a)€€€€ The diagram shows the voltage-current graphs for ...

Q1. (a) The diagram shows the voltage-current graphs for three different electrical components.

Which one of the components A, B or C could be a 3 volt filament lamp? Explain the reason for your choice.

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(b) Using the correct symbols draw a circuit diagram to show how a battery, ammeter and voltmeter can be used to find the resistance of the wire shown.

(3)

(c) When correctly connected to a 9 volt battery the wire has a current of 0.30 amperes flowing through it.

(i) Give the equation that links current, resistance and voltage.

.......................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Calculate the resistance of the wire. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

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Resistance = ......................................................... (3)

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(iii) When the wire is heated, the current goes down to 0.26 amperes. State how the resistance of the wire has changed.

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(Total 11 marks)

Q2. The pie-chart shows the average radiation dose that a person in the UK receives each year from natural background radiation.

The doses are measured in millisieverts (mSv).

(a) Some types of job increase the radiation dose a worker receives. People working as aircrew receive an increased radiation dose due to flying at high altitude.

(i) The radiation dose from which source of background radiation is increased by flying?

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(ii) The following table gives the average additional radiation dose received by aircrew flying to various destinations from London.

What is the relationship between flight time and average additional radiation dose?

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Destination Flight time in hours

Average additional radiation dose

in mSv

Edinburgh 1 0.004

Istanbul 5 0.025

Toronto 8 0.050

Los Angeles 11 0.065

Tokyo 13 0.075

(iii) A flight from London to Jamaica takes 10 hours.

Estimate the likely value for the average additional radiation dose received by people on this flight.

Average additional radiation dose = ......................... mSv

Give a reason for your answer.

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(b) The following table gives the effects of different radiation doses on the human body.

A businessman makes 10 return flights a year from London to Tokyo.

Explain whether the businessman should be concerned about the additional radiation dose received during the flights.

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Radiation dose in mSv

Effects

10 000 Immediate illness; death within a few weeks

1 000 Radiation sickness; unlikely to cause death

100 Lowest dose with evidence of causing cancer

(c) In a study of 3900 aircrew it was found that 169 had developed leukaemia, a form of cancer. In a similar sized sample of non-aircrew the number of leukaemia cases was 156.

Suggest why it would be difficult to be certain that the leukaemia developed by the aircrew was caused by flying.

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(Total 8 marks)

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Q3. (a) The diagrams represent three atoms, X, Y and Z.

Which of these atoms are isotopes of the same element?

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........................................................................................................................ (2)

(b) In a star, nuclei of atom X join to form nuclei of atom Y.

Complete the sentences.

The process by which nuclei join to form a larger nucleus is called

nuclear .................................................... .

This is the process by which a star releases ............................................... . (2)

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(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

A star goes through a lifecycle.

Describe the lifecycle of a star like the Sun.

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(Total 10 marks)

Q4. The circuit shown has four identical ammeters.

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(a) The table gives the current through two of the ammeters.

(i) Complete the table to show the current through the other two ammeters.

(2)

Ammeter Reading on ammeter in amps

A1

A2

0.2

A3

0.3

A4

(ii) Which one of the following statements is correct. Tick ( ) the box next to your choice.

The resistance of P is more than 20 Ω.

The resistance of P is equal to 20 Ω.

The resistance of P is less than 20 Ω.

Give a reason for your choice.

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(b) (i) Write down the equation that links current, potential difference and resistance.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Voltmeter reading = ……………………………. volts. (2)

(iii) State the potential difference of the power supply.

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(c) A second circuit contains an unknown component labelled X.

As component X is heated, the reading on the ammeter goes up.

What is component X?

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..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q5. A student designed the circuit below to measure temperature using a thermistor.

To calibrate the thermistor to measure temperature, the student placed the thermistor in a beaker of water at 0 °C and took the voltmeter reading. The student then heated the water slowly with a Bunsen burner. The student recorded the reading on the voltmeter every 10 °C.

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(a) (i) Before calibrating the thermistor the student completed a risk assessment.

Write down one possible hazard that the student should have written in the risk assessment and what the student should do to reduce the risk of the hazard causing an injury.

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............................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) At 0 °C the reading on the ammeter is 0.5 A.

Calculate the reading on the voltmeter at 0 °C.

Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Voltmeter reading = ..................................... V (2)

(b) Most of the readings taken by the student are displayed in the graph.

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(i) Explain why the reading on the voltmeter changes when the temperature of the water increases.

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............................................................................................................... (3)

(ii) What is the temperature interval that can be measured with this circuit?

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(iii) Once calibrated, between which temperatures would this circuit give the greatest resolution for temperature readings?

Tick ( ) one box.


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............................................................................................................... (2)

20 °C to 40 °C

40 °C to 60 °C

60 °C to 80 °C

(c) Thermistors have many practical uses, including being used as a thermometer to measure temperature.

Give one other practical use for a thermistor.

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(Total 11 marks)

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Q6. (a) The diagrams represent three atoms X, Y and Z.

X Y Z

Which two of the atoms are from the same element?

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(b) In the early part of the 20th century some scientists investigated the paths taken by positively charged alpha particles into and out of a very thin piece of gold foil. The diagram shows the paths of three alpha particles.

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Explain the different paths A, B and C of the alpha particles.

To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

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(Total 5 marks)

Q7. (a) The diagram shows a car travelling at a speed of 12 m/s along a straight road.

(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the momentum of the car.

Mass of the car = 900 kg

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Momentum = .............................. kg m/s (2)

momentum = mass × velocity

(ii) Momentum has direction.

Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the car’s momentum. (1)

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(b) The car stops at a set of traffic lights.

How much momentum does the car have when it is stopped at the traffic lights?

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(Total 5 marks)

Q8. The diagram shows the passenger train on part of a rollercoaster ride.

(a) Which arrow shows the direction of the resultant force acting on the passenger train?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.

(1)

(b) At the bottom of the slope, the passengers in the train all have the same speed but they each have a different kinetic energy.

Why is the kinetic energy of each passenger different?

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(c) For part of the ride, the maximum gravitational field strength acting on the passengers seems 3 times bigger than normal.

Normal gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg

(i) Calculate the maximum gravitational field strength that seems to act on the passengers during the ride.

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Maximum gravitational field strength = .............................. N/kg (1)

(ii) One of the passengers has a mass of 80 kg.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum weight this passenger seems to have during the ride.


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Maximum weight = .............................. N (2)

(Total 5 marks)

weight = mass × gravitational field strength

Q9. (a) The diagram shows an athlete at the start of a race. The race is along a straight track.

In the first 2 seconds, the athlete accelerates constantly and reaches a speed of 9 m/s.

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(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the acceleration of the athlete.


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Acceleration = .............................. (2)

(ii) Which one of the following is the unit for acceleration?

Draw a ring around your answer.

J/s m/s m/s2 Nm

(1)

(iii) Complete the following sentence.

The velocity of the athlete is the .................................................................... of the

athlete in a given direction. (1)

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(iv) Complete the graph to show how the velocity of the athlete changes during the first 2 seconds of the race.

(2)

(b) Many running shoes have a cushioning system. This reduces the impact force on the athlete as the heel of the running shoe hits the ground.

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The bar chart shows the maximum impact force for three different makes of running shoe used on three different types of surface.

(i) Which one of the three makes of running shoe, A, B or C, has the best cushioning system?

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Explain the reason for your answer.

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(ii) The data needed to draw the bar chart was obtained using a robotic athlete fitted with electronic sensors.

Why is this data likely to be more reliable than data obtained using human athletes?

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(Total 10 marks)

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Q10. The drawing shows the circuit used to investigate how the current through a 5 ohm (Ω) resistor changes as the potential difference (voltage) across the resistor changes.

(a) Draw, in the space below, a circuit diagram of this circuit. Use the correct symbols for each part of the circuit.

(2)

(b) (i) Write down the equation that links current, potential difference and resistance.

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(ii) Calculate the potential difference across the 5 ohm (Ω) resistor when the current through the resistor equals 0.4 A. Show clearly how you work out your final answer.

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potential difference = .............................................. volts (2)

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(iii) Complete the graph to show how the current through the resistor changes as the potential difference across the resistor increases from 0 V to 3 V. Assume the resistor stays at a constant temperature.

(2)

(c) The resistor is replaced by a 3 V filament lamp. The resistance of the lamp increases as the potential difference across it increases. Why?

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(Total 8 marks)

Q11. The diagram shows a simple type of car rear window heater. The six heating elements are exactly the same.

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Each heating element has a resistance of 5 Ω. The current passing through each element is 0.4 A.

(i) Calculate the total resistance of the six heating elements.


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Total resistance = .............................. ohms (2)

(ii) Why is the current passing through each element the same?

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(iii) What is the total current passing through the whole circuit?

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(iv) How is the 12 volt potential difference of the car battery shared between the six heating elements?

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(Total 5 marks)

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Q12. (a) The diagram shows a steel ball-bearing falling through a tube of oil. The forces, L and M, act on the ball-bearing.

What causes force L?

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(b) The distance – time graph represents the motion of the ball-bearing as it falls through the oil.

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(i) Explain, in terms of the forces, L and M, why the ball-bearing accelerates at first but then falls at constant speed.

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(ii) What name is given to the constant speed reached by the falling ball-bearing?

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(iii) Calculate the constant speed reached by the ball-bearing.

Show clearly how you use the graph to work out your answer.

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Speed = ............................................................ m/s (2)

(Total 7 marks)

Q13. (a) The diagram shows the circuit used to investigate the resistance of a material. The diagram is incomplete; the ammeter and voltmeter are missing.

(i) Draw the symbols for the ammeter and voltmeter on the diagram in the correct places.

(2)

(ii) How can the current through the material be changed?

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(b) The material, called conducting putty, is rolled into cylinders of different lengths but with equal thicknesses.

Graph 1 shows how the resistance changes with length.

Graph 1

(i) Why has the data been shown as a line graph rather than a bar chart?

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(ii) The current through a 30 cm length of conducting putty was 0.15 A.

Use Graph 1 to find the resistance of a 30 cm length of conducting putty.

Resistance = ............................................... ohms (1)

(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) and the equation in the box to calculate the potential difference across a 30 cm length of conducting putty.


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Potential difference = ............................................... volts (2)

potential difference = current × resistance

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(c) A second set of data was obtained using thicker pieces of conducting putty. Both sets of results are shown in Graph 2.

Graph 2

(i) What is the relationship between the resistance and the thickness of the conducting putty?

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(ii) Name one error that may have reduced the accuracy of the results.

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(iii) How could the reliability of the data have been improved?

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(Total 10 marks)

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M1. (a) C

award mark if A and B identified as not filament lamp 1

resistance increases negated by wrong statement e.g. current goes down

1

as the lamp gets hot accept as current (through lamp) or voltage (across lamp) increases do not accept non-ohmic reason independent of choice of component

1

(b) ammeter wire and battery only in series non standard symbols acceptable if correctly identified (labelled) for ammeter, voltmeter and battery

1

voltmeter only in parallel with wire or battery

all in series or ammeter in parallel neither of these two marks awarded

1

all symbols correct ignore lines drawn through centres of symbols

1

(c) (i) voltage = current × resistance accept V = I × R accept volts = amps × ohms do not accept V = C × R

accept

if subsequent method correct 1

(ii) 30 accept correct substitution for 1 mark (9/0.3)

2

ohms accept correct symbol Ω

1

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(iii) goes up must be a comparison accept calculation if answer is larger than c (ii)

1 [11]

M2. (a) (i) cosmic 1

(ii) longer the flight time, greater the dose accept positive correlation do not accept directly proportional

1

(iii) accept any value between 0.055 and 0.062 inclusive 1

receive higher dose than an 8 hour flight but less than an 11 hour flight

1

(b) he should not be concerned because additional dose is very small (1.5) / additional dose is only 1.5

accept 0.75 for 1.5 1

which is well below the dose that may cause cancer 1

(c) almost the same number of non-aircrew developed leukaemia / cancer

1

therefore other factors could be involved accept specific examples for either aircrew or other sample

1 [8]

M3. (a) Y and Z

both required, either order 1

same number of protons 1

(b) fusion correct order only

1

energy 1

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(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.

No relevant content. 0 marks

There is a brief description of the life cycle of a star like the sun. Level 1 (1–2 marks)

There is some description of the life cycle of a star like the sun. Level 2 (3–4 marks)

There is a clear and detailed description of the life cycle of a star like the sun.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

examples of the physics points made in the response

to score full marks either the term red giant or white dwarf must be used

• gases and dust pulled together by gravity

• nuclear fusion begins

• when forces are balanced star is stable

• expands

• cools

• becomes a red giant do not accept red supergiant

• shrinks

• temperature rises

• glows much brighter

• becomes a white dwarf any mention of supernova negates a mark any mention of black hole negates a mark individual points must be linked in a correct sequence

[10]

M4. (a) (i) A1 = 0.5

ignore any units 1

A = 0.5 allow 1 mark for A

1 = A

4 ≠ 0.5

1

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(ii) the resistance of P is more than 20 Ω 1

a smaller current goes through P / A2 (than 20 Ω)

dependent on getting 1 mark correct

accept converse 1

(b) (i) potential difference = current resistance accept pd / voltage for potential difference accept V = I R, correct symbols and correct case only accept volts = amps ohms accept

provided subsequent method is correct allow combination of physical quantities and named units allow voltage = I R

1

(ii) 6 allow 1 mark for correct substitution

2

(iii) 6 accept their (b)(ii)

1

(c) thermistor or

accept correct circuit symbol allow phonetic spelling

1

resistance goes down (as temperature of thermistor goes up) do not accept changes for goes down do not accept an answer in terms of current only answers in terms of other components are incorrect

1 [10]

M5. (a) (i) spilling boiling / hot water

accept any sensible suggestion 1

suitable precaution to reduce risk from hot water eg

clamp the probe / complete the experiment standing accept any sensible answer but must be linked to the named risk

1

st

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(ii) 3 (V) allow 1 mark for substitution into correct equation ie 0.5 × 6

2

(b) (i) resistance of thermistor decreases 1

therefore the current in the circuit increases 1

causing a bigger share of the p.d. across 6 Ω resistor 1

(ii) 0 – 100 (°C) accept 10° – 100°C

1

(iii) 20°C to 40 °C

1

because a small temperature change gives a bigger voltmeter reading change

1

(c) thermostat accept a correct description of a use

1 [11]

M6. (a) Y and Z 1

they have the same number of protons or same atomic number

accept they have the same number of electrons or same number of protons and electrons allow only different in number of neutrons N.B. independent marks

1

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(b) Quality of written communication

for correct use of terms underlined in B or C Q Q

1

A – alpha particle passes straight through the empty space of the atom or it is a long way from the nucleus

describes 3 tracks correctly for 2 marks describes 2 or 1 track correctly for 1 mark

B – alpha particle deflected / repelled / repulsed by the (positive) nucleus

C – alpha particle heading straight for the nucleus is deflected / repelled / repulsed backwards

do not accept hits the nucleus do not accept answers referring to refraction do not accept answers in terms of reflected backwards unless qualified in terms of repulsion mention of difference in charge on nucleus negates that track

max 2 [5]

M7. (a) (i) 10800

allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e. 900 × 12 2

(ii) arrow pointing towards the left allow anywhere on the diagram or at bottom of the page

1

(b) zero accept 0 / none / nothing

1

velocity is zero accept speed for velocity accept stopped / not moving accept a calculation i.e. 900 × 0 = 0

1 [5]

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M8. (a) correct box ticked

1

(b) each passenger has a different mass accept weight for mass ignore other irrelevant factors about the person e.g. mass and height do not accept a list with incorrect factors e.g. mass and position accept passengers started with different (gravitational) potential energy

1

(c) (i) 30 ignore added units

1

(ii) 2400 accept their (c)(i) × 80 correctly calculated for both marks allow 1 mark for correct substitution of their (c)(i) and 80 an answer of 800 gains 1 mark only if answer to (c)(i) is not 10

2 [5]

M9. (a) (i) 4.5

allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e. 9 ÷ 2 2

(ii) m/s2

accept answer given in (a)(i) if not contradicted here 1

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(iii) speed 1

(iv) straight line from the origin passing through (2s, 9m/s) allow 1 mark for straight line from the origin passing through to t = 2 seconds allow 1 mark for an attempt to draw a straight line from the origin passing through (2,9) allow 1 mark for a minimum of 3 points plotted with no line provided if joined up would give correct answer. Points must include(0,0) and (2,9)

2

(b) (i) B

if A or C given scores 0 marks in total 1

smallest (impact) force 1

on all/ every/ any surfaces these marks are awarded for comparative answers

1

(ii) (conditions) can be repeated

or

difficult to measure forces with human athletes accept answers in terms of variations in human athletes e.g. athletes may have different weights area / size of feet may be different difficult to measure forces athletes run at different speeds accept any answer that states or implies that with humans the conditions needed to repeat tests may not be constant e.g. athletes unable to maintain constant speed during tests (or during repeat tests) do not accept the robots are more accurate removes human error is insufficient fair test is insufficient

1 [10]

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M10. (a) all symbols correct

accept push switch symbol switch may be open or closed any lines through symbols = 0 marks

1

correct circuit drawn polarity of cells not relevant provided they are joined correctly

1

voltmeter must be across resistor only two cells are required in the diagram ignore the order of the components allow small gaps in circuit omission of any component = 0 marks

1

(b) (i) potential difference = current × resistance accept voltage or p.d. for potential difference accept V= I × R

accept provided I R subsequent use correct

do not accept C for current

1

(ii) 2 allow 1 mark for correct substitution wrong working loses both marks

2

(iii) straight line drawn through the origin judge by eye

straight line passes through I = 0.4, V = their (b)(ii) / 2 and 0.0

this mark may be awarded if all points shown including these points are correct even if no line is drawn N.B. a curve scores 0 marks

1

(c) temperature increases accept filament lamp / it gets hotter allow heat for temperature

1 [8]

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M11. (i) 30

allow 1 mark for showing correct method i.e. 5 × 6 or 12 ÷ 0.4 2

(ii) connected in series insufficient they are not connected in parallel

1

(iii) 0.4 1

(iv) equally/ evenly the same is insufficient allow credit for candidates that correctly mention pd across the connecting wires accept (nearly) 2 V (each)

1 [5]

M12. (a) gravity

accept weight do not accept mass accept gravitational pull

1

(b) (i) Initially force L greater than force M accept there is a resultant force downwards

1

(as speed increases) force M increases accept the resultant force decreases

1

when M = L, (speed is constant) accept resultant force is 0 accept gravity/weighty for L accept drag/ upthrust/resistance/friction for M do not accept air resistance for M but penalise only once

1

(ii) terminal velocity 1

(iii) 0.15 accept an answer between 0.14 – 0.16 an answer of 0.1 gains no credit allow 1 mark for showing correct use of the graph

2 [7]

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M13. (a) (i) ammeter symbol correct and drawn in series

accept do not accept lower case a

1

voltmeter symbol correct and drawn in parallel with the material

do not accept 1

(ii) adjust / use the variable resistor accept change the resistance

or change the number of cells

accept battery for cell accept change the p.d / accept change the voltage accept increase / decrease for change

1

(b) (i) data is continuous (variable) 1

(ii) 36 (Ω) correct answer only

1

(iii) 5.4 or their (b)(ii) × 0.15 allow 1 mark for correct substitution

2

(c) (i) the thicker the putty the lower the resistance answer must be comparative accept the converse

1

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(ii) any one from:

• measuring length incorrectly accept may be different length

• measuring current incorrectly do not accept different currents

• measuring voltage incorrectly do not accept different voltage

• ammeter / voltmeter incorrectly calibrated

• thickness of putty not uniform

• meter has a zero error accept any sensible source of error eg putty at different temperatures do not accept human error without an explanation do not accept pieces of putty not the same unless qualified do not accept amount of putty not same do not accept systematic / random error

1

(iii) repeat readings accept check results again accept do experiment again accept do it again accept compare own results with other groups do not accept take more readings

1 [10]

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a)€€€€ The diagram shows the voltage-current graphs for ...

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