A Traffic Light Based Reliable Routing Protocol for Urban VANETs...
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A Traffic Light Based Reliable Routing Protocol for Urban VANETs
都會區車載隨意網路下基於紅綠燈之可靠繞徑技術指導教授:王國禎 博士 學生:張景喬
國立交通大學網路工程研究所行動計算與寬頻網路實驗室
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Outlines
• Introduction• Background• Related work• Proposed traffic light based routing protocol• Simulation and discussion• Conclusion• Future work• References
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Introduction
• In urban vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), each vehicle (node) is independent and moves along the roads
• VANETs are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks
• Due to high mobility in VANETs, wireless links would be disconnected frequently
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Introduction (cont.)
• Thus, routing paths may be very unstable due to network topology changes in VANETs
• Broken routing paths cause the decrease of packet delivery ratio and the increase of end-to-end delay
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Background
• DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) [3]− Node-centric routing protocol− Main characteristics:
− Route discovery− Route maintenance
− Once a node receives a ROUTE REQUEST (RREQ) packet, if the node has not seen it before, it adds its node ID to the route and forwards the RREQ to its neighbors
− If there is any broken link due to the network topology changes, source node can issue another RREQ to find a new route
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Background
• AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) [2]− Source node broadcasts RREQ until the packets reach to
destination node or intermediate nodes containing the routes to destination node
− Once a node receives a RREQ packet, the node replies back to source node along the route
− When a broken link is detected, ROUTE ERROR will be sent to source node by a node recently using this broken link, then the source node issues new route discovery
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Background
• The disadvantages of DSR [3] and AODV [2] [15]:− High velocity nodes result in very short window of
communication between nodes on different streets− The built route expires quickly and the source node needs
to re-issue new route discovery after sending only few data
− When applied to urban environments, these protocols cause a high control overhead in terms of RREQ and RREP packets
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Related work
• CLA (ConnectionLess Approach) Routing [15]− No need to build routing tables to maintain the position
of neighbor nodes − No need to maintain a hop-by-hop route between the
source and destination nodes− The nodes belong to the selected cells can receive or
forward data− When a relay node leaves the selected cell, it is no need
to relay data
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Related work• CLA
− Streets are divided into cells
Building
Building
Cell A Cell CCell B
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Related work
• An example of CLA− RP: reference point
Source node
Destination node
Cell size
Increment_Y
S(XS,YS)
D(XD,YD)
RP1(X1,Y1)
RP2(X2,Y2)
RP3(X3,Y3)
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Related work
• Disadvantages of CLA:− Cell A and cell C are located in road intersections where
nodes would pass as fast as possible− A relay node would not relay data long enough, so a
different node needs to be found frequently to relay data− In the selected cells, high speed nodes may be chosen if
we do not set different backoff delays to nodes with different speeds
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Related work
• Road-based using vehicular traffic (RBVT) [12]− RBVT protocol utilizes real-time vehicular traffic
information to create paths consisting of road intersections which may have network connectivity among them with higher probability
− To reduce a path’s sensitivity to individual node movements, geographical forwarding is chosen to transfer packets between intersections on the path
− RBVT does not consider the speed of nodes to forward data, so data loss may occur frequently
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Related workRouting protocol
CLA [15] RBVT [12] TLR (proposed)
Class of routing protocol
Road-based Road-based Road-based
Street partition method
Virtual cell Virtual intersection Virtual cell and traffic light cell
Choice of nodes to relay
data
A node is farther away from
previous node
A node is farther away from
previous node
Node waiting at red traffic light or a node is
farther away from previous node
Usage of traffic light information
No No Yes
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Proposed TLR
• TLR (Traffic Light based Routing)− When vehicles stop at red traffic lights, nodes with no
mobility can forward data to next nodes− Divide an area into numbers of virtual cells and traffic
light cells− Select a list of virtual cells to be a packet forwarding path
between source and destination nodes, and a traffic light cell is included in a virtual cell
− Equipment required:− GPS (Global Positioning System)− Digital map
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Proposed TLR
• Virtual Cell ID:− Virtual cell IDs are specified on road intersections− Road intersections in urban areas usually have traffic
lights − The red lights on means nodes must stop at the
intersection− Using reliable and stable node to relay data packets may
increase the packet delivery ratio
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Proposed TLR
• Example of specifying virtual cell IDs on road intersections:
S
D
A101A201
A301
A102
A103
A104
A105
A202
A203
A204
A302
A303
A304
A205A2b05
A305
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Proposed TLR• A road intersection is divided into two cells: virtual cell and
traffic light cell
Virtual cell A
Traffic light cell A
Virtual cell B
Traffic light cell B
Stationary node has high priority to relay data packet in traffic light
cell
If there is no nodes in traffic light cell, choose a relay node in virtual cell
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Proposed TLR
• Route discovery:− Source node broadcasts RREQ packets− RREQ packets contain <source node ID, destination node
ID, sequence number, virtual cell record>− Virtual cell record contains a list of virtual cell IDs− When an intermediate node receives an RREQ packet, it
attaches its current virtual cell ID into the virtual cell record and forward the updated RREQ
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Proposed TLR
• Route discovery:− If the destination node receives an RREQ packet then it
records the following information to an RREP packet:• Current virtual cell ID of virtual cell ID record• Its direction• Sends the RREP packet back along the route• RREP packet contains <source node ID, destination
node ID, sequence number, virtual cell ID record, destination direction>
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Proposed TLR
• Flowchart of a node forwarding a data packet from source to destination nodes
Start
Receive data packet
Destination node?
The node’ s virtual cell ID is in the virtual cell ID record?
no
yes
yes
no
Stop transmitting
Discard Data packet
A
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Proposed TLR
• Flowchart of a node forwarding a data packet from source to destination nodes
located on traffic light cell?
no
yesBackoff
delay = α +ϒ*Spd
Backoff delay =
β +λ (MAX_DIST-Dist)
Sensing other nodes are transmitting?
Discard Data
packet
Forward data
packet
yes
no
A
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Proposed TLR
• Data forwarding procedure:− An algorithm for nodei receives a data packet from nodej:
1. If nodei is a destination node, stop forwarding the data packet
2. If nodei is not in the selected virtual cells, stop transmitting the data packet
3. Otherwise, nodei’s virtual cell ID is in the virtual cell ID record, and then computes backoff delay; if sensing no other nodes transmitting, then nodei transmits the data packet
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Proposed TLR
• Backoff delay computation of nodei receiving a data packet:− For nodei in a traffic light cell:
where α is a random number in μ seconds (0 ≦ α < 51.2)
ɣ is a delay thresholdSpdi is the speed of nodei
ii SpdDELAYBACKOFF * _
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Proposed TLR
• Backoff delay computation of nodei receiving data packet :− For noden in a virtual cell:
where β is a random number in μ seconds (51.2 ≦ β < 102.4)
λ is a delay thresholdDistnm is a current distance between node n and
previous node mMAX_DIST is a maximum radio range
)_(* _ nmn DistDISTMAXDELAYBACKOFF
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Proposed TLR
)_(* _
* _
nmn
nn
DistDISTMAXDELAYBACKOFFelse
SpdDELAYBACKOFFtrue)==LightCellif(Traffic
• Backoff delay calculation:
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Proposed TLR
• An example of data forwarding: Virtual
cell A
4km/hr
15km/hr
9km/hr
Traffic light cell A
0km/hrSender
Virtual cell B
Traffic light cell B
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Simulation and discussion
• Packet delivery ratio [13]: Total number of packets successfully received from the destination node divided by total number of packets sent by the source node which generated by the CBR source
• End-to-end delay [13]: This number indicates the average
time measured in millisecond from the beginning of a packet transmission (including route acquisition delay) at a source node until packet delivery to a destination
generated packets data ofnumber Totalpackets data receivedly SuccessfulveryRatioPacketDeli
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Simulation and discussion
• Simulation setting for GlomoSim [16]
Simulation time 900sMobility model VanetMobiSimTerrain dimensions 1000 m * 1000 mMAC protocol 802.11Data traffic generation CBRPacket size 512 bytesRadio range 376 m [15]
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Simulation and discussion
• VanetMobiSim [14] parameters for road layouts[15]
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Simulation time 900 sMax traffic lights 80Terrain size 1000 m*1000 mMin. speed 1 m/s (3.6km/hr)Max. speed 15 m/s (54km/hr)Nodes (vehicles) 50, 100, 150, 200Max. acceleration 0.6 m/s2
Normal deceleration 0.5 m/s2
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Simulation and discussion
50 100 150 2000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Effect of number of nodes on packet delivery ratio
TLR (proposed) CLA
Number of nodes
Pack
et d
eliv
ery
ratio
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Simulation and discussion
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Effect of number of nodes on end-to-end delay
TLR (proposed) CLA
Number of nodes
End
-to-
end
dela
y (m
s)
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Simulation and discussion
• Simulation setting for GlomoSim [16]
Simulation time 300 s [12]Mobility model VanetMobiSimTerrain dimensions 1500 m*1500 m [12]MAC protocol 802.11Data traffic generation CBRPacket size 512 bytesRadio range 376 m Packet rate (packet/s) 0.5 to 5 [12]
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Simulation and discussion
• VanetMobiSim [14] parameters for road layouts [12]
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Simulation time 300 s [12]Max traffic lights 80Terrain size 1500 m*1500 m [12]Min. speed 11.1 m/s (40 km/hr) [12]Max. speed 24.4 m/s (88 km/hr) [12]Nodes (vehicles) 250 [12]Max. acceleration 0.6 m/s2
Normal deceleration 0.5 m/s2
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Simulation and discussion
0.5 1 2 3 4 50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Effect of Packet rate on packet delivery ratio
TLR (proposed) CLA
RBVT-P
Packet rate (packet/s)
Pack
et d
eliv
ery
ratio
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Simulation and discussion
0.5 1 2 3 4 50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Effect of Packet rate on end-to-end delay
TLR (proposed)CLARBVT-P
Packet rate (packet/s)
End-
to-E
nd D
elay
(ms)
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Conclusion
• We propose a traffic light based routing protocol for urban VANETs
• Proposed TLR improves 10 % and 20 % of the packet delivery ratio compared to CLA and RBVT-P, respectively
• Proposed TLR reduces 20 ms and 80 ms of the end-to-end delay compared to CLA and RBVT-P
• Delivering packets to a relay node which is waiting for the red traffic light effectively improves the packet delivery ratio
• The end-to-end delay can be reduced by the selecting stationary nodes as relay nodes and running backoff delay
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Future work
• Make the proposed TLR be able to establish multiple paths to provide a more reliable routing protocol for urban VANETs
• Combine multimedia streaming with TLR to provide reliable multimedia for urban VANETs
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References[1] Y. Toor, P. Muhlethaler, and A. Laouiti, “Vehicle ad hoc networks: Applications and
related technical issues,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, pp. 74–88, 2008.
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