A Systematic Evaluation of Sisyrinchium hitchcockii
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Transcript of A Systematic Evaluation of Sisyrinchium hitchcockii
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A Systematic Evaluation of Sisyrinchium hitchcockii
Matt GrobergOSU and ODA
Stephen Meyers, Dr. Robert Meinke (Advisors)
S. hitchcockii S. bellum S. idahoense
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Conservation StatusOrganization StatusNatural Heritage Information Center
List 1
NatureServe G1
Natural Heritage Network
S2
USFWS Species of concern
BLM Sensitive species
ODA Not listed
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BLM: Soggy Bottom Site
S. hitchcockii
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A Brief Taxonomic History:• Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973)
group S. hitchcockii, along with closely related species, into one species: Sisyrinchium angustifolium.
• Henderson (1976) divided groups of plants synonymous with S. angustifolium into eight different species including S. bellum, S. idahoense, and S. hitchcockii. – Previous taxonomic studies
based on dried plants.– Characters in the flowers of
Sisyrinchium are not well preserved in herbarium specimens.
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Henderson explains that S. hitchcockii is morphologically unique in that it has:
• A short creeping rhizome• The largest flowers ( tepals up to 20 mm long)• The widest stems and leaves ( >3mm)
Rhizome
Tepal
Leaf
Stem
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Definitions of a Species• A member of a species can produce fertile
offspring with another member of that species.– However, plants often self fertilize or hybridize
with closely related species and produce fertile offspring.
• A group of organisms that are morphologically, cytologically, genetically, and distributionally very similar.– The species is on its own evolutionary track.
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Speciation
• Allopatric Speciation: new species are formed when a geographic or ecological barrier between two populations prevents gene flow over a long period of time.
• Sympatric Speciation: new species are formed when internal barriers, such as polyploidy, reduce or prevent gene flow between the new species and the preserved species.
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Polyploidy
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Distribution
S. hitchcockiiS. bellumS. idahoense
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Chromosome Counts (Henderson 1976)
• S. hitchcockii: n = 32• S. bellum: n = 16• S. idahoense: n = 32 or 48
• Suggests Polyploidy present in all three
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Self Compatibility (Henderson1976)
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Cross Compatibility (Henderson1976)
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Question and Hypotheses
• Q: Is S. hitchcockii a true species?– H0: S. hitchcockii is a larger version of S.
bellum due to polyploidy, but is not genetically unique and therefore a not true species.
– H1: S. hitchcockii is morphologically, cytologically, and genetically unique and therefore a true species.
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Objectives• Compare the morphology of S. bellum and S.
idahoense to S. hitchcockii from fresh specimens and herbarium specimens to determine if there are differences not preserved in herbarium specimens.
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Objectives• Compare the morphology of S. bellum and S. idahoense
to S. hitchcockii from fresh specimens and herbarium specimens to determine if there are differences not preserved in herbarium specimens.
• Confirm that there is polyploidy in chromosome numbers between all three species.
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Objectives• Compare the morphology of S. bellum and S. idahoense
to S. hitchcockii from fresh specimens and herbarium specimens to determine if there are differences not preserved in herbarium specimens.
• Confirm that there is polyploidy in chromosome numbers between all three species.
• Analyze genetic information from all three species to determine if S. hitchcockii is unique and to suggest a possible phylogenetic tree.
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Objectives• Compare the morphology of S. bellum and S. idahoense
to S. hitchcockii from fresh specimens and herbarium specimens to determine if there are differences not preserved in herbarium specimens.
• Confirm that there is polyploidy in chromosome numbers between all three species.
• Analyze genetic information from all three species to determine if S. hitchcockii is unique and to suggest a possible phylogenetic tree.
• Determine if S. hitchcockii is a true species that should be monitored.
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Objectives• Compare the morphology of S. bellum and S. idahoense
to S. hitchcockii from fresh specimens and herbarium specimens to determine if there are differences not preserved in herbarium specimens.
• Confirm that there is polyploidy in chromosome numbers between all three species.
• Analyze genetic information from all three species to determine if S. hitchcockii is unique and to suggest a possible phylogenetic tree.
• Determine if S. hitchcockii is a true species that should be monitored.
• Develop a key for identification in the field.
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Materials and Methods
• Morphology: key traits were measured in each species and then statistically compared using morphometric analysis.
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Materials and Methods
• Morphology: key traits were measured in each species and then statistically evaluated using morphometric analysis.
• Cytology: cytometry from crushed leaves was made with Partec GmbH ploidy analyzer ( at OSU seed lab.)
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Materials and Methods• Morphology: key traits were measured in each
species and then statistically compared using morphometric analysis.
• Cytology: cytometry from crushed leaves was made with Partec GmbH ploidy analyzer ( at OSU seed lab.)
• Genetics: DNA was extracted from the leaves. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify nuclear non-coding DNA (nrITS) and chloroplast DNA (matK). Phylogenetic tree was created using Bayesian inference.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Reason for Using Non-Coding DNA
Coding DNA Non-Coding DNA
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Results and Discussion
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Morphology
S. hitchcockii• Outer tepals: l:w ratio
>2.5; length usually >15mm and up to 20mm; elliptic and slightly wider at the top
• Yellow eye: yellow eye small if present.
• Filaments: dark purple and >6mm long.
S. bellumOuter tepals: l:w ratio <2.5; length <13mm long; egg shaped,wider at the top; topside glossy andunderside lighter than topside.
• Yellow eye: yellow eye robust.
• Filaments: yellow to purple and < 6mm long.
S. IdahoenseOuter tepals: l:w ratio >2.5, usually>13mm and up to 20mm in some varieties; oblong to slightly wider at the top.
• Yellow eye: yellow eye present.
• Filaments: yellow-tan to tan-purple and < 6mm long.
Outer tepals
Fused filamentsYellow eye
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Plot of Discriminant Functions
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Function 1
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
Func
tion
2
speciesS. bellum S. hitchcockii S. idahoense Centroids
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Cytology
• Chromosome counts:– S. hitchcockii: n = 32– S. bellum: n = 16– S. idahoense: n = 64
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ConclusionS. hitchcockii is unique:
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ConclusionPlot of Discriminant Functions
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Function 1
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
Func
tion
2
speciesS. bellum S. hitchcockii S. idahoense Centroids
S. hitchcockii is unique:1. Morphologically
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ConclusionPlot of Discriminant Functions
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Function 1
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
Func
tion
2
speciesS. bellum S. hitchcockii S. idahoense Centroids
S. hitchcockii is unique:1. Morphologically2. Cytologically
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ConclusionPlot of Discriminant Functions
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Function 1
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
Func
tion
2
speciesS. bellum S. hitchcockii S. idahoense Centroids
S. hitchcockii is unique:1. Morphologically2. Cytologically3. Genetically
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Acknowledgements• Stephen Meyers • Kelly Amsberry • OSU and UC herbaria• Dr. Robert Meinke• Rebecca Currin• Dr. Kevin Ahern & HHMI• Dr. Lynda Ciufetti • Dr. Lisa Karst• Jaworski Scholarship