A Systems Analysis and Design Reader

8/14/2019 A Systems Analysis and Design Reader

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2 COMPUTERSYSTEMSANALYSIS

For

Mommy,Daddy,Kuya,Popet

FincFamilia

BlockO1SandDF1

&

Dboys07


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ASYSTEMSANALYSISANDDESIGNREADER 3

PrefaceGoingthroughthissubjectwasohsohard.Toomuchpapers,toomuchcasestudies,toomuchusecasenarratives,toomuchbookreviews!Iwasbeginningtogetsickofit.UntilthedayIrealizedthatthesewereallworthit.Ididntexactlysawthelightorgotinspiredorwhatevercheesythingtothinkabout,butIpredictedwhatwasgoingtohappenifIdidntdothesetimewasting,energydrainingdeeds.Well,mostprobably,Iwouldhaveahardtimedesigningproposals,implementingalgorithms,andcontinueontherestofthecycle(whichisneverending).Imean,AnalysisofComputerSystemsisthebasicofall,andweallknow,evenchildrenknowwhatisbasic,istheeasiestofall.Butinreality,Analysisisntthatextracurricularactivityyoucomeattheendoftheday,northatorganizationyouneedtospendtimewithuntilyougraduateandgetaloyaltyaward.Itwasaboutcompetence.Fundamentalsareessentialinallaspectsofthesubject,especiallyinmajorones.Evenifyoupassthesubject,youllneversurvivethenextintheflowchartbecauseyoudonthavetheprerequisiteofhavingtherequiredknowledgeofthatsubjectthatwillbetaken.Mylifethistermcrashesbecauseoftoomuchpaperwork.Nothavingtoattendreunionsofhighschoolcliques,computervideogamingdays,andthelike,justbecauseofadumboldpaperwork.Oneinstance,afterabout9or10weeksofconstantbloodypaperwork,ourprofessordecidestoletusattendtheseminarthatsamenight.Whatthespeakeraskedustodowastoreadanarticleandjotdownallsignificantdetails.Allofusweresurprisedthatwehaveimprovedalotinreadinginananalyticalmanner,andidentifyingsignificantdataforwhatwasexpectedforustoaccomplish.

Basic analytical skills weredeveloped in our analysisclass. In my opinion,our professordidntwantus toknowthatwe areunconsciouslydeveloping analyticalskillswhiledoingour paperwork, and until now, he doesnt mention a thing. All in all, I have seen myimprovements,evenifmyexpectationswerenotevenmetbutsurpassed.


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TableofContents

UnitOne:BOOKREVIEWS..................................................................................................... 6InformationasKeyResource........................................................................................................7ManagementInformationSystems .............................................................................................7SoftwareEngineeringMethodologies ........................................................................................8ClassesandObjects...........................................................................................................................9Object-OrientedSystemsAnalysis ........................................................................................... 10Model-drivenAnalysis.................................................................................................................. 11InformationSystemsManagement .......................................................................................... 13OperatingSystems ......................................................................................................................... 14ITManagersRoles......................................................................................................................... 14StrategicInformationSystems .................................................................................................. 16PrototypingasEvaluation ........................................................................................................... 16

UnitTwo:CASESTUDIES.....................................................................................................18PayPal(MaxLevchin) ................................................................................................................... 19Hotmail(SabeerBhatia) .............................................................................................................. 19

AppleComputers(SteveWozniak) .......................................................................................... 20Excite(JoeKraus)........................................................................................................................... 20SoftwareArts(DanBricklin)...................................................................................................... 20Lotus1-2-3(MitchellKapor)...................................................................................................... 21GrooveNetworks(RayOzzie) .................................................................................................... 21Blogger.com(EvanWilliams)..................................................................................................... 22Yahoo(TimBrady) ........................................................................................................................ 22ResearchinMotion(MikeLazaridis) ...................................................................................... 23Marimba(ArthurvanHoff)......................................................................................................... 23

Gmail(PaulBuchheit) .................................................................................................................. 23WebTV(StevePerlman) .............................................................................................................. 24TiVo(MikeRamsay) ...................................................................................................................... 24del.icio.us(JoshuaSchachter).................................................................................................... 25ONElistandBlogLines(MarkFletcher) .................................................................................. 26ViaWeb(PaulGraham)................................................................................................................. 27craigslist(CraigNewmark)......................................................................................................... 27Flickr(CaterinaFake)................................................................................................................... 28WAIS,InternetArchiveandAlexaInternet(BrewsterKahle)........................................ 29

AdobeSystems(CharlesGeschke) ........................................................................................... 29OpenSystemsandHummerWinblad(AnnWinblad) ....................................................... 3037Signals(DavidHeinemeierHansson)................................................................................ 30

ArsDigita(PhilipGreenspun) .................................................................................................... 31FogCreek(JoelSpolsky) .............................................................................................................. 32TripAdvisor(StephenKaufer) .................................................................................................. 32HotorNot(JamesHong).............................................................................................................. 33Tickle(JamesCurrier).................................................................................................................. 33Firefox(BlakeRoss) ...................................................................................................................... 34SixApart(MenaTrott) ................................................................................................................. 34Lycos(BobDavis)........................................................................................................................... 35


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AlliantComputerSystemandshareholder.com(RonGruner) ...................................... 35

UnitThree:USECASENARRATIVES ................................................................................36Enrollingfornextterm ................................................................................................................ 37ClaimingaBarangayClearance ................................................................................................. 39DepositMoneyforE-purse ......................................................................................................... 41

ApplyingforaCivilServiceExam ............................................................................................. 43ApplyingforaStudentsPermit ................................................................................................ 44GettingaTIN .................................................................................................................................... 46

ApplyingforaSmartMoneycard .............................................................................................. 47AddingaPositioninlinkedin.com ........................................................................................... 49Updateamessageontwitter.com............................................................................................. 50

Appendix1:Activities..........................................................................................................52

Appendix2:Thesis ...............................................................................................................53

Thesis Ch1: Organizing for Improvement .........................................................54COMPANYBACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 54

STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM ...................................................................................... 54OBJECTIVESOFTHESYSTEM ......................................................................................... 54SIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY ........................................................................................ 55SCOPEANDLIMITATION ................................................................................................... 55

Thesis Ch2: Systems Analysis ..............................................................................57USECASEDIAGRAMS ........................................................................................................ 57ProcessWalkthrough .......................................................................................................... 57UseCaseNarrativesandActivityDiagramsofGeometricShoeManufacturing

ExistingAccountingSystem .............................................................................................. 59FillsupJOT............................................................................................................................................59ChecksandRecordsFinishedTasks ..........................................................................................60ComputesWeeklySalary................................................................................................................63ConfirmationofSalaryReception...............................................................................................64ProcessTimeversusCycleTime.................................................................................................66

Thesis Ch3: Systems Design..................................................................................68TABLEOFRECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 68USECASEDIAGRAMSOFPROPOSEDSYSTEM ........................................................ 68UseCaseNarrativesandActivityDiagramsofGeometricShoeManufacturing

ProposedAccountingSystem ........................................................................................... 69PostsJobOrders ................................................................................................................................. 69ChecksFinishedTasks.....................................................................................................................70DistributesandConfirmsSalary ................................................................................................. 72

BENCHMARKING................................................................................................................. 73

STREAMLINING .................................................................................................................... 74

Appendix3:References ......................................................................................................74


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UNIT ONE

BOOKREVIEWS

"We read about 1,000 times more than we write."

- Xerox PARC


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InformationasKeyResource

Quote: Organizationshavelongrecognizedtheimportanceofmanagingkey

resources such as labor and raw materials. Information has now

moved to its rightful place as a key resource. Decision makers nowunderstand that information is not just a byproduct of conductingbusiness; rather, it fuels business and can be the critical factor indeterminingthesuccessorfailureofabusiness.KendallandKendall

Review: In the corporate world, managing key resources, for example labor

and raw materials is essential because it holds the future of thebusiness.Withthesekeyresourcesmanaged,theorganizationwouldhaveordertoavoidanydifficultiesanddelay.Itisimportantthatitismanagedcarefullyandcorrectly,becauseeverysystemor subsystemisdependenttoeachother.Onemistakewouldbringdisordertothe

wholebusinessplan,anditwillbedifficulttobemaintained. Now,informationisakeyresourcethatcanbeeasilymanaged,butto

maximizeitspotentialstohaveaworkingsystem,everyaspectunderit should be closely taken care of. As most users do not know,information isall around us, but significantly it isnot free.Buildingstrategies for positioning a business competition is a very delicateplan and should not be taken for granted. Now, we are networkingthroughthe use oftheInternetandthe WorldWide Web tomake iteasy for us to transfer back and forth, delicate information forbusinessuses.

Informationisnowanimportantaspect forthemanagementtomake

iteasyforthemtouseessentialprocesses.Before,informationis justusedtocreateforms,paperworkandwordprocessing,nowitbooststheaccuracyandspeedofbusinesssystems.Forexampleisthecashregister.Theprocessofgettingalotofinformationfromtheproducttobeboughttakesalotoftime.Bytheuseofthesystemsoftwareforthisbusinesssector,themanualbasedinformationsystemcaneasilybeobtainedbytheuseofthebarcode.

ManagementInformationSystems

Quote: Management Information Systems (MIS) would be in short to

mediumterm forecasting and budgeting and in inventory control,while DecisionSupportSystems(DSS) would be inanalysisof sales,pricing and costing and in the scheduling of production. GrahamCurtis

Chapter1:InformationSystems


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Review: I have found out that information computerbased systems are

extremely useful and vital for managing a companys simultaneousoperations. Through the use of cuttingedge technology, applicationsoftware would bring ease, precision and accuracy to all data and

informationcarefullyflowinginthesystem.These aids for supporting business information systems leadcompaniestosuccessbecauseofforeseeingeventsthatwouldlikelybehelpfulor bringnuisance.Anotherisbecausetheelementoftime,which is essential to management. It would help the organizationscheduletheiractivitieswithouthassle.In short, Information Systems have top capabilities in terms ofBusinessfunctions,becauseitlightenstheloadofmanagersforquickdecisionmaking to all interrelated subsystems. Information systems

underMISandDSShavebasicallyaidedthedevelopmentofmodernbusinessorganizationswhich,infact,hasguidedourworldtothenextleveloftechnology.

SoftwareEngineeringMethodologies

Quote: As a generalization, methodologies which concentrate on the first

two phases identified by the National Computer Centre tend to becalled Systems Analysis Methodologies, while those focusing onphases 3 and 4 are often termed Software EngineeringMethodologies.BobRitchie

Chapter9:SystemsAnalysisandDesign

Review: According to the chapter, categories of systems of developmentmethodologiesarecharacterizeddifferentlybyhowtheyarederived.Whenthesemethodsareestablishedinthesystemandprocessisthemainfunctionofthesystem,naturally,PROCESSdrivenisthesystemdevelopmentused.DATAdriven,howeveristhesystemdevelopmentused when piles of data are built up. Lastly is USERdriven, adevelopment based on Human Activity Systems which is the mostinteractivesystemdevelopmentamongthethree.Processdriven refers to an emphasis on the functions which arecarried out in the system. Basically, processdriven is the powerhousesystem,whichisinchargeofcomputerizingamanualprocess.Beingcomputerbasedwouldcertainlybringeasetotechies,justnotuserfriendly.


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andalongthewayprovideseveralrulesofthumbforcraftingqualityabstractionsandmechanisms.GradyBooch

Chapter3:ClassesandObjects

Review: Recognizing the nature of an object is an important ability because

objects aretangible entity that exhibitssome welldefinedbehavior,but on the other hand, an object from the human perspective is atangible and/or visible thing, something that may be understoodintellectually, or a thing toward which thought or action is directed.Some people are unable to recognize objects, because some objectsarentclassifiedashumansseeinconspicuousterms.

Usersareveryparticularorchoosyofwhattheywanttoworkwithasanenvironment.Forexample,iftheuserinterfaceisjustpuretext,thedesignisugly,buttheprogramisworkingperfectly,theuserwillthen leave that program alone and never open it again. Users need

bothobjectorientedsystems,notjustsystemsthatworkperfectly,butappealinginappearanceaswell.Now, in the chapter read, classes and objects are indeed mutualbecauseinprogramming,theyaretheelementsthatusuallyneedtobe perfected. Processes are perfected, but these classes and objectsareusuallyharderbecauseithasalotofpropertiestobefilled.Objectsandclasseshavestate,behaviorandidentity.Theelementthatencompassesalloftheusuallystaticpropertiesof theobjectplusthecurrent,usuallydynamicvaluesofeachofthesepropertiesarecalled

State.Itssimplytheabilitiesoftheobject.Whatitcanreceiveandgiveto users. Behavior is how the object acts and reacts, in terms of itsstatechangesand message passing. Italso meansthat the statecanchange,accordingtoitsabilities,anditdependsonthechangeofthestate on how it will behave, acts or reacts. Lastly, Identity is thatpropertyofanobject,whichdistinguishesitfromallotherobjects.Itindicatesthatanobjectcanbedifferentfromothers,thushavinganidentityfor itself. Itcan do a special behavior that others may, maynot,canorcannotdo.

ObjectOrientedSystemsAnalysis

Quote: Manyapproaches to systemsanalysis have been triedwith varying

degrees ofsuccess.The approachwe advocate inthistext isobjectoriented. Before immersing ourselves in objectoriented ideas,however,wewishtoexplainwhyanobjectorientedapproachislikelytoleadtogreatersuccessinunderstandinganddocumentingsystems


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than the more traditional naturallanguage and processorientedapproaches.

Chapter1.2:ApproachestoSystemsAnalysis

Review: In systems analysis, we have three approaches: Natural Language

Analysis,ProcessOrientedAnalysisandObjectOrientedAnalysis.

Natural Language Analysis is a very simple approach because thesystems analyst narrates how the process has undergone. | Smallsystems are appropriate for this approach because it is difficult todocumentalldetailswhenlookingintoasystem.

Usersareveryparticularorchoosyofwhattheywanttoworkwithasanenvironment.Forexample,iftheuserinterfaceisjustpuretext,thedesignisugly,buttheprogramisworkingperfectly,theuserwillthen leave that program alone and never open it again. Users need

bothobjectorientedsystems,notjustsystemsthatworkperfectly,butappealinginappearanceaswell.Now, in the chapter read, classes and objects are indeed mutualbecauseinprogramming,theyaretheelementsthatusuallyneedtobe perfected. Processes are perfected, but these classes and objectsareusuallyharderbecauseithasalotofpropertiestobefilled.Objectsandclasseshavestate,behaviorandidentity.Theelementthatencompassesalloftheusuallystaticpropertiesof theobjectplusthecurrent,usuallydynamicvaluesofeachofthesepropertiesarecalled

State.Itssimplytheabilitiesoftheobject.Whatitcanreceiveandgiveto users. Behavior is how the object acts and reacts, in terms of itsstatechangesand message passing. Italso meansthat the statecanchange,accordingtoitsabilities,anditdependsonthechangeofthestate on how it will behave, acts or reacts. Lastly, Identity is thatpropertyofanobject,whichdistinguishesitfromallotherobjects.Itindicatesthatanobjectcanbedifferentfromothers,thushavinganidentityfor itself. Itcan do a special behavior that others may, maynot,canorcannotdo.

ModeldrivenAnalysis

Quote: Model-driven analysis is a problemsolving approach that

emphasizesthedrawingofpictorialsystemmodelstodocumentandvalidate existing and/or proposed systems. Ultimately, the systemmodel becomes the blueprint for designing and constructing animprovedsystem.

Chapter5:SystemsAnalysis


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Review: What makesiteasy to analyzesystemsisto useeasytounderstand

approaches to make the most of the proposing system that will bedesigned. Analyzing business information systems, in general is acomplicated task, becauseevery single detail of data input anddata

process,especiallytheresultofinformationoutputforthebenefitofanorganizationisverysignificant.Onemissedorforgottenelementina system would lead to numerous problems that is difficult to besolved.An approach that computer systems analysts often use is ModelDrivenAnalysis.Usinggraphics,suchasflowcharts,hierarchycharts,organizationchartsandflowchartsisanexampleofmodeling.Theserepresentationsofeitherarealityorvision,sinceapictureisworthathousandwords,arecalledmodels.

Most analysts use Visio Professional to generate these helpfuldiagramstoviewallspecificdetailsinanalyzingandmostdefinitelydesigning a propositionforthesystem. There arethree examples ofmodeldrivenanalysis: Structured Analysis, Information EngineeringandObjectOrientedAnalysis.One approach that is commonly used by analysts is the structured,whose main focus is on the flow of data in business and softwareprocesses. Structured is also called processcentered, becausetechniquesusedinthisapproachisthattheyemphasizeprocessesasbuildingblocksinasystemframework.DataFlowDiagramsareused

toshow all inputs, outputs and processes,etc. TheseDFDsbasicallyjustshowwherethedataisandwhereitisgoingthroughprocesses.InformationEngineeringandDataModelingcentersitselfondata.Itiswidely practiced because it emphasizes the studyandrequirementsanalysis of data requirements before it undergoes a process. EntityRelationshipDiagramsshowtheassociationofdatatoeachothertogainknowledgefromeachpieceofdata,asagroup.Finally, ObjectOriented Paradigm focuses more on objects, whichencapsulatesdatathatdescribesadiscreteperson,object,place,event

orthingwithallofthemethodsthatareallowedtousesomedataandproperties. Object technology use languages to show their data orproperties,forexample:C#,Java,VisualBasic,etc.ThisapproachusesUnifiedModelingLanguagetoprovidegraphicalsyntaxforthewholeseriesofobjects.


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InformationSystemsManagement

Quote: Informationsystemsanalysisanddesign isasimplemethodused

bycompaniesrangingfromIBMtoPepsitoAmazon.comtocreateand

maintain information systems thatperform basic business functionssuchas keepingtrack of customer names andaddresses, processingorders,andpayingemployees.Themaingoalofsystemsanalysisanddesign is to improve organizational system, typically by applyingsoftwarethatcanhelpemployeesaccomplishkeybusinesstasksmoreeasily, efficiently and effectively. A systems analyst is at center ofdeveloping this software. The analysis and design of informationsystems are based on the following: (a) an understanding of theorganizationsobjectives,structure,andprocesses;(b)knowledgeofhowtoexploitinformationtechnologyforadvantage.

Chapter1:FoundationsofObjectOrientedSystemsDevelopment

Review: Using modeldriven analysis, the key to approach those computer

systemsanalystsisoftenused.Usinggraphics,suchasflowcharts,andhierarchychartsisanexampleofmodeling.For example in datadriven development proponents claim that toconcentrateonmodelingdetailedactivitiesorprocessesisboundtocreateanunstablesystem.Beingmoreconstantwillbringconsistencyandthereforewouldcreateabetterworkingandstablesystem.Ithasbrought importance on the entities, their attributes and theirrelationship with each other. Datadriven is just like storing data:

storingismostimportant,andchangingitmostofthetimewouldruinit.Informationisnowanimportantaspectforthemanagementtomakeiteasyforthemtouseessentialprocesses.Before,informationisjustusedtocreateforms,paperworkandwordprocessing,nowitbooststheaccuracyandspeedofbusinesssystems.Forexampleisthecashregister.Theprocessofgettingalotofinformationfromtheproducttobeboughttakesalotoftime.Bytheuseofthesystemsoftwareforthisbusinesssector,themanualbasedinformationsystemcaneasilybeobtainedbytheuseofthebarcode.Finally,decisionmakersnowunderstandthatinformationisnotjustabyproductofconductingbusiness;rather,itfuelsbusinessandcanbethecriticalfactorindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofabusinessfirm.


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OperatingSystems

Quote: OperatingSystemssuchasLinux,MicrosoftWindowsXPandApples

MAC OS X, are computer programs that interface between acomputershardwareanditsuser.Anoperatingsystemspurposeisto

provideastableenvironmentinwhichusersmayexecuteprograms.Thus, the primary goal of an operating system is to make thecomputer reliable and convenient. Its secondary goal is to makeefficientuseofthecomputerhardware.

Chapter5:HardwareandSoftwareTrends

Review: Before the microprocessor was ever innovated in the 20th century,users attempted to solve specific problems and to answer specificquestions. These individuals wrote programs, called hands on, tointerfacewithdirectmannertospecifichardware:storage,memory,etc.Ontheotherhand,programsmanaged,calledsystemmonitoring

by computer maintenance personnel who accepts users programsanddataandafterwards,returnsprocesseddataoutputtothesameuserslater.

Though operating systems developed from executing consecutiveprogramsalsoknownasUniprocessing,toexecutingseveralprogramsconcurrently or simultaneously, called Multiprogramming, now itadvanced to managing several interconnected processors popularlyknownasMultiprocessing.Multiprogramming systems schedule the executing programs

accordingtopredeterminedalgorithmsthatarecreatedtominimizetheidlesystemresources.Thiskindofsystemisextremelycomplexand developing this would require large amounts of time andresources. Presently known as Multitasking, Multiprogrammingoperatingsystemsarecommoncharacteristicsonpersonalcomputersthesedays.Lastly, Multiprocessor hardware configurations have lived for morethan two decades now, and operating systems in them include thehardware that comeswith it. Thesesystems handle all functions, inadditionmanagesinterconnectedmultiprogrammingCPUs.

ITManagersRoles

Quote: The studyofinformation technologymanagement concentrates on

accomplishingbusinessresults,attainingefficiencyandeffectiveness,and, achieving and maintaining competitiveness with the external


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environment.Forasystemsanalystormanager,thegoalalwaysistoimproveoperationsforthefirm.

Chapter1:ManagementinInformationAge

Review: StrategyandPlanning,TechnologyandBusinessTrends,Applications

and Data, Operational Disciplines, Resource Control, andOrganizations and People: each element is essential to the firmssuccess.

TodevelopITstrategicactionsandtoplansuccessfulandcontrolledimplementations being critical factors is needed to be the initiationpart to incorporate every single detail for the development of asystem.CompetentITmanagersiscompetentinstrategydevelopmentandplanningtocapitalizeonallmajoropportunitiesandtechnologicaladvances completed by advantages not just in information, but intelecommunicationsaswell.

Advancing in computer hardware, software technology, operatingsystemssoftware,telecommunicationsystemsandindustrytrendsareelements signaling IT managers to inform every individual of theorganization to prepare for their future based on forecastinginformation.Applicationresources mustalways betaken cared of andto achievethisbyITmanagers,theyneedthegrandioseskilltomanageitwithpropertreatment.Softwareapplicationsoutputsuchasdatabasesanddata is an essential part of the wholeorganizationalsystem, so this

part is a critically necessary piece that builds up that lets the firmalive.Businessoperationsneedsdisciplinedapproachestohandledelicateoperationalactivities.MostITmanagersaretrainedtoobtainpatienceandpropervaluestoenrichtheirpersonalitytowardsthisstage.Beingsystematic leads to success and success may lead to high levels ofcustomerresponsivenessfromthefirmsinformationsystems.Controlling resources is one of the fundamentally taught lessons inmanagement an increasingly important and critical with most IT

systems. As technology further penetrates organizations more andmore,most industries use ITas a guideto success. Informationis akeyresourcethatcarriesoutvitalpiecesofdetailtoformorganizationinfrastructures.Lastly,managinghumanresourceseffectivelyisonesignificantroleofanITmanager.Monitoringandcontrollingeverysingleactionofthe


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personnelisaverycompetitiverolethatneedsinterpersonalskillstobe achieved. Desirable results may be acquiredif the ITmanager iserudite in mostpsychologicalconceptsthatgreatly help understandeveryindividualoftheinternalenvironmentoftheorganization.

StrategicInformationSystemsQuote: StrategicinformationsystemsorSISareinformationsystemswhose

unique functions or specific applications shape an organizationscompetitive strategyand provide it with competitive advantage. SISmay operate in any area of the firm, supporting administrative oroperationalactivities.

Chapter2:ITsStrategicImportance

Review: The fact that a system has obtained or maintained competitiveadvantagefortheownermakesitapartoftheorganizationsstrategic

information systems. Enhancing the competitive advantagedistinguishes a strategic system from all others in differentorganizations.

Strategic Information Systems comes in unique categories. Forinstance, telecommunicationbased transaction processing systems(TPS) are the fundamentals of airlinereservation, retail brokerage,banking systems, ebay, etc. Another would be decisionsupportsystem, which have basis on confidentialalgorithms andinvestmentbanking firms for trading stocks and bonds profitably for personalaccounts.

Proprietyprogramshelptraderscapture profitsfromsmall,fleetingpricediscrepanciesinsecurities.(Frenzel,C.,p.38)

PrototypingasEvaluation

Quote: Designing and building a scaleddown but functional version of a

desiredsystemisknownasprototyping.Chapter1:HeartoftheSystemsDevelopmentProcess

Review: Having alternatives in developing systemsis ahelpfulplan to create

small computer systems that are for beginners. In this chapter,prototyping was labeled an advantage in systems developmentalternativesbecauseoneofthemostimportantelementsincreatingsystems is the user. Users are greatly involved in the prototypingprocesses because they perform experimentation and evaluation tothesystemtheyareabouttouseandsuch.


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Incorporatingusersinthedevelopmentprocesswouldindeedbeanadvantage because of the feedback to be accepted by the developerwould most probably be unexpected. Inreality, it isan honor if thedevelopersexperimentingevaluatorsarehighendprogrammersandsystemsanalystswhohavedevelopedintensivesoftwareapplications

and systems of massive global companies. The developer mostcertainlyhasahighchancetoimprovemoreontheexistingsystemifthe evaluators are skilled critics who have skills in studying thesystemwithgreatscopeandcorrectjudgment.


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UNIT TWO

CASESTUDIES

Reading, after a certain age, diverts the mind too much from its creative

pursuits. Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls intolazy habits of thinking.

- Albert Einstein


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PayPal(MaxLevchin)

PayPalhadundergonea lotofchangesinitsfinalstate.Havingcrypto

asa formofsecurity,thesystemcontinuedto becometheinevitablebecausewhatthecustomersareusuallydoingisnotadvised.

First,thebusinessfirmfocusedonthehandhelddevicesdevelopment

and set the companys mainproductasthe Palm Pilot. Afterterms ofsuccess, heabstractedthehandhelddevicetoperformnumeroustaskssuchascryptographicalgorithmforsecurityandwallet applicationfor online purchasing. Thecompanyinnovatesawebsiteforthecustomerstohaveasolutionforonlinepurchasingthatgavewayto handfulproblemslikefraudandcrashing.MostusersdidntbelieveinthePayPals engineeringteam, so eventually theteam tried to prove themwrongthat PayPal will impress them,and this was the dawn ofthe new age of internet

security.Having a very skillful and erudite cofounder was advised by Max

Levchintobuildasuccessfulstartup.Doingitonyourownishardwork,butyet,itspossible.PayPalhasintellectthathasshownimprovementsincethelastcrashingandcasesoffraud,sincetheteamdoesntevengiveahinttotheirusersthattheywillgiveupforthatsimplesituation.

Hotmail(SabeerBhatia)

Foundedin1996,SabeerBhatia,togetherwithJackSmithfoundedthefirstfreewebbasedelectronicmailingservice,Hotmail.Theystartedascolleaguesin Apple Computers in developing the PowerBook and their hit was the productchips to design Personal Computers forcompanies who areinterested, andthosewhobecameinterestedwereJavaSoftandDraperFisherJurvetsonwhoapprovedinfundingtheirinnovativeproduct.

TheyfoundedafreeemailservicebecauseofJavaSoftsfirewallthat

prevent the exchange of information between networks. Being full timeprogrammersofHotmaildidntbringthemenoughprofit,asmuchasotheremailservices. People started to use their product because of numerous interesting

featuresthatareinevitablyusefulforchoosyusers.Microsoft acquired Hotmail because of too much irritation from

Draper Fisher Jurvetson that is Hotmails biggest competitor. Inconceivableproblems such as badresulting criticisms and lack of strategic planning madeMicrosoftbecometheirlight.


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Peoplehave givenBricklinimportancebecausewithouthis intelligenceandinnovativity,themostpowerfulandusefulelectronicspreadsheetswouldntbearoundinthepresent.Beinginfluentialwouldbehelpfulwhenyouknowthatwhatyoubelievewouldchangeandmaketheworldintoabetterplace.

Lotus123(MitchellKapor)

Mitchell Kapor had done an incredible breakthrough of electronic

spreadsheetsinthe80s.AlthoughhewasapartoftheVisiCalcfamily,hedecidedtogotoadifferentpaththatotherInternationalITCompanieshaveopenedtheirdoorsforKaporsinvention:abetterspreadsheet,Lotus123. Even I would underestimate Kapor if I were in their time, because whowould,ifeverybodywouldntseehimortakehimseriouslyasaprofessional.Butwasstruckmewashislongingpatiencethattookhimmilesawayfromtheindustryinthat specifictime. Hedecided to leaveall thosebehind to get ahead. Togetherwith his partner, Jonathan Sachs, they endeavored long moments of pure

programmingandimplementationtocreateanewandbettersoftware. LotusDevelopmenthasgivenpeopleeaseandintegrationwithgraphs,chartsandotherfeaturesthroughtheuseofelectronicspreadsheets.Ithashelpedlargecompaniesbusinessstructuresandsystemstomanageeverysingleprocess. WhatIcantforgetaboutthiscasestudywasthe64Kmemorythatservesasthestorageforthespreadsheet.IrememberedthatKaporemphasizedonKilobytesnot Megabytes, because now, 1 megabyte is just a minute away from beingdownloaded.In reality,modernizationtrulyhasaccelerated;eventheChurchcantfollowwiththatupspeed.

GrooveNetworks(RayOzzie)

Ozzie truly has been inspirational since he had been in the shadows of

MicrosoftCorporation.Ivelearnedthatinnovatorssuchashimhaveendeavoredalottilhisproducthasreacheditspeak. Hemadehisprogramjustaspriedinteractionwithinbusinesssystemsoverthe World Wide Web. Peer to peer networking had gone to a level that businesssystemsareavailabletoshareideasandfiles. Grooveenteredamarketfullofbusinessstandardsthatgavehisprogramaverygoodname.Theworldwidewebopenedforitselffortheproducttobeveryusable not only for largebusinesses who can afford, but also small ones to learnmoreinmanagingonlinebusinesssystems. Well now, we have video and audio conferencing, instant messaging andpeertopeer networking which Ozzie really originated. His ideas were an eye


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openerabouthowthefutureofrealtimebusinessplanningwouldbeaccessibleandbe effective over the Internet. This technology had become efficient enough tobecomeaworldwidesolution.

Blogger.com(EvanWilliams)

Now,Blogger.com hasrevolutionizedhow keeping ajournaleven overtheInternet would be available. It has been a breakthrough that people wanted topersonalizetheirdiariesandjournalsthroughtheuseofelectroniccapabilities,suchas wordprocessors. Thisonline applicationwouldintegrate thebloggers journalentries,friendslists,calendar,etc. This has been developed by Evan Williams who made it possible forbusinessmen to share ideas online. But on the other side, what struck me is thepointofkeepingadiary,ifbloggingwouldbedisplayingentriesinpublic.Havingadiary is all about ranting, screaming and scratching the journalists experiences

through a simple notebook to record for future purposes. The presents onlineapplicationssuchaspersonals,blogspots,etc.arenowhittingthetopchartsonwhatpeoplearemostlydoingonline.

Wehaveexperiencedmostoftheseinnovativebreakthroughsthatgavewaytobothaestheticandentrepreneurialstandardsforpresentusers.

Yahoo(TimBrady)

Yahoowasfirstmadeforresearchpaperlinksbutsomehowdeveloped

to become a collection of interests and hobbies for users. As Stanford graduates,

they had a lot of resources for their startup to work and even used the schoolsserversforit.

All of them, not just the founders, but employees in addition are

indefiniteentitiesthatshowustobecomeanalystswhoshowpatienceandethicalcharacteristics.

I just want to share on how founders of Yahoo have contributed in

InformationTechnologyethicswouldbehowtheword:BUSINESSETHICSisanoxymoron. Just for a very shallow fact that business, in a capitalists perspectivewouldbeethical.

They took the advantage of making this startup for users because the

Internetssizeandcapabilitiesarestillunknown.Havingthesekindsofthoughtsofknowing and educating others of the possibilities onhow a resource such as theInternet at that time would certainly be significant, because in the present, theInternet is giving a huge impact on the people. Not just Information Technology


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peopleorotherswhounderstandit,butusersaswellcouldsimplyaffordandcanunderstandthecomputer.

ResearchinMotion(MikeLazaridis)

MikeLazaridis,whocofoundedResearchinMotion,wouldbeoneofthemostadmiredpeople.Hecertainlydidntgiveupon whathebelievedin.Hedidntstop hoping that not all greatthings are impossible.What heforesawin the pastbecamea veryhugehelptomostbusinessandinformationtechnologycompanies,inourworldtoday.

Blackberry was the mobile phone, which is the dominant in 1999.

Lizaridis had found out about mobile email and wireless technology is reallypossibletobedeveloped.Butbeforetheseinnovations,heresearchedonLocalAreaNetworks, which is a breakthrough in this time in Computer History becauseconnecting of computers via networking is absolutely relevant especially in real

timecomputing.

Blackberryintheirtimewasverypopular.Itwasusedbyoneofthemostpopular and most significant: NASA. A startup used by one of the biggestorganizations ina country and known all over the worldwouldbean honorandLazaridis had really contributed in making this technological breakthrough asuccess.

Marimba(ArthurvanHoff)

Again,likestartupstoriesbeforeMarimba,thesepeoplewhodidntwant

tobelockedinacompanyforaverylongtimejustbebossedaroundandliveunderonerulewouldcertainlyhaveagreatdealofsuccessinthefuture.Ofcoursethroughnatural forces internally within the person, obviously patience and fortitude isrequired. These people are very unstable with their jobs, keepson working untiltheywanttostartanotherone.

After hehad left Sun Microsystems, Arthur van Hoff created a startup,

whichisMarimbaa softwaredistributioncompany.Aftersomuchworkandeffortindoingthisstartupthathadbeensuccessfuleventually,vanHoffhadlefttofoundanother startup. This kind of attitude of Keep Moving Forward has never letinnovatorsdown.

Gmail(PaulBuchheit)

Allstartupsstartveryunsureof whattheywantto accomplish,because

mostofthetime,thesefoundersstartwiththemostgeneralofideas.


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Forexample,MikeRamsayandJimBartonwhoseoriginalplansforTiVoshould be a Network Server. They narrowed the wide idea into a Digital VideoRecorder. A product or service being userfriendly is one of the most significantfeaturing the founder uses as a key to catch the users attention. Also, TiVo wasmade for the users to tweak their preferences to recording videos and other

features. Making the system very open for customization and exceptional userinterfacewouldimpresstheusersmore.

Another for being userfriendly would be Googles famous customized

easytousewebbasedelectronicmail.GmailhasbroughtoutuniquefeaturesinitsinterfacetomaketheInternetmailingexperienceaccessibleandimpressive.

Having a search attribute would identify the whole services being

remarkable. Searching lost and important emails in an Internet mailbox hascertainlyendedbecauseofGmail.

WebTV(StevePerlman)

A fact before and about WebTV is that Perlman started in reprogrammingandreengineeringvideogames,byhackingandtryingtomanipulateinputsoverthetelephoneline.Theyweretryingtomakeanonlinemultipleplayerfeaturesfor the game through the use ofthe Internet. I was impressed when Ivelearned about putting a highresolution image on a TV screen that Perlman wasworkingonduringhisworkinAtariandColeco.IvefoundoutwhatInterlacedisallabout.

After working more than 20 movie projects, I finally knew what

Interlaced means because of the narrative Perlman has shared with Livingston. Ineverknewitwasjustthatsimpleof1/60ofasecondthatalloddlinesarebeingdrawn,alternately,evenlines.Perlmanwasinnovativelywiseinallthatheddone.Afterallhisingenuityofprogrammingnonstopfor2days,withonlyfourhoursofsleep, he didnt stop his work until he sees it working. I was surprised that hegraduatedLiberalArtsandtookprogrammingasavocationalcourse.

Hehasinterestinsoftwaredevelopmentandengineering,andtookitas

ahobbyinsteadofamajorthing,becauseitbecameapartofhim.IwouldntdothesamebecauseIknowthatprogrammingisnotyetapartofme,butsoongoingtobe.

TiVo(MikeRamsay)

Havingaverywellthoughtplanthatbecameaverydistinctresultisa

veryunexpectedscenariothatisveryuncommoninstartingup.MikeRamsayandJim Barton founded TiVo in year 1997, which they planned to create a networkserverforhomes,buteventuallybecamethedigitalvideorecorder.Itwasreleasedin1999 and lots ofpeople wouldchange the television experienceby controlling


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most normal television sets features have offered: skipping commercial breaks,pausinglivetelecasts,andautomaticrecording.

Becausethe foundersworriedthatit will haveahuge impact onthe

users, they want to hold it in a little while. Ramsay soon inquired to vendor

companies to show his work and hope for some VCs to acquire it from him.Fortunately, most investors and VCs that brought him up to the high level ofbusinessorganizationhelpedhim.TiVowasfoundedanditwasntthatexpensive.

Headdedmorefeaturesthathelpedhisproductbecomeoneofakind

andneverbeforeseen.Beingthatinnovativeisakeytosuccessbecausewithoutit,theprocesswillnotbeiterative.Abstractionisalwaysapartofasystemslifecyclebecausethesystemalwaysneedstobeimproved.

del.icio.us(JoshuaSchachter)

A creative work of art. It started when it was just a hobby. Managing

more than two hundred bookmarks would certainly bring pain at those times incomputerhistory.

The first tags were made that is usually a great tip in search engines,

blogs and lists. Not being available yet in public, but exposing the website builtwouldcertainlyfascinatehundredsofusers.Buthavingthewebsiteofdel.icio.ustoalotofuserswouldnotbringJoshuaprofit,sohedidntfocusonthewebsitefulltime.Itwasjustlikeanotherhobbyforhim.

After other competitors disappear, Joshua has decided to complete his

product.Beingaventure,del.icio.uswouldneverearnprofit,sohavingitasaservice

wouldhelpevenJoshuatohavemotivationtocontinueandmaintainthewebsiteservice.BookmarkingisoneofthegreateststartupsinWebhistorybecausenow,wewouldntviewalotofwebpagesifthebookmarkingfeaturehasntbeenaddedyet.

Anotherdontgiveupstorywouldbewhentheservercrashedandthe

sites bandwidth was about to exceed. Joshua never gave up in these kinds ofproblems.Justfixit.Inthattime,SQLfileshascrashedandeverypieceoffilewasconnected by linksand everything, so all is corrupted. For all companies, time isprecious. Fixing the service in 24 hours would be a great deal and in businessperspective, they were losing money. Another story would be the VendorCompanies who are found significant by Schachter because VCs work verydifferentlyanddistinctively.ManysaysthatVCsneverclosetheirdoorstostartupsbecausetheywouldntknowifthatstartupwouldbesuccessfulornot.OthersthinkthatVCswouldbringhopetothecompanybecausethestartupcompanywouldseethattheVCswouldhelpthemearnalotfromtheirstartup(dependingonhowbigthestartupis).Worse,theVCwouldripthestartupintoshredsduetohighsharesandlowinvest.


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Butforeverycrashesandcorruptioneventsinthiscompany,theyhadto

add more and more features for, ofcourse, to benefit. New features are alwaysimportantbecauseof theneverendingevolutionofinformationtechnology.Whenyourewaybehind,youcantwin.Competitiveadvantageisthekeytowinausers

hand. Loyalty isnt directly applied in users, just the internal environment of acompanywouldhavepossessedit.

ONElistandBlogLines(MarkFletcher)

An Internet Email List Service once started because of spam. Mark

Fletcherwasimperfectto abusiness ofthespam feature,so hedecided tostartamailing list web application to his parents called ONElist to keep in touch. Theservicestartedverysmallbecauseitwasintendedtobeusedbyfamilymembers.Initially,itwasonlytobeusedforkeepingintouch.Theemaillistservicewasonlyforhisownpleasure,notasabusiness.Itwasntgonnahappen,butitdid.

The big turning pointstarted when the NeedToKnow newsletter had

came and MarkFletchersservice was recognized bythe press. Usually, itwillbeforgottenafteramonthorso,soFletcherstartedquickly.

Hethoughtofjournals,blogs,newsandotherwrittenmaterialstobesort

of in because the Internet has been growing in that time in computer history.Bloglines users were growing and more users were getting the hang of it. MostreportersinterviewingFletcherwouldmentionthattheywereBloglinesusers,even.Havinga150personcompanywouldlessentheirfundingbecausetheydontneedmuchpeopleonhandlingacompanylikethis.Maintainingisonlythethingtodo.In

economical perspective, the startup is a success with lesser people because theprofit they make doesnt acquire all people in the company. Thats why Fletcheroften didnt wantVendor Companies to lead his companyto the highest level. Hewantedtodoitonhisown.

Their biggest competitorbecame News is Free, and eventhey are still

better and has the competitive advantage, they didnt mind the problem ofcompetition.Thescarything,atfirstforFletcherwouldbethatthesystemwouldbeindangerbecauseof crashesanddatacorruptions.Afterawhile,thepagerexistedandhelpedhimtobecomemoreaware,butingreatdistancetobeabletomonitorthesystem.

Finally,theeasythingaboutwebbasedserviceapplications,isthatwhen

theapplicationhasabug,itcanbefixedinlessthananhourorso,andthesoftwarecanbefixedwithoutupgrades.Thisisoneofthegreatestbreakthroughincomputerhistoryanditeasessoftwaremaintenance.


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ViaWeb(PaulGraham)

Paul Graham has intended to create an art gallery online as his first

startup.Butasheidentifiedalldisadvantagesandthedisapprovalofartdirectorsand managers at that certain time, he was left with a choice on online shopping

carts.Ofcoursestartingupisntthateasy.Ofallstartupsread,difficultycannotberanfrom.Hiringpeople,budgetingexpensesandmaintainingbusinessfunctionsaresomeidentifiedbeingknowledgablychallenging.Havingtheseopportunities,ontheother hand, for example is the promotion using other successful startups, likeNetscape, etc. Another is showing first investors to obtain helpful budget for thestartup. Finally is having technical bookstores as customers, becausethey have acompetitive advantage against other companies, especially another who uses asimilarsystem.

Aproblemencounteredwouldbetheneedofusers.Users,economically

are scarce resources in the Information Technology world. Launching a website

wouldbedeadwithoutusersusingandjustvisitingthesite.Itsallfreeonwhateverrequeststheuserswantedbecausethestartupisindesperateneedofusers.Havingtoscanimages,publishingwebpages,etc.areexamplesofwhattheyhaddonefortheir users. What they were worried the most was how the site has beenmaintained.Itisalsosignificantthatthewebsitewouldlookintrinsicallyattractive.As learned inclass about computer history, User Interface is one element that isprobably being forgotten, because the system processes are just the importantelementsinmakingthesoftware.Butastheevolutionofsoftwaredevelopmenthasoccurreddramatically,informationtechnologistshavetreatedtheUserInterfaceasan equal to the quality of processes. Good coding, processing and successfulprogrammingwouldindeedbeafailurewithoutgooddesignintheuserinterface.

Theimportantqualitiesofbeingastartuphasbeentoldeverysinglecase

studywritten.InGrahamsteam,hedidntgiveupinhardtimesoftheircompany,especiallywhenthelowestpointoftheirbusinessarrived.FredEganhassavedtheircompany,butwhenonesummer,thisemployeewentaway,thecompanyhadfalleninto the traps of investors pressuring to take businessmen to take over thecompany.Lastly,eveniftheevolutionofinformationtechnologyisstillhappeninginthe industry, abstraction would never stop everyone from doing it. And foreveryonesinformationabstractionistheonethingthesystemsanalystappliesintodesigning propositions for better improvements for an organization. Copying is averyseriousmatterandanunethicalacttocommit,butabstractionwouldjustbeacompetitiveadvantage.

craigslist(CraigNewmark)

Onceagain,astartuphadfirstexperiencedbeingahobbythatdeveloped

later into a corporate business firm. It was just created to post events for SanFranciscans, and because it became known to a lot of people, he added a lot of


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features. Just whenhewasabout tohavethousandsof users, hedecidedto bringcraigslisttothenextlevel.Formingahobbyintoabusinesswouldntbesobad.Itwouldevenbringyougood,becausethesaying,youwillbehappy,ifwhatyouaredoingiswhatyoulike.Agreeingwiththatclich,Inoticedhowthebusinessfirmgrew and how numerouspeople wanted tobecome users ofthe websitebuilt by

CraigNewmark.ItbecameaClassifiedAdwebsiteafterwards,keepingpeoplepostedand

also, Craig Newmark was keeping the site as free as possible, with noadvertisements whatsoever. It was important for a lot of people to know theinternet because Newmark believed that equity brokerage business would worksomeday.Beingaverywisepersonwithinferencesthatsomedaywouldworkisagoodcharacteristicinstartups,intheirtime.Provingthatnothingisimpossibleiftheyjustpredicthypothetically.

Hundredsofcitieshavebeencontinuingtosupportthissiteandagreed

to pay the small company of 20 employees, to make sure that the service wouldgrowmoreandmore.EveneBaypurchasedstakesofthecompanythatgaveawayevidence that craigslist was a killer app in that specific time in computer andimformationtechnologyhistory.

Flickr(CaterinaFake)

I have been using Flickr for quite sometime now. Photosharing was a

thing of the future, and will be online because people want keepsakes forthemselves. Memories are quite hard to record and store in computer systemsnowadays,becauseofdatacrashesandvirusattacksinCPUs.Flickrtookmemories

storingtoalevelofbothsecurityandsharingcoexist.First, the reading was totally remarkable, how the startup people had

startedtoenvisionprettybigwiththeprojectthattheywillbedoing.AnMMORGorMassivelyMultiplayerOnlineRoleplayingGamewasaddedforanInstantMessagingservice.Itwastrulyvisionthatwasquitehardtoreachbutwasmadepossible.Butthe users wanted the feature on photosharing. It was more interesting than thegameitself.Userswantedtosharephotosmoreandmorewhileplayingthegame.Itwas infact a breakthrough that a small feature was selectedbythe users, ratherthanthebiggerfeaturethatwassoharderthanany.Iguessthestartuppeoplewasshocked when they knew that photosharing was used more often than the maingame.

So CaterinaFake, Stewart Butterfield and JasonClasson had put Game

Neverending on hold for a while because they developed a new and improvedcommunity for photosharers ina form of a website,a true exemplar for Web2.0,calledFlickr.Itwasasitetoremember,alotofusershadjoinedanduploadedalotofphotostobesharedtomanyotherusers,worldwide.Itwastrulyinspiringthat


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eventhesmallestfeature,wouldbringamazementtomillionsofusersallovertheworld,anditwouldhelptheminsecuritymattersandsharingideastoothers.

WAIS,InternetArchiveandAlexaInternet(BrewsterKahle)

The startup people werent always starting by themselves. It wasimportant for them to have experience first before they move and innovate newideas for the developmentof computersystems. TheInformation Technology agehasbroughtalotofhelpinourworldtoday,anditmustberecognizedallovertheworld,thereasonswhythesestartupshadthegutstogiveitashottobegivenachancetomakeapieceinthehistorybookofComputersandInformationSystems.These inspirational ideas that gave us Information Systems students veryinterestingdetailsonhowwecanbecapableofdoingaftergraduatingcollege.

TheWideAreaInformationServerswasabighelpforusers,tosearchfor

awholelotofdetailsintheearlyInternettimes.WAISbecameapredefinedseparate

softwarethatprovedthatthesearchenginewasgoingtobemade.Inthecomputerageofinnovation,evencontinuingnowadays,theforecastingofwhatwouldhappentosoftware development in the future isa good thing, because the people wouldknowwhatwecandobypredictingwhatwouldhappen.Itwasnotathingofmagicorevenbeingpowerful,butitwasaboutinnovation,creativityandinstinct.

TheAlexaToolbarhasinterestingfeaturesofrecordinghistoryonweb

surfing.Whilesurfing,thecollaborativefilterswereworkingtogiverelatedlinkstothe users that would find them helpful. What users need at that time wouldabsolutelybethehelpfulfeatures,becausetheWebisjustastartingobjectatthattime in computer history. Having a helpful collaborative feature would bring

balanceintheuprisingoftheWebandthecontinuingdemandofusers.

AdobeSystems(CharlesGeschke)

Charles Geschke and John Warnock innovated Interpress when they

werestillemployeesinXeroxPARC.Butduetoinevitablereasonslikethedurationofhowlongtheyaregoingtowaitforthereleaseoftheirprogram,thedevelopersdecided to give up their exquisite job. Waiting seven years for the release ofInterpress would certainly bring problems for them, for reasons that othercompaniesmightfoundthesameconceptandreleaseinanearlierdateandthattheconceptmightbeanoldoneatthatspecifiedtime.

A business plan was developed when Geschke and Warnock met Bill

Hambrechtwho foundtheirconceptdesirable,andevenloanedamountsforthem.Adobe Systems was founded as the two developers quit Xerox PARC andimmediately developed the same concept as Interpress, and called it PostScript.PostScriptisusedbyprintserviceproviders,publishers,corporationsandagenciesglobally that gives the power to print visually rich documents reliably. Digital


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Equipments Gordon Bell and Apples Steve Jobs were impressed on the conceptpossessedbyAdobeSystemsandinformedthemtosimplygiveacall,incasetheychangetheirmindinsellingtheirsoftwaretothosebigcompanies.Hambrechtwasambivalent when Geschke and Warnock asked for his advice, but afterwards,decidedtoaskhelpfromApple,andDigitalEntertainment.

Steve Jobs designed a proposal in order for Apple to have license for

Adobe Systems. Since then, the two developers worked on the Laser Printer forAppleComputersandledwithanagreementafterAdobeSystemsinitiatedbusiness.After so much programming and developing, they released LaserWriter thatintroduced Desktop Publishing in the IT world. Products such as Illustrator,PhotoshopandAcrobatandthelikewerefoundedalsoafterseveralyearsinAdobeSystems and now recognized asthe top notcher and leader softwarefor DesktopPublishing.

OpenSystemsandHummerWinblad(AnnWinblad)

Ann Winblad started with nothing: ideas from scratch, continuing

without stopping and finally, founded Open Systems. But before all the successhappened,shewasworkinginabankatday,anddoinghersimplestartupatnight.Fivehundredbuckswasevenborrowedfromherbrother,forthereasonthatherown were cut short. Sequoia was the company that funded Open Systems andluckily, Open Systems was strong against competitors such as the newbie ofMicrosoft:BASIC.

Winblad has never intended or occupied ambivalence in her decision

makingnoraffectedhergender.Asarelatedissue,genderdiscriminationwasntthe

greatesthindrancesheendeavoredbut,tofightforthegold.Shegavecredittoallherfailuresandcontestedahandfultospeakherheartout,andjustkeepmovingforward.Averyinspirationalstoryitwaswhenshewascorneredbycollegepapers,problem setsand the like,andin additionis the heavyburden(forus) she calledblessing.Thesignificanceofcollegewaswhatshereallyfellinto,butwhatwastheessenceofcollegeforher?

Based on what Ive read, underestimation of cocurricular activities is

onecharacteristicthatcanneverbefoundinher.Possessinganintellectual,logicaland passionate attitude towards these activities can also bring equilibrium to afulcrumofthejumblingseesawofschedules.Shebalancedherhobbiesandstudiesuntilshewasfoundtobeawellroundedindividual.

37Signals(DavidHeinemeierHansson)

David Heinemeier Hansson helped in developing this company from a

manual consulting company into a product company. Base Camp is the productname that made their firm a stable company. Base Camp is an online tool for


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handlingprojectmanagementinsuccessiontothetransitionofthecompanyfromconsultationtoproduction.

Products such as BackPack, CampFire and TaDa List are some of

Hanssons selfprogrammed products that inspired many startup companies that

having one developer in one specific company would never stop them frombecomingasuccessfulbusinessfirm.Continuingtobethebest,evenwithouttimeintheirhandsbeingwasted,isthekeyinstartingupbecausealotofbusinessfirmsarehavingalotofproblemsinleadingtheircompanytothepeak,evenwhentheyrejuststarting.

In helping a number of clients in managing projects and business

processes, BaseCamp software has never been of ease because of using a blogsystemto distributesignificantinformationtotheonlinecommunityoftheclients.Here,inthisscene,iswherethesoftware,Noise,becameaheadoftheBaseCamp.Abstraction is one key in successing the increasing competitiveness of other

businessfirmsandasabstractionbecamethecenterofeverycompanysstrategy,37Signalswassoonfoundedbythecompany.

ArsDigita(PhilipGreenspun)

Philip Greenspun cofounded ArsDigita in aiding consulting projects for

researchandprojectsforallusersandclients.Greenspundidnthaveaclueonwhatwasgoingtobethefutureofhisrecentsoftwareofmanagingaphotographysite.IguessthatsurprisingeventsreallystruckhisstartupdaysandArsDigitawasonebigthingthatsuddenlydevelopedandburstoutofit.

The startupteamwas flexible. They knewthattheideaof aconsultingsoftware would be inevitably phenomenal, so what they disambivalentlyconstructed the technology to be open sourcelicensed. In this strategic manner,morecompanieshavecarefullystudiedandspontaneouslyevaluatedtheirprogram,causingclientstoaskformorefeatures,evenaskforcustomizationsandthelike.Inaddition to their marvelous and outright scheme in entrepreneurship, they hadbecome a more passionate and extensive on their company, having one of theimportantstakeholders,theemployeestohavecontinuallyownsomesupremacyinoffice.Inthiscontinuum,thecompanyhasmaturedinastatethattheprogramhassimultaneously grew in its share of impressive featurettes and customizedshowcases.

TheArsDigitastartupgroupdidntthinktheywouldbeattheprofitable

strategies of Microsoft Enterprises but in the long run of the evolution andabstractionofinformationtechnologyandsystems,theysucceededinconsultingforresearchandprojectsforallbusinessfunctionsofanorganization.Alltheyneededwas continuous interconnectivity with their users and clients to evaluate theirsoftwarefor improvements, maintenance,etc.Incontrast totheMicrosoftstartup,


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the ArsDigita started with an uncomfortable setting, with incompatibleinfrastructuresusedonlyasexperimenttotellthattheirstartupsystemisworkingand whould increase their productivity. They thought their efforts were a lossbecause of the first drafts incompetence and ineffectivity, but in time, they hadmadecorrectionsthatmadehumongousimprovementsforthewholefirm.

FogCreek(JoelSpolsky)

JoelSpolskyfoundedthe software Fog Creek intheyear 2000withhis

colleague, MichaelPryor. Havingseveralsoftwaresthatis uniquein every wayinoneproductcompanywouldcertainlybringsuccessioninstrategicallyrunningthebusiness firm. Several products such as Fog Creek Capilot, FogBugz and the FogCreeksoftwarearepowerfulantihackingsystemforuserswhotrytoavoidhackersfromincapacitatinghisorhersystem.

Itistheoreticallyproventhatbeingapowerfulandskilledhackerwould

certainlystopanotherhackerfromgoingintohisorhersystem.Thissetofproductsis iterative in contributing to bring antivirus software into place in that specifictime in Information Systems history. Once again, abstraction is the key to bringthesemoderndaydiabolicsinsilence.

These founders have a very resilient background. After the hardwork

theyhavebeenthrough,theFogCreeksoftwarefinallypaidoff.Butafterawhile,compressioninmarketstrategieshaveincreased,thatgavetheirproductalowendname.Fog Bugz, City Desk and Tintin didnt even become a hit inthe IT market,becauseoftoomuchabstractionfromothercompanies.

TripAdvisor(StephenKaufer)

TheTripAdvisorisaverypowerfulonlinetravelsitethathelpsalotoftouristuserstoknowwhere,whenandwhattodo intravelling.Icantbelievethattheirsitestartedbecauseofthefounderswifewhowantedtofindavenuefortheirvacation. Other founders, Thomas Palka, Nick Shanny and Langley Steinert werehelpfulindevelopingthesite,andtheirfirstworkweretobecometravelagents.

As travel agents, they usefully counted the internet as a wide

environmentforthemtoworkon.Theirfundingislowbecausetheirsitewasntthatpopularyet.Butaftertheyvelearnedthatinteractivityisveryimportantindealingwithpopularity,sotheydecidedtoedittheirdemotoproceedingatheringratings,commentsandreviewsfortheuserstoknowif thevacationspotwasconvincinglybeautiful.Nowinprofitting,theycameupwithbrilliantideasincollectingamountsin helping their servers work in effeciency and effectivity. Their plans wereimmensely innovative, executed them in perfect condition, and the Trip Advisor,soonbecameahitofthepublic.


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HotorNot(JamesHong)

Inlettingusersuploadtheirphotosontheweb,HotorNotisapersonals

websitetoletusersshowtheirpersonalityandbackgroundintheirrespectivepage.

Jim Youngis JamesHongs cofounder who had a difficulty solving the problem ofusers posting indecent photos of themselves, but as the abstraction continuesiteratively,thewebsitewasbuiltincloseperfection.

Theconceptofindividualityandfriendshipisacommonlessontheyve

learnedinbuildingthiswebsite,andalsousassocialpersonsinneedofothers.Hotor Not helps us as they become the communication device used in havingconversations with others. The relationship bonding in between is a continuousprocess that served as the gold of what theyve dug so far as personalsadministrators.

In low profitting, close to no profitting, they continued the site evenwithout financial support from users. Thus, they became a public figure thateveryone counts on.Being appreciatedis onething thefounderswant fromtheirusers. At the end, James Hong even advised the information systems communitywhowillstartup:(1)thestartermusthavepeoplethatwillunderstandtheproduct;(2) the starter must hustlebecause you need to know your path; (3) while stillyoung,commenceyourownstartup;(4)spendmoneyinaverywisemanner;and(5)alwaysrememberthatentrepreneurshipisnoteasyasitlooks.

Tickle(JamesCurrier)

AftergraduatingHarvardBusinessSchool,JamesCurrierfoundedTickle,

formerlyknownasEmode.Itisanonlineevaluationofpersonalquestionsforusersto enjoy. Having very interesting results would let them answer so much more!JamesCurrierwasbrilliantwhenhecameupwiththisideaofuserinteractivityandsuch.

AnimportanteventinTicklehistorywastheDogTest.Alonglistoftests

such as anxiety, educational and relationships were very comprehensive andnumerouspeopleare trying the test online. Asan advice, Tickle used the Test onDogsBreed, from advertisingagencies, whichled toheavytraffic, that led tothe

disruptionandexhaustionofthesitesserver.ThecompetitionawaitswheniVillagedecidedtogointotheonlinetest

sites. But because of Tickles longlived abstraction strategies and neverendingiterativedevelopmentofnewfeatures,thecompetitorsvanishedbecauseTicklewasjust tickled by their ferocious and tauntive planning. This startup is a historicaleventintheITworldforthereasonthatTicklehadovercomehighendcompetitors,inconceivableproblemsanddisambivalentusers.


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Firefox(BlakeRoss)

IntheMozillacompany,BlakeRossandDavidHyattfoundedFirefox,an

opensourceprojectwhichisknownasPhoenix.BlakeRossstartedtohelpfixerrorsandbugswhenhewasfourteenyearsold.

Popups,viruses,andothernuisanceinthebrowserswerefixedinthe

Firefox application, and Blake Ross was one young programmer who intends tomake it the best independent browser inthe world. But the competition was thegreatestchallenge Ross ever encountered. Microsoftwasunbeatable at that time,butofcourse,beingtheabstractedandwisechallenger,BlakeRossfiredupFirefoxand won as the winner of all browsers in 2001 and finally let Microsoft stopdevelopingthenewversionsofInternetExplorer.

Blake Ross started to think about quitting the Mozilla community to

returntoschool.Hisgreatnessinbusinessprocessesandcomputerprogramming

hasbeenaninspirationtousfutureanalystsandstartupmanagers.Hisintelligenceover competition and advantage over dependence, worked his name up to thehighestlevel,bringinghisinnovationtothepeakoftheworldsexpectationsfromwhatthedefinitionofperfectisabout.

SixApart(MenaTrott)

MenaandBenTrottencapsulatetheblogingsystemsintheirtime,soin

result, they developed Six Apart with highend features including networkinginstallments,etcandwascalledComet,lateroncalledVox.

They created a tool to blog with ease, and it the development wasincidental with the release of the movable type of blogging. From the firstinterestingdayoflaunching,theyusedTypePadastheirtooltoworkondeveloping,andaccidentallyusedamovabletype,thattheirfirstuserwasthrilledonthewayheorshecomposedablog.

Since2001,SixAparthasenabledmillionsofindividuals,mediacompanies

andenterprisestocreateblogsandformrich,interactivecommunities.Wenowpower

conversationsamongpassionatepeopleandleadingorganizationsaroundtheglobe,

andprovideservicesandmediasolutionstohelpbloggerstobemoresuccessful.That

mightsoundlikealot,butwe'rejustgettingstarted.-SixApart

Thethoughtofbuildingrelationshipsandcommunitiesofthiscompany,themainlessoniswhatevertheprofittheyget,theyhavehelpedpeopleinbuildingstronger communities that may have helped their relationships become a bettergroupofpeople,asapartofbuildinggreatcommunitiesofthemodernworld.


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Lycos(BobDavis)

Started in 1995, Lycos was developed as a research project in CMU.

Opportunities from people whom Michael Mauldin do not really know started toshowup,andDanNovafromCMGIinvestedinMauldinsworkandaskedDavisto

becomeCEOofhisproject.Atfirst,theybuiltthestrongteamandofcourse,plannedall:theirobjectives,goals,etc.andfinallycameupwithanideathattheyreabouttobecomeanonlinemediacompany.

They indeed controlled their small company of online working to

developamediasystemandencounteredseveralproblemsthatmadetheirfirstfewmonthsharmful.

OfcourseinthedevelopmentofLycos,theirserversencounteredalot

oftechnicaldifficultiesandbecameveryinflexible.Sooner,advertisersofferedalotofdeals tomake theirproducts become known, bytheuse ofLycos, becausethat

time,peoplearemostlyspendingtheirtimesurfingthesite.Later, when Davis decided to merge with the USA Network, the

mergingwasafailure.LycosthereonbecamevaluableandthefoundersfinallysoldLycostoTerraforUS$5.4billion.

AlliantComputerSystemandshareholder.com(RonGruner)

Togetherwith Rich Andrew and CraigMundie, the Alliant Computer

System was founded in 1982, and its function is to build a parallel of supercomputers that use multiprocessing, in order to become the fastest Computer

ProcessingUnit.TheACSbecamethenextgenerationofcomputingandtheyfinallyappearedinpublicin1986withTomPerkinsasoneoftheboardofdirectors.Withthereasonofdisagreementsandmiscommunications,RodGrunerdecidedtoleaveACSandstartanewcompanywithmoderndayneeds.

As Shareholder.coms first corporate customer, Campbells Soup

dedicated its trust to Ron Gruner, who founded Shareholder.com. With hisassociatesandfriendswhocontributedtohisstartup,hesuccessfullydevelopedasite, even pharmaceutical companies assignedhimto perform a project for them,becausetheywantedorganizationintheirshares.


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UNIT THREE

USECASENARRATIVES

Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all.- John F Kennedy


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Enrollingfornextterm

I. IdentificationSummary

a. Title:Enrollingforthenexttermb. Summary:ThisusecaseallowsCSBstudentstoenrollfornextterm

usingCashorCheck.c. Actors:CSBStudents,AcademicAdviserandSchoolCashier

II. FlowofEventsa. Precondition

i. The student must be enrolled in the school before they canenrollagain

ii. Thestudentmustnotbegraduatingb. MainSuccessScenario

i. The enlisted subjects of the student was approved by theacademicadviser.

ii. The students were preenrolling, selecting sections withinformationsuchastimeandclassroom.

iii. TheEnrollmentAssessmentFormwasclaimedbythestudent.iv. If thestudentswere unsuccessful in thepreenrollment, they

have an option to adjust their enlisted subjects to avoidconflictsintheirschedule.

EnlistingSubjects

CSBEnrollment

ApprovingSubjects

ClaimingofEAF

AdjustingofCourses

PayinginCashorCheck

CSBStudent

AcademicAdviser

Cashier

Preenrolling


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v. ThestudentswerepayingincashorcheckintheAccountingOffice,specificallytheCashier.

c. AlternativeSequencesi. Pendingclearances.

ii. Pendingaccountbalances.

d. ErrorSequencesi. InvalidCreditCard.

ii. TheChequebounced.e. PostConditions

i. Availabilityofthecourse/subject.ii. Longqueues.

III.UserInterfacea. Theinput/outputmechanismsevailabletothestudentmustbe:

i. Student Information System website for enlistment, approvalofenlistedsubjectsandpreenrollment.

ii. AcademicAdvisersOfficeforcourseadjustment.

iii. Cashierwindowforenrollment.IV.NonFunctionalRequirements

a. Response Time: The SIS interface is expected to respond longeraccordingtotheschoolforpreenrollment.

b. Confidentiality:Theenrollmentisdoneinprivacy,andthecashieristosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.

c. Availability:Studentstendtoenrollatthelastminute,soitisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpayingstudents.

d. Frequency: The Accounting Office is only available at certain hours(8am12nnand1pm5pm)buttheSISisavailable24/7.

e. Integrity: The Accounting Office is made up of esteemed and loyal

officers make sure that the money is handled carefully and it iscoveredinmarbleanditsdoorsareprotectedbyofficers.


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ClaimingaBarangayClearance


a. Title:ClaimingaBarangayClearanceb. Summary:Thisusecaseallowscitizenswithlegalageanddiscretiontoclaimabarangayclearance.

c. Actors:Citizens,AssistantClerksandCashierII. FlowofEvents

a. Preconditioni. Thecitizenmustbelivinginthebarangay

ii. ThecitizenmusthavetwovalidIDsb. MainSuccessScenario

i. Thecitizengoestothemainofficeandfillsupacedula.ii. Thecedulaisthengiventotheassistantclerktobecopiedto

thecommunitytaxcertificate.iii. The assistant clerk asks the citizen what is requested to be

processed,andafterwardsvalidatingthecitizensIDs.iv. Theassistantclerktakesapictureofthecitizentobeprinted

withthebarangayclearance.v. Thebarangayclearanceisbeingprocessedandbeingrecorded

inthebarangaysdatabase.

FillinguptheCedula

ClaimingaBarangayClearance

rans err ng

CedulatoCommunityTaxCertificate

rea ngBarangayClearanceDocument

BarangayDatabase

ay ng as an ReceivingBarangay

ClearanceandReceipts

Citizen

AssistantClerk

Cashier

TakingaPicture

ValidatingIdentification

Cards


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vi. Thebarangay clearance is printedandis given togetherwiththereceiptandtaxcertificatetothecitizen.

c. AlternativeSequencesi. Thecitizenhaschargesunderthebarangay.

ii. Thecitizenisunderlegalage.

d. ErrorSequencesi. Invalid IDs. (i.e. IDs without residence addresses containing

thebarangayname)ii. Hasderogatoryrecord.(charges)

e. PostConditionsi. Identification

ii. ClearedinordertoapplyforanewjobIII.UserInterface

a. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletothecitizenmustbe:i. Frontdeskforinformation

ii. MainOfficeforinquiriesandrequests

iii. Ministudioforpicturetakingiv. AccountingOfficeforpaying

IV.NonFunctionalRequirementsa. ResponseTime:Thesituationdependsonthenumberofpeoplelining

upforinformationandrequests.b. Confidentiality:Thetransactionis doneinprivacy,andthecashieris

tosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.c. Availability:Citizenstendtoaskforinformationatthelastminute,so

itisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpeople.d. Frequency: The Barangay Office is only available at certain hours.

(8am12nnand1pm5pm)

e. Integrity:Theemployeesareaisalwaysguardedbyofficerstosafelykeep the essential objects inside. Also, the police station is on theothersideofthebarangayoffice.


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DepositMoneyforEpurse

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:Depositmoneyforepurseb. Summary:Allowsstudenttodepositmoneyc. Actors:Student,accountant

II. FlowofEvents

a. Preconditioni. ValidIDii. MinimumP50.00

b. MainSuccessScenarioi. PresentIDtoAccounting

ii. Depositdesiredamountintoepurseiii. InputPINcodeforepurseiv. Getreceiptv. GetIDbackfromAccounting

c. AlternativeSequencesi. From1

1. IDisnotvalidated2. ValidateID3. *Gobackto2

ii. From21. Toomuchdeposit(>2,500)2. Reduceamountto


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1. InputPINnotvalid2. InputvalidPIN3. *Gobackto4

iv. From31. RefuseReceipt

2. *Gobackto5d. ErrorSequences

i. From01. Accountingofficeisclosed2. *USECASEFAILED

ii. From51. IDisnotyours2. *USECASEFAILED

e. PostConditionsi. PrintingservicesatACTCfrontdeskTaftandAKICCampuses.

ii. LibrarypenaltypaymentatLRTExtandAKICLRC6thFloor.

iii. FoodandbeveragepurchasesattheAKICcafeteria.III.UserInterface

a. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletothecitizenmustbe:i. AccountingOffice

1. Window1Cashier2. Window2InformationOffice3. Window4

IV.NonFunctionalRequirementsa. ResponseTime:Thesituationdependsonthenumberofpeoplelining


tosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.c. Availability:Studentstendtoaskforinformationatthelastminute,so

itisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpeople.d. Frequency: TheAccounting Office is onlyavailable at certain hours.

(8am12nnand1pm5pm)e. Integrity:Theemployeesareaisalwaysguardedbyofficerstosafely

keeptheessentialobjectsinside.


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ApplyingforaCivilServiceExam

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:CivilServiceExaminationb. Summary: This allows the applicant to acquire a CivilService Exam

managedbythePhilippineCivilServiceCommission.c. Actors:Applicant,Staff


i. Theapplicantmustbeinproperageofdiscretion.b. MainSuccessScenario

i. Theapplicantasksthefrontdeskpersonnelfortheapplication

andalso,receivestheCivilServiceEligibilityexamination.ii. TheapplicantpresentsthefinishedCSEexamapplicationform

withrequirements andalso, receives theschedule andvenuefortheexam.


1. Theapplicantpresentsanincompleteform2. Thestaffaskstocompletenecessaryfieldsandaccepts3. *Gobackto3

ii. From31. The applicant asks for a new examination schedule

because of inavailability from the first proposedschedule.

2. The staff postpones the initialproposed schedule to anewdatewheretheapplicantwillbeavailable.

d. ErrorSequencesi. From0

1. Theapplicantisstillaminor

CivilServiceExam

ve n s e applicationform

completewith

requirements

Applicant

Staff

dateandvenueof

examination


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2. *USECASEFAILEDii. From0

1. TheCommissionOfficeisclosed2. *USECASEFAILED

iii. From1

1. Theapplicanthasinsufficientrequirements2. *USECASEFAILED

e. PostConditionsi. TheapplicantcantakethetestforCivilService

III.UserInterfacea. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletothecitizenmustbe:

i. TheCivilServiceCommissionOfficeIV.NonFunctionalRequirements

a. ResponseTime:Thesituationdependsonthenumberofpeopleliningupforinformationandrequests.

b. Confidentiality:Thetransactionis doneinprivacy,andthecashieris

tosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.c. Availability:Applicantstendtoaskforinformationatthelastminute,

soitisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpeople.d. Frequency: TheOffice is only available at certain hours. (8am12nn

and1pm5pm)e. Integrity:Theemployeesareaisalwaysguardedbyofficerstosafely


ApplyingforaStudentsPermit

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:StudentsPermit

StudentsPermit

ve n s e applicationformcompletewithrequirements

Applicant

Staff

a mo c a Students

Permit

gnnamean havepicture

taken


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b. Summary:ThisallowstheapplicanttoacquireaStudentsPermittohavepermissiontolearntodrive.

c. Actors:Applicant,StaffII. FlowofEvents

a. Precondition

i. Theapplicantmustbeover15yearsold.b. MainSuccessScenario

i. Theapplicantfillsuptheapplicationformandsubmitsittotheoffice.

ii. Theapplicantssignatureandphotoistaken.iii. TheapplicantreceivestheofficialStudentsPermit.


1. Theapplicantpresentsanincompleteform2. Thestaffaskstocompletenecessaryfieldsandaccepts3. *Gobackto1


1. TheLTOOfficeisclosed2. *USECASEFAILED

ii. From11. Theapplicanthasinsufficientrequirements2. *USECASEFAILED

e. PostConditionsi. Theapplicantcanlearntodrivewithlegality.

III.UserInterfacea. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletotheapplicantmustbe:

i. TheLTOOfficeIV.NonFunctionalRequirements

a. ResponseTime:Thesituationdependsonthenumberofpeopleliningupforinformationandrequests.

b. Confidentiality:Thetransactionis doneinprivacy,andthecashieristosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.

c. Availability:Applicantstendtoaskforinformationatthelastminute,soitisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpeople.

d. Frequency:TheOfficeforstudentpermitisonlyavailableathalfday.(8am12nn)

e. Integrity:Theemployeesareaisalwaysguardedbyofficerstosafely



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GettingaTIN

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:TaxpayerIdentificationNumberorTINb. Summary:ThisallowsthecitizenortaxpayertopossessaTINc. Actors:Taxpayer,Staff


i. Theapplicantmusthaveabirthcertificate.ii. Theapplicantmusthaveabarangayclearance.

b. MainSuccessScenarioi. Thecitizenaccomplishestheformandsubmitsittotheoffice.

ii. TheapplicantreceivesthestampedformwiththeTIN.c. AlternativeSequences

i. From11. Theapplicantpresentsanincompleteform2. Thestaffaskstocompletenecessaryfieldsandaccepts3. *Gobackto1


1. TheBIROfficeisclosed

2. *USECASEFAILSii. From1

1. Theapplicanthasinsufficientrequirements2. *USECASEFAILS

e. PostConditionsi. The citizen would present a TIN in order to transact any

payablegovernmentserviceormerchandise.

TIN

ve n s e formcomplete

with

requirements

Taxpayer

Staffa mformwith

TIN


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III.UserInterfacea. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletotheapplicantmustbe:

i. TheBIROfficesIV.NonFunctionalRequirements

a. ResponseTime:Thesituationdependsonthenumberofpeoplelining


tosafelykeepthepaymentsinorder.c. Availability:Taxpayerstendtoaskforinformationatthelastminute,

soitisexpectedthatthequeuewillbefilledwithpeople.d. Frequency: The Office isonly available atcertainhours for the day.

(8am12nn&1pm5pm)e. Integrity:Theemployeesareaisalwaysguardedbyofficerstosafely


ApplyingforaSmartMoneycard

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:ApplyforSmartMoneyb. Summary:ThisallowsuserstoapplyfortheSmartMoneycard.c. Actors:SmartMoneyCardholder(applicant),SmartMoneyPersonnel


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II. FlowofEventsa. Preconditions

i. TheapplicantmustbeaSmatsubscriber.ii. Theapplicantmustbeatleast12yearsold.

iii. Theapplicantmusthaveavalididentificationcard.

b. MainSuccessScenarioi. The applicant asks the personnel to activate his/her

SmartMoneyaccount.ii. Theapplicanthandsoverthedocumentsneededforapplying.

iii. Theapplicantgivesthepaymenttothepersonnel.iv. TheapplicantclaimstheSmartMoneycard.

c. AlternativeSequencesi. From3DelayofclaimingSmartMoneycard

1. The personnel gives the schedule when the applicantmayclaimtheSmartMoneycard.

2. Backto4

d. ErrorSequencesi. From0TheWirelessCenterisclosed.

1. Theapplicantfindsthatthecenterisclosed.2. UseCasefails.

e. PostConditionsi. The SmartMoney cardholder may be able to check balances,

loadamounts,withdrawamountsandpurchaseonline.III.UserInterface

a. Theinput/outputmechanismsavailabletotheusermustbe:i. SmartWirelessCenter

ii. Smartapplicationincelphone

IV.NonFunctionalRequirementsa. Response Time: The situation depends on the Internet Connection

andServerMaintenance.


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AddingaPositioninlinkedin.com

UseCaseNarrative


a. Title:AddPositionb. Summary:This allows the LinkedInusertoadd former and current

jobpositions.c. Actors:LinkedInUser

II. FlowofEventsa. Preconditions

i. TheusermusthaveaLinkedInaccount.ii. TheusermustbeconnectedtoanInternetConnection.

b. MainSuccessScenarioi. TheuserclickstheEditunderProfileCompletion.

ii. TheuserclicksAddPosition.iii. TheuserenterstheCompanyName.iv. TheuserenterstheTitle,TimePeriodandDescription.v. TheusersubmitstheformbyclickingUpdate.

c. AlternativeSequencesi. From3CompanyRecognized

1

A Systems Analysis and Design Reader

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