A Tour of the Periodic Table

Packet #11

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• From 1829 – 1869, different systems were proposed.

• In 1869, Russian chemist and teacher, Dmitri Mendeleev, published a table of elements.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• Mendeleev arranged the elements in his periodic table in order of increasing atomic mass.• This caused problems.• Scientist had not yet

determined the structure of the atom.

• Mendeleev predicted that elements would be discovered and used to fill spaces where he had placed question marks.

Modern Periodic Table

• In 1913, Henry Moseley organized the elements by increasing atomic and resolved discrepancies in Mendeleev’s arrangement.

Modern Periodic Table II

• With the development of the modern periodic table, the patterns on the table gives rise to the periodic law• When elements are

arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.

Modern Periodic Table III

• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an orgnaization that sets the standatds for chemistry.

• In 1985, the IUPAC proposed a new system for labeling groups on the periodic table.

• The groups are numbered 1 – 18.• Dividing the elements into the groups is not the

only way to classify them based on their properties.

CLASSES OF ELEMENTS

Classes of Elements

• There are three main “classes” of elements.• Metals• Nonmetals• Metalloids

• Across the periodic table, the properties of the elements become less metallic and more non-metallic

Physical Properties of Metals• Good conductors of heat

and electric current.• Malleability

• Most metals can be hammered into thin sheets without breaking.

• Ductility• Most metals can be put

into wires• Lustrous Appearance

• A freshly cleaned or cut surface will have a high luster, or sheen.

• Sheen is caused by the metal’s ability to reflect light.

Properties of Non-metals (Elements of the Upper Right Corner)• Greater variation in physical

properties when compared to metals.

• Most are gases at room temperature.• Nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine &

neon• Few are solids at room

temperature• Sulfur• Phosphorus

• Bromine• Dark-red liquid

• In general, poor conductors of heat and electricity.• Carbon exception to rule.

• Non-metals are brittle.

Metalloids (Semimetals){Stair-step line that separates metals from non-metals}

• Has properties similar to metals and non-metals.

• Depending on conditions, may behave as a metal while as a non-metal in others.

• Example• Silicon is a poor

conductor of electric current.

• However, if boron is mixed with silicon, the mixture is a good conductor of electricity.

• Silicon can be cut into wafers.

GROUPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

Groups on the Periodic Table I

• Families of elements with similar chemical properties that lie in the same vertical column in the periodic table are called groups.• Often referred to

by the number over the column.

Groups on the Periodic Table II

• Many of the groups have special names.• Group #1

• Alkali metals• Group #2

• Alkaline earth metals

• Group #7• Halogens

• Group #8• Noble gases

Groups on the Periodic Chart III

• The largest collection of elements that span many vertical columns are called the transition metals.

NATURAL STATES OF ELEMENTS

Natural States I

• Most matter is in the form of a mixture.• Mentioned

previously, most mixtures contain compounds.• Atoms from different

elements bounded together

• Therefore, most elements are “reactive.”

• Most elements are not found, in nature, in a pure form.

Natural States II• Exceptions to the rule

• Gold• Gold rush of late 1800’s

• Gold nuggets were found in purest form.

• Platinum & Silver• Often nearly found in the

pure form.

• Gold, platinum and silver are in a group of metals called noble metals.• These are relatively un-

reactive.• Similar to the behavior of

group #8 elements—the noble gases.

Natural States III—Diatomic Molecules

• Diatomic molecules• Molecules made up

of two atoms.• Examples

• Nitrogen• N2

• Oxygen• O2

• Hydrogen*• H2

• Sodium Chloride• NaCl

• Group #7

Natural State IV—Liquid Form

• Only two elements are in liquid form when in their elemental form (most natural form)• Bromine

• B2

• Non-metal• Also diatomic

• Mercury• Metal

Natural State V—Unique Facts

• Carbon• Allotrope

• Solid carbon exist in three different forms

• Diamond• Hardest

natural substance known

• Graphite• Soft material

(lead in pencils)

• Buckminsterfullerene

• Dome shape composed of ≈60 carbon atoms.

REVIEW