Kidney, Kidney-Pancreas, Pancreas, Islet Cell Transplant Brochure
A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's...
Transcript of A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's...
![Page 1: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
A Tale of the Pancreas Tail
Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III
Gillian Lieberman, M.D.
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
![Page 2: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Patient G.B.• 60M with a hx of severe COPD and a
recently discovered 5x5cm right renal cell carcinoma
• An abdominal CT study was performed to plan for a nephrectomy, and a 2x2cm mass was discovered incidentally on the tail of the pancreas.
![Page 3: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Patient G.B.
HH BBTT
SMV
Splenic vein
SpleenDuodenum
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D., BIDMC
![Page 4: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Patient G.B.--Abdominal CT
2 cm pancreatic lesion
5 cm RCC
Transaxial abdominal C+
CT
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D., BIDMC
![Page 5: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid Pancreatic LesionCommon• Adenocarcinoma• Focal PancreatitisUncommon• Spenule• Hemangioma• Islet Cell Tumor• Metastases (esp. from kidney, breast stomach,
lung, gallbladder, melanoma)• Lymphoma• Lipoma• Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm• Many more…
![Page 6: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
• The most common and concerning lesion on the differential is pancreatic adenocarcinoma
• In this instance, however, we can effectively rule out pancreatic adenocarcinoma since these lesions tend to be hypoenhancing on C+ abdominal CT
![Page 7: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Companion Patient: Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas
Image courtesy of Dr. Hines-Peralta, BIDMC
Transaxial abdominal C+
CT
Hypoenhancing mass in the head of the pancreas
![Page 8: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Our patient G.B.: Abdominal CT
Homogeneously hyperenhancingpancreatic lesion
Transaxial abdominal C+
CT
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D., BIDMC
![Page 9: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid, Hyperenhancing Pancreatic Lesion on CT
• Metastases (esp. from kidney, breast stomach, lung, gallbladder, melanoma)
• Islet Cell Tumor• Hemangioma• Spenule
![Page 10: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid, Hyperenhancing Pancreatic Lesion on CT
• Metastases from RCC• Islet Cell Tumor• Hemangioma• Spenule
![Page 11: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
A RCC Met is less likely
• Pancreatic mets are rare, and usually come from cancers in adjacent organs (kidney, stomach, GB)
• Mets usually enhance in a pattern similar to the parent tumor, but you cannot make a diagnosis based on this trait alone
• Note that the renal lesion enhances very differently from the pancreatic lesion
![Page 12: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
The Pancreatic Lesion Enhances Differently than the Renal Mass
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D., BIDMC
Homogeneously enhancingpancreatic lesion
Heterogeneously enhancing RCC
Transaxial abdominal C+
CT
![Page 13: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid, Hyperenhancing Pancreatic Lesion on CT
• Metastases from RCC• Islet Cell Tumor-the most likely culprit• Hemangioma• Spenule
![Page 14: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Islets of Langerhans Contain the Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas
Islet immunostained for insulinImage courtesy of Dr. Susan Bonner- Weir
![Page 15: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
β-cellα-cellδ-cellPP-cellε-cell
Islet Cell Tumors can Produce Clinical Syndromes Related to the Hormones they Secrete
GastrinomaGastrinomaGlucagonomaGlucagonomaVIPomaVIPoma
Islet
InsulinomaInsulinoma
SomatostatinomaSomatostatinomaPPomaPPoma
![Page 16: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Clinical Characteristics of Islet Cell Tumors
• Only 50% of islet cell tumors are produce symptoms related to hormone overproduction
• Non-hyperfunctional islet cell tumors (as with G.B.) tend to produce symptoms from mass effects and have the greatest potential for metastasizing.
• Islet cell tumors are difficult to manage once they metastasize.
![Page 17: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Islets are Highly Vascularized Structures
Bonner-Weir and Orci, Diabetes 1982Corrosion cast of islet
microvasculature
![Page 18: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Radiologic Features of Islet Cell Tumors• Islet tumors are hyperenhancing on CT
(usually on both arterial and portal-venous phases) due to increased vascular supply related to their endocrine function
• Most sensitive radiologic modality for detecting islet cell tumors is abdominal CT +/- contrast, and is the gold standard.
• In patients that cannot tolerate contrast, MR has been shown to have similar sensitivity to contrast-enhanced CT.
![Page 19: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid, Hyperenhancing Pancreatic Lesion on CT
• Metastases from RCC• Islet Cell Tumor• Hemangioma• Spenule
While an islet cell tumor is the most likely diagnosis in this instance, we need to rule out possible benign lesions, since this will drastically change the treatment plan.
![Page 20: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
What about a hemangioma?
• Very rare, seen predominantly in kids, or in association with inherited disorders (von-Hippel-Lindau).
• Could be distinguished with endoscopic ultrasound (would be hyperechoic).
• Pt did not want a biopsy performed, especially if the procedure was going to be invasive and the diangosis rare.
![Page 21: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
ΔDx of a Solid, Hyperenhancing Pancreatic Lesion on CT
• Renal Cell Metastases• Islet Cell Tumor• Hemangioma• Spenule
![Page 22: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Image courtesy of Karen Lee, M.D.
A Typical Accessory Spleen
LobulatedLobulated, surrounded by fat, surrounded by fatTransaxial
abdominal C+ CT
![Page 23: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Intrapancreatic Spenule• An intrapancreatic spenule is a rare, but
hypothetically possible “fake out.”
• Anatomically: A large post-mortem study found that the tail of the pancreas was the 2nd most common site of ectopic splenic tissue.
• Physiologically: Would mimic an islet tumor since splenic tissue is relatively vascular.
![Page 24: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D., BIDMC
Transaxial abdominal C+
CT
Our patient G.B.: Abdominal CT
Hyperenhancing to the pancreas, isoenhancing
to the spleen
![Page 25: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
I know what some of you may be thinking…
From: http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~kantner/zebras/pictures.html
![Page 26: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Spleen Scintigraphy (99mTc-labeled Heat Damaged RBCs)
Pt’s RBCs
Tin
99mTc
T TTT
T 49°C
T TT
T
TT
Inject back into patient, and labeled RBCs selectively retained by reticuloendothelial
system of spleen.
![Page 27: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Patient Course• The possibility of an intrapancreatic
spenule was explored because it is the most benign condition on the differential.
• The radiologic study to identify an intrapancreatic spenule is also the least invasive.
![Page 28: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Image courtesy of Charles Vollmer, M.D.
![Page 29: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
A Case Where Spleen Scintigraphy was Not Performed
Pancreas
Spleen
Gastroenterology 2006; 131 (2): 350
![Page 30: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Intrapancreatic Spenule• Only five case reports of an
intrapancreatic spleen mimicking a neuroendocrine tumor.
• It is rare for an intrapancreatic spenule to be large enough to mimic a non- functioning islet cell tumor.
• This rare, but interesting, “fake out” will probably rise in the future as the use of contrast-enhanced CT increases.
![Page 31: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Patient Course• G.B. needed no further work-up for his
pancreatic lesion
• Pt decided to pursue RF ablation therapy for his RCC and is doing well.
![Page 32: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Summary/Conclusions•Islet cell tumors can be differentiated from other solid pancreatic tumors by their tendency to be hyperenhancing on CT
•The differential diagnosis of hyperenhancing lesions must be tailored to each patient
•Understanding the radiologic features of pancreatic masses are essential for correctly diagnosing, localizing, and treating these lesions.
![Page 33: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
Acknowledgments• Charles Vollmer, M.D.• Andrew Hines-Peralta, M.D.• Kevin Donohoe, M.D.• Karen Lee, M.D.• Susan Bonner-Weir, M.D.• Vitaly Poylin, M.D.• Pamela Lepkowski• Gillian Lieberman, M.D.• Larry Barbaras, Webmaster
![Page 34: A Tale of the Pancreas Tail - Lieberman's eRadiologyeradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/gastro/Taniguchi.pdf · A Tale of the Pancreas Tail Cullen Taniguchi, HMS III Gillian](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022102/5bb77fee09d3f2f7768dae80/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cullen Taniguchi, HMSIIIGillian Lieberman, MD
November 2006
References• Buetow PC, Parrino TV, Buck JL, et al. “Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas: Pathologic-
Imaging Correlation Among Size, Necrosis and Cysts, Calcification, malignant behavior and Functional Status.” Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:1175-1179.
• Buetow PC, Miller DL, Parrino TV, Buck JL. “ Islet Cell tumors of the Pancreas: Clinical, Radiologic, and Patholgic Correlation in Diagnosis and Localization.” Radiographics 1997; 17:453-472.
• Davidoff S, Fernandes A, Sideridis K, et al. “Clinical challenges and images in GI. Intrapancreatic accessory spleen mimicking nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumor.” Gastroenterology 2006; 131 (2): 350.
• England RJ, Woodley H, Cullinane C, et al. “Pediatric Pancreatic hemangioma: A Case report and literature review.” Journal of Pancreas 2006; 7(5):496-501.
• Fidler JL, Fletcher JG, Reading CC, et al. ‘Peroperative detection of pancreatic insulinomas on multiphasic helical CT” Am J Roentgenol 2003;181:775-780.
• Goldfinger, SE. “Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors (islet cell tumors)” UpToDate Online 14.3
• Gouya H, Vignaux O, Augui J, et al. “CT, Endoscopic Sonography, and a combined protocol for Preoperative Evaluation of Pancreatic Insulinomas.” Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181:987-992.
• Horton KM, Hruban RH, Yeo C, Fishman EK. “Multi-detector Row CT of Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors” Radiographics 2006; 26:453-464.