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A STUDY OF THE MERITS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATE LINER SYSTEMS AT ILLINOIS LANDFILLS
A RESEARCH PAPER Submitted in Fulfillment of House Resolution 715
State of Illinois 92nd General Assembly January 2003
byJoyce Munie, P.E.
Manager, Permit Section, Bureau of Land Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PAPER OF
THE ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, for House Resolution
715 of the State of Illinois 92nd General Assembly.
TITLE: A Study of the Merits and Effectiveness of Alternate Liner Systems at Illinois
Landfills
The 92nd General Assembly directed the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency to
study the merits and effectiveness of multiple liner systems at Illinois landfills and
provide a recommendation on the advisability of requiring multiple liner systems at all
future municipal solid waste landfills. This report analyzes current liner designs,
evaluates the design’s effectiveness and relative cost, and evaluates other alternate
multiple liner designs including their cost and effectiveness. This report evaluates the
current minimum liner design standard in Illinois for municipal solid waste landfills of a
single liner system. Analysis of the single liner system’s effectiveness for protection of
human health and the environment is presented with an evaluation of the double-
composite liner design for municipal solid waste landfills. This report includes a
summary of regulatory requirements from other states for comparison. Finally an
evaluation of the relative cost of liner designs is provided.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of the liner design standards of the existing Illinois
regulations is not as straightforward as it would appear. The liner design for municipal
solid waste landfills relies on the collection and removal of liquids from the landfill to
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effectively protect human health and the environment. The Illinois regulations specify
minimum design standards and also require an evaluation of the design in the specific
geologic and hydrogeologic setting. The evaluation of the specific design can result in
additional requirements beyond the minimum design standard including, but not limited
to, a double-composite liner system.
Modifying the Illinois regulations to change the minimum liner design requirement from
a single liner to a double-composite liner is not recommended at this time. Given the
compromises that arise due to the complicated construction of double-composite lined
municipal solid waste landfills, there is a much better chance of successfully completing
construction of the liner if the design is kept simple. Also the additional cost of a double-
composite liner is substantial without corresponding protection, except where shown to
be necessary for the specific geologic and hydrogeologic setting. The current minimum
technical requirements contained in the Illinois regulations are protective of human health
and the environment.
A draft copy of this report was forwarded to Dr. David E. Daniel, P.E., Dean, College of
Engineering at the University of Illinois for his review and comment. Dr. Daniel is a
published expert on landfill design, specifically liners. In his review Dr. Daniel stated
that “(t)o the best of my knowledge, there has been no documented instance of
groundwater contamination anywhere in the U.S. as a result of leakage through
single-composite liner systems, such as required in Illinois… In my view, the key issue
to protect groundwater from landfills is not how many liners are used, but assurance that
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the liners are properly constructed, and construction verified through a very thorough
construction quality assurance program… I agree with the report's conclusion that
modifying Illinois regulations to require double liners is not recommended at this time.”
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AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Vasantha Gudiwada who spent her summer as a Governor’s
Environmental Corps intern researching this paper. Also, from within the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency many people spent a great deal of time reviewing,
offering comments and assisting in the contract development for this paper. I would like
to express my sincere appreciation to those people, particularly, Chris Liebman, Gwenyth
Thompson, Vanessa Keehner, Neelu Reddy, John Sherrill, Richard Amoako, Michael
Nechvatal and William Child.
I wish to thank Earthtech for researching and completing the attached summary
and cost estimates within a short time frame. In particular, I would like to thank Andy
Querio, Shaoyan Gao, Ed Doyle and Terri Blackmar.
Finally I would like to thank Dr. David Daniel for taking time to review this paper
under such a limited time frame.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iv
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………vi
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS……………………………………………………………..vii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1
CURRENT REGULATIONS……………………………………………………………..3
GROUNDWATER IMPACT ASSESSMENT……...……………………………………4
COMPARISON OF STATE REGULATIONS………………………………………..…6
EVALUATION OF LINERS……………………………………………………………..7
COST CONSIDERATIONS……………………………………………………………..10
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..10
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..13
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Base Liner Systems……………………………………………………………..3
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1: Earthtech (2002). Report of Cost Estimates and Summary of State
Regulations in Support of HR715.
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Introduction
According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste
(1989), the United States produces enough solid waste each year to fill ten 145,000-mile
long dumpsters. The question of how to best manage these wastes has been a problem for
decades. There are hundreds of different materials and products of varying weight and
material composition. Primary methods developed to manage waste include incinerators,
landfills and recycling facilities.
Landfills are sites that permanently store waste in a manner that minimizes the
release of contaminants into the environment. The environmental containment systems
for municipal solid waste landfills include a system beneath the waste and a cover system
constructed over the waste. The system beneath the waste generally consists of a
combination of a drainage layer overlaying low-permeability barriers or liners. The
functions of liners and the drainage layer are complementary and work together to
prevent the uncontrolled discharge of contaminants to the environment.
The drainage layer or leachate collection and removal system is an integral part of
the environmental protection system of any liner. Leachate is the contaminated liquid in
a landfill that passes through or has been in direct contact with solid waste. The leachate
collection system is placed directly below the waste for the purpose of collecting the
liquid above the liner. If this contaminated liquid is not removed from the landfill it
creates a hydraulic head or downward force on the liner that drives the liquid out of the
landfill. The leachate collection system collects and conveys leachate within the landfill
to controlled collection points or sumps to limit the buildup of leachate or hydraulic head
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on the liner. The leachate collection system consists of a granular layer with perforated
pipes to convey the leachate to the leachate removal system. The leachate removal
system may contain networks of sumps, pumps, flow meters, and other flow conveyance
and monitoring components for the purpose of removing the leachate on top of the liner.
The purpose of the liner is to impede leachate and gas migration out of a
municipal solid waste landfill and improve the collection capability of the overlying
drainage layer. Liners installed beneath modern municipal solid waste landfills generally
consists of a recompacted earth liner, a single-composite liner or double-composite liner.
The recompacted earth liner, as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #1, consists
exclusively of clay soil that is recompacted to a certain specification to limit movement
of leachate through the material. The single-composite liner system, as shown on Figure
1 as base liner system #2, consists of a layer of recompacted clay soil beneath a
geomembrane which is a man-made plastic material of a specified thickness. Both of
these types of liner systems are directly overlain with a leachate collection system. The
double-composite liner system, as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #3, consists of
a primary liner overlaying a secondary liner with a leak detection layer between the two
liners. Both the primary and secondary liners have two low permeable components. The
leak detection layer is a layer between the two liners. The purpose of the leak detection
layer is monitor the performance of the upper liner and allow appropriate action to be
taken when leachate is found in this layer. This liner system has a leachate collection
system directly above the primary liner.
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Figure 1: Base Liner Systems
Current Regulations
The current regulations in Illinois require that all municipal solid waste landfills be
equipped with leachate collection and liner designed as an integrated system. The
minimum design requirements for a liner in Illinois include two options. The first allows
a recompacted earth liner with a minimum thickness no less than 5 feet and a specified
compaction as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #1. The second is a single-
composite liner consisting of a geomembrane immediately overlaying a recompacted
earth liner of a minimum of 3 feet in thickness as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system
#2. For the composite liner the minimum thickness of the geomembrane is no less than
60 mils. One mil is one-thousandth of an inch. The earthen component of both of these
liners must be recompacted to achieve a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1x10-7
centimeters per second.
In addition to the minimum design requirements for the liner there are many other
regulations that are an integral part of the environmental containment system. The
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construction of the liner must be carried out in accordance with the construction quality
assurance procedures so as to reduce void spaces and allow the liner to support the
loadings imposed by the waste disposal operation without settling that causes or
contributes to the failure of the leachate collection and liner system. The liner must
operate in conjunction with a leachate collection and removal system to achieve the
performance required to protect human health and the environment. The leachate
collection system must be designed to avoid loss of leachate through openings in the
liner. The regulations further require the removal of gas from the municipal solid waste
landfill when it is produced in sufficient quantity to produce an outward force.
Groundwater Impact Assessment
The regulations in Illinois further require that a groundwater impact assessment
(“GIA”) be performed for all municipal solid waste landfills. This assessment is used to
determine if the minimum technical design standards are sufficient to protect human
health and the environment under the exact geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the
site. The minimum technical design is assessed for the impact on groundwater using a
contaminant transport model that requires the actual geologic and hydrogeologic
conditions be characterized. The contaminant transport model is a mathematical model
that must demonstrate that the minimum design can protect groundwater such that the
concentration of any chemical constituent will not exceed the natural background
concentration at the compliance point, which is located 100 feet from the waste boundary
within 100 years of closure of the facility. If this cannot be demonstrated, the design
must be increased to a level that will ensure that that the concentration of any chemical
constituent will not exceed the background value at the compliance point.
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The demonstration by the GIA is a performance standard that must be met in addition
to the minimum design standard. The modeling results are used to show that the
minimum liner design standards will provide the necessary amount of protection at the
municipal solid waste landfill or additional protection must be added. Model results can
never be utilized to waive the minimum design standards. The modeling results are be
used to confirm, not derive, the acceptability of the design parameters.
(Scientific/Technical Section of the Illinois Pollution Control Board (“Board”), 1990)
This means that a municipal solid waste landfill liner must, at a minimum, meet one of
the two specified design standards and may need to be enhanced based on the results of
the GIA.
According to the background report in support of the current regulations by the
Scientific/Technical Section of the Board, 1987, if the GIA demonstrates that, under the
site-specific conditions, the minimum design standards are inadequate to prevent
contamination of the groundwater at the point of compliance then additional protection
must be provided. Additional protection specifically considered by the regulations
includes a double-composite liner. Also considered is the use of special construction
techniques to decrease the hydraulic conductivity, or admixtures to improve the
characteristics of the liner. This allows the designer the flexibility, in approaching the
prevention of groundwater contamination, to evaluate all alternatives. These alternatives
include evaluating another, more suitable site, changing the final configuration of the unit
to promote more runoff and less infiltration, prohibiting the disposal of certain wastes
containing the offensive contaminants, or any combination of these in addition to other
practices that ensure protection of human health and the environment.
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Comparison of State Regulations
Earthtech (2002) presented, in the attached report, the liner requirements from
thirty-five states for comparison to the current minimum liner design requirements found
in Illinois regulations. The majority of the states presented require a single liner as the
minimum design requirement. All of the states in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s Midwest Region, known as Region V, are presented. These states are Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, which due to the similarities in
climate, geology and demographics are appropriate for regulatory comparison. Of these
states, only Michigan has the double-composite liner design for a minimum design
requirement. However, this is required only under certain specified conditions and a
single liner can be allowed. This is similar to Illinois’ requirement to increase the design
where necessary. The difference for Illinois regulations is use of the GIA to define the
specific conditions where this is necessary compared to Michigan where the specific
conditions are laid out in the regulation.
The other states bordering Illinois are also presented in the attached Earthtech
(2002) report. These states include Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Iowa. Of these
states, only Kentucky has the double-composite liner design for a minimum design
requirement. However, a less stringent design can be allowed under site-specific
conditions. In fact, only one double-composite liner has been required in Kentucky to
date.
Of the other states presented in the attached Earthtech (2002) report, Delaware,
Florida, Oregon, and New Jersey require a double-composite liner under certain specified
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conditions. This is similar to Michigan’s standard as discussed above. Pennsylvania
requires a double liner system, however, only one of the liners is required to be a
composite liner.
Of the 35 states in the attached Earthtech (2002) report, only four states require a
double-composite liner as the minimum design requirement. The four states are
Kentucky, as discussed above, Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts. Connecticut
requires a double-composite liner however a less stringent design can be allowed on a
case-by-case basis. New York requires a double-composite liner, without an allowance
for any less stringent design. Massachusetts requires a double-composite liner for
facilities built after December 20, 2000 until new regulations are adopted.
Evaluation of Liners
According to the Scientific/Technical Section of the Board (1987) in support of
the adoption of the current regulations for municipal solid waste landfills, additional
protection must be provided for municipal solid waste landfills if the minimum design
and performance standards are inadequate to prevent the contamination of the
groundwater outside the zone of attenuation. Double-composite liners are one design
option available when the minimum design standard is shown to be inadequate in
evaluating the GIA.
According to a study by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1997),
where states have allowed or required double-composite liner designs, it is usually
because of a perceived or actual lack of native clay in large regions of the state and lack
of experience with the properties of clay as a barrier layer. In Illinois the use of the GIA
allows the flexibility to tailor the design to the specific geologic setting.
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According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in their 1997 study,
double-composite lined landfills are enormously difficult to successfully construct. The
design of double-composite lined landfills usually requires a reduced thickness of the soil
components of the liner, compared to single liner. Only a few double-composite lined
municipal solid waste landfills have been built in Wisconsin, and their construction has
been shown to be complex, difficult to coordinate, and easily subject to interruptions by
weather. It is common for construction of double-composite lined landfills to extend late
into cold weather or to extend over two construction seasons, resulting in several months
of exposure of the liner components to weather. All of these factors lead to doubt that
double-composite lined landfills can be built to the same standard and performance as
single lined landfills as reported by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in
the 1997 study for the proposed Crandon Mine.
Based on Wisconsin’s experience with clay liner design and evaluation of
performance monitoring data from numerous facilities, it was concluded that properly
designed and constructed clay liners along with an efficient leachate collection system
can provide a high level of groundwater protection at solid waste disposal facilities as
reported in the 1997 Wisconsin study. Lee and Jones-Lee (1994) found that the leachate
collection and removal system is the key component of the municipal solid waste landfill
containment system to prevent groundwater pollution. If properly constructed and
maintained, such a system can prevent leachate from entering the groundwater associated
with the municipal solid waste landfill. The performance of the municipal solid waste
landfill depends more on the functioning of the leachate collection and removal system
rather than on the number of liners used, according to Lee and Jones-Lee (1994).
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The key protection of groundwater quality in a double-composite lined landfill,
where the lower composite liner's function is primarily that of a leak detection system for
the upper composite liner, is the ability to take appropriate action when leachate is found
in the leak detection layer between the two composite liners according to Lee and Jones-
Lee. According to Bonaparte and Gross (1990), the leakage detection layers in double-
composite liner systems frequently exhibit flows that may be due to leakage through the
top liner or due to other sources such as construction water, consolidation water, and
infiltration water. Thus, the double-composite liners provide ambiguous data, which
makes it difficult for monitoring the performance of the municipal solid waste landfills.
However, when leachate is found in the leak detection layer, it is assumed that the upper
composite liner has failed. If the upper liner does fail, then the efficiency of the double-
composite liner is reduced to that of the single-composite liner.
According to Daniel et al (1999), limiting the size of the active disposal area and
using effective measures to minimize rainfall infiltration into the waste and to divert
surface-water runoff away from the waste will significantly decrease leachate generation
rates compared to the rates observed under less controlled conditions. Well designed and
constructed cover systems can be very effective in minimizing infiltration of rainfall into
the waste, thus reducing leachate generation rates to near-zero values (Daniel et al, 1999).
Many waste containment system problems were evaluated, but increasing the number of
liners for the municipal solid waste landfills was not recommended. It was discovered
that most of the problems occurred due to construction and operation defects. A 1998
survey of 43 states has shown that for municipal solid waste landfills 72% require single
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liner systems, and 14% have single-composite and double-composite liner system
options. (Daniel et al, 1999)
Cost Considerations
The attached Earthtech (2002) report included cost estimates for the different
types of liners evaluated in this report. The costs were based on an average cost for
construction and materials in Illinois. Also, numerous assumptions had to be made since
this was an average cost for the state. There will be areas of the state where certain
materials or labor costs will be higher or lower. The purpose of the costs presented is
strictly for comparison in this report and is not meant to be authoritative on this subject.
For an average 100 acre municipal solid waste landfill in Illinois a recompacted
earth liner will cost approximately $9,420,100 to build, including the associated cost of
the GIA. The single-composite liner will cost approximately $7,988,300 to build,
including the associated cost of the GIA. The average cost for a double-composite liner
is $14,342,400. For comparison purposes, it was assumed that a GIA would not need to
be performed if a double-composite liner is required. Under these assumptions, the
double-composite liner will cost approximated 34% more than the recompacted earth
liner. However the double-composite liner will cost approximated 44% more than the
single-composite liner.
Conclusion
The current design requirements for municipal solid waste landfills contained in
the Illinois regulations are protective of human health and the environment. The
minimum liner design standard currently in the Illinois regulations requires a single liner.
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However, the regulations in Illinois are unique in the requirement to evaluate the
minimum design standard for liners in the specific geologic setting under the exact
operating conditions using a mathematical model to determine if additional protection is
needed. Additional controls must be included in the design for protection of groundwater
when the model demonstrates that a groundwater standard will be violated without the
additional controls. These additional controls include a double-composite liner when
necessary to protect groundwater. Also unique to Illinois regulations is applying the
existing chemical concentrations in uncontaminated background groundwater as the
standard to confirm the acceptability of the liner design at municipal solid waste landfills.
States that require double-composite liners for the minimum design may not have
sufficient natural geologic material to protect groundwater without the additional liner
requirement. Also, most States that have a requirement for double-composite liners allow
a less stringent design when approved by the regulating agency. In Illinois, the liner and
additional design requirements are tailored to the site-specific geologic conditions
through the use of the GIA as a performance standard.
Controls, other than liners, are often a more effective method of minimizing
contamination. Research concludes that the leachate collection and removal system is an
integral part of the environmental protection system and may be more important than
additional liners in the protection of groundwater. The leachate collection and removal
system removes the liquid above the liner, which decreases the driving head or downward
force on the liner. Liquid cannot move without applying a force. The same is true of the
gas causing an outward pressure, which is the second force that can move contaminants
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out of the municipal solid waste landfill containment system. The current regulations
also require for gas to be removed before it can cause an outward force.
The current regulations in Illinois including the GIA with periodic reevaluation,
monitoring schedule, assessment, and corrective action requirements have proven
effective to protect groundwater. Double-composite liners are more costly without
corresponding protection. If the upper liner fails, the efficiency of the double-composite
liner is reduced to that of the single-composite liner. Given the compromises that arise
due to the complicated construction of double-composite lined municipal solid waste
landfills, there is a much better chance of successfully completing construction of the
liner and leachate collection system if the design is kept simple. There is no advantage to
the use of a double-composite lined municipal solid waste landfill design if it leads to
poorer liner construction.
Modifying the Illinois regulations to change the minimum liner design
requirement from a single liner to a double-composite liner is not recommended at this
time, given the compromises that arise due to the complicated construction of double-
composite lined municipal solid waste landfills and that the additional cost of a double-
composite liner is substantial without corresponding protection. The current minimum
technical requirements contained in the Illinois regulations allow the flexibility to require
a double-composite liner in an area where it is necessary for such a requirement to protect
human health and the environment.
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References
Bonaparte, R. and Gross, B. A. (1990). “Field Behavior of Double-Liner Systems,”
Proceedings of the Symposium on Waste Containment Systems, ASCE
Geotechnical Special Publication No. 26, 52-83.
Daniel, E., David, Bonaparte Rudolph, and Koerner, M., Robert (1999). “Assessment and
Recommendations for Optimal Performance of Waste Containment Systems.”.
Earthtech (2002). Report of Cost Estimates and Summary of State Regulations in
Support of HR715, attached.
Illinois Pollution Control Board, Science and Technical Staff (March 1, 1990). Response
To Comments On Proposed Parts 807 Through 815, Nonhazardous Solid Waste
Landfill Regulations, R88-7.
Illinois Pollution Control Board, Science and Technical Staff (JUNE 3, 1987).
Recommendations For A Nonhazardous Waste Disposal Program In Illinois And
A Background Report To Accompany Proposed Regulations For Solid Waste
Disposal Facilities, Docket D, R84-17.
Lee, G. F., and Jones-Lee, A. (1994). “A Groundwater Protection Strategy for Lined
Municipal solid waste landfills.” Environmental Science & Technology,
28:584-5.
Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA , (January 1989). “Recycling Works!” EPA/530-SW-
89-014, 3.
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Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1997). “Public Concerns Regarding the
Proposed Crandon Mine and DNR Answers,’ The Tailings Management Area
(TMA)”.
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/es/science/mining/crandon/eisschedule/greenbay/ta
ilings.htm,
ATTACHMENT 1
December 3, 2002
Ms. Joyce L. Munie, P.E. Manager, Permit SectionBureau of Land, IEPA PO Box 19276 Springfield, IL 62794-9276
RE: Cost Estimates for Various Base Liner Systems and GIA
Dear Ms. Munie:
In follow-up to the second task outlined in the Scope of Work concerning assisting IEPA with a study on landfill liner requirements, this letter presents cost estimates for various base liner systems and groundwater impact assessment.
Cost Estimate for Various Base Liner Systems
Approximate construction costs have been estimated for the following base liners:
• 5-ft recompacted soil liner (Fig #1 below) • Single composite liner system with 3-ft of recompacted clay and a geomembrane (#2) • Double composite liner system with two composite liners separated by a secondary leak
detection system (#3)
The approximate costs for the three options are:
Liner Cross Section Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-acreLandfill
5-foot Recompacted Soil Liner $89,701 $8,970,100
Single Composite Liner System $75,383 $7,538,300
Double Composite Liner System $143,424 $14,342,400
Assumptions used are summarized below:
• The various base liner system cross-sections evaluated are illustrated in the figures shown above. The soil liner and geomembrane materials meet 35 IAC 811 regulations.
• The geomembrane is HDPE. • The low permeability soil component of the double composite liner system’s
primary liner is anticipated to be a GCL; use of a GCL as opposed to a compacted clay layer in this position is recognized as state of the practice.
• Refer to the attached Table 1 for details and further assumptions used in developing the cost estimates.
• Data from the R.S. Means construction cost estimating books and typical construction costs for landfills in the Midwest based on recent project experience were reviewed and utilized to develop the cost estimates.
• The costs include only the material and installation costs related to the base liner materials themselves.
• Costs for items such as cell excavation, leachate collection systems, underdrain systems, surveying, and CQA are not included.
• Cost for clay is assumed at $6 per cubic yard for purchase and delivery to the site. This is based on recent project experience. This value will vary based on the specific situation.
• Prices may vary based on the actual size of the landfill area and the quantity of materials purchased.
• Regional differences that may affect pricing have not been factored in, such as labor and soil purchase costs.
• Although a 100-acre landfill is assumed as the basis for the cost estimates, the geosynthetics quantity has been increased by 10% to account for perimeter run-out areas, anchor trenches, overlap, waste, etc.
• Installation of the liner system components (i.e., soil and geosynthetics) will take place during the typical construction season.
Cost Estimate for Groundwater Impact Assessment
An approximate cost estimate for preparation of a Groundwater Impact Assessment for a new (greenfield) landfill proposed in Illinois is summarized below. The costs are presented on a per acre basis for work related to field investigation and data evaluation, while the costs for GIA landfill modeling are presented as an approximate total cost for a landfill development project of approximately 100 acres.
Item Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-
acre Landfill
Field Investigation $2,000-$3,000 $200,000 -
$300,000
Data Evaluation/Hydrogeo Report $1,000-$3,000 $100,000 -
$300,000
GIA Modeling N/A $20,000 - $30,000
Total GIA Cost: N/A $400,000 -
$500,000
So for a 100-acre landfill, the total cost for the GIA would be approximately $400,000 to
$500,000.
The cost estimates are based on recent project experience with landfill developments and
associated permit applications. Refer to the attached Table 2 for details and further
assumptions used in developing the cost estimates.
Summary
Assuming an average cost for the GIA of $450,000, the per-acre and total cost for the development of a 100-acre landfill with the three liner systems under consideration are approximately:
Liner Cross Section Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-acreLandfill
5-foot Recompacted Soil Liner $94,201 $9,420,100Single Composite Liner System $79,883 $7,988,300Double Composite Liner System $147,924 $14,792,400
We hope that this information meets your needs. If you have any questions or comments, please contact us at the phone numbers or email addresses below.
Thank you,
Earth Tech, Inc.
Ed Doyle, P.E. Terri Blackmar, P.E., R.P.G. Department Manager Vice President phone: 630-574-5178 phone: 630-574-2188 email: [email protected] email: [email protected]
attachment
L:\WORK\IEPALF\62184\ENGR\Liner Comparison\liner cost est letter1 rev a.doc
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Nebr
aska
Kans
as
Iowa M
issou
ri
Min
neso
ta
Wisc
onsin
Illin
ois
Mich
igan
Indi
ana
Ohio
Penn
sylv
ania
New
York
Main
e
NJ
CTM
A
MD
Del
Virg
inia
North
Car
olina
Sout
h Car
olina
Kent
ucky
Tenn
esse
e
Alab
ama
Geor
gia Flor
ida
Calif
orni
a
Oreg
on
Was
hing
ton
Sout
h Dak
ota
Colo
rado
Mon
tana
Texa
sOklah
oma
Loui
siana
Map
of S
tates
Sele
cted
State
s with
nam
es sh
own a
re th
ose s
electe
d.Pa
ttern
ed st
ates a
re th
ose n
ot se
lected
.Co
lors
repr
esen
t diff
eren
t USE
PA re
gion
s.Ea
rth T
ech.
Revis
ion 0
Dece
mbe
r 200
2
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
1.
Ala
bam
a A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cl
ay h
avin
g a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
40-
mil
FML
unle
ss F
ML
cons
ists
of H
DPE
ge
omem
bran
e w
hich
requ
ires 6
0-m
il.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
The
alte
rnat
e de
sign
shal
l ens
ure
that
cer
tain
co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
in g
roun
dwat
er w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
first
satu
rate
d zo
ne a
t the
rele
vant
poi
nt
of c
ompl
ianc
e. T
he re
leva
nt p
oint
of c
ompl
ianc
e sh
all
be n
o m
ore
than
150
met
ers f
rom
the
was
te
man
agem
ent u
nit b
ound
ary
and
shal
l be
loca
ted
on
land
ow
ned
by th
e ow
ner o
f the
land
fill u
nit.
Acc
ordi
ng to
AD
EM, a
ltern
ativ
e ha
s bee
n ap
prov
ed fo
r su
bstit
utin
g on
e fo
ot o
f cla
y fo
r GC
L. T
he h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of t
he re
mai
ning
one
foot
com
pact
ed c
lay
can
be 1
x10-5
cm/s
ec, i
nste
ad o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
. 2.
C
alifo
rnia
A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cl
ay h
avin
g a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
40-
mil
FML
or a
t lea
st 6
0-m
il th
ick
for H
DPE
.
A 5
-foo
t sep
arat
ion
abov
e th
e hi
ghes
t ant
icip
ated
ele
vatio
n of
und
erly
ing
grou
nd w
ater
. W
hen
natu
ral g
eolo
gic
mat
eria
ls d
o no
t sat
isfy
this
requ
irem
ent,
a lin
er w
ith a
hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f not
mor
e th
an 1
x10-6
cm/s
ec sh
ould
be
use
d.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
MTR
is fo
r Cla
ss II
land
fills
def
ined
as w
aste
m
anag
emen
t uni
ts fo
r des
igna
ted
was
te.
For a
Cla
ss II
I lan
dfill
, def
ined
as l
andf
ills f
or
nonh
azar
dous
solid
was
te, t
he m
inim
um th
ickn
ess o
f th
e cl
ay li
ner i
s 1 fo
ot.
3.
Col
orad
o Th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l be
one
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.
N
atur
al li
thol
ogy
with
reco
mpa
ctio
n - a
min
imum
20
feet
in th
ickn
ess w
ith a
max
imum
in-s
itu h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of 1
x10-6
cm/s
ec. T
he u
pper
12-
in is
re
com
pact
ed to
ach
ieve
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec.
b.
Soil
liner
–at
leas
t 3-f
oot c
ompa
cted
with
a
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Bas
ed o
n w
aste
type
and
site
spec
ific
tech
nica
l in
form
atio
n, a
ltern
ativ
e de
sign
s inc
lude
, but
are
not
lim
ited
to th
e fo
llow
ing:
1.
G
CL
2.
Nat
ural
lith
olog
y w
ithou
t rec
ompa
ctio
n 3.
So
il ad
mix
ture
s 4.
G
eom
embr
anes
5.
Po
lym
ers
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
.
c.
Com
posi
te li
ner -
a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cl
ay h
avin
g a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
30-
mil
FML
or a
t lea
st 6
0-m
il th
ick
for
HD
PE.
6.
Var
iatio
ns o
f des
ign
com
pone
nts
4.
Con
nect
icut
Th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l con
sist
of a
pro
tect
ive
cove
r, a
leac
hate
co
llect
ion
syst
em, a
prim
ary
liner
, a le
acha
te le
ak d
etec
tion
zone
, a se
cond
ary
liner
and
a su
bbas
e.
a.
The
subb
ase
of th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l be
at le
ast f
ive
feet
ab
ove
the
max
imum
hig
h w
ater
tabl
e an
d fiv
e fe
et a
bove
th
e su
rfac
e of
bed
rock
.
b.
The
prot
ectiv
e co
ver o
f the
line
r sys
tem
shal
l hav
e re
com
pact
ed p
erm
eabi
lity
grea
ter t
han
1x10
-4 cm
/sec
and
at
leas
t 12
inch
es th
ick.
c.
The
liner
syst
em sh
all b
e a
dual
synt
hetic
line
r sys
tem
co
nsis
ting
of 1
2 in
ches
of g
ranu
lar e
arth
en fi
lter m
ater
ial,
unde
rlain
by
geot
extil
e, u
nder
lain
by
12 in
ches
of
gran
ular
free
-dra
inin
g m
ater
ial o
r equ
ival
ent s
ynth
etic
dr
aina
ge st
ruct
ures
con
tain
ing
a le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
, und
erla
in b
y a
FML,
und
erla
in b
y 12
inch
es o
f gr
anul
ar e
arth
en m
ater
ial,
unde
rlain
by
12 in
ches
of
gran
ular
free
-dra
inin
g m
ater
ial o
r equ
ival
ent s
ynth
etic
dr
aina
ge st
ruct
ures
con
tain
ing
a le
acha
te d
etec
tion
syst
em, u
nder
lain
by
a FM
L, u
nder
lain
by
com
pact
ed
nativ
e so
il.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
The
stat
e ha
s bee
n pr
omot
ing
Res
ourc
e R
ecov
ery
Faci
litie
s (R
RF)
rath
er th
an la
ndfil
ls.
Cur
rent
ly, t
here
ar
e 35
act
ive
land
fills
in th
e st
ate.
Mos
t of t
hem
are
sm
all (
6 –
7 ac
res)
. O
nly
2 –
3 la
rge
land
fills
(60±
ac
res)
. La
st la
ndfil
l abo
ve 6
0 ac
res w
as p
erm
itted
in
1998
for R
RF
ash.
The
line
r req
uire
men
ts w
ere
writ
ten
prim
arily
for a
sh la
ndfil
ls a
nd a
lso
appl
ied
to M
SW
land
fills
.
RR
F an
d M
SW n
eed
to g
o th
roug
h a
dual
app
rova
l pr
oces
s (w
ater
and
was
te).
Whe
n se
ekin
g ap
prov
al
from
the
wat
er d
epar
tmen
t for
gro
undw
ater
dis
char
ge,
the
site
is a
ssum
ed w
ithou
t a li
ner s
yste
m.
Ther
efor
e,
the
alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
igns
allo
w m
ore
flexi
bilit
y. T
he
follo
win
gs a
re so
me
of a
ppro
ved
alte
rnat
ive
liner
de
sign
s:If
the
5 fo
ot su
bbas
e m
eets
the
perm
eabi
lity
requ
irem
ent o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
, it c
an b
e co
nsid
ered
as
the
seco
ndar
y co
mpa
cted
soil.
Geo
net c
an b
e us
ed to
repl
ace
the
leac
hate
co
llect
ion
pipi
ng a
nd g
ranu
lar d
rain
age
blan
ket.
5.
Del
awar
e Th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l be
one
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.
A
com
posi
te li
ner a
t lea
st 5
feet
abo
ve th
e se
ason
al
high
wat
er ta
ble
in th
e up
per m
ost a
quife
r and
con
sist
ing
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
M
ore
strin
gent
des
igns
will
be
requ
ired
whe
re d
eem
ed
nece
ssar
y by
the
Dep
artm
ent f
or th
e pr
otec
tion
of
grou
nd w
ater
reso
urce
s.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
of a
min
imum
of 2
feet
com
pact
ed c
lay
havi
ng a
m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
45
-mil
FML.
b.
A n
atur
al li
ner a
t lea
st 5
feet
thic
k re
com
pact
ed
havi
ng a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec.
c.
A d
oubl
e lin
er sy
stem
sepa
rate
d by
a d
rain
age
laye
r: th
e pr
imar
y lin
er sh
all b
e a
synt
hetic
line
r at l
east
30
mils
thic
k an
d a
seco
ndar
y lin
er m
ay b
e ei
ther
synt
hetic
(3
0-m
il FM
L) o
r nat
ural
(5-f
oot n
atur
al li
ner)
. The
dr
aina
ge la
yer c
onsi
sts o
f at l
east
12
inch
es o
f soi
l ha
ving
a h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
gre
ater
than
1 x
10-2
cm/s
ec.
6.
Flor
ida
The
liner
syst
em sh
all b
e on
e of
the
follo
win
g:
a. A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a 6
0-m
il H
DPE
ge
omem
bran
e lin
er a
nd a
low
er c
ompo
nent
, the
thic
knes
s of
whi
ch v
arie
s in
rela
tion
to th
e hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity (k
)an
d m
axim
um d
esig
n hy
drau
lic h
ead
(MD
HH
):
1 in
ch M
DH
H:
k1x
10-7
cm/s
ec,
24-in
min
. k
5x10
-8cm
/sec
, 12
-in m
in.
k1x
10-8
cm/s
ec,
12-in
min
.
6 in
ches
MD
HH
: k
1x10
-7cm
/sec
, 30
-in m
in.
k5x
10-8
cm/s
ec,
18-in
min
. k
1x10
-8cm
/sec
, 12
-in m
in.
12 in
ches
MD
HH
:
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
Mor
e st
ringe
nt st
anda
rds m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
due
to si
te-
spec
ific
cond
ition
s and
type
s of w
aste
s to
be d
ispo
sed.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
k1x
10-7
cm/s
ec,
36-in
min
. k
5x10
-8cm
/sec
, 24
-in m
in.
k1x
10-8
cm/s
ec,
12-in
min
.
b. A
dou
ble
liner
syst
em c
onsi
sts o
f upp
er a
nd lo
wer
60-
mil
HD
PE g
eom
embr
anes
. Th
e lo
wer
geo
mem
bran
e sh
all b
e pl
aced
dire
ctly
on
a su
b-ba
se a
t lea
st 6
inch
es th
ick
with
a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-5cm
/sec
. G
CL
with
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec
can
be u
sed
to su
bstit
ute
for t
he 6
-in su
b-ba
se so
il. T
he
leak
det
ectio
n sy
stem
has
a m
inim
um h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of 1
0cm
/sec
. 7.
G
eorg
ia
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
ing
of a
30-
mil
FML
and
a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a m
axim
um
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec.
If F
ML
is H
DPE
, it
shal
l be
at le
ast 6
0 m
ils th
ick.
At l
east
5 fe
et se
para
tion
betw
een
the
synt
hetic
line
r and
the
seas
onal
hig
h w
ater
tabl
e in
the
uppe
r mos
t aqu
ifer i
s req
uire
d.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Dep
ende
nt o
n th
at w
heth
er th
e la
ndfil
l is l
ocat
ed in
an
area
of h
ighe
r pol
lutio
n su
scep
tibili
ty a
s def
ined
by
Hyd
rolo
gic
Atla
s #20
(a P
ollu
tion
Susc
eptib
ility
Map
of
Geo
rgia
), or
in a
sign
ifica
nt g
roun
d w
ater
rech
arge
ar
ea a
s des
igna
ted
by A
tlas #
18.
If n
ot, t
he li
ner
syst
em m
ay b
e de
sign
ed a
s lon
g as
such
des
ign
ensu
res
that
the
conc
entra
tion
valu
es li
sted
in T
able
1 o
f 391
-3-
3-.0
7(1)
(d) w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
uppe
r aqu
ifer a
t th
e re
leva
nt p
oint
of c
ompl
ianc
e. T
he re
leva
nt p
oint
of
com
plia
nce
is d
efin
ed a
s no
mor
e th
an 1
50 m
eter
s fro
m
the
was
te m
anag
emen
t uni
t bou
ndar
y an
d lo
cate
d on
la
nd o
wne
d by
the
owne
r of t
he M
SWLF
uni
t. 8.
Ill
inoi
s Th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l be
one
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.
A m
inim
um 5
-foo
t com
pact
ed c
lay
with
a m
axim
um
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec.
b. A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f 3-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
geo
mem
bran
e no
less
than
60
mils
in
thic
knes
s.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
Th
e m
inim
um te
chni
cal d
esig
n is
ass
esse
d fo
r gr
ound
wat
er im
pact
usi
ng a
con
tam
inan
t tra
nspo
rt m
odel
that
requ
ires t
he a
ctua
l geo
logi
c an
d hy
drog
eolo
gic
cond
ition
s be
char
acte
rized
. Th
e m
athe
mat
ical
mod
el m
ust d
emon
stra
te th
at th
e m
inim
um d
esig
n ca
n pr
otec
t gro
undw
ater
such
that
the
conc
entra
tion
of a
ny c
hem
ical
con
stitu
ent w
ill n
ot
exce
ed th
e ba
ckgr
ound
val
ue a
t a p
oint
loca
ted
100
feet
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
from
the
was
te b
ound
ary
with
in 1
00 y
ears
of c
losu
re o
f th
e fa
cilit
y. I
f thi
s can
not b
e de
mon
stra
ted,
the
desi
gn
mus
t be
incr
ease
d to
a le
vel t
hat w
ill e
nsur
e th
at th
e co
ncen
tratio
n of
any
che
mic
al c
onst
ituen
t will
not
ex
ceed
the
back
grou
nd v
alue
at a
poi
nt lo
cate
d 10
0 fe
et
from
the
was
te b
ound
ary
with
in 1
00 y
ears
of c
losu
re o
f th
e fa
cilit
y.
9.
Indi
ana
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of a
min
imum
of 3
-foo
t co
mpa
cted
soil
with
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of
1x10
-7cm
/sec
, and
a g
eom
embr
ane,
Geo
mem
bran
e m
ay b
e 30
mils
unl
ess w
hen
HD
PE is
use
d, g
eom
embr
ane
mus
t be
60 m
ils.
This
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m re
quire
s a se
para
tion
of
10 fe
et o
f non
aqui
fer m
ater
ial b
etw
een
the
liner
and
the
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer.
At a
ll su
mp
area
s, at
a m
inim
um, a
t lin
er a
reas
with
in 2
5 fe
et
late
ral t
o th
e ce
nter
of e
ach
sum
p, st
artin
g fr
om th
e su
bgra
de
and
exte
ndin
g up
war
d, th
e lin
er m
ust i
nclu
de th
e fo
llow
ing
com
pone
nts:
a.
A m
inim
um o
f 2 fe
et o
f com
pact
ed so
il ha
ving
a
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-6
cm/s
ec o
r les
s;
b. A
leak
det
ectio
n zo
ne;
c.
A m
inim
um o
f 3 fe
et o
f com
pact
ed so
il ha
ving
a
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec o
r les
s;
d. A
geo
mem
bran
e;
e. A
GC
L;
f. A
geo
mem
bran
e;
g. A
dra
inag
e la
yer;
and
h. A
pro
tect
ive
cove
r.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
In
the
porti
ons o
f the
land
fill u
nit w
ith le
ss th
an 1
0 fe
et
of v
ertic
al fr
om th
e aq
uife
r of s
igni
fican
ce, t
hen
the
sum
p ar
ea li
ner c
ross
sect
ion
(des
crib
ed a
t lef
t) m
ust b
e us
ed.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, th
e 10
-foo
t sep
arat
ion
can
be
cons
truct
ed.
10.
Iow
a A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
Alte
rnat
ives
are
bas
ed o
n th
at th
e de
sign
of t
he li
ner
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
clay
hav
ing
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec a
nd a
30-
mil
FML
or a
t lea
st 6
0-m
il th
ick
for H
DPE
. de
sign
. sy
stem
is e
quiv
alen
t to
the
soil
liner
requ
irem
ents
, lo
ngev
ity a
nd p
rote
ctio
n of
the
grou
ndw
ater
, or t
he
spec
ific
type
of w
aste
to b
e di
spos
ed.
A li
ner s
yste
m h
as so
il lin
er o
nly
has b
een
appr
oved
. Th
e so
il lin
er c
an b
e 4
feet
of r
ecom
pact
ed c
lay
or in
-si
tu m
ater
ial m
eetin
g th
e al
tern
ativ
e de
sign
re
quire
men
ts.
11.
Kan
sas
Gen
eral
MSW
land
fills
: A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of a
m
inim
um 3
0-m
il ge
omem
bran
e an
d at
leas
t a 2
-foo
t lay
er o
f co
mpa
cted
soil
with
a h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of n
o m
ore
than
1
x 10
-7cm
/sec
. Geo
mem
bran
e co
mpo
nent
s con
sist
ing
of
HD
PE sh
all b
e at
leas
t 60-
mil
thic
k.
Smal
l lan
dfill
s: A
min
imum
of 2
-foo
t com
pact
ed c
lay
with
a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-6cm
/sec
, or i
n-si
tu
mat
eria
l or a
n al
tern
ativ
e, a
ppro
ved
cons
truct
ed li
ner m
eetin
g th
e de
mon
stra
tion
stan
dard
for g
roun
dwat
er m
odel
ing
or th
e lin
er p
erfo
rman
ce st
anda
rd.
The
in-s
itu m
ater
ial l
iner
bel
ow
the
botto
m o
f the
land
fill p
rior t
o en
coun
terin
g gr
ound
wat
er
shal
l mee
t: (i)
H
as a
per
mea
bilit
y eq
uiva
lent
to 2
feet
of 1
x10-6
cm/s
ec m
ater
ial;
(ii)
With
in th
e eq
uiva
lent
ly p
erm
eabl
e la
yer,
has n
o so
il la
yer o
r stra
tum
with
a p
erm
eabi
lity
grea
ter t
han
1x10
-4
cm/s
ec a
nd w
ith g
roun
dwat
er to
flow
late
rally
off
the
owne
r’s p
rope
rty; a
nd
(iii)
Show
s con
sist
ency
in a
ll bo
ring
data
.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Alte
rnat
ive
desi
gns s
hall
dem
onst
rate
that
cer
tain
co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
will
not
be
exce
eded
in th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r at t
he p
oint
of c
ompl
ianc
e w
hich
sh
all b
e w
ithin
150
met
ers o
f the
edg
e of
the
plan
ned
unit
boun
dary
and
on
the
owne
r's o
r ope
rato
r's p
rope
rty
and
shal
l be
at le
ast 1
5.24
met
ers f
rom
the
prop
erty
bo
unda
ry.
GC
L to
subs
titut
e fo
r one
foot
of c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
s be
en a
ppro
ved.
Smal
l lan
dfill
s are
exe
mpt
ed fr
om th
e co
mpo
site
line
r re
quire
men
ts.
Smal
l lan
dfill
crit
eria
are
: (1
) R
ecei
ves a
nd d
ispo
ses o
f les
s tha
n 20
tons
per
da
y ba
sed
on a
n an
nual
ave
rage
; (2
) Th
ere
is n
o ev
iden
ce o
f gro
undw
ater
co
ntam
inat
ion;
(3
) In
an
area
with
less
than
or e
qual
to 2
5 in
ches
of
ann
ual p
reci
pita
tion
(ave
rage
d ov
er a
min
imum
30
-yea
r per
iod)
; and
(4
) Th
e co
mm
unity
util
izin
g th
e la
ndfil
l has
no
prac
ticab
le w
aste
man
agem
ent a
ltern
ativ
e. T
he
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
clos
est M
SWLF
is m
ore
than
75
mile
s aw
ay.
12.
Ken
tuck
y A
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m in
clud
es:
1.
Prim
ary
Line
r Sys
tem
: A c
ompo
site
line
r co
nsis
ting
of 3
-foo
t com
pact
ed c
lay
havi
ng a
max
imum
hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
and
60-
mil
geom
embr
ane
havi
ng a
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity le
ss th
an
1x10
-12cm
/sec
.
2.
Seco
ndar
y Li
ner s
yste
m:
a)
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
ing
of 1
fo
ot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x
10-7
cm/s
ec, 6
0-m
il ge
omem
bran
e ha
ving
a h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
less
than
1x1
0-12cm
/sec
, 1 fo
ot d
rain
age
laye
r hav
ing
a hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-3cm
/sec
,an
d a
filte
r fab
ric; o
r b)
A
nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
mat
eria
l ab
ove
the
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer w
ith a
min
imum
thic
knes
s of
20
feet
with
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of
1x10
-7cm
/sec
.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Less
strin
gent
des
ign
for t
he b
otto
m sl
ope
in th
e ra
nge
of 1
0 - 2
5%, a
sing
le c
ompo
site
line
r sys
tem
is
allo
wed
. A
ccor
ding
to th
e K
entu
cky
DEP
, exc
ept f
ir on
e la
ndfil
l tha
t was
bui
lt w
ith a
dou
ble
com
posi
te
liner
syst
em, a
ll M
SW la
ndfil
ls in
Ken
tuck
y ha
ve b
een
built
usi
ng th
is o
ptio
n.
Alte
rnat
ives
als
o al
low
usi
ng G
CL.
Whe
n G
CL
is u
sed
in a
dditi
on to
the
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m, t
he
com
pact
ed c
lay
is n
ot re
quire
d to
mee
t the
per
mea
bilit
y re
quire
men
t in
the
field
and
nee
ds to
dem
onst
rate
that
it
is c
apab
le o
f mee
ting
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
of
1x10
-7cm
/sec
in la
bora
tory
test
ing.
A 4
-foo
t sep
arat
ion
betw
een
the
liner
syst
em a
nd th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r is r
equi
red.
If t
his c
ondi
tion
is n
ot
met
, an
unde
rdra
in sy
stem
is re
quire
d.
13.
Loui
sian
a A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f 3-f
oot -
havi
ng a
max
imum
hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
and
a FM
L at
leas
t 30
mils
thic
k or
a H
DPE
geo
mem
bran
e no
less
than
60
mils
.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
B
ased
on
the
site
geo
logi
c co
nditi
ons,
addi
tiona
l pr
otec
tion
laye
r may
be
requ
ired
to p
rote
ct
grou
ndw
ater
whi
ch is
a m
ajor
sour
ce o
f drin
king
wat
er
(fou
nd o
nly
in ra
re c
ases
).
App
roxi
mat
ely
60%
of t
he M
SW la
ndfil
ls p
erm
itted
un
der t
hese
regs
hav
e us
ed a
ltern
ativ
e de
sign
s: u
sing
G
CL
to su
bstit
ute
for 1
foot
or 2
feet
(if t
he G
CL
has a
ge
omem
bran
e bo
nded
to it
) of c
ompa
cted
cla
y.
14.
Mai
ne
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of a
60-
mil
HD
PE g
eom
embr
ane
liner
and
a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y la
yer (
CC
L)
havi
ng a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
Im
prov
emen
t allo
wan
ces a
re re
quire
d w
hen
time
of
trave
l to
sens
itive
rece
ptor
s fro
m th
e bo
ttom
of t
he
land
fill a
nd le
acha
te p
ond
liner
syst
ems i
s les
s tha
n 6
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
and
cont
aini
ng a
min
imum
of 3
5% fi
nes.
ye
ars.
A G
CL
may
subs
titut
e fo
r up
to 1
2” o
f CC
L.
15.
Mar
ylan
d A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a sy
nthe
tic m
embr
ane
liner
and
a
min
imum
of 1
foot
com
pact
ed c
lay
or o
ther
nat
ural
m
ater
ial h
avin
g a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec.
The
synt
hetic
mem
bran
e ha
s a c
ombi
ned
min
imum
th
ickn
ess o
f 50
mils
for u
nrei
nfor
ced,
or h
as a
sing
le
rein
forc
ed m
embr
ane
with
a m
inim
um th
ickn
ess o
f 30
mils
an
d a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-10cm
/sec
. Pl
aced
ove
r a p
repa
red
subb
ase
with
a m
inim
um th
ickn
ess o
f 2
feet
and
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x10-5
cm/s
ec.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
Th
e M
TR li
sted
on
the
web
site
has
not
bee
n up
date
d si
nce
the
stat
e pr
ogra
m w
as a
ppro
ved.
The
line
r des
ign
requ
ires t
o co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith th
e Su
btitl
e D
re
quire
men
ts a
nd a
n al
tern
ativ
e lin
er d
esig
n ca
n be
ap
prov
ed if
it m
eets
the
perf
orm
ance
stan
dard
s usi
ng
the
Subt
itle
D m
etho
ds (H
ELP
and
Mul
ti-M
edia
).
Abo
ut 2
0 M
SW la
ndfil
ls a
re c
urre
ntly
act
ive.
Sin
ce
the
geol
ogic
and
hyd
roge
olog
ic c
ondi
tions
var
y in
the
stat
e, th
e lin
er sy
stem
at e
ach
land
fill w
as a
ppro
ved
base
d on
the
site
-spe
cific
con
ditio
ns.
16.
Mas
sach
uset
ts
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of t
wo
com
pone
nts:
the
upp
er
com
pone
nt m
ust b
e a
min
imum
30-
mil
FML
and
the
low
er
com
pone
nt m
ust b
e at
leas
t a 2
-foo
t lay
er o
f com
pact
ed lo
w
perm
eabi
lity
soil/
adm
ixtu
re w
ith a
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
. FM
L co
mpo
nent
s con
sist
ing
of H
DPE
shal
l be
at le
ast 6
0-m
il th
ick.
The
subg
rade
shal
l be
suff
icie
nt th
ickn
ess t
o en
sure
a m
inim
um o
f 4 fe
et
sepa
ratio
n be
twee
n th
e to
p of
bed
rock
or t
he m
axim
um h
igh
grou
nd w
ater
tabl
e an
d th
e bo
ttom
of t
he lo
wes
t low
pe
rmea
bilit
y la
yer.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign.
A
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m is
requ
ired
unde
r Fi
nal I
nter
im G
uida
nce
on D
oubl
e Li
ner R
equi
rem
ents
fo
r all
Land
fill A
utho
rizat
ions
to C
onst
ruct
(ATC
) Is
sued
Afte
r Dec
embe
r 20,
200
0. T
his i
nter
im
guid
ance
is to
be
used
for d
eter
min
ing
doub
le li
ner
requ
irem
ents
unt
il th
e so
lid w
aste
regu
latio
ns (3
10
CM
R 1
9) a
re re
vise
d to
inco
rpor
ate
the
follo
win
g ne
w
requ
irem
ents
: Fo
r any
are
a w
here
the
slop
e of
the
liner
will
be
less
stee
p th
an 4
H:1
V, a
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner
is re
quire
d.
O
ptio
n 1
– D
oubl
e co
mpo
site
line
r:
P
rimar
y lin
er: F
ML/
GC
L
L
eak
dete
ctio
n: g
eone
t or 1
2” 1
0-2cm
/sec
mat
eria
l
S
econ
dary
line
r: FM
L/2
feet
CC
L
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
Opt
ion
2 –
Alte
rnat
ive
doub
le c
ompo
site
line
r:
P
rimar
y lin
er: F
ML/
GC
L
L
eak
dete
ctio
n: g
eone
t or 1
2” 1
0-2cm
/sec
mat
eria
l
S
econ
dary
line
r: FM
L/G
CL/
1 fo
ot C
CL
For a
ny a
rea
whe
re th
e sl
ope
will
be
stee
per
than
or e
qual
to 4
H:1
V:
Pref
erre
d O
ptio
n –
Mod
ified
dou
ble
com
posi
te:
Prim
ary
liner
: FM
L/G
CL
Lea
k de
tect
ion:
geo
net o
r 12”
10-2
cm/s
ec m
ater
ial
Sec
onda
ry li
ner:
FML/
1 fo
ot C
CL
Acc
epta
ble
Opt
ions
: Th
e fo
llow
ing
doub
le li
ner
desi
gn o
ptio
ns a
re a
lso
acce
ptab
le:
- Pr
imar
y lin
er is
a si
ngle
ele
men
t, se
cond
ary
liner
is
com
posi
te:
Prim
ary
liner
: FM
L
L
eak
dete
ctio
n: g
eone
t or 1
2” 1
0-2cm
/sec
mat
eria
l
S
econ
dary
line
r: FM
L/2
feet
CC
L
- Pr
imar
y lin
er is
a si
ngle
ele
men
t, se
cond
ary
liner
is
com
posi
te:
Prim
ary
liner
: FM
L
L
eak
dete
ctio
n: g
eone
t or 1
2” 1
0-2cm
/sec
mat
eria
l
S
econ
dary
line
r: FM
L/G
CL/
1 fo
ot C
CL
17.
Mic
higa
n A
ll M
SW la
ndfil
ls sh
all b
e co
nstru
cted
with
a c
ompo
site
lin
er.
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of t
wo
com
pone
nts:
1)
Th
e up
per c
ompo
nent
mus
t be
a m
inim
um 3
0-m
il FM
L. F
ML
com
pone
nts c
onsi
stin
g of
HD
PE sh
all b
e at
No
exce
ptio
n Th
e de
faul
t thi
ckne
ss is
10
feet
for t
he n
atur
al so
il ba
rrie
r hav
ing
a m
axim
um p
erm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7
cm/s
ec.
If th
e na
tura
l soi
l bar
rier h
as a
max
imum
pe
rmea
bilit
yof
1x
10-6
cm/s
ec,t
here
quire
dth
ickn
ess
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
leas
t 60-
mil
thic
k.
2)
The
low
er c
ompo
nent
may
con
sist
of a
ny o
f the
fo
llow
ing
soil
laye
rs:
i) C
ompa
cted
soil
at le
ast 2
feet
thic
k w
ith a
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-
7cm
/sec
. ii)
A
ben
toni
te g
eoco
mpo
site
line
r. iii
) A
n al
tern
ativ
e so
il la
yer t
hat i
s ap
prov
ed u
nder
the
rule
s.
New
uni
ts a
nd la
tera
l ext
ensi
ons a
t exi
stin
g di
spos
al a
reas
th
at h
ave
not r
ecei
ved
was
te b
efor
e O
ct. 9
, 199
5 sh
all b
e de
sign
ed in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
leak
age
cont
rol c
riter
ia:
1)
A m
onito
rabl
e un
it w
hich
is lo
cate
d ov
er a
nat
ural
so
il ba
rrie
r and
is in
com
plia
nce
with
R 2
99.4
422(
2). A
na
tura
l soi
l bar
rier m
ay m
eet a
ny o
f the
follo
win
g ge
olog
ic c
ondi
tions
: i)
Has
a m
axim
um d
emon
stra
ted
perm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
.ii)
H
as a
thic
knes
s and
per
mea
bilit
y su
ffic
ient
to p
reve
nt th
e m
igra
tion
of le
akag
e fr
om
the
unit
to th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r for
a ti
me
perio
d as
de
fined
in R
299
.442
2(2)
(b).
iii)
Und
erla
in b
y an
upp
erm
ost a
quife
r th
at is
suff
icie
ntly
arte
sian
to p
reve
nt th
e ve
rtica
l m
igra
tion
of c
onta
min
ants
from
the
site
to th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r by
adve
ctio
n or
dis
pers
ion.
iv
) A
ny c
ombi
natio
n of
hyd
roge
olog
y an
d in
nova
tive
desi
gn.
2 )
Des
igne
d w
ith a
dou
ble
liner
syst
em in
com
plia
nce
perm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-6cm
/sec
, the
requ
ired
thic
knes
s is
100
feet
. In
mos
t nor
th a
nd w
est a
reas
of t
he st
ate
whe
re b
edro
ck su
rfac
e is
rela
tivel
y hi
gh, a
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m is
gen
eral
ly u
sed.
No
alte
rnat
ive
liner
has
bee
n ap
prov
ed.
The
alte
rnat
ive
laye
r as s
tate
d in
the
regu
latio
n w
as in
tend
ed fo
r fut
ure
new
geo
synt
hetic
mat
eria
ls.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
with
R 2
99.4
422(
3):
i) A
prim
ary
com
posi
te li
ner.
On
the
side
lope
gre
ater
than
or e
qual
to 2
0% a
nd 5
feet
ve
rtica
lly a
bout
the
toe,
the
soil
com
pone
nt is
op
tiona
l. ii)
A
seco
ndar
y co
llect
ion
syst
em o
r lea
k de
tect
ion
syst
em.
iii)
A se
cond
ary
com
posi
te li
ner o
r any
of
the
follo
win
g al
tern
ativ
e sy
stem
s:
a.
The
soil
com
pone
nts c
an b
e a
natu
ral s
oil b
arrie
r has
an
equi
vale
nt c
ombi
natio
n of
per
mea
bilit
y an
d th
ickn
ess a
s 2 fe
et o
f 1x1
0-7
cm/s
ec c
ompa
cted
soil.
b.
A
nat
ural
soil
barr
ier u
nder
lain
by
an
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer t
hat i
s suf
ficie
ntly
arte
sian
to
pre
vent
the
verti
cal m
igra
tion
of c
onta
min
atio
ns
from
the
site
to th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r by
adve
ctio
n or
dis
pers
ion.
c.
A
n al
tern
ativ
e sy
stem
app
rove
d by
the
Dire
ctor
. 18
. M
inne
sota
Th
e lin
er sy
stem
shal
l be
one
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.
A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f a sy
nthe
tic m
embr
ane
liner
and
a m
inim
um o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
. Th
e sy
nthe
tic m
embr
ane
mus
t be
at le
ast 6
0 m
ils fo
r un
rein
forc
ed o
r 30
mils
for r
einf
orce
d.
b.
A n
atur
al so
il ba
rrie
r mus
t be
at le
ast 4
feet
thic
k an
d re
com
pact
ed.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn
An
alte
rnat
ive
liner
syst
em m
ay b
e ap
prov
ed b
ased
on
its a
bilit
y to
con
trol l
each
ate
mig
ratio
n, m
eet
perf
orm
ance
stan
dard
s, an
d pr
otec
t hum
an h
ealth
and
th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
Line
r sys
tem
Opt
ion
b ca
n be
app
rove
d ba
sed
on
grou
ndw
ater
mod
elin
g re
sults
.
Alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
ign
has b
een
appr
oved
for o
nly
side
slop
es u
sing
GC
L to
subs
titut
e fo
r 1 fo
ot o
f co
mpa
cted
cla
y.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
19.
Mis
sour
i A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
and
a
min
imum
30-
mil
thic
k ge
omem
bran
e. G
eom
embr
ane
com
pone
nts c
onsi
stin
g of
HD
PE sh
all b
e at
leas
t 60-
mil.
Min
imal
Exc
eptio
ns
One
land
fill w
as a
ppro
ved
to u
se b
ento
nite
mix
ing
with
cl
ay in
ord
er to
ach
ieve
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-
7cm
/sec
.
20.
Mon
tana
A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f 2-f
oot c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1x1
0-7cm
/sec
and
a FM
L at
leas
t 30
mils
thic
k or
a H
DPE
geo
mem
bran
e at
leas
t 60
mils
.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
The
barr
ier l
ayer
may
incl
ude,
but
is n
ot li
mite
d to
the
follo
win
g al
tern
ativ
es b
ased
on
the
hydr
ogeo
logi
c ch
arac
teris
tics,
the
clim
atic
fact
ors o
f the
are
a, a
nd th
e ba
rrie
r lay
er d
esig
n fa
ctor
s:
(a)
Com
pact
ed so
il lin
er
(b)
GC
L (c
) So
il ad
mix
ture
s (d
) G
eom
embr
ane
(e)
Poly
mer
s (f
) N
atur
al li
thol
ogy
whe
n th
e up
perm
ost s
oil
laye
r of t
he la
ndfil
l bas
e is
reco
mpa
cted
to
achi
eve
a m
inim
um fi
nal t
hick
ness
of 1
2 in
ches
with
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of 1
x10-7
cm/s
ec
(g)
Var
iatio
ns o
r com
bina
tions
of t
he a
bove
de
sign
com
pone
nts
A b
arrie
r lay
er is
not
requ
ired
that
has
a d
epar
tmen
t-ap
prov
ed n
o m
igra
tion
petit
ion
(six
land
fills
hav
e be
en
appr
oved
).
If th
e la
ndfil
l bas
e lin
er sy
stem
is n
ot c
over
ed w
ithin
on
e w
inte
r sea
son,
a c
ompa
cted
cla
y la
yer i
s not
al
low
ed d
ue to
free
and
thaw
s eff
ect.
21.
New
Jers
ey
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of t
wo
com
pone
nts:
the
upp
er
com
pone
nt m
ust b
e a
min
imum
30-
mil
FM) a
nd th
e lo
wer
R
equi
rem
ent t
o In
crea
se D
esig
n O
nly
one
of th
e 12
MSW
land
fills
was
bui
lt w
ith a
si
ngle
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m.
Oth
er la
ndfil
ls w
ere
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
com
pone
nt m
ust b
e at
leas
t a tw
o-fo
ot la
yer o
f com
pact
ed
soil
with
a h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of n
o m
ore
than
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec.
FML
com
pone
nts c
onsi
stin
g of
HD
PE sh
all b
e at
le
ast 6
0-m
il th
ick.
cons
truct
ed w
ith a
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m:
Prim
ary
60-m
il H
DPE
geo
mem
bran
e lin
er
Prim
ary
GC
L Le
ak d
etec
tion
laye
r Se
cond
ary
60-m
il H
DPE
geo
mem
bran
e lin
er
Seco
ndar
y G
CL
A d
oubl
e co
mpo
site
line
r sys
tem
was
use
d in
thes
e la
ndfil
ls b
ecau
se o
f site
-spe
cific
hyd
roge
olog
y (w
ere
built
with
in a
drin
king
wat
er a
quife
r).
22.
Neb
rask
a A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
sts o
f tw
o co
mpo
nent
s: t
he u
pper
co
mpo
nent
mus
t be
a m
inim
um 3
0-m
il FM
L an
d th
e lo
wer
co
mpo
nent
mus
t be
at le
ast a
2-f
oot l
ayer
of c
ompa
cted
soil
with
a h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of n
o m
ore
than
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec.
FML
com
pone
nts c
onsi
stin
g of
HD
PE sh
all b
e at
le
ast 6
0-m
il th
ick.
Whe
n ap
prov
ing
the
desi
gn, t
he D
epar
tmen
t will
con
side
r the
hy
drog
eolo
gic
char
acte
ristic
s of t
he fa
cilit
y an
d th
e su
rrou
ndin
g la
nd, t
he c
limat
ic c
hara
cter
istic
s of t
he a
rea,
the
volu
me
and
type
of w
aste
to b
e de
posi
ted,
and
the
volu
me
and
phys
ical
and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of t
he le
acha
te.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
In a
ccor
danc
e w
ith a
des
ign
appr
oved
by
the
Dep
artm
ent,
alte
rnat
e de
sign
s sha
ll en
sure
that
the
conc
entra
tion
valu
es li
sted
in th
e R
ule
will
not
be
exce
eded
in th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r at t
he re
leva
nt p
oint
of
com
plia
nce.
The
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f com
plia
nce
shal
l be
loca
ted
at th
e w
aste
man
agem
ent u
nit b
ound
ary.
A
requ
est m
ay b
e m
ade
for t
he e
stab
lishm
ent o
f an
alte
rnat
e re
leva
nt p
oint
of c
ompl
ianc
e. T
he a
ltern
ate
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f com
plia
nce
shal
l be
no m
ore
than
150
m
eter
s fro
m th
e w
aste
man
agem
ent u
nit b
ound
ary
and
shal
l be
loca
ted
on la
nd o
wne
d by
the
owne
r of t
he
solid
was
te d
ispo
sal a
rea.
An
alte
rnat
ive
desi
gn w
hich
is c
omm
only
use
d co
nsis
ts
of th
e fo
llow
ing
com
pone
nts:
60
-mil
HD
PE g
eom
embr
ane
liner
GC
L24
-inch
com
pact
ed so
il to
ach
ieve
a m
inim
um
95%
stan
dard
Pro
ctor
(AST
M D
698)
max
imum
dr
y de
nsity
.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
23.
New
Yor
k O
n al
l bot
tom
are
as w
here
the
land
fill s
lope
is le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 25
per
cent
, the
line
r sys
tem
mus
t con
sist
of a
dou
ble
com
posi
te li
ner s
epar
ated
by
a se
cond
ary
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
and
rem
oval
syst
em.
On
all s
ide
slop
e ar
eas w
here
the
land
fill s
lope
is g
reat
er th
an
25 p
erce
nt th
e lin
er sy
stem
nee
d on
ly c
onsi
st o
f a p
rimar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
abo
ve th
e up
perm
ost
geom
embr
ane
liner
and
a lo
wer
com
posi
te li
ner s
epar
ated
by
a se
cond
ary
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
and
rem
oval
syst
em.
(1)
A c
ompo
site
line
r mus
t con
sist
of t
wo
com
pone
nts,
an u
pper
geo
mem
bran
e lin
er p
lace
d di
rect
ly a
bove
a lo
w
perm
eabi
lity
soil
laye
r. Ea
ch c
ompo
site
line
r is
cons
ider
ed a
sing
le li
ner.
(2
) Th
e do
uble
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m m
ust i
nclu
de a
pr
imar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
co
nsis
ting
of a
24-
inch
gra
nula
r soi
l lay
er w
ith a
leac
hate
co
llect
ion
pipe
net
wor
k. T
he p
rimar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
lies
abo
ve th
e pr
imar
y (u
pper
) co
mpo
site
line
r. Th
e pr
imar
y co
mpo
site
line
r con
sist
s of a
60
-mil
geom
embr
ane
that
dire
ctly
ove
rlays
an
18-in
ch
thic
k lo
w p
erm
eabi
lity
soil
laye
r. Th
e pr
imar
y co
mpo
site
lin
er li
es a
bove
the
seco
ndar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
. The
seco
ndar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
lies
abo
ve th
e se
cond
ary
(low
er)
com
posi
te li
ner w
hich
con
sist
s of a
60-
mil
geom
embr
ane
that
dire
ctly
ove
rlays
a 2
4-in
ch th
ick
low
per
mea
bilit
y so
il la
yer.
A
. Pr
imar
y co
mpo
site
line
r: Th
e so
il co
mpo
nent
of t
he p
rimar
y co
mpo
site
line
r mus
t be
a m
inim
um c
ompa
cted
thic
knes
s of 1
8 in
ches
. The
top
6-in
ches
(min
imum
com
pact
ed th
ickn
ess)
dire
ctly
be
low
and
in c
onta
ct w
ith th
e up
per g
eom
embr
ane
Req
uire
men
t to
Incr
ease
Des
ign
No
alte
rnat
ive
desi
gns.
GC
L m
ay b
e us
ed a
s ext
ra
laye
r. S
ingl
e co
mpo
site
line
rs a
re a
llow
ed fo
r C &
D
and
ash
mon
ofill
land
fills
.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
liner
mus
t hav
e a
max
imum
rem
olde
d co
effic
ient
of
perm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
. A G
CL
may
be
subs
titut
ed fo
r the
top
six-
inch
por
tion
of th
e lo
w
perm
eabi
lity
soil
laye
r in
the
prim
ary
com
posi
te li
ner.
The
low
er 1
2 in
ch so
il la
yer (
min
imum
com
pact
ed
thic
knes
s), s
hall
be sp
ecifi
ed a
s a st
ruct
ural
fill
laye
r to
ass
ure
adeq
uate
sepa
ratio
n of
the
prim
ary
com
posi
te li
ner f
rom
the
seco
ndar
y le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
mov
al sy
stem
and
mus
t be
plac
ed w
ithou
t da
mag
ing
any
geos
ynth
etic
or s
econ
dary
leac
hate
co
llect
ion
and
rem
oval
syst
em c
ompo
nent
s bel
ow th
e pr
imar
y co
mpo
site
line
r. Th
e so
il m
ater
ial p
artic
les
mus
t be
able
to p
ass a
one
-inch
scre
en.
B.
Seco
ndar
y co
mpo
site
line
r: Th
e so
il co
mpo
nent
of t
he se
cond
ary
com
posi
te li
ner m
ust
be a
t lea
st 2
4 in
ches
in c
ompa
cted
thic
knes
s and
mus
t ha
ve a
max
imum
rem
olde
d co
effic
ient
of p
erm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
thro
ugho
ut it
s thi
ckne
ss a
nd m
ust b
e di
rect
ly o
verla
in b
y an
d in
con
tact
with
a
geom
embr
ane.
The
soil
mat
eria
l par
ticle
s mus
t be
able
to
pas
s a o
ne-in
ch sc
reen
. 24
. N
orth
Car
olin
a Th
e st
anda
rd c
ompo
site
line
r util
izes
a C
CL.
The
com
posi
te
liner
con
sist
s of a
geo
mem
bran
e lin
er in
stal
led
abov
e an
d in
di
rect
and
uni
form
con
tact
with
a C
CL
with
a m
inim
um
thic
knes
s of 2
4 in
ches
and
a p
erm
eabi
lity
of n
o m
ore
than
1 x
10
-7cm
/sec
. H
DPE
geo
mem
bran
e lin
ers s
hall
have
a
min
imum
thic
knes
s of 6
0 m
ils.
The
min
imum
thic
knes
s of
any
geom
embr
ane
appr
oved
by
the
Div
isio
n sh
all b
e gr
eate
r th
an 3
0 m
ils.
Allo
w L
ess
Strin
gent
Des
ign
An
alte
rnat
ive
base
line
r sys
tem
oth
er th
an th
ose
outli
ned
in th
e R
ule
may
be
appr
oved
by
the
Div
isio
n if
it is
dem
onst
rate
d th
roug
h a
site
-spe
cific
, tw
o-ph
ase
mod
elin
g ap
proa
ch th
at th
e al
tern
ativ
e lin
er d
esig
n m
eets
the
follo
win
g cr
iteria
: th
e ra
te o
f lea
kage
th
roug
h th
e al
tern
ativ
e lin
er sy
stem
will
be
less
than
or
equa
l to
the
stan
dard
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m, a
nd th
e de
sign
will
ens
ure
that
the
conc
entra
tion
valu
es li
sted
in
the
Rul
e w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
uppe
rmos
t aq
uife
ratt
here
leva
ntpo
into
fcom
plia
nce
The
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
aqui
fer a
t the
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f com
plia
nce.
The
re
leva
nt p
oint
of c
ompl
ianc
e sh
all b
e es
tabl
ishe
d no
m
ore
than
250
feet
from
a w
aste
bou
ndar
y, a
nd sh
all b
e at
leas
t 50
feet
with
in th
e fa
cilit
y pr
oper
ty b
ound
ary.
How
ever
, bas
ed o
n ex
perie
nce
and
know
ledg
e of
the
stat
e ge
olog
y, th
e fo
llow
ing
two
alte
rnat
ive
liner
de
sign
s can
gen
eral
ly b
e ap
prov
ed w
ithou
t per
form
ing
mod
elin
g:
1.
A G
CL
alte
rnat
ive
com
posi
te li
ner i
s one
line
r th
at c
onsi
sts o
f thr
ee c
ompo
nent
s: a
geo
mem
bran
e lin
er in
stal
led
abov
e an
d in
uni
form
con
tact
with
a
GC
L ov
erly
ing
a C
CL
with
a m
inim
um th
ickn
ess o
f 18
-inch
es a
nd a
per
mea
bilit
y of
no
mor
e th
an 1
x
10-5
cm/s
ec.
2.
A tw
o-ge
omem
bran
e al
tern
ativ
e co
mpo
site
lin
er c
onsi
sts o
f thr
ee c
ompo
nent
s: t
wo
geom
embr
ane
liner
s eac
h w
ith a
n ov
erly
ing
leac
hate
dr
aina
ge sy
stem
, and
a C
CL
with
a m
inim
um
thic
knes
s of 1
2-in
ches
and
a p
erm
eabi
lity
of n
o m
ore
than
1 x
10-5
cm/s
ec o
verla
in b
y th
e lo
wer
m
embr
ane
liner
. 25
. O
hio
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of a
reco
mpa
cted
soil
liner
(RSL
) ha
ving
a m
axim
um p
erm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
and
a
FML.
The
RSL
shal
l be
at le
ast:
5 fe
et th
ick,
unl
ess t
he
dire
ctor
app
rove
s an
alte
rnat
e th
ickn
ess t
o be
no
less
than
3
feet
bas
ed o
n th
e re
sult
of c
alcu
latio
ns o
utlin
ed in
the
Rul
e; o
r 3
feet
thic
k w
ith a
GC
L, u
nles
s the
dire
ctor
app
rove
s an
alte
rnat
e th
ickn
ess f
or th
e R
SL b
ased
on
the
resu
lts o
f ca
lcul
atio
ns o
utlin
ed in
the
Rul
e. F
ML
shal
l be
60-m
il H
DPE
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Var
ianc
e re
ques
ts m
ust d
emon
stra
te to
the
Dire
ctor
that
th
e de
sign
is n
o le
ss p
rote
ctiv
e of
hum
an h
ealth
and
the
envi
ronm
ent t
han
the
desi
gns s
peci
fied
in th
e R
ule.
V
aria
nces
are
not
com
mon
ly re
ques
ted.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
or o
ther
mat
eria
ls h
avin
g a
min
imum
thic
knes
s of 4
0-m
il.
26.
Okl
ahom
a A
com
posi
te li
ner w
here
the
uppe
r com
pone
nt is
a
geom
embr
ane
liner
and
the
low
er c
ompo
nent
is a
re
cons
truct
ed c
lay
liner
at l
east
2 fe
et th
ick
and
shal
l hav
e a
hydr
aulic
con
duct
ivity
that
is n
o gr
eate
r tha
n 1
x 10
-7cm
/sec
.If
the
geom
embr
ane
is n
ot to
be
expo
sed
to w
eath
er o
r su
nlig
ht fo
r lon
ger t
han
3 m
onth
s, th
e no
min
al th
ickn
ess o
f th
e ge
omem
bran
e sh
all b
e 60
mils
for H
DPE
and
30
mils
for
all o
ther
type
s of g
eom
embr
anes
, but
if th
e ge
omem
bran
e is
to
be
expo
sed
to w
eath
er o
r sun
light
for l
onge
r tha
n 3
mon
ths,
the
nom
inal
thic
knes
s of t
he g
eom
embr
ane
shal
l be
60 m
ils fo
r HD
PE a
nd 4
5 m
ils fo
r all
othe
r typ
es o
f ge
omem
bran
es.
A th
icke
r geo
mem
bran
e (6
0 to
100
mils
) m
ay b
e re
quire
d to
resi
st v
ario
us st
ress
es.
Min
imal
exc
eptio
ns.
An
alte
rnat
ive
desi
gn m
ay b
e pr
opos
ed th
at e
nsur
es th
e co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
list
ed in
the
Rul
e w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer a
t the
rele
vant
poi
nt
of c
ompl
ianc
e.
Alth
ough
an
alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
ign
can
be p
ropo
sed,
ab
out 4
0 la
ndfil
ls in
the
stat
e ha
ve a
ll be
en c
onst
ruct
ed
with
the
MTR
.
27.
Ore
gon
Com
ply
with
land
fill d
esig
n cr
iteria
in 4
0 C
FR, P
art 2
58,
Subp
art D
(i.e
., Su
btitl
e D
). E
xcep
t as o
ther
wis
e pr
ovid
ed in
th
e R
ule,
MSW
land
fill d
esig
n m
ust b
e in
con
form
ance
with
th
e de
sign
requ
irem
ents
of t
his r
ule.
The
Subt
itle
D st
anda
rd d
esig
n fo
r a c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of
an
uppe
r geo
mem
bran
e lin
er a
nd a
low
er C
CL.
(H
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of C
CL
to b
e a
max
imum
of 1
x 1
0-7
cm/s
ec, a
nd th
e a
min
imum
2-f
eet t
hick
.)
The
perm
ittee
has
the
optio
n of
con
stru
ctin
g a
land
fill
cont
ainm
ent s
yste
m w
hich
eith
er c
onfo
rms t
o th
e st
anda
rd
desi
gn d
efin
ed in
40
CFR
258
.40(
a)(2
), or
a p
erfo
rman
ce
base
d al
tern
ativ
e lin
er d
esig
n (A
LD) a
ppro
ved
by th
e D
epar
tmen
t.
Req
uire
men
t to
incr
ease
des
ign
Whe
n an
app
licat
ion
is su
bmitt
ed, t
he D
epar
tmen
t sha
ll ev
alua
te th
e ne
ed to
pro
vide
pro
tect
ion
to g
roun
dwat
er
in a
dditi
on to
the
requ
irem
ents
of 4
0 C
FR, P
art 2
58,
Subp
art D
. Th
e D
epar
tmen
t sha
ll al
so e
valu
ate
whe
ther
the
spec
ific
cond
ition
s at t
he si
te re
quire
an
enha
nced
abi
lity
to m
onito
r pot
entia
l thr
eats
to
grou
ndw
ater
in a
dditi
on to
the
requ
irem
ents
of 4
0 C
FR,
Part
258,
Sub
part
E. T
he D
epar
tmen
t may
requ
ire a
se
cond
ary
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
syst
em, a
nd/o
r lea
k de
tect
ion
syst
em, o
r oth
er d
esig
n pr
ovid
ing
equi
vale
nt
prot
ectio
n to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
The
stat
e ha
s a w
et p
art (
wes
t sid
e of
stat
e) a
nd a
n ar
id
part
(eas
t sid
e of
stat
e) d
ue to
rain
shad
ow o
f Cas
cade
M
ount
ains
. Th
e la
r ger
regi
onal
land
fills
hav
e ch
osen
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
To o
btai
n an
ALD
app
rova
l, th
e pe
rmitt
ee m
ust d
emon
stra
te
that
the
ALD
will
satis
fy th
e pe
rfor
man
ce st
anda
rd in
40
CFR
258
.40(
a)(1
) whi
ch re
quire
s the
des
ign
to “
…en
sure
th
at th
e co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
list
ed in
the
Rul
e….w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer a
t the
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f co
mpl
ianc
e….”
, and
the
polic
ies a
nd sp
ecifi
c re
quire
men
ts
of O
rego
n’s G
roun
dwat
er Q
ualit
y Pr
otec
tion
Rul
es (i
.e.,
prev
ent a
leac
hate
rele
ase
exce
edin
g th
e st
atis
tical
ba
ckgr
ound
con
cent
ratio
ns a
t the
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f co
mpl
ianc
e).
To fa
cilit
ate
Dep
artm
ent r
evie
w a
nd a
ppro
val
of a
n A
LD d
emon
stra
tion,
the
perm
ittee
mus
t sub
mit
a w
ork
plan
.
An
ALD
dem
onst
ratio
n ge
ts a
ppro
ved
by th
e D
epar
tmen
t w
hen
the
resu
lts fr
om im
plem
entin
g th
e ap
prov
ed w
orkp
lan
dem
onst
rate
that
an
ALD
ade
quat
ely
prot
ects
gro
undw
ater
qu
ality
thro
ugho
ut th
e op
erat
ing
and
post
-clo
sure
per
iod.
Bas
ed o
n ex
perie
nces
with
pas
t ALD
dem
onst
ratio
ns, t
he
Dep
artm
ent h
as is
sued
a p
olic
y to
stre
amlin
e th
e re
view
pr
oces
s for
ALD
and
sitin
g co
mbi
natio
ns th
at a
re in
here
ntly
pr
otec
tive
of th
e en
viro
nmen
t. P
ast A
LD d
emon
stra
tions
sh
ow th
at lo
wer
leak
age
rate
s occ
ur if
a G
CL
is su
bstit
uted
fo
r the
CC
L co
mpo
nent
of t
he st
anda
rd c
ompo
site
line
r. T
he
Dep
artm
ent b
elie
ves t
hat t
he A
LD d
emon
stra
tion
proc
ess
shou
ld b
e si
mpl
ified
for s
uch
ALD
’s w
hen
prop
osed
in
com
bina
tion
with
a fa
vora
ble
site
loca
tion
and
seco
ndar
y le
ak d
etec
tion/
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
syst
em.
The
polic
y st
atem
ent i
s as f
ollo
ws:
The
Dep
artm
ent e
xem
pts t
he
follo
win
g lin
er d
esig
n fr
om th
e co
nven
tiona
l ALD
to lo
cate
on
the
arid
side
of t
he st
ate
due
to th
e fa
ct th
at
OD
EQ fr
eque
ntly
impl
emen
ts a
gen
eral
exc
eptio
n re
quiri
ng a
dditi
onal
gro
undw
ater
pro
tect
ion
base
d on
en
viro
nmen
tal f
acto
rs.
This
exc
eptio
n is
mor
e co
mm
only
app
lied
to th
e w
et si
de o
f the
stat
e.
The
gene
ral p
ract
ice
has b
een
for t
he si
gnifi
cant
MSW
la
ndfil
ls to
impl
emen
t a th
ird li
ner l
ayer
(i.e
., ge
omem
bran
e) a
nd le
ak d
etec
tion
syst
em b
enea
th th
e Su
btitl
e D
line
r sys
tem
. Th
is h
as re
sulte
d be
caus
e ow
ners
: kn
ow O
DEQ
may
not
app
rove
less
er
requ
irem
ents
on
the
wes
t sid
e of
the
stat
e; a
nd k
now
O
DEQ
may
requ
ire a
dditi
onal
pro
tect
ion
on th
e w
et
side
of t
he st
ate.
For l
andf
ills o
n th
e ar
id si
de o
f the
stat
e, a
hyb
rid o
f the
th
ird li
ner c
once
pt h
as b
een
impl
emen
ted
whe
re a
third
lin
er la
yer (
i.e.,
geom
embr
ane)
and
leak
det
ectio
n sy
stem
is p
lace
d in
por
tions
of t
he si
te b
enea
th th
e Su
btitl
e D
line
r sys
tem
(i.e
., un
der l
each
ate
colle
ctio
n ar
eas)
.
For l
andf
ills o
n bo
th th
e ea
st a
nd w
est s
ides
of t
he
stat
e, a
ltern
ativ
es u
sing
a G
CL
in li
eu o
f the
CC
L ha
ve
been
dem
onst
rate
d an
d us
ed.
The
ALD
dem
onst
ratio
n m
ay b
e om
itted
for G
CL
use
base
d on
adh
eren
ce to
Po
licy
Rul
es (a
s des
crib
ed u
nder
the
MTR
col
umn)
.
Oth
er a
ltern
ativ
es m
ay a
lso
be p
ropo
sed
for a
ppro
val
cons
ider
atio
n.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
dem
onst
ratio
n: a
n al
tern
ativ
e co
mpo
site
line
r des
ign
com
pris
ed o
f a m
inim
um 6
0-m
il th
ick
HD
PE g
eom
embr
ane,
un
derla
in b
y a
min
imum
0.6
-cm
thic
k G
CL
with
a h
ydra
ulic
co
nduc
tivity
of n
o m
ore
than
3 x
10-9
cm/s
ec.
This
ex
empt
ion
appl
ies o
nly
at fa
cilit
ies w
here
it is
tech
nica
lly
feas
ible
to m
ake
this
line
r sub
stitu
tion,
and
whe
re si
te
char
acte
ristic
s and
faci
lity
desi
gn m
eet o
ne o
f the
follo
win
g co
nditi
ons:
site
pre
cipi
tatio
n is
less
than
or e
qual
to 1
5-in
pe
r yea
r, de
pth
to g
roun
dwat
er is
100
-ft o
r mor
e, a
nd th
e A
LD is
und
erla
in b
y at
leas
t a p
artia
l sec
onda
ry le
ak
dete
ctio
n/le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
; or t
he A
LD is
und
erla
in
by a
con
tinuo
us se
cond
ary
leak
det
ectio
n/le
acha
te c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
. Th
e cu
rren
t ALD
dem
onst
ratio
n pr
oces
s is H
ELP
or
MU
LTIM
ED-m
odel
bas
ed.
The
Dep
artm
ent i
s con
side
ring
whe
ther
to a
ccep
t oth
er a
ppro
ache
s. A
ccor
ding
ly, t
his p
olic
y m
ay b
e m
odifi
ed in
the
futu
re to
acc
omm
odat
e ot
her A
LD
dem
onst
ratio
n m
etho
ds.
Alth
ough
not
spec
ifica
lly d
iscu
ssed
with
an
OD
EQ
repr
esen
tativ
e at
this
tim
e, p
ast f
irst-h
and
proj
ect
expe
rienc
e in
the
Stat
e of
Ore
gon
has r
esul
ted
in
succ
essf
ul d
emon
stra
tion
and
appr
oval
of a
n al
tern
ativ
e to
the
CC
L hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity sp
ecifi
catio
n of
the
com
posi
te li
ner r
equi
rem
ent (
i.e.,
1 x
10-6
cm/s
ec in
lie
u of
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec).
28.
Penn
sylv
ania
A
line
r sys
tem
shal
l con
sist
of t
he fo
llow
ing
elem
ents
: (1
) Su
bbas
e, w
hich
is th
e pr
epar
ed la
yer o
f soi
l or
earth
en m
ater
ials
upo
n w
hich
the
rem
aind
er o
f the
lin
er sy
stem
is c
onst
ruct
ed.
(2)
Seco
ndar
y lin
er, w
hich
is a
con
tinuo
us la
yer o
f sy
nthe
tic m
ater
ials
or r
emol
ded
clay
pla
ced
on th
e su
bbas
e.
(3)
Leac
hate
det
ectio
n zo
ne, w
hich
is th
e pr
epar
ed
laye
r pla
ced
on to
p of
the
seco
ndar
y lin
er a
nd u
pon
whi
ch th
e pr
imar
y lin
er is
pla
ced,
and
in w
hich
a
leac
hate
det
ectio
n sy
stem
is lo
cate
d.
(4)
Prim
ary
liner
, whi
ch is
a c
ontin
uous
laye
r of
s ynt
hetic
mat
eria
ls p
lace
d on
the
leac
hate
det
ectio
n
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Unl
ess a
ltern
ativ
e de
sign
requ
irem
ents
to m
eet t
he
perf
orm
ance
stan
dard
s (M
TR) a
s par
t of t
he p
erm
it un
der §
271
.231
(rel
atin
g to
equ
ival
ency
revi
ew
proc
edur
e), t
he li
ner s
hall
mee
t: a.
G
eosy
nthe
tic (p
rimar
y or
seco
ndar
y lin
er):
30-m
il FM
L, H
DPE
shal
l be
at le
ast 6
0-m
il.
b.
Nat
ural
& R
emol
ded
Cla
y (s
econ
dary
line
r, co
mpo
site
com
pone
nt):
2 fe
et,
>=90
% m
axim
um d
ry d
ensi
ty w
hen
usin
g St
anda
rd
Proc
tor m
etho
d, 3
0% m
in. f
ines
by
wei
ght p
ass
#200
siev
e, a
nd n
o co
arse
frag
men
ts g
reat
er th
an ¾
in
ch.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
zone
. (5
) Pr
otec
tive
cove
r and
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
zone
, w
hich
is a
pre
pare
d la
yer p
lace
d ov
er th
e pr
imar
y lin
er in
whi
ch a
leac
hate
col
lect
ion
syst
em is
lo
cate
d.Ei
ther
the
prim
ary
or th
e se
cond
ary
liner
shal
l be
cons
truct
ed
as a
com
posi
te li
ner.
Gen
eral
Lim
itatio
ns:
(a)
The
botto
m o
f the
subb
ase
of th
e lin
er sy
stem
ca
nnot
be
in c
onta
ct w
ith th
e se
ason
al h
igh
wat
er
tabl
e or
per
ched
wat
er ta
ble
with
out t
he u
se o
f gr
ound
wat
er p
umpi
ng sy
stem
s. D
rain
age
syst
ems
may
be
utili
zed
to p
reve
nt c
onta
ct.
(b)
At l
east
8-f
eet s
hall
be m
aint
aine
d be
twee
n th
e bo
ttom
of t
he su
bbas
e of
the
liner
syst
em a
nd th
e re
gion
al g
roun
dwat
er ta
ble
in a
n un
conf
ined
aq
uife
r. T
he re
gion
al g
roun
dwat
er ta
ble
may
not
be
artif
icia
lly lo
wer
ed.
(c)
In a
con
fined
aqu
ifer,
at le
ast 8
-fee
t sha
ll be
m
aint
aine
d be
twee
n th
e bo
ttom
of t
he su
bbas
e of
th
e lin
er sy
stem
and
the
top
of th
e co
nfin
ing
laye
r or
the
shal
low
est l
evel
bel
ow th
e bo
ttom
of t
he
subb
ase
whe
re g
roun
dwat
er o
ccur
s as a
resu
lt of
up
war
d le
akag
e fr
om n
atur
al o
r pre
exis
ting
caus
es.
Subb
ase:
(1
) B
e at
leas
t 6-in
ches
thic
k an
d co
mpa
cted
. (2
) B
e no
mor
e pe
rmea
ble
than
1 x
10-5
cm/s
ec, b
ased
on
test
ing
unle
ss th
e cl
ay c
ompo
nent
of a
com
posi
te
liner
is d
esi g
ned
and
cons
truct
ed d
irect
ly a
bove
the
c.
Sodi
um b
ento
nite
& b
ento
nite
like
m
ater
ials
(sec
onda
ry li
ner,
com
posi
te c
ompo
nent
): 1
foot
, >=9
0% m
axim
um d
ry d
ensi
ty w
hen
usin
g St
anda
rd P
roct
or m
etho
d, 8
% m
in. p
owde
red
sodi
um b
ento
nite
or m
anuf
actu
rer’
s re
com
men
datio
ns w
hich
ever
is g
reat
er, n
o co
arse
fr
agm
ents
gre
ater
than
¾ in
ch.,
and
no o
rgan
ic
mat
ter.
d.
GC
L (c
ompo
site
com
pone
nt):
min
imum
of ¾
pou
nd o
f pow
ered
or g
ranu
lar
sodi
um b
ento
nite
per
squa
re fo
ot.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
subb
ase.
Seco
ndar
y Li
ner:
(1)
Be
no m
ore
perm
eabl
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
bas
ed
on te
stin
g.
(2)
If th
e op
erat
or d
oes n
ot d
esig
n a
com
posi
te p
rimar
y lin
er, t
he o
pera
tor s
hall
desi
gn a
com
posi
te
seco
ndar
y lin
er w
hich
has
an
uppe
r com
pone
nt
mad
e of
man
ufac
ture
d ge
osyn
thet
ic li
ner t
hat m
eets
th
e re
quire
men
ts in
depe
nden
tly o
f the
com
posi
te
com
pone
nt a
nd a
com
posi
te c
ompo
nent
mad
e of
ea
rthen
mat
eria
l tha
t mee
ts th
e re
quire
men
ts
inde
pend
ently
of t
he u
pper
com
pone
nt, e
xcep
t tha
t th
e co
mpo
site
com
pone
nt m
ay b
e no
mor
e pe
rmea
ble
than
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec b
ased
on
test
ing.
(3
) U
se o
f a c
ompo
site
seco
ndar
y lin
er d
oes n
ot re
lieve
th
e op
erat
or o
f res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r a se
para
te p
rimar
y lin
er.
(4)
2-fe
et th
ick
natu
ral a
nd re
mol
ded
clay
may
func
tion
as th
e se
cond
ary
liner
or c
ompo
site
com
pone
nt.
(5)
1-fo
ot th
ick
sodi
um b
ento
nite
and
ben
toni
te-li
ke
mat
eria
ls m
ay fu
nctio
n as
the
seco
ndar
y lin
er o
r co
mpo
site
com
pone
nt.
(6)
GC
L m
ay fu
nctio
n as
the
com
posi
te c
ompo
nent
. (7
) G
eosy
nthe
tic fu
nctio
ning
as t
he se
cond
ary
liner
sh
all b
e at
leas
t 30-
mil
min
imum
or 6
0-m
il if
HD
PE.
Leac
hate
Det
ectio
n Zo
ne:
(1)
Be
at le
ast 1
2-in
ches
thic
k.
(2)
Cre
ate
a flo
w z
one
betw
een
the
seco
ndar
y lin
er a
nd
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
the
prim
ary
liner
equ
al to
or m
ore
perm
eabl
e th
an 1
x
10-2
cm/s
ec b
ased
on
test
ing.
(3
) C
onta
in a
per
fora
ted
pipi
ng sy
stem
cap
able
of
dete
ctin
g an
d in
terc
eptin
g liq
uid
with
in th
e le
acha
te
dete
ctio
n zo
ne a
nd c
onve
ying
the
liqui
d to
a
colle
ctio
n su
mp.
The
min
imum
dia
met
er o
f the
pe
rfor
ated
pip
e sh
all b
e 4-
inch
es w
ith a
wal
l th
ickn
ess o
f Sch
edul
e 80
or g
reat
er.
Prim
ary
Line
r: (1
) B
e no
mor
e pe
rmea
ble
than
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec b
ased
on
test
ing.
(2
) If
the
oper
ator
doe
s not
des
ign
a co
mpo
site
se
cond
ary
liner
, the
ope
rato
r sha
ll de
sign
a
com
posi
te p
rimar
y lin
er w
hich
has
an
uppe
r co
mpo
nent
mad
e of
man
ufac
ture
d ge
osyn
thet
ic
liner
that
mee
ts th
e re
quire
men
ts in
depe
nden
tly o
f th
e co
mpo
site
com
pone
nt a
nd a
com
posi
te
com
pone
nt m
ade
of e
arth
en m
ater
ial t
hat m
eets
the
requ
irem
ents
inde
pend
ently
of t
he u
pper
co
mpo
nent
, exc
ept t
hat t
he c
ompo
site
com
pone
nt
may
be
no m
ore
perm
eabl
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
ba
sed
on te
stin
g.
(3)
Use
of a
com
posi
te p
rimar
y lin
er d
oes n
ot re
lieve
th
e op
erat
or o
f res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r a se
para
te
seco
ndar
y lin
er.
(4)
2-fe
et th
ick
natu
ral a
nd re
mol
ded
clay
may
func
tion
as th
e co
mpo
site
com
pone
nt.
(5)
1-fo
ot th
ick
sodi
um b
ento
nite
and
ben
toni
te-li
ke
mat
eria
ls m
ay fu
nctio
n as
the
com
posi
te
com
pone
nt.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
(6)
GC
L m
ay fu
nctio
n as
the
com
posi
te c
ompo
nent
.
Geo
synt
hetic
func
tioni
ng a
s the
prim
ary
liner
shal
l be
at
leas
t 30
mil
min
imum
or 6
0 m
il if
HD
PE.
29.
Sout
h C
arol
ina
Com
ply
with
land
fill d
esig
n cr
iteria
in 4
0 C
FR, P
art 2
58,
Subp
art D
(i.e
., Su
btitl
e D
). E
xcep
t as o
ther
wis
e pr
ovid
ed in
th
e R
ule,
MSW
land
fill d
esig
n m
ust b
e in
con
form
ance
with
th
e de
sign
requ
irem
ents
of t
his r
ule.
The
Subt
itle
D st
anda
rd d
esig
n fo
r a c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
s of
an
uppe
r geo
mem
bran
e lin
er a
nd a
low
er C
CL.
(H
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of C
CL
to b
e a
max
imum
of 1
x 1
0-7
cm/s
ec, a
nd th
e C
CL
to b
e m
inim
um 2
-ft t
hick
.)
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
An
alte
rnat
ive
liner
syst
em m
ay b
e ap
prov
ed b
y th
e D
epar
tmen
t if t
he a
pplic
ant c
an d
emon
stra
te
com
plia
nce
with
the
desi
gn c
riter
ia in
the
Rul
e.
App
rova
l of a
n al
tern
ativ
e lin
er d
esig
n is
revi
ewed
on
a ca
se-b
y-ca
se b
asis
.
30.
Sout
h D
akot
a A
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m w
here
the
uppe
r com
pone
nt is
a
FML
and
the
low
er c
ompo
nent
is a
soil
liner
hav
ing
a 2-
foot
co
mpa
cted
thic
knes
s and
hav
ing
a re
com
pact
ed m
axim
um
coef
ficie
nt o
f per
mea
bilit
y of
1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec.
The
FML
mus
t, at
a m
inim
um, b
e co
mpa
tible
with
leac
hate
, hav
e a
60-
mil
thic
knes
s, an
d ha
ve a
life
exp
ecta
ncy
long
er th
an th
e lif
e of
the
faci
lity.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
An
alte
rnat
ive
liner
syst
em m
ay b
e ap
prov
ed b
y th
e Se
cret
ary
if th
e ap
plic
ant c
an d
emon
stra
te c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith th
e de
sign
crit
eria
in th
e R
ule
and
the
desi
gn
ensu
res t
hat t
he c
once
ntra
tion
valu
es o
f the
Rul
e ar
e no
t exc
eede
d at
the
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f com
plia
nce
Bec
ause
of t
he g
eolo
gic
and
hydr
ogeo
logi
c co
nditi
ons
(Aqu
ifer i
s gen
eral
ly m
ore
than
100
feet
bel
ow a
nd in
-si
tu so
il is
hig
hly
impe
rmea
ble)
in th
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
St
ate,
mos
t lan
dfill
s wer
e co
nstru
cted
with
onl
y a
2-fo
ot C
CL.
A si
te w
as a
ppro
ved
with
no
liner
sinc
e th
e aq
uife
r is m
ore
than
150
feet
bel
ow th
e la
ndfil
l bot
tom
an
d in
-situ
uno
xidi
zed
soil
has h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of
10-9
cm/s
ec.
31.
Tenn
esse
e Li
ner m
ust b
e a
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
stin
g of
two
com
pone
nts.
The
upp
er c
ompo
nent
mus
t con
sist
of a
m
inim
um 3
0-m
il FM
L an
d th
e lo
wer
com
pone
nt m
ust
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
Alte
rnat
e lin
er d
esig
ns m
ay b
e us
ed p
rovi
ded
that
it is
de
mon
stra
ted
to th
e sa
tisfa
ctio
n of
the
Com
mis
sion
er
that
the
liner
des
i gn
prov
ides
equ
ival
ent o
r sup
erio
r
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
cons
ist o
f at l
east
a 2
-foo
t lay
er o
f com
pact
ed so
il w
ith a
hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
. FM
L co
mpo
nent
s con
sist
ing
of H
DPE
shal
l be
at le
ast 6
0-m
il th
ick.
Und
erly
ing
the
liner
s sha
ll be
a g
eolo
gic
buff
er w
hich
shal
l ha
ve: (1
) a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1 x
10-5
cm/s
ec a
nd m
easu
res a
t lea
st 1
0-fe
et fr
om th
e bo
ttom
of t
he li
ner t
o th
e se
ason
al h
igh
wat
er ta
ble
of th
e up
perm
ost u
ncon
fined
aqu
ifer o
r the
top
of
the
form
atio
n of
a c
onfin
ed a
quife
r, or
(2
) ha
ve a
max
imum
hyd
raul
ic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1 x
10-6
cm/s
ec a
nd m
easu
res n
ot le
ss th
an 5
-fee
t fro
m th
e bo
ttom
of t
he li
ner t
o th
e se
ason
al h
igh
wat
er ta
ble
of th
e up
perm
ost u
ncon
fined
aqu
ifer o
r the
top
of
the
form
atio
n of
a c
onfin
ed a
quife
r, or
(3
) ot
her e
quiv
alen
t or s
uper
ior p
rote
ctio
n as
def
ined
in
the
Rul
e
Adm
ixtu
res a
nd sp
ecia
l con
stru
ctio
n te
chni
ques
may
be
used
to
impr
ove
the
prop
ertie
s of t
he c
ompa
cted
soil
com
pone
nt
of th
e co
mpo
site
line
r pro
vide
d th
at:
(1)
In n
o ca
se sh
all t
he li
ner t
hick
ness
be
less
than
2-
feet
(2)
The
mod
ified
line
r sha
ll ac
hiev
e eq
uiva
lent
or
supe
rior p
erfo
rman
ce to
requ
irem
ents
of t
he
min
imum
per
form
ance
stan
dard
in th
e R
ule
perf
orm
ance
to th
e m
inim
um p
erfo
rman
ce st
anda
rd in
th
e R
ule.
The
Com
mis
sion
er sh
all c
onsi
der f
acto
rs
whe
n ap
prov
ing
a de
sign
.
GC
L ca
n us
ed to
subs
titut
e fo
r the
CC
L. T
he th
ickn
ess
of th
e C
CL
whi
ch c
an b
e re
plac
ed b
y G
CL
is b
ased
on
the
HEL
P m
odel
resu
lts a
nd th
e si
te sp
ecifi
c ge
olog
ic
and
hydr
o-ge
olog
ic c
ondi
tions
.
32.
Texa
s C
onst
ruct
ed w
ith o
ne o
f the
two
follo
win
g pr
ovis
ions
ap
prov
ed b
y th
e ex
ecut
ive
dire
ctor
: A
llow
less
strin
gent
de
sign
. A
ltern
ate
desi
gns m
ay b
e au
thor
ized
by
the
exec
utiv
e di
rect
or if
a d
emon
stra
tion
is p
rovi
ded
by c
ompu
teriz
ed
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
(1)
A d
esig
n th
at e
nsur
es th
at th
e co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
lis
ted
in th
e R
ule
will
not
be
exce
eded
in th
e up
perm
ost a
quife
r at t
he re
leva
nt p
oint
of
com
plia
nce
as sp
ecifi
ed in
the
Rul
e; o
r (2
) A
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
stin
g of
two
com
pone
nts:
th
e up
per c
ompo
nent
mus
t be
a m
inim
um 3
0-m
il FM
L an
d th
e lo
wer
com
pone
nt m
ust b
e at
leas
t a 2
-fo
ot la
yer o
f com
pact
ed so
il w
ith a
hyd
raul
ic
cond
uctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
. FM
L co
mpo
nent
s con
sist
ing
of H
DPE
shal
l be
at le
ast
60-m
il th
ick.
desi
gn m
odel
ing
(HEL
P an
d M
ulti-
Med
ia m
odel
s) th
at
show
s tha
t the
max
imum
con
tam
inan
t lev
els d
etai
led
in
the
Rul
e w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed a
t the
poi
nt o
f co
mpl
ianc
e.
Alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
igns
hav
e be
en a
ppro
ved
incl
ude:
G
CL
to su
bstit
ute
for 2
feet
CC
L 60
-mil
HD
PE g
eom
embr
ane
liner
onl
y (M
odel
ing
was
per
form
ed)
Nat
ural
soil
liner
(4’ m
in. o
r 3”
+ 1”
pr
otec
tive
soil.
Soi
l to
mee
t: m
axim
um
perm
eabi
lity
of 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
, LL
30,
PI
15,
pe
rcen
t pas
sing
#20
0 si
eve
30%
, and
100
%
pass
ing
1-in
ch).
33.
Virg
inia
A
com
posi
te li
ner s
yste
m h
avin
g a
low
er li
ner c
onsi
stin
g of
at
leas
t a 2
-foo
t lay
er o
f com
pact
ed so
il w
ith a
hyd
raul
ic
cond
uctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
and
an
uppe
r co
mpo
nent
con
sist
ing
of a
min
imum
30-
mil
FML.
If H
DPE
is
use
d as
the
uppe
r com
pone
nt F
ML,
it sh
all b
e at
leas
t 60-
mil
thic
k.
Allo
w le
ss st
ringe
nt
desi
gn.
May
subm
it a
petit
ion
to a
llow
for a
n al
tern
ate
desi
gn.
The
dire
ctor
may
gra
nt a
var
ianc
e to
the
com
posi
te
liner
syst
em d
esig
n if
it is
dem
onst
rate
d to
the
satis
fact
ion
of th
e di
rect
or th
at th
e pr
opos
ed a
ltern
ate
liner
syst
em d
esig
n w
ill e
nsur
e th
at th
e co
ncen
tratio
n va
lues
list
ed in
the
Rul
e w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
uppe
rmos
t aqu
ifer a
t the
was
te m
anag
emen
t uni
t bo
unda
ry.
Mos
t com
mon
ly a
ppro
ved
alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
ign
is to
us
e G
CL
repl
acin
g 2-
foot
com
pact
ed so
il.
34.
Was
hing
ton
For n
onar
id la
ndfil
ls, a
com
posi
te li
ner c
onsi
stin
g of
two
parts
: th
e up
per c
ompo
nent
mus
t be
a m
inim
um o
f 60-
mil
thic
knes
s HD
PE g
eom
embr
ane.
The
low
er c
ompo
nent
mus
t be
at l
east
a 2
-foo
t thi
ck la
yer o
f com
pact
ed so
il w
ith a
h y
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f no
mor
e th
an 1
x 1
0-7cm
/sec
.
Eq
uiva
lent
line
r des
igns
and
line
r mat
eria
ls m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r non
arid
land
fills
pro
vide
d a
dem
onst
ratio
n du
ring
the
perm
ittin
g pr
oces
s can
be
mad
e th
at th
e lin
er
is e
quiv
alen
t to
the
com
posi
te li
ner d
esig
n.
No
.
Stat
e M
inim
um T
echn
ical
Req
uire
men
t (M
TR
) fo
r L
iner
D
esig
nE
xcep
tion
to
MT
R.
Req
uire
men
t to
In
crea
se D
esig
n or
A
llow
Les
s St
ring
ent
Des
ign
Exp
lana
tion
of
Exc
epti
ons
Thin
ner g
eom
embr
anes
of o
ther
than
HD
PE m
ay b
e us
ed
prov
ided
that
a d
emon
stra
tion
can
be m
ade
that
the
alte
rnat
ive
has e
quiv
alen
t fac
tors
und
er c
ondi
tions
of
cons
truct
ion
and
use.
Min
imum
thic
knes
s of g
eom
embr
anes
ot
her t
han
HD
PE sh
all b
e 30
-mils
.
For a
rid la
ndfil
ls (p
reci
pita
tion
less
than
12
inch
es),
a de
sign
th
at e
nsur
es th
at th
e m
axim
um c
onta
min
ant l
evel
s lis
ted
in
the
Rul
e w
ill n
ot b
e ex
ceed
ed in
the
hydr
ostra
tigra
phic
un
it(s)
iden
tifie
d in
the
hydr
ogeo
logi
c ch
arac
teriz
atio
n/
repo
rt at
the
rele
vant
poi
nt o
f com
plia
nce
as sp
ecifi
ed d
urin
g th
e pe
rmitt
ing
proc
ess i
n th
e R
ule.
The
juris
dict
iona
l hea
lth
depa
rtmen
t sha
ll co
nsid
er fa
ctor
s whe
n ap
prov
ing
a de
sign
th
at c
ompl
ies w
ith th
e ar
id la
ndfil
l des
ign
of th
e R
ule.
An
alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
ign
of u
sing
GC
L to
subs
titut
e fo
r the
2-f
oot C
CL
was
app
rove
d fo
r non
arid
land
fills
in
the
past
. H
owev
er, t
he D
epar
tmen
t is i
n th
e pr
oces
s of
cha
ngin
g th
is a
ltern
ativ
e by
requ
iring
an
equi
vale
ncy
dem
onst
ratio
n ba
sed
on d
iffus
ion
rath
er
than
requ
iring
a p
erfo
rman
ce b
ased
mod
elin
g (R
efer
to
Dr.
Gar
y Fo
sse
and
Dr.
Shac
klef
ord
rece
nt p
ublic
atio
ns
rega
rdin
g “T
rans
it Ti
me
Des
ign
for D
iffus
ion
Thro
ugh
Com
posi
te L
iner
” an
d “P
redi
ctin
g Le
akag
e Th
roug
h C
ompo
site
Lin
er”)
. In
this
cas
e, th
e al
tern
ativ
e lin
er
desi
gn m
ay re
quire
s FM
L +
GC
L +
2’ c
ompa
cted
soil
with
a m
axim
um h
ydra
ulic
con
duct
ivity
of 1
x 1
0-5
cm/s
ec o
r 1 x
10-6
cm/s
ec.
For a
rid la
ndfil
ls, t
he D
epar
tmen
t allo
ws u
sing
GC
L to
su
bstit
ute
for t
he 2
-foo
t CC
L.
35.
Wis
cons
in
A c
ompo
site
line
r con
sist
ing
of tw
o co
mpo
nent
s; th
e up
per
com
pone
nt sh
all c
onsi
st o
f a n
omin
al 6
0-m
il or
thic
ker
geom
embr
ane
liner
with
no
thic
knes
s mea
sure
men
ts fa
lling
be
low
the
min
imum
indu
stry
acc
epte
d m
anuf
actu
ring
tole
ranc
es, a
nd th
e lo
wer
com
pone
nt sh
all c
onsi
st o
f a
min
imum
4-f
oot t
hick
laye
r of c
ompa
cted
cla
y ha
ving
a
satu
rate
d hy
drau
lic c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f 1 x
10-7
cm/s
ec o
r les
s.
No
exce
ptio
ns.
The
Dep
artm
ent h
as n
ot a
llow
ed a
ny su
bsta
ntia
l va
riatio
ns fr
om th
e M
SW la
ndfil
l lin
er re
quire
men
ts.
A fe
w o
lder
land
fills
still
hav
e ac
tive
cells
whi
ch m
eet
the
requ
irem
ent o
f 5 fe
et o
f com
pact
ed c
lay
in th
e pr
evio
us c
ode
sinc
e 19
70s.
Alte
rnat
ive
liner
des
igns
wer
e ap
prov
ed fo
r som
e in
dust
rial w
aste
and
util
ity a
sh la
ndfil
ls a
nd c
onsi
sted
of
a c
ompa
cted
cla
y lin
er o
nly
or G
CL
to su
bstit
ute
for
the
com
pact
ed c
lay
com
pone
nt.