::& ¢<\}rtt\inoo<:mo~u.o !uno, ... tiona but also t ll9.t it 1$ '&tlt''lIHrhod with a hint~rh.Qod of vs:ry1ng $eOJ>~ in ()(JUl'ltless tJoa11.1 ft¢,tlvlt1.$~~~ Attlo,ng thi;)$O axae, .; •• etteh urban 1m.Jtltutim1$ Q$ U(,Hl,}1ta.ls, schoolr: ~hu~hes» . theaters'.:, and elUh~ •. , t' ., It (L. oU1~ ~11f:th , on ,oJt1f6l§, ~nd, p >JtOQ1fU.J.:~#.a# eC1~ Albert .7. ne1all, :"r. ~h1cag:Q: The Unrve~a.! tyo.r Chicago rlfll1:iJB . 1961J. I. p* .:nl~ "

73 A1ken" 196~.

21

problarn and a brief' de$c);"iption of' 1 tIS lntellecetual Qnd

theoretical bases . Chapter two diaeu$se~ the procedUl"$3

used to choose the sQmple for the study and a description of

th~ que stionnaire employed,~ Chapte~ three eontains an

analyst.s of the datA ., Fin$.lly. chapter four' consists ot: a

reassessment of' JIi\I~a jacobs" ideas ,

~HAPTER II

l'110GEDURE FOR DATA C()LLl<~CTIOl'!

Cpoosing tho Sar.:lple

In orde}r to test the. hypo thesis, :1 t Has deci dedt,o

compare the 'behaviora.l diversity of two groups of women in

tHO different areas of M:tlwaulcee . \'lomen rather thal'l lll(ln t-lel'O

chosen since it 1fUtS fel t they would ha.ve lnore lei;su!'G time

and would thus have more opportunity to be affected by an

area 'a physioal enviroTll1'lemt .

Unfortuna tel y, in:for~rla tion on al l four asp-DC ts of

physioal structure is not published by 10Ga1 govornment raoil ....

lties , and it t'ias resolved to Qhoose the are-a.s aocording to,

the a.spect on wht ch Informat,ion \-las: available- ... thG type of

uses 'k!h1ch butl dlngs serve. 1 '.Ph1s prooess was· aoco!l'lplished

l-r1 th t he aid of a. land-use map furnished by the Cl ty of

H11Nllukee. 2

l It was recognized at the ti~ne that using only one aspect of physIcal structure would baa. wealfne$S in the stu.dy since Jacobs states that in ord~l" to attain maximtull d1 vel's! ty J

aJ 1 f ·our aanee'cs must be present in cornbirmtlon (Jacobs, 151) ~ Howe v0r, because at the net·ma se of the nrea with which this thesis is conce~ned, it was decided that even though a physl~ cal area which completoly fitted Jacobs I concepts of physS.co..l di varsity c oul d not be fQu:nd, the 1mpor·tane e. of t his atudy was that 1 t; would stimulate· fu.t;ure thinking by sociologists on the subject of urban 1118.11 t 8 relationship to his physical environment .

2J)epart"1ent of 01 ty ~velop!llent]l Com;.'111-lni tl R€me't-lal Program Stud! (Hlh,mukee: October' , 1 964) " Ih 37 .

The purpose of obtaining thi s map tvas to find two

areas--one l--lhlch contained a. mixture of' primary US'Gs and

thus one with one of Jacobs! generators of divorsity, and

one which contained only a single prim.ary uee and in l.ihieh

d1ver~'H~' human beha.vior should not b~ gen~rated. ot tho tt.ro

':::~1

areas chosen , one is it residential sectiol1--an area vIi th So

single use- .. comtlosed of s1nttle-fartlily hom~s (Aroa A) , and

t he other consists of a mixture of pri ma.ry uses: dwellings,

including single-family hOllles, duplexes and anarttYlcmts :

offices for a. r.eal estate companY tan X-l"ay corporation and

a plumbing firm {Area B} ..

In addition, it was recognized that other variables

c oul d possibly a.ffeot the r'ela.t1onahip betfleen physical

struc tn}?e and soolal aoti vi ty t 3 However, beoause of an

absence of sociologioal researcb in thi$ aro$., the1'8 was no

way of knowing which specific varl~blessho-uld be oontrolled.

Since infor-ma t1on on ethnic ity vas available" this variable

was controlled in the following way. 4 . .. '

3Por tit listing of phenomena to which SQclologists should pa.y &ttentlon and which we %:,8, i ntel'pt'eted as possibl y affecting the J:'el .a.tlonship 1n question, se't} ( Hans L . Zett~rb~);'g, On' Theo:t:>'Y and . Verifiea:t;ion;tn Soo;tnlo .. D 1"'d enlarged edit 'on; New YOJ;>k: e Be.dtnlnstet' Press, 196?], pp . 57-62 . )

4por a discussion of control ling variables, see (Carlo 1. . Lastruccl t Ti'16 ,Scl~ntit:ic ~l')rOaph : B asi<t Principles of the Sc ientifio 14ethod . amEridge. HassaehuBetwa .: Shenkman PublishIng Company, I no . , 19~ ~ Pp. 21t~ ... 216 . )

':;"l.j-

From oetch area , th.e names were secure d of all 'tvOl'llen

of both Polish a.nd Italian descent 1:"1'01'(1 a reverse telephone

dil'eetory, which lists telephone pumbers and names according

to addresses, vls-a- vis the alpha.betioal arr£u"1gemant found

in everyday direotories. 5 In this procGss, several friends

of Italian extraction, who are also familiar \-'Jith Polish

names , aided us by choosing Polish-and Italian~sounding

naxnes . The int~ntion of this prooe dure wag to use tho eth-

nie-soundi ng names as indications of t he t.roman's true ethnic

identitYr that 1s; the true ~th111,o identity ~{as assumed from

tho name.. 'With the use ora questiorn-ta.ire, ten \lOmen of

each ext:r>ac tion froom each al'{)a vIera to be intervlErt.·md . Ac ..

cordingly , in Area A,l twelve Polish WOll1eJn and ten Italian

'vornen were contacted bafore, the roquired twenty interviews

l>.rer'e obtaineu* In AV!)t\ B, ten Polish \Iomen and s~venteen

Italial1 "lOman \..rere contae ted.

Ther~ developed" however II tti'O qualifico.tions to this

approach . First) two of the Italian wo:man in Area B coul d

no t speak Engli sh and were re1UOV0 d from the eample. Sec ond,

only one Polish W'omml in At'ea 13 consented to an inte!,'vlew.

"onon '(,!1 th Gerrll.an ... sounding name s. were then chosen ft'om the

rever-se dirae tory with the help of friends of both German

and Italian descent . Of the thirty-seven women contact~d,

nine conu-nted to be 1nte!'viewed. Tl'Ht iui tlal hope of eon-

trolllngethrl1.citrY' \IllS obviously not reali~ed .

~ilwaukee Street Addres.s D1J:ectol:':'i: (?lihfaukee: Wi sconsin ¥elephone Cornpany , 19( 7).

c.5

The reader should 'be cognIzant of several other as-

paets of the sarnple 4 First . randomnlzatlon was not efllployed

in choosing the respondents to be interviewed. Instead, a

haphazard approach was followed in choosing the Italian,

Polish,. a.nd German re6pond~l'lts from their respective popule. ..

tiona . As a result, it 1s no t possible to sa.y that all un ...

known va.riable s had. an equal oha.nce of being p!'esent in both

area groups. Also .. sinc e the p t'ocess of random sampling was

not employe d , each unit in the respective populations was not I

assured of an equal ohano-e to be E,Jeleated tor the sample.o

However, t his 1s not to say that the i mportance of this re ...

search is greatly diminished; \'fhl1e t he failure to employ

random samplIng nreeludes using the statistioal teohn1ques

based on probability theory in comparing scores of Area A

respondents wi th those of Area B rea-pondel1ts. much va.l ue may

b e seoured through us1ng the ari thmetl0 mean in various anal ..

:rSGS oomparing the two groups. 1 second; it was assumed that ,

for purposes of choosing the Po11sh ... Gormao-8.l1d Italiun ... sound ..

int! Dames , whenever a man f a name was listed 1n the revorse

directory. it represented & fami l y , with the wife being of'

the husband's nationality. If' , in .contacting the 1UM , it was

found t hat he uns $:i.ngle or a widower, hi$ name was d.eleted

6Lastl'uo:o:t, 215.

7Use of' both the arithmetic 1i1ean and statistica.l tech .. niquas ba.aed on proba.h11i ty theory Were discussed in a graduate course in statistics at Mar quett.e University (Taken in leoture . frOM Roman Gawkosk1 f Ph ~ D. , P~'Ychology 260, Advanoed statistics, Nal"quet te University , 196o }.

26

tl'om the sample. Obviously, no problem wa.s enoountered 1.men

a. woman's name was mentioned.. In addition, each of the re ...

spondel'lts was asked the national 1 ty of both her father and

mother , and the answers to thes~ questions were employed as

the bt1s~a whenever ethniolty was ~onsidered in the analys;is"

Furthermore, the following distributions for both the

amount of education and age ~ obta.ined .from answers in the

questionnaire,. \:1ox'e charac terlstlcof the th1.1"ty .... el€')'lt W01uen

in the two areas.

TABLE I

DISTRIBUTI ON OF A}lOUNT OF ED'O'CA'l"tION FOR THE THIRTY ... EIGHT RESPONDENTS

BY AREA

Area. A -- Area B Education Number I ereonta-ge Number Percentage

{lJ t Z} LJ) . , ~ _1l!-1 _~ _ __ .. L5 )

1. No formal sQhool1ng 0 0 0 0

2. One to four yea.rs elementary 0 0 0 0

3. Five to seven yeara elatllsntary 0 0 4 22

4. Completed 5 elamantar-y 1 5 28

5 .. SomE) high sehool 6 30 ;; 28 6 . Completed h1 .gh

sehQol . . .. fl ••••. •• 12 60 1 6 7. Some :Qollege 1 5 3 17 8. Completed college 0 0 0 0 9. Postgradua.te or

professional study, .. ~ • • " •• ~ ... 0 0 0 0

Total 20 100 18 a

101

aError due to rounding

27

Generally, the wom¢n in Area A have a higher level of

education than do the 1'9spondants in Area 13" and there is not

the homogeneity between the t'¥/O a~as which would have oc

ourre d. if educatlon had bsen oontrolled through, for e:..ltample II

the use of pr~cisioll matohlng . 8

Age (1)

1.

2.

3.

h. 5. 6.

7.

8.

9 ~

o.

TABLE 2

DISTRIBUTION OF AGE FOR THE THIRTY-EIGHT RESJ?m~DENTS BY AREA

~X'ea A Area B ~ .' ~ .

fl\Tum.oer Peroenta.g~ r~mnber Perc~ntage (21 ~OJ ' . Ithi 15J .

20-21+ 0 0 1 6

25 .. ,29 '1 5 0 0

30 ... 31~ 0 0 0 0

3 !? ... 39 .5 25 2 11

40 .. 44 6 30 a 0

45 .. 49 3 15 0 0

50 ... 54 2. 10 .3 17

55 ... 59 2 10 2 11

60 ... 64 1 :5 7 39

Ovex- 6.5 0 0 3 17 . .

Total 20 100 18 lOla ~"_ _ ~_ .. _ _ .L ~_ -- -'---"- - '~ " - - --~--- ~- .. -.... - "

aError dUG to roundin

1 : ~-~.-~-.---~

8t9.struool, 214.

Generally_ the women in Area B are older than those

in Area A and. one. again, there, 1s not the hor<logene1ty be ...

tw,sen the two a.reas whioh would have o(l,Qur3?ed if age had

been (}ontrolled through the Use of preoision matehing. 9

OONSTRUOTING THE QUESTIO:N1iAIRE .. 'I"

28

The questionnaire which was construotad to test the

hypothesis was based on the intera.otions whioh the thirty-

eight women eneou.nt~r while walking to, and while at, six

stores, each of \-lhich are located in Area 13 but none in Area

Ii., and whioh 1 t was tel t eona tl tuted ele:ments of seoondary

divers1ty--a bakery" grocery ., pharmacy;, beauty parlor, l'fis

taurant, a.nd bar. By def1nition, thes~ enterprises serve the

people the primary USeS draw .. 10 T'U6l'efore. these six stores

should provide a sound me&,s\u"e of soc1al activity if the

primary us es. in the area are perfoI'ming etfec t1 vel y ,. 11

The questlonna1.3:'6 was composed of three sections .

<:'ection one was designed to arrive at the frequency with which

9!B1d.

10 Jacobs, 162.

llJaeob$ lists three criteria by vlhich the effoct1veneSB of the mixture of primary uses can be judged~ (1) tfthe people using the streets at different times must actually use the $an'l0 strEh.1tsn. (2) ffthe peop1& using the streets at differing times must include; among them, people who will use some of the same faeilitlesft'; (,3) Itthe mixture of people on a street at one time of day muat bear same relationship to people thel"~ at other times of dayft <ill.!. ; 163 .. 164} .

Q;C

tho ~espondents 'Walk to the sIx stores, It was $xpootGd that

m:o:re l?Q$r~ond~nts In Area :; than in Aroa A woul d walk to the se

storGD hc,oau~o of~ .1aeo::>Ia' view th~t atot·¢s,. bar:; and Nstau ...

rant$: 61 VG p~.opli3 ueonoa:'ete ~ea~Qn$ for usintli the sidewalks

on which ttm enterprises tac$,. .,12

Section two eontt11n~d the qut):Btlona wbloh At'te~i~tGd

to t~asu~ the dlvt';ralty of ao~1al int<rit'act1on whioh occurs

while the r'~ai")Ol'H~e1'lts a:N~ walking 'to " and &.;r$ at. the u1x

storcs .

1.'U'1 tn>e o.f dJlta ¢olloot~d ean be shown by the fol ...

lOWing ~a!~e tllk$tl rl"omtb~que6Mo~a!~ t

1.

2.

3.

4.

,

6 .

\-ihen lOU walk to a ($TOl'{£i;) f wi th hb'lli lYlany 1)001'16 do you usually ~¢?

1)0 you (f-requently. $ometlm.es. ur l'arely) talk 'With poopl~ , othe~ t.ho,fl tllOllG Who usuall,- aecol'l'JJ)v..ny you. 'Wilila 'lJalk1 ng to a (S'rOR1!:)?

A!"e th~fS~ 'Peopl~ l¥ith vhom y'Ou talk (.fl'equ.entlYi ao~netlmflh'J. all? :fArel,) th~ G~Mtlona11tya.$ you?

Wi tn. hOWlnliD.'lY eh11.dl"~n , otJler thutl your O\'lll. do you uaually talk 'tih.l1o wal1d.n~ to a. (STORB)?

'Jould you say th.at (PlOst, $ome , o:r t~w) of tb(o adUlt witb who.'1l jlou talk are the sa~ eOl{ ,ae you?

HO'M lone do you usually talk tdth the.s~ adults'?

It was posllllb10 to ask the r$8pOn~nts a page of'

questions" 1dent,iea.l tQ tiut&! one , tot' €,Ua,cu if if" any •. 1)1: the

six t!to:t'~uato 'Whlnh she l4alks" Ii total otu1x aeparate

t~1l:H~ could tber.efore be ma~ f; In addS. tion. qU.$Oti tH18 tvlO

th.I'our,h six, with retare'ne.s to being ~t ~aeh ato:re, WQr. i" 'lIte 7'i -O lt$:!'i - 811' 1 ." fj - " ,...,.........

12Ibid• 36 ~ - .-

30

asked ot those r~HJPondent3 who walk to the rG'sp&ctiv0 store.

Finally, question four was not asked of t/lte ;t1espondents who

go to a bar, since it was felt there would not be children

at such a place.

Th~se six questions were ohosen tor the following

reasons. Question on~ was asked of all respond&nts sinoe 1 t

was f 'elt this quee,tion would give the women a fram~ of refer ...

enee e.oneerm.ng their tripe to the va.rloua ,stores. Q.uestion

t,,10 atteropted to ascertain frequency of contact. Aecol"ding).y,

in an af'~~ with a dtv~t's~ phyalcal s,t.ructu:r>e· such as Area B,

agrea't deal of soolal contact ahC;)uld be :round. Oontrast

this with an ares, like AI's$, Ai \shlehdoes not have a d1 verse

physio.alstl'Uc ture and wh10'h shoul d thus be la.eking in con ..

t.Qt ,13 'Questions three and ftv$ attemptad to m~asure the

diversity and: heterogene.1 tJt of contact. As Jacobs says, if

the opportunities fot;> public oontaot in the enternr-i.s0s al.ong

the sidewalks O~ on the sidewalks themselv6"$ are ple.nty a.nd

if there ,are publia hoets in whose plaoes peopla gatheJ' with

no str1.ngs attached.;, it is ~H,s$ible to. know all kinds of

neople~14 Aceot'dingly~ frOHl pn _ Tl:leorx and V~;rlflt}e.t.i,on ;tn

Soc~ol/)gy by nans Zetterb~u?g, SeX and natioOllll1 ty v.r$l'e

,chosen a.s two eh.aracterist1es of their lnteraotants w-ith

which the :respondents $nould be familiar ,15 Sinoe Area 13 was Jft ~i

l)~b~tr~.,:eil pp. 11~ ... 17, 23. and 28.

14Jaeobs; 62 ~

15zetterberg, 58 .

.5.1.

ohosen because of its many ~leiUel1ts of primary a.nd secondal'Y

di versi ty and, therefore,. 5. ts IT..r&ny opportu111 ties for contac t,

people. I n this area. should know more people of dif.ferent

nationalitie.s. and of the opposite sex thfll:l should the lr'$spon ...

dents in Area A, }J'ho do not havo available these oPPol'tunlties

for contact.16 Ques.tion :four was the i'esult of Jaoobs l con-

carn \-Ji th sid0'1J>lalks as a place 'uh@re children are assimilated

into city life~17 For this study" it "las reasoned that, be,..

cause of its physical di verst ty, Area B respondents should

talk with more childl'<lmlrlhile wal1dni to" and while at, the

various stores t han Are-a A respondents, whQ are not aff'ectQQ.

by a diverse physical st~"Ucture.18 Finally, question six was

designed to give us some idea as to the length of time the

resoondents talk with other adults . The question had no

theoretica.l 1lI1gnifiaance inr-elatl on to Jacobs.' "-.fork", but ~...ras

employed to see if there was a difference i n len~th of "eon ...

tact til71e H between :respondents in both gl"QUps .

"inally , sec tion three contained questions on the

personal eha.:r>a.c terist1cs of thereapondents, lifrom On Theory

and VeX'i£icat~on In::;~ocio~og;[, age " national! ty, income, occu ...

pation" and education were chosen as r~levant variables for

this study.19

16 . <

Abo va, pp . 14-17, 23 , and 28.

17Jacobs, 75- 88~

IHAbovc, P'0, 17 .. 19, 23, a.nd 2B ~

19zetterberg , 5a -62~

32

ClLtlPTEH III

AlJALYSIS OF' DA1'A

Frequency of HaJ.ki,ng to the Six Stores . . ___ - ." , I

Each respondent ,-,mg t'lrst a.sked if she ever goes to

any of the six stores. As can be seen from th~ f ol1 oHing

table, evory store excep t a bal' is frequented quite often

by people i n both areas.

'fAEr,E 3

Hmmlm OF PE0 PL·E IN BOTH ABEAS \tlHO EVER GO TO A STORE

Area A Area B Store

(I) Number Percentage NUl:1.ber porcentae;e

~e.kery

Grocery

Pharmacy

Beauj;y ParloI'

Restaurant

Bar

l.?-l 1-_ ,{ 21 20 100 17 95 20 100 18 100

20 100 18 100

19 95 18 100

.20 100 17 94

15 75 ;-; 28

If thp.y ever went to a store, t he respondents \-lore

then asked if they ue.lked frequently, sOlllcti mes,t or rarely.

Tables J+ and;; shot! the distributions!

Store 1

a.kery

G):'oeery

Pharmaoy

'llABLE 4

FRE(;lUENCY OF \1JALKIHG 7.'0 A STORE 3Y AREA A RESPONDENTS

~ .... _L __ ._ ~-

Number \"fal1d!.n""

.J7

11'irequeritlySome1;Tmes ··tfirely-~flev€ll'Go Tota . t2L {3J . (!i) __ {52 . (6) .

4 1 15 0 20

9 4 7 0 20

0 1 19 0 20

Be.a.uty Parlor 2 2 l S 1 20

Restaurant

Bar

0 2 18

0 '0 15

TABLE 5 FHEQtTENOY OF WAI,KING TO A STORE

BY AREA B RESPON1)8H'rS

0 20

5 20

= ;, ;: "roc :: --'

Store. 0,]

Bakery

Grocery

Pharmacy

Bea.uty Parlor

Re staurant

Bar

Number Wal king Frequentl'y Somo tIme s 11801''e1y Never ~ Tom-

2) (3) Od (S) ( 6

If- .2 11 1 18

13 2 3 0 18

7 2 9 0 l u

7 1 10 0 18

3 2 12 1 18

1 1 3 13 18

'--l~

Obvl0u&ly, tftore re~p¢ndents: in Al"EHll. B than in Area. A

walk more often to' these stor6S~ and this 1ffC)uld tend to sup ...

port Jacobs f vle'VJ' that ~toNS j bars f a.nd restau!"ants gi v~,

people "conorete reaSOlla tor using the sidewaU"s on wh:tch the

enterpr1.ses f'Ree~ It1

To those women Hho '·.lalk to as t ,ore irequently or some-

t:troeB~ the follQHing ques tion \"1!aS asked: ~fb.0n you t';®.lk to

a. (STORE) ~ do you. usually go t o (OTHER STORES f!~RE(~lJEN(rr.y.ort

SOM£TTr-1 ES} on the same t;rip'idt 2.'hie \J'QS done for onl y the

bake¥'y, g:r>oc e;ry,. p.harfllB.cY :t end b<;ta.,uty parlor, and i tv/Qs.

therefore possible t{) int€\grat~ the, mru1Y combinations of walk ..

ing to the"ae sto:t'G',s into fout' trips eorltalning t he following

t1rr~ng$ment of sto):'>()S !

'trip 1!

'r:rip 2:

Trip 3:

Trip IU

Bakery and Grocery an d Ph&.r m.a(3 y and Beauty Parlor'

Only Bakery

Groo e r y and Bruiierl and Pharmac y and Bea.uty Parlor

O;r..::l y Groce ry

Pharmacy and Bake:ry and Groc ery and Beauty ParI 01'"

Only J?harmacy

B~auty Parlop and Eakery and Grocery and Pharmaoy Only Beauty l~a,rlor

In eao.h(H1lSe, i f Q stot'e 'Itfa6 ment ioned i n relation to one

trip, it was not i ncluded in any of the. succeeding trips .

1 Jacobs , .36~

For exal1'l)le, if a resnondent said she goes to the Gl"ocery on

the sa.m0 trip as the bakery (trip 1) 1 1 t t'las no.l~ marked that;

under trip 2 she goes to both of these stot'es q lrlo.lking to a

restaurant and a bar were conaiderod separate trips fu"ld "ltl0re

labeled trips fl ve and six, :t'espectl vely.

:r.nd~x of SimilarJty

An Index of 3i milaritY t designed to I'l0a t:'mre the diver

sity of social interaotloovlhich ooeu):>s while the rospondents

are walking to;, and are at , the six store~,- 'Wes constructed

in t h e follOldng Hay. Values of 3, 2 , or 1 tUtlre ass:igned to

frequentl y ,. some 'times . or rar.ely, respectively, for the ques ....

tion, ft])o you walk to a (STORE) frequently, sometimes, or

rarely?U In the easo of wfllking to a bakery, groeery , phar ....

macy, a nd boauty parlor, the questionnair~ was n!'ranged so

that sev~ral stores coul d be gone to on the samo trip_ The

f'req'Uency of the ,store rfloat traveled to. 1.18.a then used as the

frequency for walking to. other stores included on the same

trip . This p r'ooedul's was employed onl y f or questions deal..

InR with contac t at the stO!'e. That 1s, if a pGrson \1a.lkcd

frequentl.y to. a bakery and a grocery on the same trip, she

was assigned a value of '~hreett for her conttiot while a.t both

stcres. 'This value of th}:"es" flas counted only once for ltJ'alklng

to both stores, since it was felt that oounting the thr-ee

twice would be un,ju.stlf'ied <iu.plication. Thero 1s no guar

a:ntee tha.t if a resnondent made separato trips to tho bn.kel"Y

and p't'ocery, she Hould !neet the sa.me peop le on the vw.y.

36

conversely, since the respondent \Vas a.ctua.lly in two different

stores J the three should be counted for her interaction while

~t both 'stares. Second, values of 2 " 1, or 0 1.'4'ere assigned

to frequently, sometimes, or rar€?ly, respectively, aooording

to th~ reapondentfsanswar to the question, "De yQU (fre ...

qUE!mtly, s Ollletimes~ or rarely) ta.lk; wi th people~ athol" than

those wha usually aceOlnpany you, while walking to (or \'I1hl1e

So t) a {.STORE}? ft

Finally, from sm Theo~J and Vo~1rication in Sociology,

sex and nationality Vlere chosen as two characteristics of

their interactants which the thirty-eight respondents would

know. 2 Values of 3,. 2, or- 1 'Wer~ assigned to (1) frequently,

sometimes , or !'a~ely~ respectively, ac,oo:rding to wile'the]:>

these people ld th whom. the r ,EN:mondent.s talked while )-!alking

to; and vihl1e at " the stor61!j were fl'o'qu.ently" sometlmeg . or

rarely the .sama national! ty as th$ respondent Ji and {2} m.ost ,

some , or rew, I'esp6otlvely" aecQrding to whether most" sOUle,

or- few or the people with whom the respondents talke,d were

the same sex as she. Whel'.$ a respondent 1"eoe1 ved a score of

nzero tl on the seeond question , no scores tor both nationality

and sex '-tere registel"ed. Also, where the respondent did not

know the natlonal1 ty or- the people with whom sbe spoke . a

score ot ttzet'O'1 was registered for the third question.

\mnt results \..rhen each apprOTn'>iate value in the thre-e

groupings is multiplied together, therefore t ia a maximum

2Zetterborg t 59 .

scor~ of eighteen, representing the highest shqilar1ty for

both sex and nationality ..

37

In a dd! tion, each of tlle t'Bspondents was asked to

give the flrst na-roe .. nationality, and sex of three people,

~ach living in their neighborhood but not in their' home i to

whom. they most frequently talked, and the same 1nf0:!"111ation

for the three people living outside the neighborhood to whom

they most f'requentl.y talked.. In eaQh t;HlSS. it was assumed

the teJ'm "neighborhood" implied a rough oorarespondenoe to the

same physical boundaries ~s were esta.blished in choosing

both areas.

In oonstructing the I+ldex of Simi 1 a.r! ty values for

these t1liO groups ot qUestions , the, procedur~ was n$ fol1owlS.

Sooiological research on the buses o-r friendship has shown

that poople \-lhom others e ,onslder "friends" tend to h&vo

similar individual Cha.racteristiOs ." Since the respondents

in this study were speald.ng of '*friends,tt it was aSGumed this

could be equated with a SQore of ftthre~fI for the que:3tion"

nDo you walk to a ( STORE) frequently, sometimes, OX' rarely?"

and with a score of fttwoU for the question, Uno you (fre

quently, sometImes; or rarely) talk with pf;iople ~ other than

those who usually accompany you.. while walking to (or while at)

3A. Paul Hare , UInterp~rsonal Relations in the Small Group ; ft Handbook of Modern Soc 101 oBi:!. Robert E .. L . 1+'ar1 a (6d.), {Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1964),p. 239 c1tinp )1 . E. Bonney ~ HA Sociotn.etric Study of the Relat!onship of Some Factors to :Ptlutual Friendships on the Ele!llentary ,. Secondary i and College Level t tt S?o:1pmetn~ 1946 t 21 .. 47.

] '-:

a (STORE)?" Thls value of sIx was t han multip l ied by a value

of 3, 2 , l, or 0, depending upon vlhether three , t wo, one ,. or

none o;f the t h l"'ee persons named in each grouping Here of the

same na tionall t y and/01" sex as the respondent .

'r'.iO points I'1re relovant ~ First 1 each t"lornan \lms asked

the nationali ty o·f both her fath e!' a nd natheI'. If t he nation-

aJlty of either on0 corresponded to t he nationality of any of

her friends JI the res"},)ondent and t hese f riel1ds "Jere considerod

t o be of the same ethnic background. Second" \:lh0re t here

were no friends in find/at' out of the neigll.borhood, no val ues

for b oth t he frequency and similarity components of the

Index were assig-aed.

For tho four cateeories~-while walking to a. store,

at the store, friend~ in the nei f',hborhood, and frlendn out

of the nelv:hborhood--the mean of. a.11 S·Col~e$ was taken and an

Index of S1mil(lri ty obtained.

There a~t'e four ways to analyze the follo1ving Index,

the fir$t two beine; int:t'iaately J;'€Jlateci. F'oI' Are a B, 1 t 1vas

assum.ed that storekeepers 1n t he area realized tha.t a peI'

son's pl."'lvats lite is important. 4 Also , remefllbe:r that Area B

~.za. a chosen bocause of its many elements of both prituary and

secondary diversity .5 Consequently . since the opportunit:tes

for> public contaet1n the enterprises along the sidewalks

4Th.e ;r'Qcognition by storekeepers of the i mportanco or pri vacy ia one of the faotors leading to succes sf ul public contact ( Jacobs. 60-62).

5 Above, pp . 23 and 28 .

J--=J

or on the sidewalks themselves are plenty, someone oan know

all k i nds of people . 6 For "v1h11e walking t o a sto~el' and

"a.t the stor6~ It Area. 13 respondents shoul d h."'!lOW people of dif

ferent nationalIties and the opposite sex a nd, therefore,

have low similarity sCores.

TABLE 6

I NDEX OF SI iULARITY FOR '1~H:li1 T1IIHfJ;Y ... EIGHT RESPONDENTS BY AREA

Nat).Qnal1ty Sex Category l Area A Area 13 Area A

(1 ) {2 (

While walking I (9)& (19 ) (9) to a stor.e Lt •• 56 6.5) 8. 78

(21) . (25) (21) At the store 3. 76 8.04 11.05

Friends in the l20) (17 ) (20) nel~hborhood . 60 9. 88 15. 60

Friends out of ( 20) (17) (20 ) the neighborhood 9. 90 9 .18 14.40

fi.Numbex- in eaoh oa:;ae .

A.rea 13 (

(19) 10 . )2

(25) 13.44

(17) 14.12

b1 7) 1 . 59

Fol' Area A rasponde'nte I on the oth er hand, remember

t hat the stores to vrhich these people go. aI'(\) out o.t: th~

neighborhood . 7 rne following points therefore seem relevant~

A¢oordin.g to a study by Goo d~nouf)l , which deal t wi th selt

diff"erence· and the meaning of words for four hundred men and

6Jtleoba , 62 .

7Above, p . 28 .

40

four hundred wom~n be"~Y'e.en the a.ges of eleven and tt-Jenty ... tWG,

more women said a bovl ref~rr$d to hair or hair ribbon than

men. Conve:rsely, m.ore men sai d the word referred to archery

than did 1<lOmen. 8 It l-1aS assumod" for 'Ourposes of this study,

that this dlffl(}ul ty in com;munica.tion could be interpre ted as

being unpleasant, It would therefore be expected tha'c in

Area A, men waul d talk H'i th mol"e m4i)n than wom.en. and vic e

Versa for women , slm~e according to Festinger, the aognition

tha.t a. person engag in(s in something unDleasant is inoonsistent

1'11 th the belief tha.t if given a ohoioe l a person t-1111 not

choose somet..'1ing unpleasant . 9 illso , because of different

experiences of vll.rious. ethnic group.e within our SOCiety t many

word.s have oome to ha.ve a sp&cial signifioance .10 !t tvEilS

assumed that talking with SOn1eon~ of another ethnio group

1-10uld be difficult and unpl$asa.nt~ It would theretO!'6 be

exneeted that people in Area A \>lil1 interact wlth people of

the saroe ethnic background, if Fe-stingerf B th00:r>y 1.3 appllca

ble .. 11 For t'1\;fhl1o Wlllld ng to a store ft and. nat the store,"

Area A respondents should thus have high sir;111arity scores • • 1 of- r ' ;iii ~

8Davld lCrech j lUehard Sit O'rutohfield, and Egerton L. Ballaahey, Ipdlvidual ,;in SocietI Otetv YQrl~: !{cGraw-IUll Book COL'lp~ny, '1952}, p . 282e'iting Florenoe Is . Goodenouell" I'The Use of Free A.ssociation in the Ob joe ti va Heasure2"lent of Personal! ty ~ tf 3tu<l1~s ~~ P~r·son~l,l t OQntrib~ted ip. Honor of LJC':n.ris M.,,~~rl;nanU~'..r orlt~ ~toGraw- - l11, 192.

9Tttiren in lecture frol'l Sidn¢y Rosen, Ph.D., Psychology II!.., Social Ps·ychology, 1Jfarquette UniVersity, 1966.

lOKrech, Crutchfield, and Ballachey, 282-283.

llRosen, 1966.

c~ ....

Corr~PQ:t"inG neiX ~d !latione.l1 t1 sGpartltl!Jly for each

~reu, i,Ahe &l'1;;U il'l '3?llbl0 6 sho~,r tho l"evet~$0 01" t .he prov1.ously.,.

lista,a reason:f,ng. Fot" .t'(l~hil(1 lllaUt1!1f\: to a stOI'f: , l' fiB f $ 11

l1ationnllty VfUUQ of 6.53 is t"rQQi';mr thm:l TtA f a 91 vnlucof: 'I ... :; ...", and Alt'0a ;Ps ,,'l'filue of lO • .32i'o~$1trrtlal'ity of sex 1$ fi,l"f::Hlt;el""

thsn .l'\.!"en A fn vtllu0 of' '3. 78 .. POt'" flat the stn:;:''€l/f "Bta ff

t.r'>a~~lcrm.li 1;y VUl\lO oX' fl .. oIt. 1$ gr011tpt .. than 1tA ' aU vf.'r.lue of 3 . "/6 ~

and "'1 'sU valuo of 13.lth tox' S1~11:!1a.:rlt~:,- of lSex it! gl'(Hltor

-han Arua A's vt-lluQ of' 11 .. OS .

Fox' t heth1:rd :tljf:lthod o.{' nnQlY$is. ,,111cQba st~"\.tos th..'lt:

li11f)n G.n 11l?Oa· of n el ty 1&01<:0 9. :31de~4';1l1c life, th(; '\"Ieo~1.e 'Of' the plac(;l '~rn.'st enlu):'[':tlthe1r pri vatt) .11 VE:tS ,H: th.ey arc to hava anythlnr.; at)'pl""Ofloh lng equ1 Valent contact ,,-,1t;h thoir l1el t":hbcH:'S. Thoy must settle tor some fo:c'cil or togoth0l"'''' Gsa tn 'I...rh1chmore i~ Stared with t')ne anotM4' thl:tll in tho

11:fo of thl.3l sidowalk • • ,. it.

COJ!gir10Zt:'i11f{ ttl,at ~racobs Uses this to' rf)rOl.~ to IIf:rlcndn,1/ it

h'()uld bo Q'JI;.r-eatod thut toOl' tl'w c.a.tegory 1f :t:r:i ()l1da i:n the

n oi r;hbOl--h(HH1" the sim;U tll'1 ty lJcores to·!> iil'tHl A nhoul d be

abc)ut the ~:m;lle &$ t ho GcarOS 1'01'1 th~ tt10 proviously-discuosed

C tlt:00o!l:~leD, (:.tinoo pf:)o'ple t'G~d t.o -cbOO$Q :;1$ th(~1r I1fl'it:1mdaY

othera 111 th sll:~ii lar 1ndl vi dutll cbaruoteristiGs . 13

All thl'"1le ctltegoj:"ies s1..ou1d have: l*el:at1vely hid! levols ot Ii J .~~,- -·t . . .. ~.""" .4 1!A .. Q "M'n- ,. ~.....w...~,,,,,, __ ~,_,,,,,,,,,, ______ _

12,7ncobs'JI 62 ft. Jacobs also gives tho; {l;ltel'fmt1vc tha.t in a.l1 aX'f;il lo.Jith

no n1do".yall~ life. the l'ec}ldeuts tm.u~t tottle fol" l uck of co;';"" tact , Slnco " ho\tGvel' ., tho ,urpon:{.i of this frl;ux:y is to de termine contae t." and 'not 1 ttl a1:mence, the que,st.tnn of '1;0.0 c1U(}h tOr.!etherneas 1$ oNPloyed.

13Ual'!J t 239 jJ

u1lililar1~ ty ,. Pt)l' .:!-\.l'Oa. n, on the oth<;)l~ l:mnd~ se-cres to);' the

throe e,a't:egor'ieu S-hould be x'01a.tlv{i>ly low.t, ~:tno.o on~ (lan

kno); nll kind.so!' peO!>lo.llJ.

fJ."".ClG f'1nd:lnga uQ not tottllly 3Ui"i;ort ttd/il l'iiiHl.aQIlingA

c<moe:rnlng 1\)f>(}Q. A .. tho s~o:t'n for nat1ontel.l1'cy or 6.60 rot'

I . ., .~t:.

'1friands in the t.l.O!f.:!;b.bor;!1.ood'1' is OQi:llpUl·~tl vol;; rreater than

nth-a,."' $OO7"e8 in tl1ls gr'oupb1f:;- .. 4,.56 (1Jalle • .. fi1ilking to

~$tOr.6) and .3,. ('6 (a. t; the store) . Thi So al no StH"JIl1S to \).(1 the

case f'Ol" ah't<t1.u1"11ty ()3: s~x .. '.,r1th 15. 60 greater than either

8_78 (whilt) walk1.ntt to a sto'1"Gj orc 1.1 .. ,05 (a,t th.i.i atol'!') '" In

lld<Utlorl t eu.c,h o-f t)h{ll th,.~oe scores. tor nn.tlollIJ.lity is low in

C01l11'Qri smn \/1 th CCtrrC8!,Ql''HUP.€~ BOOl"as tor siJl'111{1.ri ty of sox,

and tht-1 ~e~)pOB f,(,;);r- si.r~11ar1t~rot s~x aM not as bUl1ehod. to ...

r.~tho~ as they ll~ for tlttt1ol'ltillty. Fo',f' Ar6a H, & $1'flilel'1ty

scoro for l'ltttionttl1t1' of' 9,. 88 fol' Jlrl'1~nda 1t) tho :n.€il£!Jlbo1~

hoooo is ~elfd;lvely close to 8.ot" (at th~ storo). Ho:t>TOVOl;'O .

H; is 3 .. 35 points a:way fX-C£>l thf:) tl1mil~U'ity tlG();t10of 6. 53 for

Ut..fhl1~we.lkil1£i; to n sto):'\e,t' C'on¢~'mlnt;l'; eirlilnrlty ot BH~A.

whilo llt . l2 ffrlenils il1 ~~e netp:hb;:);r>hot')o} is relatively n~a~

13.ht~ (a.t tho stol"'a)., theZ"$ is &. d1tr~l~(1nee tJt .3~8(} he twoen

1!~.",12 and the &-co:r-e or. 10.32 tor umule lu.tlk:inB to n stQlt~h u

Tn &dd1 t1on, each of th& a¢ol .. ~t3 fo:t? I.d!11i.l~wlt-y' of' nationulit"y

1$ lent tneOl.'llr>nl"lst':t;n wi til tH')rl"~larH)nd1.ng $Caras i'o'r s.1tll~,larl ~1

01.' l3ax. and th~ aO()ras fot' similar! ty of sex ~:l:'G not a.s

bu.uohe(;l tQg~th()'1" as t hoy t~~ :ff.)a~ natiol'lJ~lit1.. Pina11;;-. tor

l!t. /i.t.. .... "f'<ZO' 1') "'.'l "'· .... d ?~\ t"itv, y ... " liP ~ c;., t;.,.l ) ""'" c;. tI ~

all scores exceJlt tho sex VLl.lu~$ f011 "ft'ie-nilS in th.~ neigh ...

boX'hood. H AX1&a. B '(("41\l(~,$ .f1,l:~ (9:'()atGt* thar.1 tht) QOI"';,t'.\)apondlns

A.r$8. A val \lea «

".,3

The final tnods o,f QXlalysia 1nvol "If(;) $ tho tollolting

r easoning.. As pl?6<vlously $tat.ed. £Q):> Al'~a A, the $.lm11arit ,y

.seot"es :tot' th~ tb'~et tht>e& ~atGgorioe ehou.ld. be rela.tively

hie'.h .. 15 Tl10 !.'~eo~s for Hfrittn<.ls out or the neir~lbo:rhQcdrl

~')hould a180 be ~lat1vt)ly high alne" p~oplQ oho{)se fltr1an&u

tv"i tb $1!;'l11~r !.ndi v1d\t~1 c"baroc tel~1$tica .16 For AI-ea n. on

the oth~~hand, 't-i'la valuil's tor the tlrut thl"~O co. 1;;egorie$.

$l1.ould be loVI d'\1e to the effect of' phye10ttl strtwtuI'O Il l'?

Corl'~erauly;: tho ~mil¢\~1t'1 ~.U)Or'e~ tox> f*.t:tt1,(,~da o~J.t ·ef the

fluighbQt'hoodu sr,.ould bo ,g~a,te!' than the $eO~B fot' tho

other thr-e.e catce;orle~ b~~uDe ot e:i.lt1ilarity of individual

chJlraeter1sties tot' '.t1"'1.~nd3, '118

Dato. fo~ Area A dQ not eonform to 0;.cpectat1on.s .

h'hll0 the value of 14t{~O to!" $lmilari ty Qi: $~.x (ff'iends out

of' the nel.rmborhood) is rela1;i'\1'01 Y neal~ 15. 60 (friends in the

nulghborhood) ~ the Mt1one,lity value Qf 9 . 90 (fl,"iends out of'

tho n0tat1.borhood) is 3 . 30 p.ointe nway from 6.ti) (fr1anda 1n

tho neifihborhood} ... ... $ compB;ru.tivel:9' large ditfGrence~ Also,

there 1s th.e lar.g0, dlf'f6~nao between n~'o1Gnali ty soares o£

9 . 90 {tr1f)nda 'Out of' the ne1ghbo:rhood} and 1~.56 h'h11(} ~alk1ng --_ ____ .... _~~ ' s. . f P . 1 • !*!'lit

15Abo"1e p-~. 39 .... ·l,j.2. " t !L t p..,-t

!.6-tlara • 239 ..

17 ~:e.o~. , pp ~ ,; f1 .. 1f,2 ~ 18 2"19 He.re' ) , .. .:J •

~4

to a store) &fld ,3 .. 76 (l\ t 'tnt';) stOrG) und bt;:;-ttfGGJ;-t aax~eol"OS of

:U~.40 {friends, out of t.1:t-e ne1gh.bomood) f B~"'B (:wtd,le ~1a1k1.ns

to ti store) II t1ll'ld 11.05 (at th~ ato:re). lila!' A:r&a 13" the <hlta

Q,.}"0 1nconoluaive ~ COl1eerlling natiQru~.1:i '1;y. 9 . H', (fx'::ten<i$ out

of tl'H~ nolgh1")orh<)o d) i~ laea than 9 11 m3 (1'1'1~nds 1:0 the ll~1gl1 ...

hO):lhood) and, nlthough it 1$ nlUeh g:t'~at6:I" than tl:'I,~ 6!t53 valU$

for ffwhil"0 "sulking to a stora. n it i~ not exactly ftover'Wheln1-

1ngn the score of fJ. . otl,. for tint t~() storo .. H Begr,rd1nl5 a1m1 ...

la~i ty of :;:SeX, the l"<HuH.>1"rl.ng el.tlPloy~(! i a fair-1 Y l'rell. sup ...

p 01"t~d.~ $lnet} 16 .. 5q( fr!e·:rtds QU t 01' the n~1. ghb orho 0 d) it!

,.I ....... a·t0~ thn.n 10.32 (while '(~lld.ng to fA. atot"e)~ 13 . 1~4 (at the

atore) ~ nnd lh",l2 (1'rienda in the h$irj).hornood} ..

On thta 1.1hola tthoretol~O, Je.eob$ f 1d0:a.s do not OOefn to

be eup),)o%*tod ~n(}* ifanyth.1ne;. the dar to. tend to disl')rov$ h$~

propo$.a.l $<.

It is 'Possible to at'tnin a more rA~a.n1ngful aMlysia '

by breaklntl ddwn tb~ Index into titm part& ...... ~qut:)ncy and ulm

l1arlty~ l~lo~~' apccit1oal1y. the t~equ~ncy oomponent to~ both

ne.tiona.l1\;y and a~)t is tltta.int;H~ by nn.tlt1y,lying t.hf1 f\.PPIl'G1U"1 ••

ate va'luQ or tho t~~qlteno!t fot" \ir.t11d.ng tQa sto~ times the

value of tal1dng with oth~lta while val'·ring tOt ~lnt1 t-lhl1e' at,

a sto~ . The l'l\tl.x1m'U'i1l vnlU0 is ohvltously s1x't TIle ~1lax.1l~um

s1tllila:rlty ::oo:t~e fo:t' both b...',:blonul1 ty Md sex. rCVlain t}-l,.ree.

Ono~ $na11.'l, thtl~ (tl-.e t'ou~ Wt).ytl to analYZfJ tho fal ..

lowing il'ltotwl.tion. OOM4ill:rnlng I1wh11~· walldnS to a $tol'e.u

"rea at B sltlll1$.J·1 ty t3(l:ore ot 1 t 68 fOl'th" nQ.tionttl1 ty

lV~

va.riable is greater than Area A' s value of 1.44, and'i} ' sn

value of 2 . 68 for simil arity of sex is el"'EH'lter than "A f sll

vulv,1i:} of 2 . 67. For flat the store , flItB,sll value for national

i t y of 1 . 72 i s greater th€ln !fA ' s 11 value of 0 . 81 , Ilnd tf ~3 t s ff

value of 2 . SIt for aimila :!."i ty of sex 1 s £~rea. tor' than Area A' s

value of 2 . 76 . The direction of each cotllparisol1 is contrary

to exn8otatiopa.19

TABLE; 7'

n~D~X OF S ! HI LAR!TY BR OKEN OO\'lN I NTO ITS F'REQUEHCY A.ND S I MI LARITY COMPmmNTS

FOR EACH Afill./\ t S RE3PONDEli'l'S

Nationality Sex Category Ar~a.A b Area B Area A Area B

f . ' ,Sf

JIJ -.11) (~)

l'i1hl1 e walking (23 ) (9) to a sto:r>e 1 • 26 ·1 . 1.114-

( 2.$) '( 21} At the store 3.4.4 '0 . 81

Friends in the (20 J (20 }' neighborhood 6 , 00 1 . OS

Priends out of' ( 20) (20) tl+e ne1 g..hborhood 6. 00 1.65 ~,.

~Frequency Similarity

1' .. (4,)

(37) 1 . 95

(45) 2. 60

.(lB) 6 . 00

{18) 6. 00

S .• f . s . ('0) (5) (6 ) ( 7)

{19} (23 ) (9) (37) 1 . 68 1 . 26 2. 67 1 . 95

( 25) (25) (21 ) (1.~5 ) 1 . 72 3.44 2 •. 76 2 . 60

(17) (20) (20) (18 ) l r' . i .?9 6 . 00 2 .. 60 6 . 00

{17} ( 20 ) (20) (lS) 1 . 47 6 . 00 2. 4·0 6 . 00

19T'ne renson;ing ~mployed for these analyses was disoussed in rela t10n to Table 6 (AbstV'e, chap . III, pp. 38-41) ..

s . (9) .

- ~.

(19} 2. 68

(25) 2. 84

(17 ) 2. 35

(17) 2. 76

46

rrt11 :t><l, f> or Al,.~}t'l A., the na t101'1Sli t'1 11001.'0 s f O!~ the

t~,;o 'ry~vlrn.t31:r .... di$oug~ed ct;l.tarrOl"'le!.h.-l .. lth (while '\rtllldng to

n stora) and 0 •. '31 (ut the st~or~)- .... ar6 rolat1.vcl'1 :sl'r:d.lal' to

the natlon:ll1.t;r valtw of' 1.05 :f;;)l"' n.rl~iGnd3 1-n the neif,hbor

hnod. It Also, the t;'.11111a.ri ty of' .s.x value of 2. &0 t.or

tff'r1(1nds in tho n~i!"';hho,!ho~du is ~lai;1vely sl~".il1al· to 2.67

{wh110 -walktYlff, to (1 $i>o~) e.nd to 2 . 76 (at the st6~e)., HO'tfl ...

evor, the ell'ltilarity '£H;:O'!~fHl tor nat1one.llty tiro (l) lo~.ral'"

than tl:u} CQrr~arond:b1t! soores for the sim:'!.la:-t'1 ty of ;'3Q:t,and

\ 2) nt)t l)unonoc.. n::; Ql()$t~ly ·to~etller a.s. e.rQ the e,o'<:)t.'e-f!l fOl" tl:l&

~$X vnrinblG. Fo~ ell B, tho nati rma.ll ty S¢Ol'ea of 1 . 68

(lvhlle walking . to a.stot-e), 1 ,, 72 (a.t tho $t¢rsE)f and 1 .. 51.)

(friobdg in the n016h.bo~hood) nre, all rolatively $1m.tlal'~ In

addit1on" the thre6 $11il11arlty ot aex va1ues ... -2",6fJ (~th11

walk1nll t~ a store) II 2, mt. (at the sto:ttQ), and 2.3.5 (tri>Ct1do

in tho. noitShb<')ri1ood) ....... are nll relati.ve.ly ~lmil~:r. Fu:rthel .....

tr101"$. the slrllilarity $eortH~ tor nationality e.~tl (1) net 6.$

h!eh taS t~eor~ajlond1ngS(}Q;NH1 rOF $1m.,1.1ari ty or !fox., and

(2') bunched mort) closely togath$r than th~ vs.luos :tor the se!t

'V'a.riQbl$, Finally ~ tor 0.11 $eO~$ ~)t~H)nt tho Grot v-alue$for

ftfr-iende In the ne·1~)~borjhood,lf A:~6(j a vaJJja$ ~ rret.\tertnan

tho ~o!,~Gt"ond1ng Area A VtUuaa. 20

FOUl'th, .ror Area A. 'lih11e ths n:::.tionn11ty v~lu.Ga or j . I i a i!); £ _ 11 J _ ~ - " ;iJ J r ( :.. -c S , IJ- ~ t;tt -5 fa ". 9t -

20Tho l"eason1nl~ e n:ploy+)(l for 'these Ma1yoeS\i~$ dinoussed in rolation tQ i!11hle, 6 (~,ehspt; III, !,p , 41 ... 42)«

47

l,4h (while walki:ng to a store) and 1~65 (triendsout of th.e

lleig1:1borhood) are relatt vely 811:1'111a1' ... both sco:pe,s di:fi'ttr from

0 . 81 (at the sto~e) and 1.05 (fl"iends in the neighborhood}.

Ooncerning simile.!'! ty of sex, all foul:' 5cores ..... 2.67 (wb.11~

walking to a atore) ,lP 2 . 76 (at the $tol'e), 2.60 (tlliellds in

the neighborhood), and 2.40 (friends out of' the neighborhood)

.... -are re1at:tvely slmila.l?; although 2 . if-O is 0.36 points ati'ay

frOlT1 2 . 76 • . This; of' cQurse, supports expectations .. For

Area B. all four nationality SCOI'i$·s ....... 1,,68 (while lYall-d.ng to

a store), 1.72 (at the atore), 1~59 (fl->lend.s in the neigh ...

borho'Od) ,; and 1_47 (friends out .of the neighborhood)--tend

to cluster at a s1m.11ar level.. Inaddi tion, the 1 .. 47 va.lue

for ttrriends out of the n~lghbo:rho.odfl is surprisingly lowe~

thw the othel:~ th'ree ., Gonce:rning similarity of sex, 2 . 76

(frienda out or the neighborhood} is ~reate-r than 2.68

(whIl.e walldng to a sto;r>e) and much greater than 2 • .35

(friends in the neig..hborhood); however l it is surpTls1ngly

. ' 21 b~low the 2 _84 va.lue fo·!" 11at the store" 11

In ~eneral, tho:reforo. physical structure seems. to be

playing a smaller :role th·an ex})ected., In fao.t, it ha.s almost

no effe,¢t 'On interaction with people of the sa.me sex.

One final note must be mtlde " In order' to condUot ' ", y st. " .1 t · " :. t

21The reason1ng employed for these ana,lY3es was dis ... <fussed in l'ela tion to Table 6 (Above , chap.. III t p .. 43).

Fol" natlol'l:$.l:ity _ the follotd.ng Index was obtS..ineci.:

'ill II- tl'T ~i' 0. .... ~:;)~ . I-J;.Jf 0'

lfAT'IOWAf.JI"l'Y' !!1l)EX RQ!.DnrG 1l;J,)'tfCATI01,}, C01~STAl~T FOR RES?Ol~DEN:rS IN EAOH ARi~

==)10 [ "J,~~l ,ef ( .! l~ ·.! ' ; .P~tf ' dn t ,. ) -- 1 _%t" J'i;fl J T' "% . 11..,_ 0 -00. % )'flIQ';t_m to n i 1 I

Aloe-a A Area 11 G ato. gory I l .... ~ l~

'r. s . S. J.\ a . I r,« s . . ~ ' , (1' ,, ' 2 'n (5) (6

,,.."' ...... ~

While wal.k1n&1 (8) (3) (15) (6) I (30) (l.7) I (7) ( 2) to a f:l'to~e 1,00 1. 33 l t L~O 1.,$0 2,. 20 1 .. 16 0 \1 86 1 . 00

(8) (6) (11) {lS) I C~n} (22) 1 (7) (3) At the store ':hOO 0. 61 3. 65 0. 87 2. 61 1.77 2._51 1. 33

'1\10 'tll~thods will. '0$ employed to analYZ0 this tablG.

aa wellaB all tul"thOl" tubles bo.s&d on ;ruriablo$ having (Ul

Gft"eo t on. th$ Index.. Fix-st,., tor the two ca.te6o~les Ifwh11

wtukinft to a 3to~e ttand ttat th~atQ~e,,, If the scores rOlf' the

baa:o Q.f' $l~d.la~i t1 undeJ' dis.euas1on will bo eOh'lpar.ed f'or oaob 2~

level gl"O'up1.ng in (!taoh ttrca.. ~ Sacond" t.he simila.r1ty values

in these tabl~s: tor eaeh level ~uplng, catee0ry t and area.

w111 bo eOl'llpf11"ed with ~tlj oorl"'$$pond1ng value in Tablo 7 a

e. teat for ¢ons1atenoy of tho. valu~s. In l'esTlGet to tho level

grouplng.. the si'Ml1ari ty 8QfJr~.$ £or both level s 1n <laeh ~:vea

and for eaoh catoe;ory will. be OOl'tlPa:t'&d with tho single seo~e

fot' the eOrP~~rr:"G:nd.1nlt b~$e of ,a:bnilarl t7, a.reo., and category

as g1~n in, Tablo 1. ' ·rf' 4. cl1fterenee 0.1" groat!3r than t'h4.0 i n ,HI _' I - ~ ' .lIp 'f i ' ,-,oM n . ' s- 3 i ,_Orr 'i1@ l l -- i' 'r "''''''

22T110 reallJoning bl;).hlOtl tb.es& o()t'lPQr1sons. was d1ee-u.sse.d In relation to Table 6 (Al?<>v;e . chap ~ III. Pil'. 36 ... 41),

tio

exists with respect to the comparisons of' two·or more of the

values, an a.ttempt will be made to explain these differences.

Concerning Table 8 " for uwhl1e walking to a store,"

while for grouping one t hrough riva, the 8COra of 1.76 tor

Area B 1s greater than the saore of 1.33 for Area It, for

grouping six through nine , Area Ata score of 1.50 is greate r

tha.n "B's" value of 1.00. Ooncerning the latter figure, it

mus t be noted t hat only two cas~s en at for Area a. For

"at the atorejJ't tor g~QU.p1ng one through five, Area Bfa soore

of 1.77 1s greater than Area A l' S value 01" 0 . 67. For Bl'ottping

s ix through nine, US' s "· value of 1 .. 33 1s greater than "Ate H

value of 0 . 87, Thel"6 is, the:retore, little. "directional ll

support for Jacobs t ideas . Also, this topic does not consti

tute a deviant case .. a$ onl y Area Bfa value of 1 .• 00 I"or

grouping six throue:..h nine and the oategox>'Y f1while walking to

a s tore tt di fters by more than 0 .. 4.0 poin ts f'l~orn Area B t 51

nationali ty score i n Tab1.e 7. The values of the Index of

Si milar! ty ~ which did not baaically support Jacobs I thinking,

are not substantially contradicted.

OOf'1parison of Boores for s1rol1arl ty of sex reveal s

t h e fol1ovdng information found in Table 9 on pa.ge fitty ... one,

ApplyIng the se..m.e analytical proc~du:r6a e mployed wi th

Table 13 , whlle for grouping one through five , Area A' s value

of 2. 61 for 'lwh1le 'Walking to a store If is greater than

Area B ts value of 2 . 6~ for grouping six through nine, "B ' s»

value of 3~OO 1s greater than " ,AtSff valu.e of 2 . 67. Because

of the small number of oases inyol veti, however, 1 t i.a

51

d1fficul t to draw eonclus1.ons for this eategor'y. Cone¢}rn1ng

tho values fo'!> the ca.tegory ftat th.0 ator~, tt for grouping one

through five,. Area A's value of 3 . 00 is g;t>eater than Area Bfs

vs,lue of' 2 . 82, supporting expect~t1ons. For grouping six

through ni nEl' , howeve:r, Us f s ft se ora of 3,00 i a gree. tel'" than

flA t s" val U$ 01' 2. 67,. Some ftdlrec tional ff avJ.Qe.nce does eXist ...

However" nOSClore in Table 9 1$ greater than o.tj.O from it.$

seore i n Ta.ble 7 J and this is not a deviant case ", 1,1 ttle

eoncretfJ support tor Jacobs exists,

rABi .. ! <1

SEX !NDEX F!OI,Dn~G EDUOATION CONSTANff FOR RESPONDENTS IN EACH AREA

B Category ~;5 6 .. 2 1~5 .

'1

While wa,lking (8} t3) (15) (6) (30) to a atore .00 2.67 1 .40 2. 61 2,,20

( 6) (17) (15l (.38) at the store 0. 00 .3.00 ) , 65 2. 67 2. 61

HOLPING AGE COl'lSTANT \ » . . ~ _ . I ' . _ _ t -

6 ... 0_"" __ " ___ .• l.o';'

(17) 2 6c

'" ::>

( 7) 0 .. 86

(22) ( 7) 2. 82 2. 57

(2} 3 ,, 00

(3) 3 . 00

Each r:espondent was also a.sked to .state he:r &ge..Ten

levels, as shown on page twenty-seven, viera oonsidered. Once

aga.in . in ord~r to present the aimilal'i ty vo.luea in tabular

f'orro , i e ,,faa neC~$sary to (1) diohotomize the distribution,

but this time into groupings containing le~el$ one through

five and six through ze):'o, and (2) present data on both

slm:il ar1 ty rae tors .separa tely.

FoX' nationali ty 1 the follolJing Index was obtained:

TABLE 10

NATIONALITY INDEX HOI,DING AGE CONSTANT FOR RESPONDENTS IN EACH AREA

Al~ea A lil:'ea B Oategory 1 t' 6..,,0 1 .. 5 . ... ') '-f. . f. f' . s . s . s.

(1 ) 1(2) . (3) {4} (5} (6) ( 7 )

\Albile walking (14) (7} (9) (2) (12) (9) to a snore 1 .. 50 1.'~3 0 . 89 1 . 50 2 .1 7 1.78

(16) (IS) ( 9) ( 6) (13) (10) 1\ t the store h . 06 1.07 2. 33 0 . 17 2. 54 1 • .50

- ~

6,-0 - . f . (8)

(25) 1 . 8tl-

(:32 ) 2. 63

52

Ell! iql

(10 ) 1~60

(1 5) 1.87

The same methods used in holding education .constant

can again be employed. First I for "whil e \-ralking to a store * fI

Area B'a value of 1.78 tor grouping one through five is

grea tel? tha.n Area p,. 1 S value of 1.43. Pol:' grouping six through

zero , !JE'e H value of 1.60 is greater tha.n tfA'sft value of 1 . 50,

the llle an of only two ea$e8~ For "J;l. t the store, It for g:r:>ouping

one through 1"1 'Ve, ~ea I3 ' S so ori) of 1 . 50 is gren ter than Area.

Ata value of 1~07 . Conoerning groupi ng six through zerO' ,

Area Bt s v~lu,e of 1. 87 is g:reate-r t han Area At S value 01' -0 .17.

No tfdirectional ll evidence theref'ore exists tor Saoobs . See ..

on4, only one SOO2:'& ...... 0 .17 f or Area A, gl~ouping s1x through

zero ~ and ,oategory "at t he sto-re" .... - 1s greater than O!l.j.O from

1 ts corresponding value in Ta.ble 7.. Therefore II since no

deviant t1ase exists , no eVideneestlPTJorting Jacobs" ideaa hae

been found.

t,.."

. -

Oomputa.tion of scores for similarity of sex revGals

the following table!

TABLE 11

SEX IHDEX HOLDING AGE COlmT;.4.lQT FOR RESPONDENTS I N EACH. AP;.EA

53

~ . .1" _ ,. I

Cate£to:vy

tll

rJhl1e walking to a s tore

At t he store

Area A 1.5

(14) 1.50

(16) 4. 06

6-0

(7) \ (9) un 2. 57 0 . 8'9 3 . 00

(15) 1(9) (6) 2. 67 2. 33 3. 00

B 6",,-0

(12) ( <}) 1( 2$ ) (to ) 2 . 17 2 , Lt1~ 1. 84 2.90

(13) (10) I (32 ) (15) 2.54 2 . 8{) 2 . 63 2.87

GoncerninR tlwh11e 't..talking to a $ tore. fI f or grouni ng

one through five . Ar ea A' $ soore of 2. 57 is greater than

Area 13 ' s value of 2.44. Also" for grou1)ing six through zero ,

rtA's" acora of 3 ,, 00 is greater> thllUl "Bts lt value of 2 . 90 . It

should be noted, h o\.rever,. that there are onl y two caa-es f ·or

Area A' s score of 3 . 00 . For the category !tat t he otore , fl

\-.1111Je for gron.ping one thrQugh tl ve , Area B t S scorO' of 2 . 80

1s ~reattrr than A)?ea. A,t's value ot 2. 67. tor grouping six

throu11'~ zero , "A , sl. value of 3 .. 00 1s graater tha.n !lB t S I1 value

of 2 .. 87 . There i s ; ther:etore . considerable. f'directiona.l"

support for Jacobs .. ROil/over,. no soore greater than 0 . 4,0 from

its c orr-es pond:1.ng value in Table 7 exists, and this t opic can

not be oons1 dered a deviant ease . In eonclusion j . while 1:'llore

support for Jacobs t ideas exists ho:r'o t han in Pl~evious dis ..

C USSiOl'lS , there i s not the total amount of evidence whioh t he

writer If.ould 11k~ to se~ .

Wh!le. W~lkj,ng . to and, ,~.11e Jat" tl;.l~ G~9P~rZ

A.r;; can h~ seen from an a~aIl11nation of Table 12, a

gl"oce:ry 1s the store to which mO$t of the res1c1~nts wa.lk,

both $6parately and wlthothel" stores on the sam~ trip.

TABLE 12

NUMB8R OF TI~tms THE TfIIRTY·~EI(iErr R~SPOIiDl1'NTS \;.lAIJK TO ! STOllE

~·-·--j;j r;;;s'];; ~ ....

l'fuml:HU" of Times \Ja1~ To St'Ol?4iI .,. ,' ''I - . ' ." . ,. "- , , ,

54

Store t'

Separately t2

t11 th other Store~

Bak~rY Grocery Pharrllac y Beauty Parlor neetaurant llar

6 22

6 10

1 2

8 6 4. 2

• 1/

9' !,

Att$r computIng th~ lli~X to%' thos* who vU1.1k to a

grooery,. the foll 'ow1n$; infQrmation was obtained. For nation

ali ty; in support 0·£ Jacobs I thinking, Area A! S SQ:ore .of 1 .. 60

for "\+lh11 e walking to a store}f 1$ greater than A!>o$. B I 8 val\!$

of 1.43, Ct;>nce:rnlng this oatagory ,and the 'scor1l')s for simi

larity ·of sex ~ tlBl$tl valu¢ of 2. 11 is gree.telr' than UA'gU

valu~ of 2 . 60. Conc·el'nil1g the oategory Hat the store. H Area

13'$ natlonflllty value of 2~OO is greater than. Area A's valuo

of 0 . 90 " and ?lB ! S n score of 2 . 89 :rot' similar! ty of sex is

grea ter than 11A f S n value of 2.80" Q:nly n modicUlu of

55

"directional n evidence thus exists for Jaco.bs .. 23 In Qddi tion.

all e1ght scores are less than 0 .4.0 from their corresponding

sooren in Table 7 ~ a.nd vla1k1ng to $ grocery does not oonet:1 ....

tut$ l\ deviant CCii.$e. Physioal str\lcture as descI'ioed by

,jaoobs continu6sto pla.y a minot' r~le in determining d1 veX'si ty

of soei&laot.i vi t y"

TABLE 13

INDEX OF Snn:LARI'l"'Y FOR WALKING IrQ A GROOERY FUR THOSE HES'POt:!DI'SNTS I N EAOH AREA HHO

"MIX TO If HI S TYPE OF STORE

iL, ...... ,.';" P )' T

Natio-nal1 ty 3e~ Category I Area .A . Area B Al"ee. It

, -,s . f s . f io :$ ~ • 1 I,

I r ..

While walking (13) (,S> (15) ( 1) (13) (5) I (1$) to a store 1.54 1.60 2.07 1 . 43 1 .,$4 2 . 60 2. 0?

(13) (10) (15) { 9) (13) 1:86 1 1:~~ At th~ ster. 13 . 2.3 0 . 90 2. 93 2 . 00 3 . 2.3

Nutnbel" of Children With Whom l~lomen Talk %11,6 'W~~Iii5tp ~nd jVhl].a !it 'a ' Sto~i

s .-

(7) 2.71

(9) 2. 89

Jacobs devotes an enti~e chapter to e~lalning the

importa.nce or sidewa.lks as a plao'0 where children are assimi ...

lated into oity &oeieuy. 24

Oonoerning this s tudl t beoause of 1. ts physical d1 vet> ...

sity, Area B respondents $hould talk with more ohildren while . -~ - -~-=- .. "----~~->-.. ~--~~-- ' • .

23Tl'le reasoning behind these aoml)(iu:~1sons wse disoussed i n l'elation to Table 6 . (AboVEl# chap . III. pp . 38-41l ,,-* , ,

24Jaoobs . 74 ... 88 .

walking tOjt and while at, the various stores than should

A:r'ea A respondants, who a,re 110t affected by a d1VG1"'Se

physical atruoture ,~ 2S

......

The following table shows the m.ean number of ehildren

wi th \-'hom women in both areae talk while walkir..g to, and rmile

a t, a sto~f,) t

TABLE 14 Mean NUl'1bet> or Chi1.dl-;on To t:hotl'l l1:omen In

Both Ar()a.sTalk Whir e Waltd.ng To And \,,'hile At A Store '

l{e~l1 Nwnbi)I', of Chil ~n

Oa te~o;ry j Area "A Area,' B 11 ) {ZJ tJl ' . ( E ~ '" . . ' _ 0/ • "l !I

\fuile walking to a store

At the, sto're

2 . $6 l . 8h

1 ~1~3 1 . 61 ; .. ~ (

The data only p.a.vtlally support expec tat1ons. For

''while walldng to a st~re;, tI the nUI~bel" of children talked. to

is higher for Area A, 2. S6.than tor Area B; 1.84. For the

seoond c&tegory~ how$ver. "E's" value of 1 . 61 is greater than

"A 'sft value of 1 .. 4.). \' 'ft '

2!JThe reasons tor choosing both areas was prfb1110usly discussed (A'bo~e, chap . II. pp~ 23 and 28}. Also previously discussed viaS the importance of physical structure to the assimilation process (Above, chap . I , pp . 17-l9) .

''''

SUlWtlRY g - . ;I f t

In or de 1'" to test Jane Ja.coba' 1dea.$ on th~ :rolationahlp

botween physical structure a.nd lelsure ... t1me activity in tt~O

a1'6a.a of MilwaUkeG # thirty-eiff.ht women were fit"st asked the

frequ&ncy w1,th irlhlch they walked to a bakery. erooery .. phar ...

macy . b()@.uty pal'>lor, restaux-ant J Qnd bar. Th.e :findings showed

that more wo..-nen who lived in an area with adivarse physical.

atl"lle.tllre, tvalked tamora stores more of'ten than did women who

lived in a. totally residential area .

The· thil"ty-eight \-[()Ulen wer-e then asked a series of

qu.estions . baaed on the interactions of the resfrondenta u1 th

peonle oc.f the name oX' different sex and natl ,':n1al1 ty, for while

walking to, and 'Wh.ile 9. t ~ six t:YPGS of $tores ... - a bakery, gro~

cery , phannaoy" beauty parlor, restau);>ant, ,and be.r.. The

respondents wer$ th~n asked. ' the national! ty and sex of three

ftfriends ft in her neig):lborhood and three Jtfriends tJ out of her

ne1ghboroood. ThefJe four g:!?OUpS of questions \-.~e:re then

integrated into an Index of Similar! ty, w~iGh was designed to

measul"ftthe degreo of similarity ot: both the sex and nation

ality of the people ~Jith whom the thlrty ... elght respon4ents

lnterao t~d.

The Index, which tended to disprove Jacoba ! proposals,

was also broken dOlffl into 1 ts frequency a.nd similar! ty com ...

ponents in orde:p to provt de e. mor~ meaningful anal. 11;11$8 Even

here . however , the effeot of physical structur~ on ~eisure~

tlm~ aot1vlty was n.ot supportive of" Jacobs' tb.1nking t

58

FinallYt even holding age and education constant

and oonsidering the store to whioh most ot tht'J women li'lalked

and the reaponde.nts' inwraction" with ohildren, little eon ....

crete support f'or Jacobs was found;

59

CHAPTER IV

A REASSESSHENT OF JAC 0133 t THIHKIUG

Since the refr\ll ts of this study do not supnort

Jacobs' proposals, it was decided to reas3eas he;r thinking.

l~iO areas-.tha physical aspect generating social aotivity on

which this study was based and an illlportant fa.cet of public

contact--w:tl1 be dise.usse·d"

By lrlay of 1ntroducing the first topic" to our knoHl

edge , no area in the City of Hil'\vauk$6 completely meets

Jaoops t specifications. Area a f \-11 th 1. ts predominance of'

dwellings , several offices, lapd the elements of secondary

dl varsity on v.lhich the questionnaire was based, Has chosen

because it provide d the olosest approximation to the Uutopia 't

,~h1ch Jacobsdiscm.,ssas.

Two problelus, both of whioh could have affected the

results of the study, exiat , F1rat$ as stated on page

twenty-elght~ to be eff~ti¥e in genorating diversity in

social aetiv1ty~ a primary mixture must have the following

charao tex'1s tic 's 1 {l} nthe people using the streets at dit ...

ferent times must actually ua-a the same streets T'; (2) "the

people using the same streets at differing tin16S must inolude,

among the1l'l # people 1rlho lull use some or tho sa...rne fac11ities tf;

(3) If,the mixture of people on the atre~t at one titlls must

bear some reasonably proportionate 'relationship to people

~ .... ~

there at othe:r times of the day . ,,1 It was thoua;bt that all

t~e apply to the dwelling unlts _ except that there are

proba.bly not vfJry :many p~opl~ out extremely late a.t night.

It is known,. furthermore 'I tha.t the offices in Area B do not

remain open all niept ~ 11'irmll y. 1 t !flight behoove us to ques

tion \-fhether offJ.ces aotually form a vi tal part of the pri ..

mary uae l1lixture, as basod upon the first two points or effeo

tiV~l'1e8s. Future research on phys.io~ll structure might test

the type of' priJ!lax'Y us,as needed in cUfferent oity neighbor ..

hoods to co:tlt1titute an f.;ltfeetlve ll'u.;.;:.tu:re .•

This tmattex' of e.ffect1 veness leads to a second prob

lem. If it is a.ssumed that the several or-fices do not con ....

at! tute a tI;r;>igo1 0uS fl p-r1mary .funct1(}n~ the seoondary uses of

build1nggwou:ld nQt have the desired. ef'f,ect. As Jacobs says,

l,tIf this secondary dlv$.):>sity serves slngl~ primary uses, no

matte!" It/hat the type of "Use , it is innately inefficient . ,;!!

Thor~fore t the assumption that aski!l@; people ab01,lt their

interactions \Jhlle- v.ralldl1g to , and vlhlle at, the. six elements

of secondary diversity W'ould provtde, a sound rn-easu'J:'>ec of so ..

oia1 aotivity 'Would be £a1s& .

Rather than discuss loisu~ ... tlme aoti vi ty in tel"I'ns of

safety, contact. and theassirllilatiofl ot ohildren. it 1s more

fru1 tful to analyze what 1s believed &0 be the most inlpo:rtant

aspect or an aotive public life relti:tJ1ng to this study. As

lAbove~ P . 2 ·.) .

2Jacobs,. 162,

61

previously noted, it was assumed t h at :

because of the ~Teat plen ty of opportunities for public contact in'hhe enterpri~es alQng the ~idewalks , or on the sidevralks the'Ulsel ves a.S people move to and fro or deliberately loIter ".;'b.en they feel 1tke it GIlle n 0001-

::!Jine d ,.11 th the notion of tfriendlyf storekee:perv. " •• it 1s possible in a citJ street neighborhood to k now al l k i nds of people ••••

..:..,~: .. " . Several err ors mi ght h ave been made. First, perhaps

sex and nationality are not good i ndicators of all "types of

people. " Second , pe r hap s nn Index of Si'fl"lilarity is not the

type of i ns trument to use in mea.suring social interac tion.

T'na.t Is, some sociologi$ts have mai ntained that the disci

pline should be sol ely concerned with. humetn behavior. 4 Si nce

age and nationality do not oonstitute behaVior bu.t are essen ..

t.ia.lly variables used as Indicatorsof b ehB.'v1or, poss:i.bl y

t hese and all other i ndicator s a re too "artifiCial. f!

EVen consi <Wring the above problems, however , it is

believed t h is study throws some doubt on t h e ideas of Jane

Jacobs~ It also 'Points to the faot. t hat more r esea rcho,n t he

relat10nshi p b att/oen an urban area f S physical structure and

human b ehavior 1$ neede,d.

Such research can take one or more of' the fol10lrTing

pat h s. First, a cl arification of' Jacobs I i deas is needed.

JApove, pp , 15-16.

4See t for example, the ideas of Wi l liam ,Poate \v11yte i n criticizing the use of values by Talcott Parson s (William Foote vlhyte, u'Parsonian Theo!'y Appl i ed t o Organ:t,zations, It The Soc1al Theories ot Talcott Parsons" }1ax Black ( ad.) ~nglewood Cliffs, N. J .: Prentic e- Hall , Inc., 196t], p . 261. )

62

For eXliUllple. whfat tYP'(;1l::l 01' primary uses a~e needed in O11'er·

e:nt 01 ty l'1eighbQrhooda toconstl t'Ut e. an effee.U . V-G tl).,ixiRtrO'?

Al so, il4'hat specifically constitutes a !IS11(H't bloek fl in var t ...

GUS ():1 t'1 neigh.1')orhoods!? Boo ond, t he :resea.1'Ch@I' shoul d. ob ...

se~ve urban l1.f'e as al't'ec ted by physical structure and pro

ceed to empir~oa.lly verify these obsovvations t ~dth the

aSBtunptions drawn from these observations constituting

theory~5 Fi nally f in his popqeptual Fou!:\<l&t;ioP.sof Bud~s(s "Re$Qal?Ol'l,. Paul H. lttghy speaks of 1t1nquiryH as the type of

resea..l:'<}h which one can do at his d.~$k. I n attempting to

oreat! vely develo-p eonoeph, l aws , principles; hypotheses,

a.nd theorl~s, the J:'ea·$~hfH? should be tam11ia:r? W'i th existing

t heory a;nd its impl1Qat lons and use this infOl"matlat).-to de~

velo},> these eOl'1Qepta f law$f p:r1neiplea j [email protected]$,and

theo·r1EH~. 6 Re.$earohet's ex:plor!ng the relationship b~tween physiGal $t:t'Ueture and human bahavto!' ancm.ld u.se e~1.st1ng

th~ory in attempting to ol"eati vely analyze this Nlatlonship.

5':l.'hli s t-ype of res{;)a.rch is what Paul H t: lUgby terms ltde se·r1p't1o:n$t ,( P.aul R. Rigby ,Oonqe~tual Founda.t.tortS Ocr Bl!$lnes! R~$,aNh {)ew York ~ JOhn ' lleyand Sons ~ Inc . , 196!D. Ih 77 '"

6I:bi d. , pp ; 80 ... 81 . --

BI BLIOGRAPHY

PIUHAHY SQURCES . . -. '

Al. ... t ic1es and Periodicals

Low ., Robert A. ItSweet, t Dep:re~Hsecl Area f Home, If Sa.turda.;y Review, 4t~ {December 2; 1961), 28 .

BookS

Jacobs, ::Tane. The Deat~ .and L·ire of' Great. A!J1e);'ican Cities. NeW' York ~ Random House, 1 953. .

LastruGc;t, Carlo t. $'10 ScientifiC' .Approaoh : . Baa1c ~rlnGipl~sof the Scientific ~e~b,oa. Crunbrldge ,," Ma$sachu.sett·es: . Sliellkrnan Pub l ishing Company, I ne . " 1963.

Ri gby, Paul H. Conceptual Foundatlon~ or .Business' Hesea,re}J.. Ne.t.; Y.Qrk : John Wiley and ' Sous ~ Ineo,; 196.5 ..

\1,1]:1 yte , ltll111am Foote .• uParsoniau Theory Applied to Organizations. n The Socia;), 'l,'heo:ries of 'l'a1cottPa.rson~ .. b1d1tGdby Nax Bla:ck: ' ~ng~Qwood Cn.ffs, N .. • T.: PrenUce-Hall; I nc " 1961.

Wirth, Louis. On Cl,t:les and 3.0018.1 ):,11';e.. Edited by Albert J" Re'ias. jr-. Ch icago: The Univers.i. ty of Ch1ca~o Press . 1964 -

Zatter'berg, lIans. I, . pn 'n).aoPI ,fWd Vel;';tfio,ation in .soCiQld{ff~ 3rd enlarge. d edi tron • . l,tew York : The Be ' instar Press, 1965 ..

Public Documents

DepartMent of C11>'1 Development. C pmmu,nity Renewal Proaram $tudy. Mi l waukee: Ootober, 19&4.

" ,

63

Hare,

Krech,

SECONDARY SOURCES

Books

A. Paul, "In terpersonal Relations in the Small ' Gt>oup." Handbook 0.1' :t-1oderrt Soc iology. Edited by Robert E. L. Faris. OhIcago: Rand Hc J~ally &. Company, 1946, eiting 14: . E. Bonney. IIA Sociometric s tudy of the Relationship of Some Factors to Mutual Friendships on the Elementary, Secondary, and College Le vel,u SQCiometn. 19l~6, 2l-47~

David, Crutchfield. Riohard S. , and Ballachey , Egerton L . Indivldualin Sooiety. New York: McGraw-Hill Book CompanYA 1962, citing Florenee I. . Goodenough, The Use of Free Association i n the Objective Measureme n t of Personality. tI Studies in Personality Contributed in Honor of Lewis }i . Te:m.an. New York ; Hc Graw~FIi n:. 1942.

OTHER SOURCES

• Leoture material taken from l-Uchael Ai ken , ----·'ph , D • • Sociology 645 , Modern Amer1.can

COl.'I'tnlunitles, UniversIty of Wlsconsin. 1965 .

___ .......,. Leeture material taken from Roman Gawkoski , Ph. D., t Psychology 260, Advanoed Stat1Gtlcs, Ma~quette 'University. 1'966.

Lecture material taken 1'FQffi Sidney Rosen, Ph. DO!, Psychology III t Sooial psych ology, Narquette Unl varsi ty, 1966 .

Nilwaukee Strcet Address Pirectory. Mi lwaukeet Wisconsin Telephone Comp any. 1967 .

61,.

A ty, Partial Pulf'111mento:t the Re...in her book. Also, many ot the empirical stu to·,''lents she...

Documents

Transcript of A ty, Partial Pulf'111mento:t the Re...in her book. Also, many ot the empirical stu to·,''lents she...