Dr A. L. NeillBSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBSmedicalamanda@gmail.comThe A to Z ofSkeletal Muscles© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles1 © A. L. NeillIntroductionThis is the fourth revision of the first A to Z book, and many thingshave changed. The clinical aspects of muscle grouping and testinghas been expanded, due to strong feedback, but the listing of themuscles and their illustration are largely unchanged.There are now 7 in the A to Z series of pocket-sized medical referencebooks (see the back of the book for details) - 2 considering organs ofthe body, and also 2 posters on medical education on with supportivewebsite, where all the A to Z material can be accessed as well asadditional material: www.aspenpharma.com.au/atlas/student.htmAny corrections b/n reprints are placed on this site so that the latestversion and comments re any of the A to Z books may be viewed assoon as possible.

As usual the A to Zs get better if there is feedback – please sendus your comments and suggestions.AcknowledgementThank you ASPENpharmacare Australia for your support & assistance inthis valuable project, particularly Mr. Greg Lan CEO of AspenpharmacareAustralia, Rob Koster, Richard Clements and Ante Mihaljevic of TMGraphic Design & everyone who provided valuable feedback.DedicationTo AA and ZZ I love you.How to use this bookThe structure of the A to Z books grows and develops with eachpublication, but the principle of listing structures in an alphabeticalmanner as far as possible and hence making the book its own indexfor easy retrieval has been maintained. However this is now doneafter first dividing the material into a number of main topics forexample muscle groups acting on significant joints, examination,palpation and testing of muscle groups prior to the main listing ofeach and every muscle - excluding some of the detailed Head andNeck muscles which can be found in the A to Z of the Head & Neck.

© Dr Amanada Neill2The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFeatures are named using in the most familiar terms and thoseagreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoidingeponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomicalstudies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature.Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made toeach term. Similarly between disciplines such as radiology andosteology as well as anatomy the same view may be describedseveral different ways, so when this is also common and to provideclarity these terms are mentioned. In some cases with complexmuscles - several views of the same muscle are also supplied.The text under each muscle in the main listing consists of basicminimal information such as the : Origin (O), Insertion (I), Action (A),Blood Supply (BS), Nerve Supply (NS), Nerve Root origin (NR) andfunctional tests (T).The test section is by no means complete, although in this edition it

has been added to in the front of the book with illustrations of testingof major muscle groups. It is also expanded in the A to Z ofPeripheral Nerves and will be further explored in the A to Z ofmuscle and PN testing.Capitalization is used to demonstrate the muscles and bones andimportant components.It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those workingon muscle examination exercise and recovery in whatever field.Any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully receivedThis book is cross-referenced with all the other A to ZsThank youAmanda NeillBSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBSISBN 978 0 9806959 6 0© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles3 © A. L. NeillTable of contentsIntroduction 1Acknowledgement 1Dedication 1How to use this Book 1Table of Contents 3Abbreviations 4Common Terms Used in the Study & Examination

of Skeletal Muscles, Nerves & Bones 5Structure & Substructure of Skeletal Muscles 11Definition of Tendons & Ligaments 10Neuro-Muscular Junction 13Neuro-Muscular Spindle 15Neuro-Tendinous Spindle 15Anatomical Planes & Relations 17Anatomical Movements 19Classification, Naming & Examination of Muscles 25Myotomes 27Muscle Innervation at the Spinal Cord level 28Segmental Motor Nerve Diagram 33Summaries Of Skeletal Muscle Groups 35Examination of Skeletal Muscles - major groups 61Index - Alphabetical Listing Of Muscles 69© Dr Amanada Neill4The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAbbreviationsA = actions /movements ofa jointaa = anastomosis or anastomosesadj. = adjectiveaka = also known asALL = anterior longitudinal ligamentalt. = alternativeant. = anteriorart. = articulation (joint w/o theadditional support structures)AS = Alternative Spelling, generally

referring to the diff. b/nBritish & American spellingASIS = anterior superior iliac spine(of hip bone)b/n = betweenBP = brachial plexusBS = Blood SupplyC = cervicalc.f. = compared toCN = cranial nerveCNS = central nervous systemCo = coccygealCP = cervical plexuscollat. = collateralCSF = Cerebrospinal fluidCT = connective tissuee.g. = exampleEC = extracellular (outside the cell)ES = Erector Spinae group ofmusclesext. = extensor (as in muscle toextend across a joint)Gk. = GreekI = insertionIC = intercarpal / intercarpo - (b/nwrist)IMC = intermetacarpalIP = interphalangeal (b/n fingers /toes)IT = intertarsal / intertarsojt(s) = joints = articulationsL = lumbar / leftLL = lower limb

lig = ligamentLP = lumbar plexusLt. = LatinMC = metacarpal / metacarpo-(hand)MCP = metacarpo-phalangealmed = medialMT = metatarsal / metatarso (foot)N = nerveNR = nerve root originNS = nervous supply / nervesystemNT = nervous tissueO = originP = phalangeal / phalanges /phalangopl.= pluralPLL = posterior longitudinalligamentPN = peripheral nervepost. = posteriorR = right / resistanceROM = range of motionS = sacralsing. = singularSC = spinal cordSN = spinal nerveSP = spinous process / sacralplexusSS = signs and symptomsT = TEST / thoracicTOS = thoracic outlet syndromeTP = transverse process

UL = upper limb, armVB = vertebral bodyVC = vertebral columnw/n = withinw/o = withoutwrt = with respect to& = and© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles5 © A. L. NeillCommon terms in the Study and Examination ofSkeletal Muscles, Nerves and BonesAla wing used for winglike process e.g. on the hip boneAnkle bend ie the “bend” b/n the leg and footAnte before - in front ofAperture an opening or space between bones or within a boneAponeurosis expanded end of a tendon - sheet of fibrous tissueallowing for muscle insertionAppendicular (skeleton) that which is not axial i.e. the upper and lower limbsAreolar air filled bone - tooth socketArticulation joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bonesAxial (skeleton) refers to the head & trunk (vertebrae, ribs & sternum)of the body.Basilar relating to the base or bottom of structuresBasocranium base of the skullBrachi pertaining to the arm (upper arm)

Brevis shortBuccal relating to the cheekCanal tunnel / extended foramenCapitus/Caput relating to the headCarpi/Carpo- relating to the wristCarotid “to put to sleep” related to the carotid BVs in theneck which when compressed can put a person to sleepCavity/Cavernous an open area or sinus w/n a bone or formed by 2 ormore bones - used interchangeably with fossa.Cephalic/Cephalo- pertaining to the headCervical/Cerivco- pertaining to the neckCilli/Cillia pertaining to the eyelash / hairColles referring to the “collar” or neckCochlea a snail, snaillike relating to the organ of Corti in theearCondyle a rounded enlargement / process possessing anarticulating (joint) surface.Cornu a horn as on the Hyoid boneCorona a crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hencea coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crownwhich passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture).Costa / Costal referring to the ribsCranium / Cranus the cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones ofthe skull except for the mandible, referring to theskull generally excluding the facial bones

Crest prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by theattachment of muscles particularly powerful ones egTemporalis / Sagittal crestCuneate / Cuneus a wedge / wedge-shapedCutus referring to skin, hence cutaneous branches of Ns goto the skinDeltoid D-Shaped© Dr Amanada Neill6The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDens / Dentine / Dentate a tooth, relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-likeprojections (see odontoid)Depression a concavity on a surfaceDiaphragm a partition or separating wallDiaphysis the body of a long bone. In the young this is theregion between the growth plates.Digit / Digitorum relating to the fingers or toesDislocation a displacement of anything particularly bone (alsocalled luxation)Distal further away from the core opposite to ProximalDorsal / Dorsi relating to the back or the back of something e.g. thehandElbow any bend in the arm referring to the elbow b/n arm

and forearmEminence a smooth projection on a bone.Epi- on top ofEpiphysis the end of a long bone beyond the growth plate(epiphyseal plate) - 2 epiphyses to each long bone.Facet a face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on thechewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints.Femoris pertaining to the thighFissure a narrow slit or gap from cleft.Foramen a natural hole in a bone usually for the transmissionof blood vessels and/or nerves. (pl. foramina).Fornix an archFossa a pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or fromseveral bones as in temporomandibular fossa - morelike a “bowl” than a cavityFovea a small pit (usually smaller than a fossa) - as in thefovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth.Fracture break # particularly of boneGenio/Genu pertaining to the kneeGeneio pertaining to the chin adj. geneioGlossus / Glosso pertaining to the tongueGluteal / Gluteus pertaining to the buttocksGroove long pit or furrow, as on the HumerusHamus a hook hence the term used for bones which “hook

around other bones or where other structures areable to attach by hooking - hamulus = a small hook.Hyoid U-shapedIncisura a notch.Inter between (b/n)Intra within (w/n)Lacerum something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramenlacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skulloften ripping tissue in trauma.Lacrimal related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima)Lamina a plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of boneconnecting the vertical & transverse spines (pl. laminae)© Dr Amanada NeillLesion deficit or injury - lack of function arising from pathologyLigament fibrous tissue joining bone to boneLinea a line as in the nuchal lines of the Occiput, lineaaspera of the FemurLingual pertaining to the tongueLip projection over the usual margin - e.g. the Glenoid lip(often pathological)Locus a place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate).Longus longLumbar back - generally the lower part of the back (lumbago)Magnum large pl magna

Mandible from the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw;adj.- mandibular.Mastoid a breast or teat shape - mastoid process of theTemporal bone.Maxilla the jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.-maxillary.Meatus a short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acousticmeatus connecting the outer ear with the middle ear.Medulla middleMental relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind)Metaphysis the slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone.Mylo- relating to the molar teeth (from grinding as in a mill)Notch an indentation in the margin of a structure.Nucha the nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal.Oblique / Obliquuis pertaining to a slope or slant e.g. muscles slantingdownwards etcOcciput the prominent convexity of the back of the headOcciput = Occipital bone adj. occipitalOculus / Ocular an eye / relating to an eyeOdontoid relating to teeth, toothlike see DensOmo- pertaining to the shoulderOrbit a circle; the name given to the bony socket in which

the eyeball rotates; adj - orbital.Orifice an opening.Oris / Ora relating to the mouthOs / Osseus / Ossei a bone / bonelike, referring to boneOstium a door, an opening, an orifice.Ovale Oval shapedPalate a roof adj.- palatal or platatine.Palm / Palmar referring to the palm of the hand - anterior in theanatomical positionPalpebra pertaining to the eyebrowParietal pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wallParotid pertaining to a region beside or near the earPars a part ofPectus/ Pectorial referring to the anterior wall of the chest / breastPennate resembling a featherPeroneus referring to the lower leg adj. - peronealThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles7 © A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill8The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPhalanx/Phalanges small bones of the fingers or toes - 3/finger (2/thumb2/big toe)Piriform pear shaped

Plantae referring to the sole of the foot adj - plantarProcess a general term describing any marked projection orprominence as in the mandibular process.Prominens a projectionProne to place face down, or lie on the anterior surface(opposite supine)Pterygoid wing-shapedPubis/Pubic “hairy”, pertaining to the hairy part of the hipQuadratus square or rectangular shapedRadial/Radialis pertaining to the radial or lateral bone of the forearmRecess a secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apartfrom a main cavity.Rectus straight - erectRhomboid rhomboid shaped (squashed, leaning square)Ridge elevated bony growth often roughened.Risorius laughter, smileRoot the segments of origin as in Nerve Root (NR) of thePeripheral Nerve made up from several points of exitfrom the SCRotundum roundSagittal an arrow; the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly,making it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures.

Salpingo pertaining to a tubeScalene uneven, one side very different to the otherSesamoid grainlikeSigmoid S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.Sinus a space usually within a bone lined with mucousmembrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinusesin the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with anenlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no orlittle muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air,venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluiddepending upon location and health of the subjectadj.- sinusoid.Skull the skull refers to all of the bones that comprise thehead.Spine a thorn - descriptive of a sharp, slenderprocess / protrusion. adj. - spinousSplanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull - most musclesto this region are innervated by the Facial (CN VII) andTrigeminal (CN V) nerves.Subluxation partial dislocation of bone, generally in the VC, usedto account for any mechanical impediment to N function

Sulcus long wide groove often due to a BV indentationSupine to place face up or to lie on posterior surface(opposite prone)© Dr Amanada NeillSuture the saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves asjoint between bones of the skull.Stylos an instrument for writing hence adj. - styloid apencil-like structure.Symphysis a joint or a growth with bone-cartilage-boneconnection e.g. in pubic symphysisTarsus / Tarsal pertaining to the Tarsal bone and the bones distal to itin the foot (not the toes - phalanges)Temporal refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking thepassage of time) often appears first at the site of thetemporal bone.Tendon fibrous end of a skeletal muscle facilitating attachmentto bone (as opposed to ligament joining bone to bone)Tensor to stretch (i.e. muscle to stretch so that a structure is“tense”)Tentorium a tent.Teres round shape

Thenar relating to the palm as in thenar eminenceThorax referring to the chest region - anterior the area b/nthe neck and the abdomenTrabecula a “little” beam i.e. supporting structure or strut pl.trabeculaeTrapezoid trapezius or kite shapeTrochanter small wheel or disc-shaped as the disc shape of thetrochanters of the FemurTrochlear pulley that part of the bone/ligament which pullsbones in another direction e.g. in the elbow and ankleTrunk the area b/n the thorax and the pelvis anterior andposterior - core muscles generally surround the trunk,relatively undefined (also referring to large groups of Nfibres organizing to supply a particular region as inthe trunks of the BP)Tubercle a small process or bump, an eminence..Tuberculum a very small prominence, process or bump.Tuberosity a large rounded process or eminence, a swelling orlarge rough prominence often associated with atendon or ligament attachment.Tympanic pertaining to a drum

Uncus a hook adj. - uncinate.Vagina a sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of asheath by pushing inwards into a structure, andevagination is similar but produced by pushingoutwards adj. - vaginal.Velum / Veli pertaining to a veilVolar pertaining to the sole (foot) or palm (hand)Zygoma a yoke, hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal,temporal & sphenoid bones also referring to the "H"shape of the bone. adj zygomatic.The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles9 © A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill10The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDefinition of Ligament and TendonLigament (2)= CT band which joins the muscle (1) to the bonealso used to describe any non-specific thickening of CT in organs andother structures - may incorrectly be used in this senseinterchangeably with TendonTendon (3)= - CT band which joins 2 bones over a joint or 2boney points - used for joint stabilizationto limit the ROM of the joint as in the Knee12

3© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles11 © A. L. NeillStructure and Substructure ofSkeletal muscles1 muscle eg. Biceps2 epimysium - CT surrounding a whole muscle3 perimysium - CT surrounding a muscle fascicle4 endomysium - CT surrounding each muscle fibre5 muscle fibre6 nucleus (note the muscle cell is multinucleated)7 sarcolemma - membrane around each myofibril8 myofibril9 sarcomere basic contractile unit of the muscle10 myosin filament11 actin filamentA band - myosin to myosin filamentsH band - myosin only segments minimum in contractionI band - actin only segment maximum in relaxationZ line - line of attachment of the actin filaments© Dr Amanada Neill12The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill12345

672 IA89HZA11H10© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles13 © A. L. NeillNeuromuscular Junction –Nerve end attaching to Skeletal musclelongitudinal1 axon - sheathed2 mylein sheath – multiple lipid layers3 Schwann cell4 axonlemma – axon membrane5 pre-synaptic vesicles6 axon – unsheathed / naked7 presynaptic membrane8 junctional folds (in sarcolemma)9 synaptic cleft (~20nm)10 mitochondria11 sarcolemma12 myofilaments in muscle fibre© Dr Amanada Neill14The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillI 23 45 6712891011© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles15 © A. L. NeillNeuro-Muscular Spindle –feedback loop to stop overextension in SkeletalmuscleNeuro-Tendinous Spindle –feedback loop to tendon1 capsule of spindle2 myelinated motor fibres3 myelinated sensory fibres4 unmyelinated motor fibres5 annualospiral fibre endings6 bag of nuclei in intrafusal muscle7 motor end plates8 muscle fibres i = intrafusal e = extrafusal9 skeletal muscle nuclei10 tendon fibres i = intrafusal e = extrafusal11 naked axons12 nuclei in tendon© Dr Amanada Neill16The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. Neill8eI234568i777698210e10i11712I109© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles17 © A. L. NeillAnatomical Planes and RelationsThis is the anatomical position.A= Anterior Aspect from the front Posterior Aspect from the backused interchangeably with ventral and dorsal respectively

B= Lateral Aspect from either sideC= Transverse / Horizontal planeD= Midsagittal plane = Median plane; trunk moving away from thisplane = lateral flexion or lateral movement moving into thisplane medial movement; limbs moving away from this direction= abduction; limbs moving closer to this plane = adductionE= Coronal planeF = Median© Dr Amanada Neill18The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles19 © A. L. NeillAnatomical Movementsarm extension in sagittalplane / shoulder movementshoulder extension inthe sagittal planeshoulder abduction in the coronalplane (with elbow flexion)shoulder elevation- reverse movement shoulder depressionshoulder movementwrist extensionwrist flexionarm abduction -away from medianplane / adduction-towards the median

plane -shoulder movement© Dr Amanada Neill20The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neillback extension / hyperextensionnote the back muscles arecontractinghip flexion / with back andshoulder extensionback lateral flexion shoulderextension and elbow flexionback rotation© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles21 © A. L. Neillneck flexionneck extension/hyper-extensionlateral flexionnote: extension of the neck is in the normal anatomical positionlateral rotation© Dr Amanada Neill22The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neillarm/shoulder movements in the coronal planecommencing from adduction abduction to extensionshoulder/scapula movements inthe horizontal plane© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

23 © A. L. NeillHip flexion Hip extensionHip abduction Hip adductionHip lateral and medialrotation Hip circumductionKnee flexion Knee extension© Dr Amanada Neill24The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFoot dorsiflexion Foot plantar flexionFoot inversionFingers extensionForearm pronationFingers abduction Thumb oppositionFingers flexionForearm supinationFingers adductionFoot eversionFoot normal positionHand deviationradial/laterallyulna/medially© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles25 © A. L. NeillClassification, Naming & Examination of MusclesThere are 3 types of muscle tissue and this book discusses only one of themSKELETAL MUSCLE. The other 2 are smooth muscle (for the gut and otherareas of involuntary movement) and cardiac muscle (for the heart).

SKELETAL muscle is defined as muscle which is “striated” or striped,indicating and ordered cell structure, of myosin and actin filaments, and isgenerally under voluntary control, which has an action on the skeleton orbones in the body.In its relaxed form the muscle is at its maximum length and this is generallyhow the tissue is found. Stimulation generally causes contraction and ashortening and thickening of the tissue. As it is attached to a minimum of 2points, the Origin (O) and the insertion (I) - although these may be arbitrarilynamed - this “contraction” brings these 2 points closer together. To reversethis, another muscle must be attached to 2 different points which when theymove together cause a reversal of the position of the 2 or more affectedbones, hence for each muscle there is an antagonist (opposing muscle) and inmany situations a synergist (a muscle which enhances the originalmovement).There are a few exceptions to this, for example SPHINCTERS are circulargroups of muscle fibres which upon contraction close the circle they haveformed and may not be attached to bones at all. Their function is to prevent

leakage or passage of material from one area to another.Many of the MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION are inserted into the deepfascia of the skin and hence change the soft tissues of the face but do notaffect the bones underneath. We as humans have a great deal of thesemuscles, and they may be shifted or injured in many cosmetic proceduresbecause of this structure.Muscle are shaped to allow their contraction to occur in the most efficientmanner, for example sheets of muscles cover expanses of tissue to containthem, as in the OBLIQUES to contain and move bulky abdominal contents, orDIAPHRAGMS to separate as well as move large anatomical regions around,while TERES muscles are small, cordlike, focused groups of fibres for veryspecific movements.Generally the smaller the muscles the deeper they are placed so larger andmore powerful muscles ones can cover them, for example the GLUTEAL andADDUCTOR group of muscles in the leg and buttocks. Smaller musclesgenerally have more specific actions, are more resilient but are weaker, theycontract and relax repeatedly for example, to maintain posture or balance, as

in the ROTATORES. Larger, longer muscles by definition cannot be as precisebut have larger ranges of motion and more power and are placed moresuperficially - closer to the surface, as in ERECTOR SPINAE.© Dr Amanada Neill26The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFibrous tissue inserts give the muscle more strength but less ability to move,as in RECTUS ABDOMINUS versus TRAPEZIUS, but it is these largesurface/superficial muscles whose shape can be changed and defined bygross movement exercises.Muscles are named using many different criteria singly or in combination: forexample they may be named according to their action –Supinator, Pronatorand size – Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis; their shapeand location- Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, Quadratus Lumborum, Interossei,Intercostals; the direction of their muscle fibres and anatomical layer -Obliquus Externus Abdominus, Obliquus Internus Abdominus and there doesnot seem to be a consistent pattern in this naming - only that from the nameit is often possible to determine their site, action &/or shape and this helps

when memorizing these muscles.Between each muscle group is a fascial layer to transport in the BVs and theNerves but there is considerable variation in individuals so that in some casessome anatomists have named the same muscle in several ways. Thecommonest has been used here but the alternatives listed if it is thought theremay be confusion this for example ROTATORES has been listed as a singlemuscle group but may in some books be divided into 2 ROTATORES LONGUSand BREVIS, similarly with PSOAS which can be PSOAS MAJOR and MINOR,but not with PECTORALIS MAJOR and MINOR, 2 distinct muscles. Whereverthis occurs it is mentioned in the text, particularly if there is a functionaldifference in the 2 muscles.Testing of a muscle is often impossible to do singly and they must be testedas an anatomical and functional group. The tests are generally graded 1-5,with 5 being the strongest and 3 being the point where when appropriate themuscle can overcome Gravity often a natural form of resistance to the muscleaction. This level of testing muscles is not dealt with in this book and will bediscussed in the A to Z of Muscle and Sensory testing to follow - it is also

examined in some detail in the A to Z of Peripheral Nerves - howevertesting of the primary action of most muscles is listed on each page as aguide to the practitioner for basic testing and grouping of muscles. Please usethis testing section as a guide only.© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles27 © A. L. NeillMyotomesEach muscle is supplied by a particular NR or segment of the SC and themuscles supplied by the same NR belong to the same MYOTOME. These arebriefly grouped as follows.C1,2 neck and upper VC musclesC3-5 diaphragmC5 shoulder and upper armC6 wrist extensionC7 extension of the elbowC8 finger movementT1 finger abductionT1-12 chest and abdominal musclesL1,2 hip flexionL3 knee extensionL4 foot dorsiflexionL5 toe movementS1 plantar flexion of the footS2-5 organs of the pelvis and perineum including bladder and bowel and genitalsThese muscles are listed in detail in the following table.

© Dr Amanada Neill28The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMuscle innervation at the SC levelSC level Muscle LocationC1 Longus Capitus NeckOlquuis Capitus Superior Neck - headRectus Capitus Anterior Neck - headRectus Capitus Major Neck - headRectus Capitus Minor Neck - headSemispinalis Capitus Neck - headTrapezius BackC2 Longus Capitus NeckLongus Colli Neck - headRectus Capitus Anterior Neck - headSemispinalis Capitus Neck - headSternocleidomastoid Neck - headTrapezius BackC3 Levator Scapulae Neck - shoulderLongus Capitus NeckLongus Colli Neck - headSemispinalis Capitus Neck - headRhomboideus Major Back - shoulderRhomboideus Minor Back - shoulderSternocleidomastoid Neck - headTrapezius BackC4 Iliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chestLevator Scapulae Neck - shoulderLongus Capitus NeckLongus Colli Neck - headRhomboideus Major Back - shoulderRhomboideus Minor Back - shoulder

Sternocleidomastoid Neck - headTrapezius BackC5 Brachialis ArmBrachioradialis ArmBiceps Brachii ArmDeltoid Shoulder - armIliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chestInfraspinatus Neck - shoulderLevator Scapulae Neck - shoulderLongus Capitus NeckLongus Colli Neck - headPectoralis Major Chest - armRhomboideus Major Back - shoulderRhomboideus Minor Back - shoulderScalenus Ant. Medial &Post. NeckSemispinalis Capitus Neck - headSemispinalis Cervicus NeckSerratus Anterior ChestSternocleidomastoid Neck - headSubscapularis ShoulderSupraspinatus Shoulder© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles29 © A. L. NeillTeres Major Arm - backTeres Minor Arm - backTrapezius BackC6 Abductor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumbBrachialis ArmBrachioradialis ArmBiceps Brachii ArmCoracobrachialis Arm - elbowDeltoid Shoulder - arm

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Forearm - wristExtensor Carpi Radialis Longus Forearm - wristExtensor Carpi Ulnaris forearm - wristExtensor Digitorum Hand - fingersExtensor Digiti Minimi Hand - little fingerExtensor Indicis Hand - index fingerExtensor Pollicis Brevis Hand - thumbExtensor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumbFlexor Carpi Radialis WristIliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chestInfraspinatus Neck - shoulderLatissimus Dorsi Back - armLongus Colli Neck - headPectoralis Major Chest - armPronator Teres Forearm - wristScalenus Anterior Neck - headScalenus Medial Neck - headScalenus Posterior Neck - headSemispinalis Capitus Neck - headSemispinalis Cervicus NeckSerratus Anterior Chest - armSubscapularis Scapula - shoulderSupinator Forearm - wristSupraspinatus Neck -shoulderTeres Major Arm - chestTrapezius BackC7 Abductor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumbAnconeus Elbow - Arm - ForearmBrachialis ArmBrachioradialis ArmCoracobrachialis Arm - elbowExtensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Forearm - wristExtensor Carpi Radialis Longus Forearm - wrist

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris forearm - wristExtensor Digitorum Hand - fingersExtensor Digiti Minimi Hand - little fingerExtensor Indicis Hand - index fingerExtensor Pollicis Brevis Hand - thumbExtensor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumbFlexor Carpi Radialis WristFlexor Digitorum Hand - fingersIliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chestInfraspinatus Neck - shoulderLatissimus Dorsi Back - armLongus Colli Head - neck© Dr Amanada Neill30The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPectoralis Major Chest - armPronator Teres Forearm - wristScalenus Anterior Neck - headSemispinalis Cervicus NeckSerratus Anterior Chest - armSubscapularis Scapula - shoulderSupinator Forearm - wristSupraspinatus Neck - shoulderTeres Major Arm - chestTrapezius BackTriceps Brachii Arm - elbowC8 Abductor Digiti Minimi Hand - little fingerAbductor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumbAbductor pollicus Longus Hand - thumbAdductor Pollicus Hand - thumbAnconeus ElbowDorsal Interossei Hand - fingers

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris WristExtensor Digitorum Hand - fingersExtensor Digiti Minimi Hand - little fingerExtensor Indicis Hand - index fingerExtensor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumbFlexor Carpi Ulnaris WristFlexor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumbFlexor Pollicus Longus Hand - thumbIliocostalis Cervicus +ThoracisLumbricals Hand - fingersOpponens Pollicis Hand - thumbPalmar Interossei Hand - fingersPectoralis Major Thorax - chestPronator Quadratus HandT1 Abductor Digiti Minimi Hand - little fingerAbductor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumbAdductor Pollicus Hand - thumbDorsal Interossei Hand - fingersFlexor Carpi Ulnaris WristFlexor Ddigitorum Profundus Hand - fingersFlexor Digitorum Superficialis Hand - fingersFlexor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumbFlexor Pollicus Longus Hand - thumbLumbricals Hand - fingersOpponens Digiti minimi Hand - little fingerOpponens Pollicis Hand - thumbPalmar Interossei Hand - fingersPectoralis Major Thorax - chestPronator Quadratus HandL2 Adductor Brevis Hip - thighAdductor Longus Hip - thighAdductor Magnus Hip - thighGracilis Hip - thigh

Iliacus Hip - thighPectineus HipRectus Femoris Hip - thigh - knee© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles31 © A. L. NeillSartorius Hip - thigh - kneeVastus IntermediusVastus Lateralis Hip - thigh - kneeVastus Medialis Hip - thigh - kneeL3 Adductor Brevis Hip - thighAdductor Longus Hip - thighAdductor Magnus Hip - thighGracilis Hip - thighIIiacus Hip - thighPectineus HipRectus Femoris Hip - thigh - kneeSartorius Hip - thigh - kneeVastus IntermediusVastus Lateralis Hip - thigh - kneeVastus Medialis Hip - thigh - kneeL4 Adductor Brevis Hip - thighAdductor Longus Hip - thighAdductor Magnus Hip - thighExtensor digitorum Brevis Foot - toesExtensor Digitorum Longus Foot - toesExtensor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toeGemellus Inferior HipGluteus Medius HipGluteus Minimus HipGracilis Hip - thighIliacus Hip - thighObturator Externus Hip - pelvis

Pectineus HipPeroneus Brevis Leg - anklePeroneus Longus Leg - anklePopliteal KneeQuadratus Femoris Hip - thigh - kneeRectus Femoris Hip - thigh - kneeTibialis Anterior Leg - ankleVastus Intermedius Hip - thigh - kneeVastus Lateralis Hip - thigh - kneeVastus Medialis Hip - thigh - kneeL5 Biceps Femoris Hip - thighExtensor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toesExtensor Digitorum Longus Foot -toesExtensor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toeFlexor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toesFlexor Digitorum Longus Foot - toesFlexor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toeGemellus Inferior HipGemellus Superior HipGluteus Maximus HipGluteus Medius HipGluteus Minimus HipLumbrical (first) ToeObturator Externus Hip - pelvisOburator Internus Hip - pelvisPectineus Hip© Dr Amanada Neill32The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPeroneus Brevis Leg - anklePeroneus Longus Leg - anklePopliteal Knee

Quadratus Femoris Hip - thigh - kneeSemimembranous Hip - thigh - kneeSemitendinous Hip - thigh - kneeTensor fascia Lata Hip - legTibialis Anterior Leg - ankleTibialis Posterior Leg - ankleS1 Biceps Femoris Hip - thighS1 Extensor Digitorum Longus Foot - toesExtensor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toeFlexor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toesFlexor Digitorum Longus Foot - toesFlexor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toeGastrocnemius Knee - legGemellus Inferior HipGemellus Superior HipGluteus Maximus HipGluteus Medius HipGluteus Minimus HipLumbrical (first) ToeObturator Externus Hip - pelvisOburator Internus Hip - pelvisPectineus HipPeroneus Brevis Leg - anklePeroneus Longus Leg - anklePiriformis HipQuadratus Femoris Hip - thigh - kneeSemimembranous Hip - thigh - kneeSemitendinous Hip - thigh - kneeTensor fascia Lata Hip - legTibialis Anterior Leg - ankleTibialis Posterior Leg - ankleS2 Biceps Femoris Hip - thighFlexor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toe

Gastrocnemius Knee - legGemellus Superior HipGluteus Maximus HipLumbricals (2-4) ToesOburator Internus Hip - pelvisPiriformis HipSemimembranous Hip - thigh - kneeSemitendinous Hip - thigh - kneeSoleus Foot - toesS3 Lumbricals (2-4) Toes© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles33 © A. L. NeillC1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9T10T11T12

L1L2L3L4L5S1S2S3S4S5Segmental Motor DiagramHead, upper neck and face supplied by CNsneckinfrahyoidshoulderBicepsTricepsupper limbsTransverse thoracisLower limbsIntercostalsAbdominal obliquesHip flexionSPSSPIQLPerineal musclesPelvis© Dr Amanada Neill34The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles35 © A. L. NeillSummaries of Skeletal Muscle GroupsMuscles of the armMuscles of the arm and shoulderDeltoidRotator Cuff muscles Subscapularis,Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus,Teres Major & MinorNS from the BP – C5-7BS from the axillary artery & branchesExternal Rotators = Lateral RotatorsInternal Rotators = External RotatorsInfraspinatus Teres MinorLatissimus Dorsi Teres Minor© Dr Amanada Neill36The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMuscles connecting the arm with the VCLevator ScapulaeRhomboids Major & MinorTrapeziusLatissimus DorsiNS segmental (C2-T12)BS from dorsal branches of the aortaMuscles connecting the arm with the chest wallPectoralis Major & MinorSerratus AnteriorSubclaviussegmental NS and BS from the axillary and long thoracic

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm - flexorsBiceps BrachiiCoracobrachialisBrachialisNS musculocutaneous (C5-6)BS brachialMuscles in the posterior compartment - extensorsTriceps BrachiiNS radial (C7-8)BS profunda brachii and branches© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles37 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the forearmanterior superficialPronator TeresPalmaris LongusFlexor Carpi RadialisFlexor Carpi UlnarisintermediateFlexor Digitorum SuperficialisdeepFlexor Pollicis LongusFlexor Digitorum ProfundusPronator QuadratusNS median and ulnar Ns - BS radial branchesposterior superficialExtensor DigitorumExtensor Digiti MinimiExtensor Carpi UlnarisAnconeusdeep

SupinatorAbductor Pollicis LongusExtensor Pollicis Longus & BrevisExtensor IndicisNS radial (C7-C8)BS radial and interosseous branches© Dr Amanada Neill38The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillIntrinsic muscles of the handTHENAR EMINENCE (Side of the thumb)Muscles: Abductor Pollicus BrevisFlexor Pollicus BrevisOpponens PollicusNS: median, C8BS: median, medial of Superfical and Deep Palmer anastomosesHYPOTHENAR EMINENCE (Side of the little finger)Muscles: Abductor Digiti MinimiFlexor Digiti MinimiOppons Digiti MinimiNS: ulnar, T1BS: ulnar, lateral of Superfical and Deep Palmer anastomosesOTHERMuscles: Adductor PollicusLumbricals (4)Interossei (7-8)Palmar and DorsalBS: ulnar and radial, palmar anastomoses and digital branches© Dr Amanada Neill

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles39 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the Hip and Buttocks (Gluteal region)Gluteus Maximus, Medius, MinimusLateral – External Rotators1 Obturator Externus2 Obturator Internus3 Gemellus Inferior4 Quadratus Femoris5 Gemellus Superior6 PiriformisMedial – Internal Rotators7 Gluteus Minimus8 Tensor Fascia Lata (part of the ITB)NS local L4-S2BS superior gluteal6541278© Dr Amanada Neill40The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMuscles of the gluteal regionMuscles: Gluteus MaximusMedius and MinimusPiriformisSuperior and Inferior GemellusObturator Internus

Quadratus FemorisNS: local, L4-S2BS: superior glutealMuscles and muscle layers of the chest and abdomensuperficialPectoralis Major & MinorSerratus Anterior & PosteriorRectus AbdominusmiddleExternal & Internal IntercostalsExternal & Internal ObliquesdeepInnermost IntercostalsLevator Costi Longus & BrevisTranversus ThoracicsTransverses AbdominusQuadratus LumborumNS segmental (C3-L2)BS from C3-L2© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles41 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the Hip and Thighanterior compartment muscles - hip flexors / knee extensorsSartoriusIliopsoasPectineusQuadriceps Femoris = Vastus Intermedius +V. Lateralis V. Medialis + Rectoris Femoris (deep)NS femoral N (L2-5)BS femoral

posterior compartment muscles - hip extensors /knee flexorsHamstrings = Semimembranous +Semitendinous + Biceps FemorisAdductor MagnusNS sciatic N (L2-S2)BS profunda femorismedial compartment muscles - hip adductorsGracilisAdductor Magnus, Longus, BrevisObturator ExternusPectineusNS obturator N (L2-4)BS obturator, profunda femorislateral compartment - abductor (not really a compartment)Tensor Fascia Lata - part of the Iliotibial tractNS superior gluteal (L4-S1)BS superior gluteal, lateral femoral circumflex© Dr Amanada Neill42The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMuscles of the leganterior compartment muscles - dorsi-flexors of theankle, extensors of the toesExtensor Digitorum LongusExtensor Hallicus LongusPeroneus TertiusTibialis AnteriorNS deep peroneal N (L5-S1)BS anterior tibial

lateral compartment muscles - evertorsPeroneus Brevis. LongusNS superficial peroneal N (S1-2)BS peronealposterior compartment muscles - plantar-flexorssuperficial Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleusdeep Extensor Digitorum LongusFlexor Hallicus Longus, PopliteusTibialis PosteriorNS tibial N (L4-S3)BS posterior tibial© Dr Amanada NeillIntrinsic muscles of the sole of the footDorsal surface of the foot - dorsi-flexorsExtensor Digitorum BrevisExtensor Hallicus Brevis and Dorsal Interossei (intrinsic muscles ofthe foot) and the tendons of the Longus Extensors cross over thissurface (not shown).NS deep peroneal N (S1-2)BS dorsalis pedisPlantar surfacesuperficial layer - closest to the surface of the sole of the footAbductor HallicusFlexor Digitorum BrevisAbductor Digiti MinimiThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles43 © A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill44The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. Neillsecond layerQuadratus PlantaeLumbricals and tendons of the Flexors of the toes andbig toethird layerFlexor Hallicus BrevisAdductor HallicusFlexor Digiti Minimifourth and deepest layer of the sole - closet to the bonesInterosseiTendons of Peroneus Longus and Tibialis PosteriorNS lateral plantar (S1-3)BS lateral plantar© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles45 © A. L. NeillMuscles and muscle layers of the Back and NeckNECK - has 2 major groups of muscles1 those concerned with the neck movementi.e. movement of the cervical spine and head;2 those concerned with the anterior neck structures.These muscles are dealt with in the laryngeal, pharyngeal and other relatedstructures.Other muscles are concerned with the anterior regions of the head and arementioned here.

deep posterior - suboccipital muscles - extensors (see the next pageincluded with the back muscles) / hyperextensors / rotators andstabilizersRectus Capitus Posterior - Major and MinorObliquuis Capitus musclesCervical and Cephalic / Capitus regions of the muscles of the VCNS segmental - dorsal rami of the related SNsBS dorsal branches of the carotidsdeep anterior - prevertebral Aflexors, rotators and stabilizersRectus Capitus Anterior and LateralLongus Colli and CapitusNS segmental - ventral rami of related SNsBS branches of carotids and other local vesselsanterior - flexors, rotators BScalenii musclesNS segmental anterior branches of the ventral ramiBS superficial cervical© Dr Amanada Neill46The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAB© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles47 © A. L. NeillBACK - has 2 major groups of muscles

1 those which are intrinsic to the VC basically segmental musclesconcerned with movements and stability of the VC particularly thedeepest layers - connected with the movement of the neck etc.2 those which use the VC as an immoveable post and move structuresaround the back extrinsic concerned with the anterior neck structures.EXTRINSICmuscles which move the shoulder and armTrapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, RhomboidsLevator Scapulaemuscles which move the rib cageSerratus Posterior inferior and superiorNS segmental - ventral rami of related SNsBS branches of carotids and other local vesselsINTRINSICmost superficialErector Spinae - ES divided into a number of muscle groups with regionaldistinctionsmedial lateralSpinalis Iliocostalis LongissimusIliocostalis - Lumborum, Thoracis, CervicusLongissimus - Thoracis, Cervicus, CapitusSpinalis - Thoracis, Cervicus, CapitusO & I listed individually in the textas a groupO along the VC, Sacrum and RibsI into the VC and RibsA listed individually

A as a group the ES extends and rotates the VCNS - segmental spinal roots generally the dorsal rami but may alos haveinnervation from the dorsal branches of the ventral rami branches (C1-L5) - cervical and capitus regions act upon the neckBS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aorta, lumbar and sacralarteriesT - to stand up from touching toes w/o help- from upright position bend to one side and the other w/o help© Dr Amanada Neill48The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles49 © A. L. NeillThe summary below is brief and only an overview of these muscles forcompleteness of this muscle book. They are discussed in individualdetail in the A to Z of the Pelvis and Perineum and the A to Z of SurfaceAnatomy.Muscles of the Perineum(only female anatomy shown)Anterior - urogenital triangle bordered by the pubic arch andischeal tuberosities and overlaid by the structures of the Vulva.

Bulbospongiosus surrounding the urethra and vagina combined andcompressing their orifices during coitusIschiocavernosus encasing glandular tissue which contacts in coitusto expel the contentsSphincter Urethrae = Urethral Sphinctersphincter hence circular muscle inserting all aroundnatural position - constricted rather than relaxedTransverse Perineal - Profundus between the perineal fascae,Superficialisthese muscles overlie each other with theperineal diaphragm in b/nSuperficialis - inferior to Profundus hence closer to the skinNS pudendal (S2-4)BS pudendalPosterior - anal triangle bordered by the ischeal tuberositiesand the coccyxCoccygeus from the isheal spine tom the coccyxLevator Ani = Pubococcygeus + IliococcygeusSphincter Ani = External Anal Sphincter Ischiococcygeussphincter hence circular muscle inserting all aroundnatural position - constricted rather than relaxedA muscles of this region act to support the pelvic contents and the perineumand are intimately related so that damage to any of this basin of tissue will

have profound effects on the functional capacities of the others.NS pudendal and Ns from SP (S2-4)BS internal iliacs© Dr Amanada Neill© A. L. Neill 50The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles51 © A. L. NeillThe summaries below are brief and only an overview of these musclesfor completeness of this muscle book. They are discussed in individualdetail in the A to Z of the Head and Neck.Muscles of the Eye - note all 6 of these muscles act “in concert” ineye movement and depend upon the fixation and focus of the eyeExtrinsicMuscles responsible for movement of the upper eyelidLevator Palpebrae SuperiorisNS occulomotor N (CNIII)BS supraorbital, branches of ophthalmicMuscles responsible for movement of the eyeballRecti muscles - Inferior /Superior, Medial/Lateral.These muscles are straight and are responsible for onemovement up/down, in/outOblique muscles - Inferior, SuperiorThese muscles are attached via a trochlea or pulley and

movements therefore vary on eye positionand are diagonal up and out/ down and inAll are attached to the scleral surface, the Recti via the optic canal onthe common annular tendon, and the Obliques via bones in the opticcavityNS oculomotor N (CNIII) - except Lateral Rectus - abducent N (CNVI) andSuperior Oblique - trochlea N (CNIV)BS ophthalmic and branches of internal carotidIntrinsicThese muscles are responsible for moving structures within the eyeballand are not shown.NS oculomotor N (CNIII) also branches from the autonomic NSBS ophthalmic and branches of internal carotidCiliaris, Dilator Pupillae, Sphincter Pupillae© Dr Amanada Neill52The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles53 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the FaceExpressionBuccinator - see individual listingCorrugator Supercili - see individual listingDepressor Anguli Oris, see individual listingDepressor Labii Inferioris, see individual listingDepressor Septi see individual listing

Frontalis (of Occipitofrontalis), see individual listingIncisivus Labii Superioris & InferiorisThese muscles insert into the other muscles of the mouth and assistOrbicularis Oris in protruding the lipsLevator Anguli Oris (Caninus),Levator Labii SuperiorisLevator Labii Superioris alaeque nasiThese muscles evert the upper lips medially and laterally assisting OrbicularisOris and the Zygomaticus musclesMentalis see individual listingNasalis (compressor & dilator)These muscles change the aperature of the nares (nostrils) assistingDepressor SeptiOrbicularis Oculi see individual listingOrbicularis Oris see individual listingPlatysma see individual listingProcerusThis muscle depresses the medial end of the eyebrow assisting bothOrbicularis Oculi and Corrugator SuperciliRisorius see individual listingZygomaticus Major & Minor see individual listingNS facial N (CNVII)BS facialThese muscles are often involved in cosmetic surgery and their function maybe compromised by incisions at the level of the deep fascia.Mastication

Masseter, see individual listingPterygoids Lateral, Medial see individual listingTemporalis see individual listingAll are attached to the Mandible - Jaw bone and part of theSplanchnocraniumNS trigeminal N (CNV)BS trigeminal and facial branches© Dr Amanada Neill54The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillMuscles of the Thyroid & Hyoid- superficial anterior neck muscles- muscles of the Anterior Triangle- strap musclesDigastricus - see individual muscle listingGeniohyoidMylohyoidThese muscles elevate and position the Hyoid and the floor of the mouth tofacilitate swallowing and occlusion of the LarynxNS hypoglossal and C1 of ansa cervicalis BS facial branchesOmohyoidSternohyoidSternothyoidThese muscles depress the Hyoid after swallowingNS ansa cervicalsis C1-3 BS thyroid vesselsStylohyoidThyrohyoid

These muscles are involved in support of swallowing - Thyrohyoid both lowersand elevates the HyoidNS ansa cervicalis C1-3 BS facial and thyroid vesselsAs a group, these muscles define the neck line and shape, are involved inswallowing and sound production may be tightened in cosmetic surgery - theymay attach to the Hyoid, Sternum and other bones in the region as a“through” bones - i.e. they have fascial slings to support them and separatethem into 2 muscle bellies.The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles55 © A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill56The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles57 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the Larynx and PharynxSalpingopharyngeus - attaches to the inferior of the auditory tube andblends with Palatopharyngeus to raise the pharyngeal wall close off theauditory tube for swallowingPalatopharyngeus - attaches to the Thyroid cartilages and the Palate to bringthe pharynx forward allowing food to leave the mouth and enter the pharynx

Stylopharyngeaus - attaches to the styloid process and the constrictors toelevate and dilate the pharynx in the early stages of swallowingPharygneal Constrictors - superior, middle, inferior - attach to the MedialPterygoid plate, Hyoid and Thyroid cartilages and blend in with each other andthe posterior root of the tongue in order to commence swallowing and theresultant peristaltic movement -NS vagus (CNX) and branches of ansa cervicalis (C1-3)BS maxillary, facialNote in CVAs - strokes these muscles under voluntary control and are involvedin the early stages of swallowing - so may be affected greatly limiting theperson’s capacity to swallowCricothyroid - attached to the laryngeal cartilagesArytenoids muscles attached to the arytenoids cartilages at the back of thevocal cords responsible for altering the shape and angle of these cartilagesCricoarytenoids - posterior and lateral, Thyroarytenoid, Transversearytenoids,Vocalis - also attached to the arytenoids cartilages for voice regulation.NS for most of these muscles comes from the vagus (CNX)BS from the thyroid vessels and branches of the carotids

© Dr Amanada Neill58The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles59 © A. L. NeillMuscles of the Soft PalateLevator Veli Palatini - attaches to the inferior surface of the Temporal boneto lift the soft palate and separate the naso and oropharynxMuscularis Uvulae - attaches to the posterior spine of the Palatine bone andthe Uvula to elevate itPalatoglossus - attaches to the oral surface of the Palate to the side of thetongue to allow the tongue to rise and shut off the mouth from the oropharynxTensor Veli Palatini - attaches to the side of the auditory tube and medial ofthe spine of the Sphenoid bone to the hard palate to close both the naso andoropharynxNS mainly from glossopharyngeal N (CN IX)BS facial palatine vessels and branchesIt is changes in these muscles which may result in snoring and sleepapnea.© Dr Amanada Neill60The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill

Muscles of the TongueExtrinsicGenioglossus - attaches to the Hyoid, Pharyngeal constrictors, Hypoglossusand intrinsic Lingualis muscles to protrude tongue (poke out the tongue)depress the centre and raise the sides (make a tunnel with the tongue)Hyoglossus - attaches to the front and horns of the Hyoid, side of the tongueand intrinsic Lingualis muscles in order to depress the tongue (as in sayAHHHHH…)Styloglossus - attaches to the styloid process, and blends with theHypoglossus, StylohyoidIntrinsicLinguali muscles - superior, inferior, transverse and verticalattach w/in the tongue to change its shape for speech, in mastication andswallowingNS lingual, sublingual and hypoglossal (CNXII) NsBS lingual, sublingual and external carotid© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles61 © A. L. NeillExamination of Skeletal Muscles - major groupsnote detailed examinations of individual muscles are listed in the A to Z of Sensory andMuscles testing as well as general testing listed after each muscle in the text. ROM and

a selection of strength tests of major movements are included hereHx - questions for individual joint examination1 functional limitation2 SS -limited to one or more joints3 onset - acute - related to a specific incident- chronic - slow progressive increase of pain or reduced ROM4 description of the causative agent if known e.g. accident5 any prior MSS history of that joint or others6 Systemic problemsEx - for participation in sport/training activities MSSfor this examination unless otherwise indicated the patient standing - facing the clinicianin the anatomical position - included are several tests with the patient in alternativepositions for specific testingCERVICAL SPINE / NECK - ROM tests the following groups of musclesScalenes/Colles/Trapezius upper fibres/Cervicis regions of ES and deep muscles of theVC/Sternocleidomastoidpatient looks at the roof ± R extensionpatient looks at the floor ± R flexionpatient looks over each shoulder ± R horizontal rotationhead bends towards the shoulder - sideways ± R(shoulders kept still) lateral flexionSHOULDER (SCAPULA) - ROM tests the following groups of muscles

Levator Scapulae/Rhomboids/Serratus Anterior/Spinati muscles/Trapezius/Deltoidobserve symmetry of shoulder particularly the Acromioclavicular jtshrug shoulders ± R elevationdrop shoulders depressionstraighten shoulders - trying to meet shoulder blades lateral rotationcontract shoulders - withdrawing chest medial rotationabduct shoulders to 90o (flexed arm) ± R abductionStrength tests - Shoulder© Dr Amanada Neill62The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSHOULDER + ARM - ROM tests the following groups of musclesPectorals/Latisimus Dorsi/Trapezius/Scapular musclesscratch back with each hand from over and under the shoulder orhave hands meet at the back from over and under the shoulderexternal rotation + abductioninternal rotation + adductionmove extended abducted arms as high as possible ± R vertical adductionmove extended abducted arms into the sagittal plane ± R horizontal adductionmove extended abducted arms out of the sagittal plane ± R horizontal abduction

with bent arms keep them close to the body against R adductionfull ROM of the shoulder,scapula and upper limbUPPER LIMB + HAND - ROM tests the following groups of musclesBrachii muscles/Brachioradialis/Flexors & Extensors of upper limb, hand &digits/Supinators/Pronators/Carpi muscles/Intrinsic muscles of the handflex/extend elbows ± Rturn wrist in and out ± R pronation/supinationbend and straighten wrist ± R flexion/extensionmove extended wrist towards the body ± R ulnar deviation = medialflexionmove extended wrist away from the body ± R radial deviation = lateralflexionspread extended fingers ± R abductionclose extended open fingers ± R adductionoppose fingers and thumb oppositionmake a fist ± R flexionextend hand and fingers ± R extensionStrength tests - Shouldertesting elbow extension / flexion© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles63 © A. L. NeillWrist testing extension flexionThumb thumb adduction oppositionForearm Testing pronation and supinationnote the normal fist has all fingers pointing to the

scaphoid tubercle normal flaxion of the IP jointsFist© Dr Amanada Neill64The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillBACK ABDOMEN - ROM tests the following groups of msclesES, deep muscles of the back, Latissimus Dorsi, Quadratus Lumborum, Obliques, Glutealmuscles, Rectus Abdominusobserve posture, shoulder and neck symmetry, spinal curvatureobserve for balance on one legbend from side to side while facing the front lateral flexionbend back as far as possible hyperextensiontwist from the hips to the left & right rotationsupine patient - touch toes and back extension/flexion(back/abdomen)Strength tests - Abdomentesting abdominal flexion - abdominal rotationHIP + THIGH - ROM tests the following musclesGluteal muscles/Iliopsoas /Obturators/Quadriceps/Hamstrings/ Adductors/Abductorsobserve symmetry of the hips and stanceturn leg inwards/outwards medial/lateral rotationstanding patient - touch toes with straight legs extension/flexion (back) &hamstring tightness

lift the extended leg forwards/backwards flexion/extension (hip)lift the extended leg sideways lateral flexion (hip)with the sitting patient keep legs together against R adductionHiptest flexionextension© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles65 © A. L. NeillLOWER LIMB + KNEE + FOOT - ROM tests the following groups of musclesGluteal muscles/Iliopsoas/Quadriceps/Hamstrings/Adductors/Abductors/Peronealmuscles/Soleus/Intrinsic muscles of the footobserve for knee & ankle symmetry - looking for effusions &/or deformitiesbend and straighten legs with erect posture flexion/extension (knee &ankle)spread toes abduction (toes)point toes plantar flexion (ankle)duckwalk with buttocks on heals - this tests all lower limb and hip ROMpoint feet outwards/inwards eversion/inversion (foot)test abductiontest lateral / external rotation medial / internal rotationadduction© Dr Amanada Neill

66The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillStrength tests – Knee testing extension flexionAnkle testing dorsiflexion plantar flexionToes testing extension flexion© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles67 © A. L. NeillSkeletal Muscle GroupingsPlease use this colour coding as a guide only for muscle positions andplacements; double colour codes may be used for muscles whichcover 2 anatomical regions.Muscles of the back and spineMuscles of the chest, shoulder, forearm and handMuscles of the hip, thigh, leg and footMuscles of the face, head and neckMuscles of the trunkSkeletal Muscle GroupsMuscles of the pelvis and perineum© Dr Amanada Neill68The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSkeletal Muscle Groupings© Dr Amanada NeillIndex of MusclesAAbductor Digiti Minimi (foot) 63Abductor Digiti Minimi (hand) 64

Abductor Hallicus 65Abductor Pollicus Brevis 66Abductor Pollicus Longus 67Adductor Brevis 68Adductor Hallicus 69Adductor Longus 70Adductor Magnus 71Adductor Pollicus 72Anconeus 73Aryepiglotticus see the muscles of the LarynxArytenoids - Oblique, Transverse - see the muscles of the LarynxAuricularis = Extrinsic Auricular Muscles 74BBiceps Brachii 75Biceps Femoris 76Brachialis 77Brachioradialis 78Buccinator 79Bulbospongiosus - see the muscles of the PerineumC Ciliaris see the muscles of the eyeCoccygeus = Ischeococcygeus - see the muscles of the PerineumCoracobrachialis 80Corrugator Supercilii 81Cremaster 82Cricothyroid - see the Thyro/Hyoid musclesD Deltoid 83Depressor - Anguli Oris, Labii Inferioris, Septi 84, 85, 86Diaphragm 87Digastricus 88

Dilator pupillae - see the muscles of the eyeDorsal Interossei - (foot) 89Dorsal Interossei - (hand) 90E Epicranius =Frontalis +Occipitalis 91Erector Spinae (ES) - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis- see muscles of the Back - muscles are also each listed separatelyExtensor Carpi Radialis Brevis 92Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus 93The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles69 © A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada Neill70The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillExtensor Carpis Ulnaris 94Extensor Digiti Minimi 95Extensor Digitorum 96Extensor Digitorum Brevis 97Extensor Digitorum Longus 98Extensor Hallicus Brevis, Longus 99, 100Extensor Indicis 101Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Longus 102, 103External Anal Sphincter - see Sphincter AniExternal Intercostals - see IntercostalsExternal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus ExternusExtrinsic Auricular Muscles - see AuricularisExtrinsic Ocular Muscles - see the muscles of the eye

F Flexor Carpi Radialis 104Flexor Carpi Ulnaris 105Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (foot) 106Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (hand) 107Flexor Digitorum Brevis 108Flexor Digitorum Longus 109Flexor Digitorum Profundus 110Flexor Digitorum Superficialis 111Flexor Hallicus Brevis, Longus 112, 113Flexor Pollicus Brevis, Longus 114, 115Frontalis - see EpicranusG Gastrocnemius 116Gemellus Inferior, Superior 117Genioglossus - see the summary of the Tongue MusclesGeniohyoid - see the summary of the muscles of the HyoidGluteus Maximus, Medius, Minimus 118, 119, 120Gracillis 121H Hyoid muscles -Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid- see the muscles of the Thyro / HyoidHypoglossus - see the Tongue MusclesI Iliacus 122Iliocostalis- Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicis - part of ES 123Iliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas - see Iliacus and PsoasIncisivus Labii - Inferior, Superior - see the muscles of the faceInferior Lingualis - see the muscles of the TongueInferior Oblique - see the muscles of the EyeInferior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors

Inferior Rectus - see the muscles of the EyeInfraspinatus 125© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles71 © A. L. NeillInnermost Intercostals = Intercostalis Intimi see IntercostalsInternal intercostals - see IntercostalsInternal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus InternusIntercostals - External, Internal 126Interossei - Dorsal, Palmer (hand), Dorsal, Plantar (foot)also see individual listings of these musclesInterspinalis 127, 128Intertransversarii 129. 130Intrinsic Auricular Muscles - StapediusIntrinsic Ocular Muscles - Ciliarus, Recti muscles, Sphincter Pupillae - seethe muscles of the eyeIschiocavernosus - see the muscles of the PerineumL Lateral Cricoarytenoid -see the muscles of the LarynxLatissimus Dorsi 131Levator AniLevator Palpabrae Superioris - see the muscles of the EyeLevator Anguli Oris - see the muscles of the faceLevator Costi - Brevis, Longus 132, 133Levator Labii - Superioris, Superioris, Nasi - see the muscles of the faceLevator Scapulae 134

Levator Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate MusclesLingualis - Inferior, Transverse & Vertical - see Tongue MusclesLongissimus - Thoracis, Cervicus, Capitus - part of ES 135, 136Longus Capitus, Colli 137, 138Lumbricals (foot) 139Lumbricals (hand) 140M Masseter 141Mentalis 142Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal ConstrictorsMultifidus 143, 144Muscularis Uvulae - see the Soft Palate MusclesMylohyoid - see the Thyro / Hyoid MusclesN Nasalis -see the muscles of the FaceO Oblique muscles -superior / inferior -see the muscles of the EyeObliquuis Abdominus - External, Internal 145, 146, 147, 148Oblique Capitus Inferior, Superior 149Obturator Externus, Internus 150, 151Occipitalis - see EpicranusOccipito - Frontalis = EpicranusOmohyoid - see the Hyoid musclesOpponens Digiti Minimi 152Opponens Pollicus 153Orbicularis Oculi, Oris 154, 155© Dr Amanada Neill72The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillP Palatoglossus -see the Soft Palate MusclesPalmer Interossei - see also Interossei 156Palmaris Brevis, Longus 157, 158Pectineus 159Pectoralis Major, Minor 160, 161Peroneus Brevis, Longus, Tertius 162, 163, 164Pharyngeal Constrictors - Superior, Middle, InferiorPharyngeal Muscles - Constrictors, Palatopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus,Salpingopharyngeus - see the muscle of the Soft PalatePiriformis 165Plantar Interossei - see Interossei 166Plantaris 167Platysma 168Popliteus 169Posterior Cricoarytenoid - see the muscles of the LarynxProcerus - see the muscles of the FacePronator Quadratus 170Pronator Teres 171Psoas Major, Minor 172Pterygoid Lateral, Medial 173Pyramidalis 174Q Quadratus Femoris 175Quadratus Lumborum 176Quadratus Plantae 177RRecti muscles - medial / lateral - superior / inferior - see the muscles

of the EyeRectus Abdominus 178Rectus Capitus, Anterior, Lateralis 179Rectus Capitus Posterior Major, Minor 180Rectus Femoris 181Rhomboideus Major, Minor (Rhomboid = USA) 182, 183Risorius (also in the Muscles of the face) 184Rotatores - Brevis, Longus 185SSalipingopharyngeus - see the Pharyngeal MusclesSartorius 186Scaleni - Anterior, Medial, Posterior 187Semimembranous 188Semispinalis - Capitus, Cervicis, Thoracis 189, 190Semitendinous 191Serratus Anterior 192Serratus Posterior - inferior, superior 193Soft Palate Muscles - Musculus Uvulae, Palatoglossus,Levator & Tensor Veli Patalini - see the muscles of the Soft Palate© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles73 © A. L. NeillSoleus 194Sphincter Ani (External Anal Sphincter) 195Sphincter Pupillae see Intrinsic Ocular MusclesSphincter Urethrae (Urethral Sphincter) 196Spinalis - Capitus, Cervicis, Thoracis - part of ES 197, 198Splenii Capitus, Cervicis 199

Stapedius - see Intrinsic Auricular MusclesSternocleidomastoid 200Sternohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesSternothyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MuscleStylohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesStylopharyngeus - see Pharyngeal MusclesSubclavius 201Subcostales 202Subscapularis 203Supinator 204Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal ConstrictorsSupraspinatus 205T Temporalis 206Tensor Fascia Lata 207Tensor Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate MusclesTeres Major, Minor 208, 209Thyrohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesTibialis Anterior, Posterior 210, 211Tongue Muscles - Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Inferior,Transverse & Vertical LingualisTransversus Abdominus 212Transversus Perinei - Profundus, SuperficialisTrapezius 213, 214Triceps Brachii 215UUrethral Sphincter - see Sphincter UrethraeV Vastus Intermedius, Lateralis, Medialis 216, 217, 218Z Zygomaticus Major, Minor 219© Dr Amanada Neill74

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles75 © A. L. NeillA Abductor Digiti Minimi (foot)most superficial layer of the sole of the footO - medial & lateral process of Calcaneal tuberosity- Plantar AponeurosisI - lateral base Phalanx 1 Digit 5A - abductionNS - lateral plantar N (L4-5)BS - lateral plantarT - abduction against R© Dr Amanada Neill76The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAO - Pisiform- tendon of Flexor Carpi UlnarisI - ulnar side Phalanx 1 Digit 5A - abductionNS - ulnar N (C8-T1)BS - ulnarT - abduction against RAbductor Digiti Minimi (hand)Hypothenar eminence© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles77 © A. L. NeillA Abductor Hallicus

most superficial layer of the sole of the footO - medial process of Calcaneal tuberosity- Plantar Aponeurosis / Flexor RetinaculumI - medial base Phalanx 1 Digit 1A - abductionNS - medial plantar N (L4-5)BS - medial plantarT - abduction against R© Dr Amanada Neill78The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAbductor Pollicus Brevis Apart of the thenar eminenceO - ridge of Trapezium- Flexor Retinaculum- ScaphoidI - lateral Phalanx 1 Digit 1A - abduction / anterior movement of thumbNS - median N (C7-T1)BS - radialT - abduction against R - at MCP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles79 © A. L. NeillA Abductor Pollicus LongusO - posterior Radius- posterior Ulna- interosseus membraneI - lateral base of MC 1A - abduction of hand and thumbNS - radial N (C6-7)BS - radial / ulnar

T - abduction against R - at MCP© Dr Amanada Neill80The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAdductor Brevis Apart of the medial compartment of the thighO - inferior pubic ramis of hipI - upper medial lip of linea aspera (Femur)A - adduction / hip flexionNS - obturator N (L2-4)BS - obturatorT - adduct legs against R in the supine patient© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles81 © A. L. NeillA Adductor Hallicuspart of the third layer of the sole of the footO - oblique head - base MTs 2-4- transverse head - sheath/tendon of Peroneus Longus- plantar MCPs of Digits 3-5I - lateral base of Phalanx 1 Digit 1A - adductionNS - lateral plantar N (deep branch) (L4-5)BS - 1st plantar MTT - separate big toe against R© Dr Amanada Neill82The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAdductor Longus Apart of the medial compartment of the thigh

O - pubic symphysis of hipI - middle medial lip of linea aspera (Femur)A - adduction / hip flexionNS - obturator N (L2-4)BS - obturatorT - adduct legs against R in the supine patient© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles83 © A. L. NeillA Adductor Magnuspart of the medial compartment of the thighO - pubic symphysis, ischeal ramus of hipI - linea aspera, adductor tubercle (Femur)A - adduction / hip flexion & extensionNS - obturator N + sciatic N (L2-4)BS - obturator, medial circumflex, femoralT - adduct legs against R in the supine patient© Dr Amanada Neill84The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAdductor Pollicus AO - transverse head of MC 3- Capitate (oblique head)- Trapezium- TrapezoidI - lateral base of Phalanx 1 Digit 1A - adduction of thumbNS - ulnar N (deep branch) (C8-T1)BS - deep palmar archT - close hand against R to the thumb© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

85 © A. L. NeillA AnconeusO - posterior lateral condyle - Capitulum (Humerus)I -posterior Olecranon process (Ulna)A - elbow extensionNS - radial N (C7-8)BS - brachial (deep branch)T - extend elbow against RAryepiglotticus - see Muscles of the LarynxArytenoids - Oblique, Transverse - see Muscles of the Larynx© Dr Amanada Neill86The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillAuricularis Aanterior, superior, posterior= Extrinsic muscles of the Ear (present in 30%)O - ant. Epicranial Aponeurosis- post. Mastoid process of Temporalis- sup. Epicranial AponeurosisI - ant. root of Auricle- post. root of Auricle- sup. root of AuricleA - moves ear PinnaNS - facial N (CN VII)BS - facial / temporalT - present if there is movement of the ear© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles87 © A. L. NeillB

Biceps BrachiiO - long head superior lip of Glenoid fossa (Scapula)- short head Coracoid process (Scapula)I - tuberosity (Radius)A - flexion (shoulder & elbow)- supination (hand & forearm)NS - musculocutaneous N (C5-6)BS - brachial (deep branch)T - flex elbow against R - elbow placed on table at 90º© Dr Amanada Neill88The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillBBiceps FemorisO - ischeal tuberosity (hip)- linea aspera (Femur)I - head of FibulaA - extension (hip)- flexion (knee)- rotation (flexed knee)NS - sciatic N (L5-S2)BS - deep femoral- poplitealT - extend hip against R- flex knee against R - in the prone patient© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles89 © A. L. NeillBBrachialis

O - lower ½ of the HumerusI - coronoid process (Ulna)A - flexion (elbow)NS - musculocutaneous N (C5-6)BS - brachial (deep branch)- radial recurrentT - flex elbow against R - elbow placed on table at 90º© Dr Amanada Neill90The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillBBrachioradialisO - lateral supracondylar ridge (Humerus)I - styloid process (Radius)A - flexion (elbow)- pronation (forearm)NS - radial N (C5-6)BS - radial recurrentT - flex elbow against R - elbow placed on table at 90º© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles91 © A. L. NeillBBuccinatorpart of the muscles of masticationO - lateral – outer surface of alveolar process of Maxilla- lateral surface (Mandible)I - deep part of the muscles of the lips- deep fascia of the face

A - compresses cheeks- draws down angle of the mouthNS - facial N (CN VII)BS - facialT - ask patient to blow as if playing the saxaphone.Bulbospongiosus - see Muscles of the PerineumCiliaris - see Muscles of the EyeCoccygeus = Ischeococcygeus - see the muscles of the Perineum© Dr Amanada Neill92The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillCCoracobrachialisO - corocoid process (Scapula)I - midshaft of the HumerusA - adduction (arm & shoulder)NS - musculocutaneous N (C6-7)BS - brachialT - moving extended arm supported on a table to themidline against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles93 © A. L. NeillCCorrugator Superciliipart of the muscles of facial expressionO - glabella (Frontalis)- medial suprorbital margin (Frontalis)

I - deep fascia of the skin in the midpoint of the orbital archA - pulls brows down and medially frowningNS - facial N, supraorbital supratrochlear branches (CN VII)BS - facial opthalmic arteryT - ability to wrinkle brow© Dr Amanada Neill94The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillCCremasterpart of the muscles of the perineumO - inguinal ligamentI - pubic tubercle (hip)A - pulls testis to the body /regulates temperature of the testisNS - genitofemoral, genital branch (L1-2)BS - genitofemoral, genital branchT - testis jumps up when the thigh is stroked- labia majora twitches© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles95 © A. L. NeillDDeltoidO - lateral 1/3 of anterior surface of Clavicle- acromion process (Scapula)- posterior spine (Scapula)I - deltoid tuberosity (Humerus)A

- anterior - shoulder flexion, adduction, medial rotation abduction>90º, horizontal swing to midline- middle - shoulder abduction >90º- posterior - shoulder extension, adduction, lateral rotationabduction >90º horizontal swing to midline,NS - axillary N (C5-6)BS - thoracoacromialT - moving shoulder in most directions against R- the supine patient will eliminate the influence of gravity© Dr Amanada Neill96The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDDepressor Anguli Orispart of the muscles of facial expressionO - oblique lines (Mandible)I - deep fascia - at the corner of the lipsA - turns the corners of the lips down as in frowningNS - facial N, mandibular branch (CN VII)BS - facial - maxillary branch + inferior labial branchT - ability to turn down the corners of the mouth as in frowning© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles97 © A. L. NeillDDepressor Labii Inferioris

part of the muscles of facial expressionO - anterior-medial surfaces of MandibleI - deep fascia medial to the corners of the lipsA - pulls lips down and back (with Platysma)NS - facial N, superior buccal & mandibular branches (CN VII)BS - facial - labial branchesT - ability to draw back lips and tighten neck (Platysma)© Dr Amanada Neill98The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDDepressor Septipart of the muscles of facial expressionO - anterior - medial surfaces of MaxillaI - deep fascia at the base of the noseA - pulls nostrils inwards and lips upNS - facial N, maxillary branch (CN VII)BS - facial - maxillary, superior buccal branchesT - ask patient to wrinkle nose© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles99 © A. L. NeillDDiaphragmO - xiphoid process (Sternum)- ribs 7-12- lumbar vertebrae L1-2I - central tendonA - forced inspiration - pulls down central tendon and

expands volumeNS - phrenic (C3-5)- accessary phrenic, cervical plexusBS - superior, inferior phrenic, mamillary & long thoracicT - ask patient to force inspiration and note abdomen increase© Dr Amanada Neill100The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDDigastricuspart of the muscles of the Hyoid(anterior neck 2 muscle bellies passing througha fibrous loop)O - anterior - inner side (lingular) of jaw (Mandible)- posterior - mastoid notch (Temporal bone)I - slides through the Hyoid tendon / ligamentA - elevates, retracts and protracts Hyoid- depresses MandibleNS - anterior - trigeminal N (CN V)- posterior - facial N (CN VII)BS - facial mandibular branch- superior cervicalT - open jaw against R- note movement of Hyoid on swallowing© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles101 © A. L. NeillDDorsal Interossei (foot)

O - 2 heads to adjacent MTs 2-5I - base Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5A - abductionNS - lateral plantar (superficial peroneal) (L4-S2)BS - lateral plantar© Dr Amanada Neill102The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillDDorsal Interossei (hand)O - 2 heads to adjacent MCs 2-5I - base Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5A - abduction of fingers from and axis through middle finger- flexion of proximal PIPs- extension of middle and distal PIPs (fingers in a tent)NS - ulnar N (C8-T1)BS - deep palmer archT - open fingers against R- straighten 1st jt of fingers and straighten out their ends© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles103 © A. L. NeillEEpicranius = Frontalis + Occipitalis =Occipito-FrontalisFrontalisO - skull aponeurosisI - superficial fascia superior to browA - raises eyebrows / wrinkles forehead

NS - facial N temporal branches (CN VII)BS - supraorbital supratrochlear branches of opthalmic arteryOccipitalisO - Occipital bone - mastoid process (Temporalis)I - skull aponeurosisA - draws scalp backNS - facial N postauricular branchBS - facialErector Spinae (ES) - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis- see muscles of the Back - muscles are also each listed separately© Dr Amanada Neill104The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillEExtensor Carpi Radialis BrevisO - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)I - dorsal base of MC 3A - extension (wrist)- radial deviation of handNS - radial N (C6-8)BS - radial- radial recurrentT - lift hand from table against R- move flat hand towards thumb against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles105 © A. L. NeillEExtensor Carpi Radialis Longus

O - lateral supracondylar ridge (Humerus)I - dorsal base of MC 2A - extension (wrist)NS - radial N (C6-8)BS - radial, radial recurrent- posterior interosseusT - lift hand from table against R© Dr Amanada Neill106The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillEExtensor Carpis UlnarisO - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)- interosseus membrane from posterior surfaceI - medial base of MC5A - extension (wrist)- lateral deviation of handNS - radial N (C6-8)BS - ulnarT - lift hand from table against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles107 © A. L. NeillEExtensor Digiti MinimiO - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)I - dorsal Phalanx 1, Digit 5 via Extensor Digitorum tendonA - extension (forearm, hand & Digit 5)- abduction (Digit 5)NS - radial N, deep radial N (posterior interosseus N) (C7-8)

BS - ulnarT - abduct little finger against R© Dr Amanada Neill108The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillEExtensor DigitorumO - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)I - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base ofPhalanges 2-3 & Digits 2-5A - extension (forearm, hand & Digits2-5)NS - radial N, deep radial N (posterior interosseus N) (C7-8)BS - ulnarT - extend hand from fist against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles109 © A. L. NeillEExtensor Digitorum BrevisO - superio-lateral surface of Calcaneus- inferior retinaculumI - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base ofPhalanx 1 & Digits 2-4A - extension (Digits1-4)NS - deep peroneal N (L5-S1)BS - dorsalis pedis- lateral tarsalT - lift toes with foot on floor from upright patient© Dr Amanada Neill

110The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillEExtensor Digitorum LongusO - anterior surfaces of Tibia & Fibula- interosseus membraneI - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base of Phalanges& Digits 2-5A - extension (Digits1-4)- dorsiflexion of the ankleNS - deep peroneal N, anterior tibial N (L4-S1)BS - anterior tibialT - lift foot and toes with heel on floor from upright patient- walk / stand on heels© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles111 © A. L. NeillEO - superio-lateral surface of Calcaneus- inferior retinaculumI - dorsal base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 1A - extension (Digit1)NS - deep peroneal N (S1-2)BS - dorsalis pedis- medial tarsalT - uncurl big toe against RExtensor Hallicus Brevis© Dr Amanada Neill112The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillEO - anterior FibulaI - Phalanx 2 & Digit 1A - extension (Digit 1)- dorsiflexion (ankle)NS - deep peroneal N (S1-2)BS - dorsalis pedis- anterior tibialT - lift big toe from floor from upright patient- extend big toeExtensor Hallicus Longus© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles113 © A. L. NeillEExtensor IndicisO - dorsal distal ½ of Ulna- posterior distal surface of interosseus membraneI - dorsal base of Phalanges 2-3 & Digit 2 via extensordigitorum tendonA - extension (hand & Digit 2)NS - radial N (C7-T1)BS - ulnarT - extend curled hand & index finger© Dr Amanada Neill114The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillEExtensor Pollicis Brevis

O - dorsal surface of RadiusI - dorsal base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 1A - extension and abduction (hand & thumb)NS - radial N, deep radial (= posterior interosseus N) (C6-7)BS - ulnarT - open curled thumb against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles115 © A. L. NeillEExtensor Pollicis LongusO - dorso-lateral surface in the middle 1/3 of Ulna- interosseus membraneI - dorsal base of Phalanx 2 & Digit 1A - extension and abduction (hand & thumb)NS - radial N, deep radial (= posterior interosseus N) (C6-7)BS - ulnarT - open curled thumb against RExternal Anal Sphincter - see Sphincter AniExternal Intercostals - see IntercostalsExternal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus ExternusExtrinsic Auricular Muscles - see AuricularisExtrinsic Ocular muscles - see the muscles of the Eye© Dr Amanada Neill116The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFFlexor Carpi Radialis

O - medial condyle (Humerus)I - dorsal base of MC 2-3A - flexion (forearm & hand)NS - median N (C6-7)BS - radial, radial recurrentT - lift up forearm lying flat on a table against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles117 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Carpi UlnarisO - medial condyle (Humerus)- proximal posterior (Ulna)I - Pisiform- base of MC 5A - flexion (forearm & hand)NS - ulnar N (C7-8)BS - posterior ulnar recurrentT - lift up forearm lying flat on a table against R© Dr Amanada Neill118The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFFlexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (foot)O - base MT 5, sheath of Peroneus LongusI - base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 5A - flexion (foot & little toe)NS - lateral plantar N (L4-5)BS - lateral plantarT - curl up little toe© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

119 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (hand)Hypothenar eminenceO - flexor retinaculum- Hamulus & HamateI - ulnar side of Phalanx 1, Digit 5A - flexion of little fingerNS - ulnar N, (C8-T1)BS - ulnarT - flex little finger against R© Dr Amanada Neill120The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFFlexor Digitorum Brevis (foot)first layer of the sole of the footO - base MT 5, sheath of Peroneus LongusI - base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 5A - flexion (foot & little toe)NS - lateral plantar N (L4-5)BS - lateral plantarT - curl up little toe© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles121 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Digitorum Longus (foot)second layer of the muscles of the sole of the footO - posterior TibiaI - base of Phalanx 3 & Digits 2-5

A - flexion & plantar flexion of the footNS - posterior tibial N (S2-3)BS - posterior tibialT - push toes into hand on the prone patient withfeet over the end. ie plantar flex against R© Dr Amanada Neill122The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFFlexor Digitorum Profundus (hand)O - proximal 2/3 on anterior surface of Ulna- coronoid process (Ulna)I - ulnar side of Phalanx 3, Digits 2-5A - flexion of hand & fingers 2-5NS - median & ulnar Ns, (C8-T1)BS - ulnarT - flex fingers against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles123 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Digitorum Superficialis (hand)O - medial epicondyle (Humerus)- anterior onlique line (Radius)- coronoid process (Ulna)I - Phalanx 2, Digits 2-5A - flexion (forearm, hand and fingers 2-5)NS - median N, (C7-8)BS - ulnar, radialT - flex fingers against R© Dr Amanada Neill124

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillFFlexor Hallucis Brevis (foot)third layer of the sole of the footO - plantar surface of the Cuboid- lateral Cuniform- Tibialis Posterior tendonI - both sides of Phalanx 1 & Digit 1A - flexion (big toe)NS - 1st plantar digital N (L4-S3)BS - medial plantarT - curl up big toe© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles125 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Hallucis Longus (foot)second layer of the sole of the footO - lower posterior FibulaI - base of Phalanx 2 & Digit 1A - flexion & plantarflexion of the foot- inversion of the foot- medial stabilization of the ankle- support for longitudinal ligament of archNS - posterior tibial N (S2-3)BS - posterior tibial- peronealT - plantarflex foot against R- flex big toe against R© Dr Amanada Neill126The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillFFlexor Pollicis BrevisO - flexor retinaculum- Trapezium ridgeI - lateral base of Phalanx 1, Digit 1A - flexion of thumbNS - median & ulnar Ns (C6-T1)BS - radial - palmar digital branchesT - flex thumb against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles127 © A. L. NeillFFlexor Pollicis LongusO - anterior surface of middle 1/2 of Radius- interosseus membrane (b/n Radius & Ulna)- coronoid process (Ulna)I - Phalanx 2, Digit 1A - flexion (hand & thumb)NS - median N, (C8-T1)BS - ulnarT - flex hand and thumb against RFrontalis - see Epicranius© Dr Amanada Neill128The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillGGastrocnemiusO - posterior condyles (Femur) via 2 headsmedial & lateralI - Archille’s tendon to tuberosity of Calcaneus

A - knee flexion- plantar flexion and inversion of the footNS - tibial N (S1-2)BS - poplitealT - flex knee against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles129 © A. L. NeillGGemellusSuperiorO - ischeal spine (hip)I - medial surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)A - lateral rotationNS - N to Obturator Internus, SP (L4-S1)BS - inferior glutealT - rotate hip against RGenioglossus - see Tongue MusclesGeniohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesInferiorO - ischeal tuberosity (hip)I - medial surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)A - lateral rotationNS - N to Quadratus Femoris branch of (L4-S1)BS - inferior glutealT - rotate hip against R© Dr Amanada NeillGluteus MaximusO - posterior crest of the Ileum (hip)- Sacrum & CoccyxI - greater trochanter (Femur)

- Tensor Fascia Lata- linea aspera (Femur)A - lateral rotation (hip)- extension (thigh)NS - inferior gluteal N (L5-S2)- angiococcygeal Ns dorsal sacral Ns (S1-5)BS - superior glutealT - extend leg against R or in the standing patient130The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillG© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles131 © A. L. NeillGGluteus MediusO - posterior crest of the Ileum b/n upper 2 gluteal lines (hip)I - lateral surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)A - abduction (Femur)- medial rotator (hip)NS - superior gluteal N (L5-S1)BS - superior glutealT - extend leg against R or in the standing patient© Dr Amanada NeillGluteus MinimusO - posterior crest of the Ileum b/n upper 2 gluteal lines (hip)- margin of sciatic notchI - anterolateral border of the greater trochanter (Femur)

A - abduction (hip)- pelvic stabilizerNS - superior gluteal N (L5-S1)BS - superior glutealT - extend leg against R or in the standing patient- test balance on one leg132The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillG© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles133 © A. L. NeillGGracillisO - pubic symphysis (hip)I - anteromedial surface of the TibiaA - flexion (hip)- adduction (hip)NS - obturator N (L2-4)BS - deep femoral- obturator- medial femoral circumflexT - flex hip against RHyoid muscles - Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid- see individual listings and the Thyro /Hyoid musclesHypoglossus - see Tongue Muscles© Dr Amanada NeillIliacuspart of IliopsoasO - iliac fossa (hip)

I - lesser trochanter (Femur)A - flexion (hip) from supine position- anterior pelvic tilt (hip)NS - femoral N (L2-3)BS - deep femoral- obturator- medial femoral circumflexT - flex hip in the supine patient134The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillI© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles135 © A. L. NeillIIliocostalispart of the ES© Dr Amanada Neill136The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillIIliocostalisCervicisO - angles of ribs 3-6I - TPs of cervical VBs 4-6A - bilateral action - extension of cervical VC- unilateral action - lateral flexion of cervical VCNS - segmental doral branches of SNsBS - segmental dorsal branches of the carotidsT - extend neck against R and laterally flex against R

ThoracisO - angles of ribs 6-12I - TP of cervical VB C7- angles of ribs 1-6A - bilateral action - forceful contraction of the ribs for inspiration- unilateral action - lat. flexion of VC (largely stopped by the ribs)NS - segmental dorsal branches of SNsBS - segmental dorsal branches of descending aortaT - ask patient to inspire forcefullyLumborumO - sacral crest and medial parts of the iliac crestsI - angles of ribs 3-6 lateral to ThoracisA - bilateral forced inspiration, extension of the VC- unilateral lateral flexion of the VCNS - segmental dorsal branches of SNsBS - segmental dorsal branches of descending aorta, iliacs, lumbarand sacral vesselsIliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas - see Iliacus and PsoasIliotibial Tract - see Tensor Fascia LataIncisivus Labii - Inferior, Superior - see the muscles of the FaceInferior Lingualis - see the muscles of the TongueInferior Oblique - see the muscles of the EyeInferior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal ConstrictorsInferior rectus - see the muscles of the Eye© Dr Amanada Neill

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles137 © A. L. NeillIInfraspinatuspart of the shoulder girdle - rotator cuff musclesO - medial 2/3 of infraspinous fossa (Scapula)I - greater tuberosity (Humerus)A - lateral rotation- horizontal abduction (shoulder)NS - suprascapular N (C4-6)BS - suprascapular- transverse cervical- scapular cirumflexT - with anterior horizontal arm move around against RInnermost Intercostals - see IntercostalsInternal intercostals - see IntercostalsInternal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus Internus© Dr Amanada Neill138The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillIIntercostalsas a group the muscles b/n ribsExternalO - costal groove of the ribI - superior surface of the rib belowA - draws adjacent ribs up and closertogether- increases thoracic volume withcontracted Diaphragm

NS - segmental - anterior branches of SNs(T1-12)BS - internal thoracic- intercostal branchesT - movement of rib cage with breathingInternalO - inferior border of the ribI - superior surface of the rib belowA - draws adjacent ribs down andcloser together- decreases thoracic volume withrelaxed Diaphragm- flexion of the thoraxNS - segmental - anterior branches of SNs(T1-12)BS - internal thoracic- intercostal branchesT - movement of rib cage with breathingIntimi = Innermost Intercostals - see Intercostals© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles139 © A. L. NeillIInterspinaliscervical, thoracic and lumbar© Dr Amanada Neill140The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillIO - cervical SP of C3-7- thoracic SP of T2-12- lumbar SP L2-5

I - SP of the immediate VB aboveA - draws adjacent VBs together extending the VCNS - segmental - dorsal branches of relative SNs (C1-L5)BS - cervical - branches of the internal carotid- thoracic - dorsal branches of the decending aorta- lumbar - dorsal branches of the iliacsInterossei - Muscles groups - Dorsal, Palmer (hand), Dorsal, Plantar(foot) - see individual listings of these musclesO & I listed individually - as a group these muscles lie b/n the MTor the MC bones of the hands or feet.A listed individually - as a group they assist in abduction (dorsal)/adduction (plantar, palmar) of the toes /fingers of the foot or hand.NS the digital branches of the Ns supplying the hand or footBS the digital branches of the BVs supplying the hand or footcoming from arches in the hand or foot© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles141 © A. L. NeillIIntertranversarii© Dr Amanada Neill142The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. Neill

IO - cervical - TP of C1-T1 on the anterior & posterior surfaces- thoracic - TP of T11- L1 on the posterior surface only- lumbar - TP on the lateral surface and mamillary bodies of L1-5I - TP of the immediate VB above on the same surfaceA - draws adjacent VBs together extending the VCNS - segmental - ventral branches of relative SNsBS - cervical - branches of the internal carotid- thoracic - dorsal branches of the decending aorta- lumbar - dorsal branches of the iliacsIntrinsic Auricular Muscles - StapediusIntrinsic Ocular Muscles - Ciliarus, Recti, Sphincter Pupillae -see the muscles of the EyeIschiocavernosus - see the muscles of the PerineumLateral Cricoarytenoid - see the muscles of the Larynx© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles143 © A. L. NeillLLatissimus DorsiO - spines of T7-L5- sacrum- iliac crest- ribs 10-12

I - floor of the bicipital groove (Humerus)A - extension (arm)- adduction and horizontal abduction (arm)NS - thoracodorsal N (C6-8)BS - transverse cervical- subscapluarT - extend arm against RLevator Ani - see the muscles of the Pelvis and PerineumLevator Anguli Oris - see the muscles of the FaceLevator Palpabrae Superioris - see the muscles of the Eye© Dr Amanada Neill144The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillLLevator CostiBrevisO - TP of C7-T11I - outer surface of the rib immediately inferior b/n tubercleand angleA - elevate ribs in inspiration- extend and laterally flex VC in thoracic regionNS - segmental dorsal branches of the corresponding SNs (C7-T11)BS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aorta© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles145 © A. L. NeillL

Levator CostiLongusO - TP of T7-T10I - outer surface of the ribs 2-3 below b/n tubercle and angleA - elevate ribs in inspiration- extend and laterally flex VC in thoracic region- rotation of the VCNS - segmental dorsal branches of the corresponding SNs (T7-T11)BS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aorta© Dr Amanada Neill146The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillLLevator ScapulaeO - TP of C1-4 (5)I - medial border of Scapula to the spineA - elevate (shoulders) unilateral or bilateral- lateral flexion, medial rotation (neck) unilateralNS - dorsal scapular N (C5)- dorsal branches of the SNs (C3-4)- N to Levator ScapulaeBS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aortaLevator Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate MusclesLingualis - Inferior, Transverse & Vertical - see the Tongue Muscles© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles147 © A. L. Neill

LLongissimusCapitus, Cerivcis & Thoracis - part of ES© Dr Amanada Neill148The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillLO - Capitus - TP of C1-5Cervicis -TP of C1-5Thoracis - TP of T1-5I - Capitus - mastoid process (Temporalis)Cervicis - TP of C2-6Thoracis - TP of T1-12A - extension and rotation of the VCNS - segmental spinal roots generally the dorsal branches (C1-L5)BS - segmental dorsal branches of the ascending cervical BVs,descending aorta and lumbar arteriesT - to stand up from touching toes w/o help- from upright position bend to one side and the other w/o help© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles149 © A. L. NeillLLongus CapitusO - TP of C3-7I - anterior surface of OcciputA - flexion neck (bilaterally action)- rotation of neck (unilateral action)NS - N to Longus Capitus (C1-C3)

BS - vertebral - maybe damaged in Whiplash accidentsT - flexion of Neck against R- rotation of neck against R© Dr Amanada Neill150The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillLO - TP and anterior surface of C1-T3I - anterior arch of Atlas (C1)A - flexion neck (bilaterally action)- rotation of neck (unilateral action)NS - N to Longus Colli (C1-C3)BS - vertebral - maybe damaged in Whiplash accidentsT - flexion of Neck against R- rotation of neck against RLongus Colli© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles151 © A. L. NeillLLumbricals (foot)second layer of the soul of the footO - tendon of Flexor Digitorum LongusI - dorsal surface of proximal PhalangesA - flexion of toes (not big toe)NS - medial plantar N (L4-5)- deep lateral plantar N (S1-2)BS - plantar metatarsalT - to curl up toes© Dr Amanada Neill

152The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillLLumbricals (hand)O - tendon of Flexor Digitorum Profundus to the palmI - lateral surface of Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5- Extensor Digitorum tendonsA - flexion of fingers (not thumb)NS - median & ulnar Ns (C8-T1)BS - palmar arches deep and superficialT - to curl up fingers© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles153 © A. L. NeillMMasseterpart of the muscles of masticationO - zygomatic arch (Maxilla)I - MandibleA - closes jaw- clenches teeth- protraction and retraction of jawNS - trigeminal N - mandibular branch (CN V)BS - maxillary, facial, transverse facialT - to clench teeth and move jaw in and out© Dr Amanada Neill154The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMMentalis

part of the muscles of facial expressionO - MandibleI - deep fascia of the skin of the chinA - protrudes lips- raises bottom lipNS - facial N - mandibular branch (CN VII)BS - facial - mandibular branchT - to lift up bottom lip© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles155 © A. L. NeillMMultifidus Capitus, Cervicis & Thoracispart of deep spinal muscle layer© Dr Amanada Neill156The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMO - Capitus articular processes (zygoapophyseal) of C1-7- Cervicis TP and intertranverse ligament T1-12- Thoracis TP and mamillary bodies of L1-5- posterior foraminae of SacrumI - SP of 2-3 VB aboveA - extension and rotation of the VC- stability of the VCNS - segmental spinal roots generally thedorsal branches (C1-L5)BS - segmental dorsal branches of the ascendingcervical BVs, descending aorta and lumbar arteriesT - to stand up from touching toes w/o help

- from upright position bend to one side and theother w/o helpMuscularis Uvulae - see Soft Palate MusclesMylohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesNasalis - see the muscles of the FaceOblique muscles of the eye - superior / inferior -see the musclesof the Eye© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles157 © A. L. NeillOObliquus Abdominus - ExternusExternal Oblique© Dr Amanada Neill158The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillOExternal (outer layer of abdominal muscles)O - ribs 2 - 12 - interdigitates with Serratus AnteriorI - abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba (direction hands infront pockets)- iliac crest (hip)- inguinal ligamentA - bilateral flexion of VCforced expiration, coughingcompression of abdominal contentsassistance in defaecationassisting the lumbar muscles for stability of the VC

- unilateral rotation to opposite sideNS - segmental T8-12- iliohypogatric, ilioinguinal NsBS - segmental intercostals- ilioinguinal, iliohypogastricT - to suck in stomach / abdomen© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles159 © A. L. NeillOObliquus Abdominis - InternusInternal Oblique© Dr Amanada Neill160The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillOInternal (middle layer of abdominal muscles)O - Iliac crest (hip)- inguinal ligament, lumbar fasciaI - abdominal aponeurosis (direction hands in back pockets)- lower ribs (8-12)A - bilateral flexion of VCforced expiration, coughingcompression of abdominal contentsassistance in defaecationassisting the lumbar muscles forstability of the VC- unilateral rotation to opposite sideNS - segmental T8-12- iliohypogatric, ilioinguinal NsBS - segmental intercostals

- ilioinguinal, iliohypogastricT - to suck in stomach /abdomen© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles161 © A. L. NeillOOblquuis CapitisInferiorO - SP of C2 AxisI - TP of C1 AtlasA - rotates headNS - suboccipital N (C2) and dorsal rami of C1-2BS - vertebralSuperiorO - TP of C1 AtlasI - base of skull (Occiput)A - extends head- lateral flexion of headNS - suboccipital N (C2) and dorsal rami of C1-2BS - ascending cervicalT - test movements of the head ± R© Dr Amanada Neill162The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillObturator ExternusO - inferior pubic ramus and ischeal ramus (hip)- obturator membraneI - trochanteric fossa (Femur)A - lateral rotationNS - obturator N (L3-4)BS - obturator- medial femoral circumflex

O© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles163 © A. L. NeillOObturator InternusO - internal pelvic surface- obturator membrane through sciatic notchI - anterior surface of medial greater trochanter (Femur)A - lateral rotation (hip)- extension & abduction from flexed hipNS - N to Obturator Internus (L5-S2)BS - superior glutealT - test movements of the flexed hip to ROccipitalis see EpicraniusOmohyoid see Thyro / Hyoid muscles© Dr Amanada Neill164The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillOpponens Digiti MinimiHypothenar eminenceO - flexor retinaculum- Hamulus, HamateI - ulnar side of MC 5A - flexion and apposition to thumb of little fingerNS - ulnar N deep branch (C8-T!)BS - ulnarT - oppose thumb and little finger with R to little fingerO© Dr Amanada Neill

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles165 © A. L. NeillOOpponens PollicisThenar eminenceO - Trapezium (ridge)- flexor retinaculumI - along the side of MC 1A - flexion and apposition of thumb- adduction and medial rotation (thumb)NS - median (C7-8)BS - radialT - oppose thumb and little finger with R to thumb© Dr Amanada Neill166The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillOrbicularis Oculipart of the muscles of facial expressionO - Frontalis, medial margin of Maxilla, Lacrimal boneI - inserts into deep fascia of the orbit on all sidesA - closure of eyelids tightly and as in normal blinkingdrainage of tear ductsNS - facial N (CNVII)BS - facialT - ability to tightly close eyesO© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles167 © A. L. Neill

OOrbicularis Orispart of the muscles of facial expressionO - Maxilla,I - deep fascia of skin and muscles around the mouthdecussates extensively with the other muscles in this regionA - closure, pursing and protrusion of lips- assists in the actions of other muscles hereNS - facial N (CN VII)BS - facialT - test movements of the mouth note other muscles act insynergy© Dr Amanada Neill168The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPalmar InterosseiO - MCs 1-5I - medial side of the base of the proximalPhalanges 1-2- lateral side of the base of the proximalPhalanges 3-5A - adduction to the middle fingerNS - ulnar N (C8-T1)BS - deep palmer archT - close open fingers against RP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles169 © A. L. Neill

PPalmaris Brevis (hand)O - flexor retinaculum- palmar aponeurosisI - superficial fasciaA - closure of handNS - ulnar N (C8)BS - superficial palmar archT - close open hand against R© Dr Amanada Neill170The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPalmaris Longus (arm)O - medial epicondyle (Humerus)I - flexor retinaculum- palmar aponeurosisA - flexion of handNS - median N (C6-8)BS - posterior ulnar recurrent- superficial palmar archT - flex hand against RP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles171 © A. L. NeillPPectineusO - pubic crest & tubercle (hip)I - upper ½ linea aspera (Femur)A - adduction, flexion, lateral rotation (hip)NS - femoral N (L2-4), obturator and accessoryobturator Ns (L3-4)

BS - media femoral circumflex, obturator© Dr Amanada Neill172The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPPectoralis Majorbase of the breast tissue main muscle of the chestO - medial 2/3 of the anterior clavicle- ½ width of the anterior surface of the Sternum- anterior surface of the cartilages of ribs 1- 6- tendon twists over - so the clavicular fibres insert below thesternal & costal fibresI - lateral lip of bicipital groove (Humerus)A - fixed Sternum/chest- adduction, horizontal adduction, medial rotation (Humerus)- abduction > 90º- fixed Humerus/arm (as in holding onto a fixed structure)- accessory muscle of respiration - inspiration (eg in asthma)NS - medial & lateral pectoral N (C5-8)BS - thoracoacromialT - horizontal adduction and adduction against R- arm placed on a table moved over the surface 180º acrossthe table to eliminate gravityThis muscle may be removed in a mastectomy if there isinvasion to the deep fascia

© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles173 © A. L. NeillPdeep to MajorO - anterior surface of ribs 3-5- coracoid process (Scapula)A - depression, flexion, medial rotation (shoulder)- abduction > 90º (Humerus)- fixed Humerus/arm (as in holding onto a fixed structure)- accessory muscle of respiration - inspiration(eg in asthma)NS - medial & lateral pectoral N (C5-T1)BS - thoracoacromialT - ability to pull their shoulders downPectoralis Minor© Dr Amanada Neill174The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPO - lower lateral surface of FibulaI - moves beneath the foot to the base of MT1 &Cuniform1 (big toe)A - plantar flexion (ankle)- eversion (foot)NS - superficial peroneal N (L5-S2)BS - peronealT - plantar flex and evert against RPeroneus Brevisb/n Longus and Tertius© Dr Amanada Neill

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles175 © A. L. NeillPO - head, lateral surface of the FibulaI - base of MT 5A - plantar flexion (ankle)- eversion (foot)NS - superficial peroneal N (L5-S1)BS - peronealT - plantar flex and evert against RPeroneus Longusmost superficial© Dr Amanada Neill176The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillO - lower anterior of the FibulaI - base of MT 5A - dorsi flexion (ankle)- eversion (foot)NS - anterior tibial, deep peroneal N (L5-S1)BS - anterior tibialT - plantar flex and evert against RPeroneus TertiusdeepestP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles177 © A. L. NeillPPiriformisO - anterior surface of Sacrum- sacrotuberous ligament - through the greater

sciatic notchI - superior medial surface of greater trochanterA - lateral rotation, abduction extension (hip)NS - inferior gluteal N (L5-S2)- N to Piriformis from SP (S1-2)BS - superior & inferior gluteal, internal pudendalImportant landmark for the emergence of the Sciatic N© Dr Amanada Neill178The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPO - medial surface of MTs 3-5I - medial surface of base Phalanx 1 Digits 3-5A - adductionNS - lateral plantar (superficial peroneal) N (S2-3)BS - lateral plantarPlantar Interosseifourth and deepest layer of the soul© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles179 © A. L. NeillPPlantarisO - posterior surface of lateral condyle (Femur)I - Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles’ tendonA - flexion (knee)- dorsiflexion (ankle)NS - medial popliteal/tibial N (L4-S1)BS - poplitealT - dorsiflex ankle against R© Dr Amanada Neill

180The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillO - superficial fascia of the upper chestI - superficial fascia of the chin and jaw up tothe lower lipsA - moves the skin from lower jaw to chestNS - facial N cervical branch (CN VII)BS - facial, inferior alveolar, laryngealT - ability to tighten neck and jawPlatysmapart of the muscles of facial expressionP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles181 © A. L. NeillPPopliteusO - lateral epicondyle (Femur)I - proximal posterior surface of TibiaA - flexion (knee)- medial rotation of the flexed kneeNS - medial popliteal/tibial N (L4-S1)BS - poplitealT - with flexed knee rotate inwards against RProcerus - see the summary of the muscles of the Face© Dr Amanada Neill182The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPronator QuadratusO - anterior surface of the distal ¼ of the Ulna

I - anterior surface of the distal ¼ of the RadiusA - pronationNS - median N anterior interosseus branch (C8-T1)BS - ulnarT - lay arm on bench pronate against RP© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles183 © A. L. NeillPPronator TeresO - medial epicondyle (Humerus)- supracondylar ridge (Humerus)- coronoid process (Ulna)I - lateral surface (Radius)A - pronation, flexion (forearm)NS - median N anterior interosseus branch (C6-7)BS - anterior ulnar recurrentT - lay extended arm on bench pronate and flex against R© Dr Amanada Neill184The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillMajor Pcompletely overlays Minor and mergeswith IliacusO - bodies and TP of T12, L1-5I - lesser trochanter (Femur)A - flexion of hip and lower backNS - femoral N and LP (L1-3)BS - iliolimbar

T - ability to raise straight legs (R=gravity)Minorabsent in 30% of patientsO - bodies and TP of L2-5I - lesser trochanter (Femur)A - flexion of hip and lower backNS - femoral N and LP (L1-3)BS - iliolimbarT - ability to straight legs (R=gravity)PsoasIliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas Major© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles185 © A. L. NeillPPterygoidpart of the muscles of masticationLateralO - superior, inferior heads, greater wing and lateralsurface of the lateral pterygoid plate of SphenoidI - temporomandibular jointA - opens jaw / Mandible- moves Mandible from side to sideNS - trigeminal N (CN V)BS - maxillary branchesT - open jaw against RMedialO - lateral plate of Sphenoid - lateral pterygoid plate- Palatine bones, MaxillaI - MandibleA - closes jaw / Mandible

- moves Mandible back and clenches teethNS - trigeminal N (CN V)BS - maxillary and its branchesT - ability to clench teeth and pull jaw back© Dr Amanada Neill186The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillPPyramidalisO - anterior surface of Pubic Symphysis and Pubis (pelvic ring)I - linea alba (part of the deep fascia of the abdomen)½ way to the umbilicusA - compresses abdomen, supports contents- assists in defeacation, and forced expirationNS - subcostal N (T12)BS - ilioinguinal, iliohypogastricT - tighten abdomen and observe lower muscles© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles187 © A. L. NeillQQuadratus FemorisO - ischeal tubersoity (hip)I - quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest (Femur)A - lateral rotation (Femur)NS - N to Quadratus Femoris from SP (L4-S1)BS - medial femoral circumflexT - sitting on the floor legs flexed & abducted rotate legs

outwards© Dr Amanada Neill188The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillQuadratus LumborumO - posterior crest of Ileum (hip)I - rib 12, TP of L1-5A - bilateral = lumbar extension (lower back)- unilateral = lateral flexion (lower back)- augments action of Diaphragm,- supports lower back- supports abdominal & pelvic contents (core muscle)NS - subcostal N, LP (T12-L3)BS - lumbar vesselsT - erect standing patient bends to the side- hyperextension of lower back - care needed with somepatientsQ© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles189 © A. L. NeillQO - 2 heads medial, lateral- medial medial inferior surface of Calcaneus- lateral lateral surface Calcaneus, long plantar ligamentI - tendon of Flexor Digitorum LongusA - plantar flexionNS - lateral plantar N (L4-S2)BS - lateral plantar

T - foot, plantar flexion against R- observation of arch and changes with flexionQuadratus Plantae2nd layer soul of the foot© Dr Amanada Neill190The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillRO - anterior surface of Pubic Symphysis and crest of Pubis(hips pelvic ring)I - xiphoid process (Sternum)- costal cartilages ribs 5-7A - bilateral - lateral flexion and flexion of trunk/abdomen,supports contents- assists in defeacation- unilateral - rotation of abdomenNS - subcostal N (T12), lower intercostal Ns (T5-12)BS - inferior epigastric, lower intercostalsT - tense and bend abdomen - sit upsRectus AbdominisSegmental muscles 4-5 divisions - often asymmetric© Dr Amanada NeillAnteriorO - TP of Atlas (C1)I - Occiput - inferior surface of basilar partA - flexion (head)NS - N to Rectus Capitus part of CP (C2-3),suboccipital N (C1)

BS - vertebralT - flex head against RThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles191 © A. L. NeillRRectus CapitisLateralisO - TP of Atlas (C1)I - Occiput - jugular processA - lateral flexion (head) unilateral actionNS - N to Rectus Lateralis (C1-3) part of CPBS - vertebralT - laterally flex head against R© Dr Amanada Neill192The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillRRectus CapitisPosterior - MinorO - posterior arch of Atlas (C1)I - Occiput - medial ½ of the inferior nuchal lineA - extension (head)NS - suboccipital N (C1)BS - vertebral, occipitalT - extend head against RPosterior - MajorO - SP of Axis (C2)I - Occiput - lateral ½ of inferior nuchal lineA - bilateral extension (head)- unilateral ipsi-rotation - (to the same side)NS - suboccipital N (C1)BS - vertebral, occipital

T - extend head against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles193 © A. L. NeillRRectus FemorisO - ASIS (hip)I - quadratus tendon through to tibial tuberosityA - flexion (hip) - stabilizes the hip- extension (knee)NS - femoral N (L2-4)BS - lateral femoral circumflexT - sitting patient extend knee against R© Dr Amanada Neill194The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillRRhomboideus Major (Major Rhomboid)O - SP of C7-T5I - inferior angle of medial border and spine of ScapulaA - elevation, medial rotation (shoulders/shoulder blade)- adduction (arm via shoulder blade)NS - dorsal scapular N (C4-5)BS - transverse cervical© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles195 © A. L. NeillRRhomboideus MinorO - SP of C7-T1

I - inferior angle of medial border and spine of ScapulaA - elevation, medial rotation (shoulders/shoulder blade)- adduction (arm via shoulder blade)NS - dorsal scapular N (C4)BS - transverse cervical© Dr Amanada Neill196The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillRRisoriusO - deep fascia of the face superficial to MasseterI - skin at the angle of the mouthA - grinning (variable)NS - facial N (CN VII)BS - facial - transverse branchT - ability to smile "wryly"© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles197 © A. L. NeillRO & I - Longus - SP to lamina of the VB 2 above- Brevis - SP to lamina of the VB 1 aboveA - bilateral - extension of the VC- unilateral - rotation of the VC at the level of individual VBsNS - segmental dorsal rami of the SNsBS - segmental dorsal branches of the local vesselseg intercostals, iliolumbar etc

Salpingopharyngeus - see the Pharyngeal MusclesRotatorespart of the deepest layer of muscles of the Spine - VCseries of small muscles extending from Atlas to SacrumLongus completely overlays Brevis© Dr Amanada Neill198The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSO - ASIS of hipI - anteriomedial surface of TibiaA - flexion (hip and knee)- abduction & lateral rotation (hip)NS - femoral N (L4-5)BS - femoralT - patient lying on the side with flexed hip and extended legfrom here ability to flex knee against R (gravity eliminated)Sartoriuspart of anterior compartment of the thigh© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles199 © A. L. NeillSO - Anterior TP of C3-7- Medial TP of C3-7- Posterior TP of C5-7I - Anterior anteromedial surface of rib 1

- Medial lateral to the anterior muscle rib 1- Posterior rib 2 inferior to the ClavicleA - elevation of the ribs for unilateral action ll muscles- in forced inspiration- bilateral - flexion (neck)- unilateral - rotation & lateral flexion of the neckNS - segmental - SNs anterior branches (C4-7 anterior & lateralC6-8 posterior) supraclavicular branches of the BP Ns (C4-8)N to Longus Colli and N to Scaleni musclesBS - superficial cervicalT - flex neck against R- laterally flex neck against RScalenus Anterior, Medial & PosteriorScalene muscles© Dr Amanada Neill200The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSSemimembranosuspart of Hamstrings - posterior compartment of the thighO - ischeal tuberosity (hip)I - posterior surface of the medial condyle (Tibia)A - extension (hip)- flexion (knee)- lateral rotation (flexed knee)NS - sciatic N (L5-S2)BS - deep femoral

T - patient lying on the side with flexed hip and extended legability to draw up both hip and knee against R (gravityeliminated)© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles201 © A. L. NeillSSemispinalispart of the deep muscles of the spine / neckmore lateral than Spinalis© Dr Amanada Neill202The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillCapitisO - TP of C4-7I - superior & inferior nuchal lines (Occiput)A - bilateral extension (head)- unilateral rotation (head)NS - suboccipital N - dorsal rami (C1)CervicisO - TP of T1-6I - SP of C1-5A - bilateral extension (neck)- unilateral rotation (head)NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C2-T5)ThoracisO - TP of T6-10I - SP of C6-T4A - bilateral extension (thorax)- unilateral rotation (thorax)

NS - dorsal branches of the segmental SNs (C5-T11)BS - segmental branches from local BVsT - ability to extend back in a prone position and extendand rotate neck© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles203 © A. L. NeillSSemitendinosuspart of Hamstrings - posterior compartment of the thighO - ischeal tuberosity (hip)I - medial surface of the proximal shaft of the TibiaA - flexion (knee)- medial rotation (flexed knee)NS - sciatic N (L5-S2)BS - deep femoralT - ability of the standing patient to rotate knee inwards© Dr Amanada Neill204The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSSerratus AnteriorO - lateral surface of ribs 1-9I - costal surface of the vertebral boarder of the ScapulaA - abduction (Scapula - shoulder)

- lateral rotation (shoulder - pulling shoulders back- fixed upper limb accessory breathing muscle - inspiration- protraction (drawing shoulders down)NS - long thoracic (C5-7)BS - lateral thoracicT - ability to pull down shoulders and arms© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles205 © A. L. NeillSSerratus PosteriorSuperiorO - ligamentum nuchae- SP of C1-T3I - lateral surface to angle of ribs 2-5A - pulls ribs upwards (for inspiration)NS - upper intercostal Ns (T1-4)BS - intercostal BVsT - observation of the upper ribs in inspirationInferiorO - SP of T11-L3I - lateral surface of ribs 8-12A - pulls ribs downwards (for expiration)NS - lower intercostal Ns, subcostal N (T7-12)BS - intercostals, iliohypogastricT - forced expiration w/o assistance from accessorymuscles observe lower rib movement© Dr Amanada Neill206The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillSoleusO - upper shaft, posterior surface (Tibia & Fibula)I - Achille’s tendon to tuberosity of CalcaneusA - plantar flexion (foot)NS - medial popliteal, tibial N (S1-2)BS - posterior tibial- peroneal- poplitealT - ability of the standing patient to go on their toesS© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles207 © A. L. NeillSSphincter Ani - External Anal Sphinctersphincter hence circular muscle inserting all aroundnatural position - constricted rather than relaxedO - submuscosa of the rectum extending to deepfascia of the skinI - peroneal body- fibres of Levator AniA - relaxation causes release of rectal contentsNS - inferior rectal Ns from SP (S2-4)- pudendal N (S2-4)BS - inferior rectal vessels- haemorrhoidal vesselsT - faecal continence© Dr Amanada Neill208The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

© A. L. NeillSSphincter Urethrae - Urethral Sphinctersphincter hence circular muscle inserting all aroundnatural position - constricted rather than relaxedO - submuscosa of the urethraI - peroneal diaphragm- in females - anterior wall of the vaginaA - relaxation causes release of bladder contentsNS - pudendal N (S2-4)BS - inferior vaginal vessels- branches from internal iliacs- pudendal vesselsT - urinary continence© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles209 © A. L. NeillSSpinalispart of ESmore medial than and superficial to Semispinalis© Dr Amanada Neill210The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSCapitusO - TP of C4-7I - superior nuchal lines (Occiput)A - bilateral extension (head and upper VC)- unilateral rotation (head and neck)NS - dorsal branches of SN - dorsal rami (C1-8)

CervicisO - ligamentum nuchae- SP of C7I - SP of C1A - bilateral extension (upper VC)- unilateral stabilization (neck)NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C2-8)Spinalis ThoracisO - TP of T11-L2I - SP of T1-8A - bilateral extension (thorax)- unilateral stabilization of thoraxNS - dorsal branches of the segmental SNs (T9-L2)BS - segmental branches from local BVsT - ability to extend back in a prone position andextend neck© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles211 © A. L. NeillSCapitusO - TP of T1-3I - superior nuchal lines (Occiput)- lateral mastoid process (Temporal bone)A - bilateral hyperextension, extension (head and neck)- stabilization (head)- unilateral rotation (head and neck)NS - dorsal branches of SN - dorsal rami (C1-2)- suboccipital N, greater occipital N (C1-2)CervicisO - ligamentum nuchae and TP of C1-3

I - SP and interspinous ligaments of T1-4A - bilateral extension, hyperextension (neck and upper VC)- unilateral stabilization (neck)NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C3-8)BS - branches of the internal carotidsT - ability to hyper-extend the head and neckSpleniussuperficial to Spinalis© Dr Amanada Neill212The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSSternocleidomastoidO - Manubrium (breastbone)- anterior surface of medial 1/3 of the ClavicleI - mastoid process (Temporal bone)A - bilateral flexion (head and neck)- unilateral rotation (head and neck)NS - accessory N (CN XI)- N to Sternocleidomastoid (ventral rami of SNs C1-2)BS - superficial cervicalT - turn head against R- flex head against RSternohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MusclesSternothyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid MuscleStylopharyngeus - see Pharyngeal Muscles© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles213 © A. L. NeillS

SubclaviusO - anterosuperior surface of rib 1I - inferior groove on the ClavicleA - depression of Clavicle- stabilizer of sternoclavicular jointNS - N to Subclavius (C5-6) from branches of BPBS - superficial cervical- thoracoacromial© Dr Amanada Neill214The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSSubcostalesO - angle of the ribs 1-10I - medial end of 2-3 ribs inferior - belowA - forced expirationNS - intercostal Ns T1-12BS - intercostal BVsT - observe the extent of unassisted forced expiration© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles215 © A. L. NeillSSubscapularisO - subscapular fossa (Scapula)I - lesser tuberosity (Humerus)A - medial rotation (arm)- adductionNS - upper and lower subscapular Ns (C5-7)BS - lateral thoracic- subscapular

T - turn arm inwards against R© Dr Amanada Neill216The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillSSupinatorO - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)- collateral radial ligament- annular ligament- crest (Ulna)I - proximal 1/3 of RadiusA - supination (forearm)- medial rotation (arm)NS - radial N, deep radial & posterior interosseus branches (C5-6)BS - radialT - supination of forearm against RSuperior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles217 © A. L. NeillSSupraspinatusPart of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulderO - supraspinous fossa (Scapula)I - greater tuberosity (Humerus)- shoulder joint capsuleA - draws head of Humerus up into the shoulder- abduction > 180º (arm)- stabilizer of shoulder jointNS - suprascapular N (C4-6)

BS - suprascapular- axillaryT - hyperextension of arm > 180º against R© Dr Amanada Neill218The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillTTemporalisO - temporal fossa of the Frontal, Parietal and Temporal boneI - coronoid process and ramus (Mandible)A - closes jaw- retracts Mandible- clenches teethNS - trigeminal N (CNV)BS - maxillary- middle & superior temporalsT - test strength of closed jaw or close against R (with care)© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles219 © A. L. NeillTTensor Fascia Latapart of the Iliotibial tract - lateral compartment of the thighO - anterior iliac crest (Ileum –hip)I - iliotibial tractA - flexion, abduction & medial rotation (Femur on hip)NS - superior gluteal (L4-S1)BS - superior gluteal

- lateral femoral circumflexT - patient to abduct leg when standing R = gravity- supine patient to abduct leg against RTensor Veli Palatini - see Soft Palate Muscles© Dr Amanada Neill220The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillTTeres MajorO - lower posterio-lateral border of ScapulaI - medial lip of the bicipital groove (Humerus)A - extension, medial rotation (shoulder)- horizontal abduction (shoulder)NS - lower subscapular N (C5-7)BS - scapular circumflex© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles221 © A. L. NeillTTeres MinorO - lower posterio-lateral border of ScapulaI - inferior surface of greater tuberosity (Humerus)A - lateral rotation (shoulder)- horizontal abduction (shoulder)NS - axillary N (C4-5)BS - scapular circumflexT - patient with arm resting on table move in anhorizontal arc away from sagittal plane against RThyrohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles© Dr Amanada Neill

222The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillTTibialis AnteriorO - lateral tibial surfaceI - base of MT 1A - dorsiflexion (ankle)- inversion (foot)NS - anterior tibial N, deep peroneal N (L4-S1)BS - anterior tibialT - invert foot against R- dorsiflex foot against R© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles223 © A. L. NeillTTibialis PosteriorO - posterior surface of Tibia & FibulaI - inferior surfaces of the Tarsal bones- base of MTs 2-3A - plantar flexion (ankle)- inversion (foot)NS - posterior tibial N (L4-S1)BS - peronealT - invert foot against R- plantarflex foot against R© Dr Amanada Neill224The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillTTransversus Abdominis

deepest layer of the abdominal wallO - costal cartilages of lower ribs (7-12)- lumbar fascia- crest of Ileum (hip)I - linea albaA - compresses abdomen- helps with defeacation- helps with forced expiration - diaphragm- stabilizes VC - core muscleNS - segmental intercostal Ns (T7-12)- iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal & subcostal Ns (T12-L1)BS - iliolumbar- deep iliac circumflexT - ability to pull in the waistTransverse Perineal - Profundus, Superficialis- see the muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles225 © A. L. NeillTTrapezius upper, middle, lowerMost superficial muscle of the back© Dr Amanada Neill226The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillTO - external occipital protuberance (skull)- medial 1/3 superior nuchal line (Occiput)- ligamentum nuchae- SP of C7, T1-12 & their supra-, inter-, spinous ligaments

I - lateral 1/3 of the Clavicle- medial border of acromion (Scapula)- spine of ScapulaA - elevation, upward rotation - upper fibres (Scapula)- extension, adduction - middle fibres (Scapula)- depression, downward rotation - lower fibres (Scapula)NS - accessory N (CN XI) - upper, middle fibres- ventral rami of C3-4 = N to Trapezius - upper, middle fibres- dorsal roots C1-5 - lower fibresBS - transverse cervical- segmental - dorsal branches of intercostalsT - elevation of shoulder blades - upper, middle fibres (against R)- depression of shoulder blades - lower fibres© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles227 © A. L. NeillTTriceps Brachii3 headed muscle - long, lateral & medial headsO - long - infraglenoid tubercle (Scapula)- lateral - lateral posterior surface of Humerus- medial - posterior surface of HumerusI - olecranon (Ulna)A - extension (elbow)- extension (Scapula)NS - radial N (C6-8)BS - deep brachialT - extension or arm against R (in standing patient R=gravity)

© Dr Amanada Neill228The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillVVastus IntermediusO - anterior surface of FemurI - tibial tuberosityA - extension (knee)NS - femoral N (L2-4)BS - femoral, lateral femoral circumflexT - extension of knee in sitting patientBS - ulnarT - ability to extend the knee in the sitting patient© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles229 © A. L. NeillVVastus LateralisO - lateral lip of linea aspera (Femur)I - tibial tuberosityA - extension (knee)NS - femoral N (L2-4)BS - femoral, lateral femoral circumflexT - extension of knee in sitting patient© Dr Amanada Neill230The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillVVastus MedialisO - medial lip pf linea aspera (Femur)I - tibial tuberosity

A - extension (knee)NS - femoral N (L2-4)BS - femoralT - extension of knee in sitting patient© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles231 © A. L. NeillZygomaticuspart of muscles of facial expressionMajorO - Zygoma - cheekboneI - deep fascia at the angle of the mouthA - draws mouth back smiling/laughing - MajorNS - facial N (CNV)BS - facialT - smileMinorO - Zygoma – cheekbone- deep fascia of the upper lipA - maintains nasolabial furrow - philtumNS - facial N (CNV)BS - facialoften lost in cosmetic surgery i.e. no skin crease from nose to lips Z© Dr Amanada Neill232The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles© A. L. NeillGraphic Design by Left Hemisphere© Dr Amanada NeillThe A to Z of Skeletal Muscles233 © A. L. NeillNotes...

© Dr Amanada NeillTHE A TO Z SKELETAL MUSCLESISBN 978-0-9806959-0-8Origins, insertions, actions, blood supply & nerve supply for all musclesare listed alphabetically with separate illustrations of each individualmuscle; separate listing of all major muscle groups; regional index of themuscle along the side (i.e. where does this muscle come from) andcross referencing with common muscle names. GREAT FOR THESPORTS THERAPIST, THE MASSAGE THERAPIST, THE PERSONALTRAINER CHIROPRACTOR AND THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST.THE A TO Z OF THE HEARTISBN 978-0-9806840-6-3The heart is illustrated from all points of view as a whole organ,along with the structures of the components of the CVS, includingthe lymphatic system.Included and arranged alphabetically is the BS of all the majororgans, any special features and relationship b/n the function andthe structure.THE A TO Z OF THE BONES, JOINTS & LIGAMENTSAND THE BACKISBN 1 74138 167 5

All bones, their joints, movements, ligaments, relations, BS & NS arelisted alphabetically. Each major joint is discussed in detail - shown with& w/o their additional supportive structures. Regional listing and crossreferencing. A special section discusses the BACK, common problemswith posture, pathology, examination techniques and overall structure.GREAT FOR THE FORENSIC EXPERT, THE ANTHROPOLOGIST THEMEDICAL PRACTITIONER, ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON AND TRAINEERADIOGRAPHER AND RADIOLOGISTTHE A TO Z OF THE BONES OF THE SKULLISBN 1741381675All skull bones are listed alphabetically. The TMJ is shown in detail withrelated structures; radiology of the skull using the common clinicalplanes are shown with line drawing explanations of the features. anexamination of all cavities, joints and anthropological markers, are alsoincluded. GREAT FOR THE FORENSIC EXPERT, THE ANTHROPOLOGISTTHE MEDICAL PRACTITIONER, ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON AND TRAINEEERADIOGRAPHER AND RADIOLOGIST© Dr Amanada NeillTHE A TO Z OF THE HEAD & NECKISBN 978-0-9806840-0-1

All bones of the skull and cervical spine are illustrated individually fromseveral aspects, including teeth charts and nomenclature. The skull as awhole is demonstrated and common radiographical images explained, anexamination of all cavities, joints and anthropological markers, areincluded. All the muscles of the Head & Neck are individually listed andillustrated along with their BS & NS. Overviews of the cutaneous nerves,anastomoses of the arteries and the supf and deep venous systems ofthe region, lymphatic drainage and clinical ramifications are illustrated.Great for the ANTHROPOLOGIST/DENTIST/ARTIST/FORENSIC SCIENTIST!!THE A TO Z OF PERIPHERAL NERVESISBN 978-0-9806959-2-2All peripheral nerves, their pathways, branches, alternative names andnerve root origins, including functional deficits, likely aetiology of thetrauma and examination techniques to illicit pathology deficits. There isalso cross referencing, regions indexing and an examination guide.USEFUL IN REHABILITATION AND EXAMINATION FOR WORKERSCOMPENSATION, THIS BOOK LISTS DEFICITIS AND TESTING OF

NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION.THE A TO Z OF THE BRAINISBN 978-0-9806840-2-5The brain is illustrated as a whole organ with BS NS coverings specialfeatures and then dissected and individual structures w/in it listedalphabetically and illustrated cross referenced with their many names.The Cranial Nerves origins pathways and interactions are illustrated anda full cranial nerve clinical examination illustrated and explained. Clinicaltables of coma assessment, headache classification and other complexneurological concepts are included along with a comprehensiveneurological glossary.A TO Z POSTER INFECTIONS OF THE SKINISBN 978-0-9806959-1-5This A3 size poster examines the pyogenic bacterial infections of the skin ina new and unique way - listing the various pathological presentations ofthese infections layer by layer and their clinical ramifications. It along withother skin posters of malignancies and other skin conditions in the serieswill be incorporated into the A to Z of the skin a coming title of the A to Zs.The A to Z collection may be ordered from the Coop bookshop or directly

from Anatomy Update 0410018681 / medicalamanda@gmail.comSpecial rates for students and libraries.