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CONTENTS

● Previous Year's Solved PaperUnit 1 : Basic Concepts in Chemistry……………………………………………………………… 3–12

Unit 2 : Gaseous State……………………………………………………………….……………… 13–27

Unit 3 : Atomic Structure…………………………………………………………………………… 28–51

Unit 4 : Solution………………………………………………………………………………..…… 52–69

Unit 5 : Chemical Energetics and Thermodynamics……………………………………..………… 70–85

Unit 6 : Chemical Equilibrium……………………………………………………………………… 86–121

Unit 7 : Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry…………………………………………………… 122–146

Unit 8 : Rates of Chemical Reactions and Chemical Kinetics……………………………………… 147–162

Unit 9 : Surface Chemistry : Calloidal State …………………………………….………………… 163–180

Unit 10 : Chemical Families : Periodic Properties …………………………………………...……… 181–199

Unit 11 : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure………………………………….…………… 200–223

Unit 12 : Principles and Processes of Extraction of Elements…………………………..…………… 224–235

Unit 13 : s and p-Block Elements……………………………………………………….…………… 236–291

Unit 14 : d-and f-Block (The Transition and Inner Transition Elements)…………………………… 292–311

Unit 15 : Co-ordination Chemistry and Organometallics…………………………….……………… 312–330

Unit 16 : Nuclear Chemistry…………………………………………………….…………………… 331–348

Unit 17 : Analysis, Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds……………………… 349–376

Unit 18 : General Organic Chemistry…………………………………………………...…………… 377–414

Unit 19 : Aliphatic Hydrocarbons……………………………………………………….…………… 415–446

Unit 20 : Aromatic Compounds……………………………………………………………………… 447–460

Unit 21 : Halogen Derivatives…………………………………………………..…………………… 461–474

Unit 22 : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers……………………………………………………………… 475–497

Unit 23 : Aldehydes and Ketones………………………………………………………….………… 498–513

Unit 24 : Acids and Acid Derivatives…………………………………………………………..…… 514–530

Unit 25 : Nitrogen Containing Organic Compounds …………………………………...…………… 531–546

Unit 26 : Polymers, Biomolecules and Chemistry in Action………………………………………… 547–562

Unit 27 : Solid State…………………………………………………………………..……………… 563–576

Unit 28 (I) : Aliphatic Conversions (Organic Chemistry)………………………………….…………… 577–585

Unit 28 (II) : Aromatic Conversions (Organic Chemistry)…………………………….………………… 586–596

Unit 29 (I) : Important Name Reactions………………………………………………………………… 597–610

Unit 29 (II) : Important Name Reactions………………………………………………………………… 611–624

SYLLABUS

SECTION : A

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT-1

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory;Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound;Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry,precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units,dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination;Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass,percentage composition, empirical and molecularformulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT-2

STATES OF MATTER

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseousstates.

Gaseous State :

Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws—Boyle'slaw, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro'slaw, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolutescale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory ofgases (only postulates); Concept of average, root meansquare and most probable velocities; Real gases,deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor,Vander Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, criticalconstants.

Liquid State :Properties of liquids—vapour pressure, viscosity and

surface tension and effect of temperature on them(qualitative treatment only).

Solid State :Classification of solids : molecular, ionic, covalent

and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications, Unitcell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcplattices), voids, calculations involving unit cellparameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magneticand dielectric properties.

UNIT-3

ATOMIC STRUCTUREDiscovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton

and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic modelsand their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation,

photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohrmodel of hydrogen atom—its postulates, derivation of therelations for energy of the electron and radii of thedifferent orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual natureof matter, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberguncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantummechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, itsimportant features, ψ and ψ2, concept of atomic orbitalsas one electron wave functions; Variation of ψ and ψ2with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers(principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantumnumbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules forfilling electrons in orbitals - aufbau principle, Pauli'sexclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronicconfiguration of elements, extra stability of half-filledand completely filled orbitals.

UNIT-4

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULARSTRUCTURE

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bondformation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding : Formation of ionic bonds, factorsaffecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation oflattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding : Concept of electronegativity,Fajan's rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron PairRepulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simplemolecules.

Quantum mechanical approach to covalentbonding : Valence bond theory—Its important features,concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals;Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory : Its important features,LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding,antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbitalelectronic configurations of homonuclear diatomicmolecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bondenergy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogenbonding and its applications.

UNIT-5

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics : System andsurroundings, extensive and intensive properties, statefunctions, types of processes.

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First law of thermodynamics : Concept of work,heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molarheat capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation;Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation,atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration,ionization and solution.

Second law of thermodynamics : Spontaneity ofprocesses; DS of the universe and DG of the system ascriteria for spontaneity, DG° (Standard Gibbs energychange) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT-6

SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing concentration ofsolution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage(by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutionsand Raoult's Law—Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapourpressure —composition plots for ideal and non-idealsolutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions—relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression offreezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmoticpressure; Determination of molecular mass usingcolligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass,van't Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT-7

EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamicequilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes : Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, Henry's law,general characteristics of equilibrium involving physicalprocesses.

Equilibria involving chemical processes : Law ofchemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc)and their significance, significance of DG and DG° inchemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibriumconcentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst;Le Chatelier's principle.

Ionic equilibrium : Weak and strong electrolytes,ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids andbases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and theirionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistageionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water,pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pHof their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts andsolubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT-8

REDOX REACTIONS ANDELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction,redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigningoxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance inelectrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivitiesand their variation with concentration : Kohlrausch's lawand its applications.

Electrochemical cells : Electrolytic and Galvaniccells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentialsincluding standard electrode potential, half - cell and cellreactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement;Nernst equation and its applications; Relationshipbetween cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; Dry celland lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and itsprevention.

UNIT-9

CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rateof reactions concentration, temperature, pressure andcatalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order andmolecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and itsunits, differential and integral forms of zero and firstorder reactions, their characteristics and half - lives,effect of temperature on rate of reactions—Arrheniustheory, activation energy and its calculation, collisiontheory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT-10

SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption : Physisorption and chemisorption andtheir characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gaseson solids—Freundlich and Langmuir adsorptionisotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous,activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzymecatalysis and its mechanism.

Colloidal state : distinction among true solutions,colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids—lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecularand associated colloids (micelles), preparation andproperties of colloids—Tyndall effect, Brownianmovement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation andflocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

SECTION : BINORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT-11

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS ANDPERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modern periodic law and present form of theperiodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodictrends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii,ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT-12

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OFISOLATION OF METALS

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals,ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals—concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic

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methods) and refining with special reference to theextraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic andelectrochemical principles involved in the extraction ofmetals.

UNIT-13

HYDROGEN

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes,preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; physicaland chemical properties of water and heavy water;Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogenperoxide; Classification of hydrides—ionic, covalent andinterstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT-14

S-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI ANDALKALINE EARTH METALS)

Group-1 and 2 Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration andgeneral trends in physical and chemical properties ofelements, anomalous properties of the first element ofeach group, diagonal relationships.

Preparation and properties of some importantcompounds —sodium carbonate, sodium chloride,sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate;Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris andcement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

UNIT-15

P - BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction : Electronic configuration andgeneral trends in physical and chemical properties ofelements across the periods and down the groups; uniquebehaviour of the first element in each group.

Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group - 13

Preparation, properties and uses of boron andaluminium; structure, properties and uses of borax, boricacid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride andalums.

Group - 14

Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties anduses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicontetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.

Group - 15

Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus;Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties,structure and uses of ammonia nitric acid, phosphine andphosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxidesand oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Group - 16

Preparation, properties, structures and uses ofdioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur;Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur

dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrialpreparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.

Group - 17

Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine andhydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature ofhydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compoundsand oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Group -18

Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures offluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT-16

d - and f - BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration,occurrence and characteristics, general trends inproperties of the first row transition elements—physicalproperties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomicradii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties,complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloyformation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7

and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids : Electronic configuration, oxidationstates, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids : Electronic configuration and oxidationstates.

UNIT-17

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner'stheory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity,chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding Valencebond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory,colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extractionof metals and in biological systems).

UNIT-18

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental pollution : Atmospheric, water andsoil.

Atmospheric pollution : Tropospheric andstratospheric.

Tropospheric pollutants : Gaseous pollutants :Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons;their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain.

Particulate pollutants : Smoke, dust, smog, fumes,mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.

Stratospheric pollution : Formation and breakdownof ozone, depletion of ozone layer—its mechanism andeffects.

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Water pollution : Major pollutants such as,pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; theirharmful effects and prevention.

Soil pollution : Major pollutants such as : Pesticides(insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmfuleffects and prevention.

Strategies to control environmental pollution.

SECTION : CORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT-19

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OFORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Purification : Crystallization, sublimation,distillation, differential extraction and chromatography—principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis : Detection of nitrogen,sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) :Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens,sulphur, phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecularformulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitativeanalysis.

UNIT-20

SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANICCHEMISTRY

Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simplemolecules— hybridization (s and p); Classification oforganic compounds based on functional groups : — C =C — , — C ≡ C — and those containing halogens,oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, Homologous series;Isomerism—structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission : Homolytic and heterolytic :free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability ofcarbocations and free radicals, electrophiles andnucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond :Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance andhyperconjugation.

Common types of organic reactions : Substitution,addition, elimination and rearrangement.

UNIT-21

HYDROCARBONS

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature,general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes : Conformations : Sawhorse and Newmanprojections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation ofalkanes.

Alkenes : Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism ofelectrophilic addition : addition of hydrogen, halogens,water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxideeffect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.

Alkynes : acidic character; addition of hydrogen,halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons : Nomenclature, benzene -structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilicsubstitution : halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft'salkylation and acylation, directive influence of functionalgroup in mono-substituted benzene.

UNIT-22

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAININGHALOGENS

General methods of preparation, properties andreactions; Nature of C—X bond; Mechanisms ofsubstitution reactions.

Uses; environmental effects of chloroform,iodoform, freons and DDT.

UNIT-23

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactionsand uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Alcohols : Identification of primary, secondary andtertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols : Acidic nature, electrophilic substitutionreactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation,Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

Ethers : Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones : Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivitiesof aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as—Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3

and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation;reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction,Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish betweenAldehydes and Ketones.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT-24

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAININGNITROGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactionsand uses.

Amines : Nomenclature, classification, structure,basic character and identification of primary, secondaryand tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts : Importance in synthetic organicchemistry.

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UNIT-25

POLYMERS

General introduction and classification of polymers,general methods of polymerization—addition andcondensation, copolymerization; Natural and syntheticrubber and vulcanization; some important polymers withemphasis on their monomers and uses—polythene, nylon,polyester and bakelite.

UNIT-26

BIOMOLECULES

General introduction and importance ofbiomolecules.

Carbohydrates : Classification : aldoses andketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides(sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch,cellulose, glycogen).

Proteins : Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptidebond, polypeptides; Proteins : primary, secondary,tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Vitamins : Classification and functions.

Nucleic acids : Chemical constitution of DNA andRNA.

Biological functions of Nucleic acids.

UNIT-27

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Chemicals in medicines : Analgesics, tranquilizers,antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertilitydrugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins—their meaningand common examples.

Chemicals in food : Preservatives, artificialsweetening agents—common examples.

Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents, cleansingaction.

UNIT-28

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICALCHEMISTRY

* Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) inorganic compounds; Detection of the followingfunctional groups : hydroxyl (alcoholic andphenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyland amino groups in organic compounds.

* Chemistry involved in the preparation of thefollowing :

Inorganic compounds : Mohr's salt, potash alum.

Organic compounds : Acetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide,aniline yellow, iodoform.

* Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises—Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid VsKMnO4, Mohr's salt Vs KMnO4.

* Chemical principles involved in the qualitative saltanalysis :

Cations—Pb2+ , Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+,Ba2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+.

Anions—CO32–, S2–, SO4

2–, NO2– , NO3– , Cl– , Br, I.

(Insoluble salts excluded).

* Chemical principles involved in the followingexperiments :

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid andstrong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion withhydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

ChemistryAll India Engineering Entrance Exam.

Solved Paper(Based on Memory)

CBSE All India Engineering EntranceExam. Chemistry B.E./B.Tech.

Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : 9788174828934 Author : A Team ofExperts

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