A Study on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates and Seagrasses From Silaqui Island

8/17/2019 A Study on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates and Seagrasses From Silaqui Island

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A Study on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates and Seagrasses from

Silaqui Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan.

Tan, Eugene Francis U.1, Tuazon, Maria Felicia D.1, Valenzuela, Kim Patricia Nicole P.1, Villaseran, Janina Myka

G.1, & Vivas, Angelli Mutya L.1 GRP 8- 4BIO41DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ESPAÑA, MANILA 1508

Abstract

Pangasinan has been exposed to many natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and storm surges due to

its geographical location, topography and the presence of vast rivers that greatly affect those living in the low lying

areas. In order to conserve biodiversity, estimations was done to evaluate Pangasinan’s biodiversity. The aim this

study is to determine level of biodiversity of invertebrates and seagrasses in the coastal region of Silaqui islands,

Bolinao, Pangasinan using statistical methods. In addition, this study also aims to identify species of invertebrates

and seagrasses in the mentioned location. Random sampling was done on 3 sites in the coasts of Salaqui island,Pangasinan . The sites to be sampled are three 5 to 10-1x1 meter quadrats from the shore, as the starting point,

moving towards the sea, as the end point. Species richness was calculated using the the Shannon-Weiner diversity

index and the species evenness was investigated through the Simpson’s index. Upon deliberation of results, the data

was treated using Kruskal-Wallis test. From the results of the Shannon-Weiner index can be deduced that the

individuals in the population is distributed evenly. With an H value lesser than the critical value, it is then proved

that at least for the sites studied the diversity is the same throughout.

Silaqui island, Pangasinan, Thallasia hemprichii, Shannon-Weiner, Simpson’s Index, Kruskal-Wallis test

Introduction

The Philippines is the most biodiverse tropical

country located on the southeastern part of Asia.

It is an archipelago composed of 7,107 islands. It

is one of the 17 mega-diversity countries, which

between themselves contain 70 to 80 percent of

global biodiversity. The country’s marine waters

cover 2,210,000 km2 with a coastline of 22,450

km and an estimated 27,000 km2 of coral reefs

(Ong et al.). Pangasinan is one of the largest

provinces in Region I and in the country located

in northwestern Luzon, bounded in the north by

La Union province, in the east by Nueva Ecija

province, in the south by Tarlac province, and in

the west by Zambales province. The province’s

coastal area is endowed with productive coastal

ecosystems, such as seagrass, coral reefs and

mangroves that provide fishing grounds.

Aside from these natural calamities,

current trends in coastal migration and the

increasing human activities on land, coasts and

seas have exerted pressure on the sustaining


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capacity of coastal and marine areas (Ong, et al.).

These also amplify the risks of environmental

degradation, destruction of vital coastal habitats,

loss of marine biological diversity and

deterioration of near shore water quality. Coralreefs have experienced dramatic degradation and

decline due to natural calamities, climate change

impacts like coral bleaching and unabated human

pressures like overfishing, sedimentation and

domestic pollution. Most seagrass beds are

moderately degraded and destroyed due to

erosion and mine tailings.

Philippines is the largest contributor to

the high biodiversity of the Indo-Pacific center

(Carpteter & Springer, 2005). Biodiversity plays

a big role in the economy. Its’ vast flora and

fauna are the main source of livelihood and

income in coastal areas. One of the known sites

for fisheries in the country is in Pangasinan

where corals and commercial fishes dominate the

seafloors. Despite its’ vast biodiversity,

Philippines is also at risk for marine danger and

efforts have been made to conserve marine life.

Marine extinction and coral bleaching are just

some of the few issues being faced by coast of

Pangasinan. In order to conserve biodiversity,

estimations must be done to evaluate

Pangasinan’s biodiversity. Therefore, the

objective of this study is to determine level ofbiodiversity of invertebrates and seagrasses in

the coastal region of Silaqui islands, Bolinao,

Pangasinan using statistical methods. In addition,

this study also aims to identify species of

invertebrates and seagrasses in the mentioned

location.

Methodology

Research design. Random sampling was done on

3 sites in the coasts of Silaqui island, Pangasinan

(map shown, Figure 1-A,B). The sites to be

sampled are three 5 to 10-1x1 meter quadrats

from the shore, as the starting point, moving

towards the sea, as the end point. The rationale

of this design is to compare presence of various

species in 3 sites and to ensure variety of flora

and fauna in order to evaluate the overall

biodiversity of the area.


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Research instrument. A experiment utilized a

one 20-meter rope/string marked every meter, a

1x1 meter plastic quarter grid embedded with

stable ropes (Figure 1-C) swimming equipment,

underwater camera, and field notebook for note

taking.

Research sampling. The 20-meter line will be

laid from the shore towards the sea. At every 1-2

meter interval, a quadrat grid was placed.

Presence of invertebrates and seagrasses were

counted per selected quadrat and pictures were

taken for documentary purposes. The substrate

where the species lay were also noted estimating

its mineral composition.

Statistical treatment. Upon deliberation of

results, the data was treated using Kruskal-Wallis

test. This non-parametric statistical analysis

enabled the analysis of data in between ranks and

medians. This method enabled the test for

overlap attribute, diversity, maximum diversity,

evenness and dominance indexes comparisons. It

also determined the difference between sites and

percent cover and density of seagrasses species

were studied.

A

B

C

Figure 1: (A) Philippine map, marked with a red star symbolizing Silaqui island, (B) Silaqui

island with a red line marking site A, blue line marking site B and green line marking site C,

C uadrat used in the field.


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Results and Discussion

Site A

From the selected quadrats within the first 5

meters show a total of 53 Littorina littorea, 1

Ulva lactuca and 12 Thalassia hemprichii

species. While the selected quadrats within 5-10

meters from the shore contain 1 Ulva lactuca and

41 Thalassia hemprichii species.

An estimate of 49% of site A consists of

Thalassia hemprichii species and an equal 49%

of Littorina littorea, while a meager 2 % belongs

to Ulva lactuca species as seen in Figure 2. The

first five meters of the site is seen to have a 90%

dead coral and 10% fine sand substrate while the

next 5-10 meter are observed to be 80% fine

sand and 20% dead coral substrate.

A transect line from site A shows a

distribution wherein majority (48%) of thespecies are Thalassia hemprichii followed by

Littorina littorea with 28% and lease populated

by Ulva lactuca with 24% as seen in Figure 3.

!"#

%#

!"#

Littorina

littorea

Ulva lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii

Figure 2:Estimate of the distribution of organisms atsite A from the average of the quadrat data.

%

%!#

!

Littorina

littorea

Ulva

lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii

Figure 3:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at

site A from the average of the transect line data.


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Site B

From the selected quadrats within the

first 5 meters show a total of 84 Littorina

littorea, 1 Ulva lactuca and 5 Thalassia

hemprichii species. While the selected quadrats

within 5-10 meters from the shore contain 14

Littorina littorea and 41 Thalassia hemprichii

species. An estimate of 67% of site B consists of

Littorina littorea species followed by 32% of

Thalassia hemprichii, while 1 % belongs to Ulva

lactuca species as seen in Figure 4. The first five

meters of the site is seen to have a 100% dead

coral substrate while the next 5-10 meter are

observed to be 30% fine sand and 70% dead

coral substrate.

A transect line from site B shows a

distribution wherein majority (52%) of the

species are Thalassia hemprichii followed by



Site C

From the selected quadrats within the

first 5 meters show a total of 13 Littorina

littorea, 14 Ulva lactuca and 125 Thalassia

hemprichii species. While the selected quadrats

within 5-10 meters from the shore contain 12

Ulva lactuca and 194 Thalassia hemprichii

species. An estimate of 89% of site A consists of

Thalassia hemprichii species followed by 7% of

Ulva lactuca, while 1 % belongs to Littorina

littorea species as seen in Figure 6. The first five

meters of the site is seen to have a 100% dead

coral substrate while the next 5-10 meters are

'(#

)#

*%# Littorina

littorea

Ulva lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii


site B from the average of the quadrat.

!)#

(#

+%#

Littorina

littorea

Ulva

lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii


site B from the average of the transect line data.


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observed to be 60% fine sand and 40% dead

coral substrate.

A transect line from site C shows a

distribution wherein majority (84%) of the

species are Thalassia hemprichii followed by



Species Identification

Collected species of invertebrates andseagrasses were identified to be the following:

Littorina littorea, Ulva lactuca, and Thalassia

hemprichii. Species were confirmed by their

morphological characteristics. Littorina littorea

also known as common periwinkle is

characterized by broadly ovate, thick and sharply

pointed shell (Raynor & Rundle, 2015). These

are small edible sea snails attached to the rocky

ocean floors of Pangasinan. Ulva lactuca is

characterized by leafy appearance, hence its

common name sea lettuce (van der Wal etal.,2013: Djop et al., 2016). Lastly, Thalassia

hemprichii also known as the sea grass is also

common to coastal regions of the country and

dominates majority of the seafloor of Pangasinan

(Suphapon et al., 2013: Tanaka et al.,2014).

Species Evenness

Species evenness refers to how close

each individual in a population is therefore

quantifying the equal the distribution of each

individual. The evenness in the given population

can be represented by the Shannon-Weiner

diversity index (H).

The variable pi (abundance) denotes the

portion of individuals counted from the

population. Variable H then signifies true

diversity among the population. The value of H

ranges from 0-1, if the value generated fails to

nest within the range, it is assumed that the

species is not evenly distributed within the

n Pi (n/N) ln(pi) (pi)*(ln(pi))

10 0.2222 -1.5042 -0.3342

5 0.1111 -2.1973 -0.2441

30 0.6667 -0.4054 -0.2703

Sum=

45

H = 0.8486

!# (#

&"#

Littorina

littorea

Ulva

lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii


site C from the average of the quadrat.

),#'#

&!#

Littorina

littorea

Ulva

lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii


site C from the average of the transect line data.

Table 1: Values used and generated for the

Shannon-Weiner diversity index.


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population. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index

computed is 0.8486 therefore it can be deduced

that the individuals in the population is not

evenly distributed

Species Richness

The Shannon-Weiner index increases

richness and evenness of the total population.

Researchers prefer to measure the species’

dominance since evenness and richness are

complimentary. To measure dominance,

Simpson’s index (D) is needed.

Simpson’s index (D) is the measure wherein the

probability of 2 individuals take at random will

belong to the same group of species. The values

obtained in chart gives weight to the species with

most abundance. Simpson’s index of diversity

calculated is equal to 0.49. D value ranges from

0-1, which denotes that the greater the value the

lesser the diversity. On the other hand,

Simpson’s reciprocal index ranges from 1 as the

minimum value and the number of total samples

as the maximum value. The obtained value is

2.0408, where a higher value denotes greater

diversity.

Kruskal-Wallis Statistical test

The kruskal-wallis test is a non- parametric test on ranks (which is the equivalent

of the one-way anova). This compares two or

more groups of the same or equal size

independent of each other (Lane et al. 2013).

This test identifies whether there is a dominant

species and whether this dominance is the same

in all the sites sampled. Using the values from

the transect line, the data was subjected to the

Kruskal –Wallis test and yielded an H value (H=

0.088) less than the critical value or P value

(5.99) as seen in Table 3. Given this we have

accepted our null hypothesis, which implies that

for the three sites there is common dominant

specie and the distribution is somewhat same

throughout.

Species (n) n(n-1)

L. littorea 10 90

U. lactuca 5 20

T. hemprichii 30 870

Total (N) 45 980

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% % &! & ' '

&$ ( ($ ) )# *

*+ #% *+ #( *+ #!

, -./01 + %,** 2 + -,-))

34 + $ 5 + -,-%


Simpson’s index.


Kruskal-Wallis test.


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In an instance wherein the H value was

seen greater than the critical value, and the null

hypothesis was rejected, a post hoc in the form

of the Mann-Whitney must be done to compare

the diversity of the sites.

Conclusion

Sampling was conducted in 3 different

sites of Silaqui island in Pangasinan. Collected

samples were identified using morphological

comparisons of its characteristics. Using

combined transect and quadrat method, species

evenness and species richness were determined.

The calculated value for Shannon-Weiner

diversity index (H) is 0.308, and from the index

(H) species richness was determined which was

calculated to be 0.28. It can be deduced that the

individuals in the population is not distributed

evenly. On the other hand, species evenness was

calculated using Simpson’s index (D). Simpson’sindex of diversity is equal to 0.49, and from

index (D), reciprocal of Simpson’s index can be

determined and calculated to be 2.0408. A higher

value of reciprocal signifies a higher level of

diversity. The kruskal-wallis test was done to

evaluate if the diversity of species was the same

in all three sites. With an H value lesser than the

critical value, it is then proved that at least for

the sites studied the diversity is the same

throughout.

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7+44%5% +, -6#%"6% 389:;?@? :;ABC:;AD

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APPENDIX I - Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (1-5) meters from shore

at site A

APPENDIX II: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from shore

at site A

APPENDIX III: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site A

Quadrat Littorina littorea Ulva lactuca Thalassia hemprichii

1.

2 4 - -2. 24 25 1 5

3. 13 9 - -

4. 19 1 - 7

5. 10 5 - -

TOTAL 53 1 12


1. 7 - - 14

2. 9 - - 5

3. 12 - 1 7

4. 19 - - 2

5. 23 - - 13

TOTAL 0 1 41

Organisms Count

1. Littorina littorea 8

2. Ulva lactuca 7

3. Thalassia hemprichii 14


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APPENDIX IV: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (5) meters from the

shore at site B.

APPENDIX V: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from shore

at site B.

APPENDIX VI: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site B

Quadrat Littorina littorea Ulva lactuca Thalassia hemprichii1. 3 21 - -

2. 7 12 - 3

3. 11 - - -

4. 5 50 1 2

5.

19 1 - -

TOTAL 84 1 5


1. 3 - - 9

2. 7 4 - 7

3. 11 10 - 5

4. 5 - - 11

5.

19 - - 9

TOTAL 14 0 41

Organisms Count


2. Ulva lactuca 3

3. Thalassia hemprichii 24


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APPENDIX VII: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (5) meters from the

shore at site C.

APPENDIX VIII: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from

shore at site C.

APPENDIX IX: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site C

Quadrat Littorina littorea Ulva lactuca

Thalassia

hemprichii

1. 1 10 - 23

2. 5 3 5 12

3. 13 - 3 30

4. 22 - 4 25

5. 25 - 2 35

TOTAL 13 14 125


1. 3 - - 29

2. 14 - 9 45

3. 16 - 3 30

4.

20 - - 415. 21 - - 49

TOTAL 0 12 194

Organisms Count


2.

Ulva lactuca 43. Thalassia hemprichii 53


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APPENDIX X: Computation for the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index

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!!!!"!#

!!!"#$

! !!!!"# ! !!!!

APPENDIX XI: Computation for the Simpson’s Index

! !! !!!! !!

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!"#$%&!!! !"#$%&'#() !"#$% !

! ! !!!"!#


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APPENDIX XI: Computation for the Kruskal Wallis Test

! !!"

! !!! !!!

!!!

!!

! ! !!! !!

! !!"

!

!!! !!!

!"!! !"

!! !"

!

! ! ! !!! !!

! ! !!!!

Ho: All three sites are similar in terms of dominant species and general biodiversity.

Ha: One or two of the three sites are dissimilar in terms of dominant species and general biodiversity.

Crit value = 5.99

! = 0.05

df = 3-1 = 2

H< Crit value

Since H < Crit value, ACCEPT HO

A Study on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates and Seagrasses From Silaqui Island

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