A STRAT: Ecologyecologyresearch.info/documents/EC0481.pdf · 2018. 6. 2. · results indicated that...

Article Citation: Azadeh Afrigan, Hossein Azarnivand, Fatemeh Sefidkon, Mohammad Jafari and Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki Evaluation of environmental factors on essential oil and forage value of Cymbopogon olivieri Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1095-1112

Evaluation of environmental factors on essential oil and forage value of

Cymbopogon olivieri

Keywords: Cymbopogon olivieri, essential oil, forage value

Authors:

Azadeh Afrigan1,

Hossein Azarnivand2,

Fatemeh Sefidkon3,

Mohammad Jafari2,

Mohammad Ali Zare

Chahouki2

Institution:

1. Department of Reng

Management Science and

Research Branch, Islamic

Azad University, Tehran,

Iran

2. Natural Resources

Faculty, Tehran University,

P.O. Box, Tehran 31585-

4314, Iran

3. Research Institute of

Forests and Rangelands,

Tehran, Iran

Corresponding author:

Hossein Azarnivand

Email ID:

Web Address:

http://ecologyresearch.info/

documents/EC0481.pdf

ABSTRACT: This study was performed to evaluate the environmental factors on essential oil and forage values of Cymbopogon olivieri. In this study, the aerial parts of Cymbopogon olivieri were collected after a time of flowering from 10 natural areas located in the Khuzestan province at two altitudes, and in three replications in the year 2016. Areas included were Chal Gandali, Talkhab e Kalat, Bardmar, Morad Abad, Tembi, Dezful, Indika, Lali, Shoushtar and Izeh. The essential oil compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also, due to phytochemical studies, the plant composition showed Crude Protein (CP), Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC), Crude Fiber (CF), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Total Ash (TA). According to the results, Lali area showed highest mean of essential oil. Analyses of the essential oils showed 21 main identified constituents, including Verbenen, 8/1-Dihydrocodeine , and -2-carene, p-cymene, limonene, p-cymene, Cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, Trans-p-menth, p-mentha-1,5-diene, Methylacetophenone, p-Cymen-8-ol, terpineol, piperitone, germacrene, b-selinene, valencene, f-eti-x-selinene, elemol, Intermedol and y-eudesmot etc. However, Piperitone was present in each area samples more than 50 percentage . The results indicated that essential oils and their chemical compositions of Cymbopogon olivieri are strongly affected by the environmental conditions. Also, according to the results, it was found that essential oil extraction had significant effects on WSC, NDF, CF and total ash. Also there were significant differences between areas.

Dates: Received: 20 Aug 2017 Accepted: 25 Aug 2017 Published: 15 Sep 2017

1095-1112 | JRE | 2017 | Vol 5 | No 2

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An International Scientific Research Journal

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al of R

esearch

in

Ecology

Journal of Research in Ecology

www.ecologyresearch.info

Journal of Research

in Ecology An International

Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554

INTRODICTION

The genus Cymbopogon Spreng as aromatic

grasses is belonging to the Poaceae family (Nair, 1982)

and the genus Cymbopogon comprises two perennial

species in the Flora of Iran, C. Olivieri (Boiss.) Bor and

C. parkeri Stapf., which are distributed in the tropical

regions of Iran including southern parts of Fars, Ker-

man, Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Bushehr and Baluchestan

provinces (Sonboli et al., 2010). C. Olivieri is known as

KahMakki, Potar and Nagerd in different areas which

this plant is gathered. In traditional medicine, leaves and

roots are widely used as antiseptic and for the treatment

of stomachache (Singh et al., 2011). Essential oils of the

Cymbopogon spp. are principally made out of cyclic and

non-cyclic monoterpenes like citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-

octadienal; a blend of two isomer geranial and neral),

geraniol, citronellol, citronellal, linalool, elemol, 1,8-

cineole, limonene, b-carophyllene, methylheptenone,

geranyl acetate derivation and geranyl formate (Ito and

Honda, 2007). It is well known that yield and yield

components of plants are determined by a series of fac-

tors including plant genetic (Pirbalouti et al., 2013) cli-

mate, edaphic, elevation, and topography (Loziene and

Venskutonis, 2005) and also an interaction of various

factors (Basu et al., 2009). In an investigation of the

effect of environmental factors on Cymbopogon olivieri

(Boiss.) Bor (Poaceae) in four regions, Mirjalili and

Omidbeigi (2005) concluded that the nearby altitudes of

300-600 m in the regions of Masjid Soleiman and Jiruft

had a greater effect on the function of the essential oil in

the lemongrass (Mirjalili and Omidbeigi, 2005) . Yazda-

ni et al. (2002) reported that the percentage essential oil

of Mentha piperita Stokes (Lamiaceae) varied from

1.45% to 3.2%, and was influenced by different envi-

ronmental factors, such as altitude and the daylight peri-

od (Yazdani et al., 2002). Soil type, climatic regime,

botanical composition and soil improvement practices

as biotic environmental factors have effects on nutri-

tional quality (Corona et al., 1998). The assessment of

feed quality is critical for the predictum of animal per-

formance (Seven and Çerç, 2006). Herbage assessment

infers the depiction of feedstuffs as for their ability to

ensure diverse kinds and levels of production (Juárez et

al., 2004). From a ruminant nutrition point of view, en-

ergy, dry matter digestibility and unrefined protein con-

tents are three of the most imperative segments of herb-

age quality (Malau-Aduli, 2007). It is necessary to ob-

tain information about its chemical composition to im-

prove the quality of the herbage consumed by grazing

animals, which thereafter could be related to its capacity

to satisfy the requirements of the grazing animals.

Mountousis et al. (2011) contemplated altitudinal and

seasonal differences in herbage composition and energy

and protein content of grasslands on Mount Varnoudas,

North-West Greece. They revealed that Crude Protein

(CP) diminished from 106.65 to 72.03 g/kg dry matter

(DM) in the lowlands, from 133.95 to 80.38 g/kg DM in

the center zone and from 127.13 to 74.47 g/kg DM in

sub-alpine grasslands. Metabolizable Energy (ME) con-

tent of the herbage diminished as the growing season

advanced around 19%, 32% and 23% in the lower, mid-

dle and upper altitudinal zone, separately (Mountousis

et al., 2011). According to report of Mountousis et al.,

(2011) ME content of the herbage decreased about 19%,

32% and 23% in the lower, middle and upper altitudinal

zone, respectively (Mountousis et al., 2011). So, the aim

of the present study is to the determine the environmen-

tal effects on the essential oil and forage value of

Cymbopogon olivieri.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant collection and essential oil extraction

In this study, the aerial parts of Cymbopogon

olivieri were collected after a time of flowering from 10

natural areas located in Khuzestan Province at two alti-

tudes, and in three replications at 2016. Territories in-

cluded were ChalGandali, Talkhab e Kalat, Bardmar,

Morad Abad, Tembi, Dezful, Indika, Lali, Shoushtar

Afrigan et al., 2017

1096 Journal of Research in Ecology 2017) 5(2):1095-1112

and Izeh. Basic characterization of region of the present

study shown in the Table 1.

The freshly extracted herb was dried in the la-

boratory setting. A sample (90 g) of the aerial parts of

the plant was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus

through water distillation for three hours. Samples were

dried using anhydrous sodium sulphate (Merck Co. Ger-

many) and then kept in amber vials at 4±1ºC prior to

use. The percentage yield of essential oil is determined

using the formula described by Rao et al. (2005) where

the amount of essential oil recovered (g) was deter-

mined by weighing the oil after moisture was removed

(Rao et al., 2005).

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

analysis

The essential oil analysis was donned using an

analytical gas chromatograph. The GC apparatus was

HP-5MS (5% phenyl methyl silicone and 95% dime-


Journal of Research in Ecology 2017) 5(2):1095-1112 1097

Figure 2. Comparison of means for piperitone percentage between the studied regions

Figure 1. Comparison of the means of essential oil between the regions of the study

Ess

en

tia

l o

il (

g)

thylpolysiloxane), that fitted with DB5 capillary column

(30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film thickness). The col-

umn temperature was initially 60˚C, and then gradually

increased to 120˚C at a 2˚C/min rate, held for three min,

and finally increased to 280˚C and held for 4˚C

(Shahbazi et al., 2015). The carrier gas was helium



Table 1. Basic characterization of region of the present study (Meteorological Organization of Khuzestan

Province Data).

Region

Point 1

Latitude

Longitude

Point 2

Latitude

Longitude

Point 3

Latitude

Longitude

Altitudes

from sea

level (m)

Slope

%

Average

Annual

Temperature

(C˚)

Annual

rainfall

(mm)

Annual

evapora-

tion

Chalgandali 321487

3555621

321495

3555627

321485

3555611

328 20 24 350 62

Talkhab-e -

Kalat

323835

3553616

323842

3553623

323830

3553607

301 20 24 340 62

Bardmar 314284

3557151

314293

3557156

314274

3557151

394 55 23 350 63

Morad

Abad

346970

3526940

346980

3526940

346960

3526940

359 5 23 490 62

Tembi 337497

3532764

337505

3532759

337490

3532771

208 45 24 440 64

Dezful 293710

3596903

293712

3596913

293707

3596894

461 5 23 600 58

Indika 354573

3562422

354582

3562427

354565

3562417

724 5 22 600 53

Lali 326321

3578886

326329

3578880

326312

3578891

323 25 23 570 55

Shushtar 319954

3541019

319961

3541012

319946

3541025

148 20 24 290 66

Izeh 377273

3537145

377278

3537136

377268

3537153 768 12 21 630 53

Point 1 Latitude

Longitude

Point 2 Latitude

Longitude

Point 3 Latitude

Longitude

Altitudes

from sea

level (m)

Slope

%

Average

Annual

Temperature

(C˚)

Annual

rainfall

(mm)

Annual

evapora-

tion

Chalgandali 313467

3564142

313475

3564148

313459

3564137

466 5 23 390 61

Talkhab-e-

Kalat

315596

3560341

315601

3560349

315594

3560331

345 5 23 370 62

Bardmar 312168

3557286

312172

3557277

312163

3557295

425 65 23 350 63

Morad

Abad

354143

3562734

354149

3562742

354139

3562725

778 15 22 610 52

Tembi 337813

3522302

337818

3522311

337815

3522292

238 30 25 440 67

Dezful 275695

3614779

275703

3614773

275688

3614786

628 30 23 670 52

Indika 354092

3562779

354100

3562784

354084

3562773

742 15 22 600 52

Lali 326154

3578889

326161

3578882

326148

3578897

393 70 23 580 55

Shushtar 325270

3534168

325277

3534161

325263

3534175

170 40 24 340 66

Izeh 376270

3528603

376276

3528595

376265

3528611

852 20 20 620 54

with 99.99% purity, consistent flow rate of 1ml for each

min, and a split proportion equivalent to 1:20 was uti-

lized. Additionally, the chemical investigation of the

essential oil was done by analytical gas chromatograph

combined with mass spectrometer detector. The capil-

lary column and temperature state of mass spectrometer

detector was comparable with that of gas chromato-

graph that was portrayed previously. The procedure was

worked at 70 eV. The GC-MS investigation was done in

triplicate. Identification of the significant constituents of

the essential oil was done with in view of the correlation

between their Retention Indices (RIs), and that of the

published data. Standard Mass Spectral fragmentation

pattern (Wiley/NBS) and the NIST (National Institute of

Standards and Technology). The percentage of each

essential oil compositions was calculated from the GC

peak areas.

Chemical Analysis

Nitrogen (N) was determined on the basis of

Kjeldahl technique (Bremner and Mulvaney,

1982) ,Crude Protein (CP) was calculated as CP = N%

× 6.25(Jones, 1981). Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and

Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were analyzed by the

method of AOAC (2000). Dry Matter Digestibility

(DMD) was estimated using the formula of DMD% =

83.58 – 0.824 ADF% + 2.626N%, suggested by Arzani

et al. (2006). Metabolizable Energy (ME) was calculat-

ed with the equation of ME=0.17 DMD% - 2 reported

by AOAC (2000).

Statistical analysis

The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS

(19.0) software (SPSS, 2010), Means of the traits were

compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05

level.

RESUTS AND DISCUSSION

The means of the essential oil levels in the

Cymbopogon olivieri samples are shown in Figure 1;

according to results, Lali area showed highest mean of

essential oil and significant differences were obtained

between essential oil of Cymbopogon olivieri in Lali

with other area, Also, Tembi didn’t show significant

differences with Shushtar but showed against the three

area viz., Talkhab e Kalat, Morad Abad and Indika

(Figure 1). Higher elevation and colder temperature

provided a better growing condition which led to the

higher accumulation of oil in the leaves. The conse-

quences of different researches showed that altitude is

the most imperative ecological factor affecting oil con-

tent (Kizil, 2010). Our result was obtained at the past

flowering stage but Tajidan et al. (2012) reported essen-

tial oil content decreased with the increase in maturity

stages at harvest, also Ganjewala and Luthra (2007)

studied essential oil biosynthesis of Cymbopogon flexu-

osus (Nees ex Steud) incorporated with (2-14C) acetate.

Their discoveries demonstrated that the yield of essen-

tial oil during the initial leaf growth of 10 to 15 days

was higher (110 to 135 pmol/10 leaves) contrasted with

the yield that was acquired toward the end of leaf

growth cycle of 40 to 50 days (40 to 50 pmol/10 leaves)

(Ganjewala and Luthra, 2007). Research reports demon-

strated that overall essential oil synthesis is related with

the early growth stage in plants, for example, Cymbopo-

gon flexuosus (Singh et al., 1989), Cymbopogon martini

(Sangwan et al., 1982) and Mentha (McCaskill and Cro-

teau, 1995). In general, the yield of essential oil is high-

ly correlated with the yield of biomass.

As indicated by Lewinsohn et al. (1998), the oil

cells of lemongrass were situated inside the paren-

chymatous cells. Different examinations on aromatic

plants showed that essential oils deposited inside the

glandular trichomes (Serrato-Valenti et al., 1997), how-

ever it had been watched that the surface of lemongrass

does not contain glandular trichomes (Lewinsohn et al.,

1998).

Analyses of the essential oils showed 21 main

identified constituents, we can clearly see from table 2

that Verbenen, 8/1-Dihydrocodeine , and -2-carene, p-





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enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.56

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.64

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.63

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.53

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

2

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.88

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 1

.01

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.95

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.97

pip

erit

one

58

.22

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

0

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

4

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

9

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

8

b-s

elin

ene

0.1

5

terp

ineo

l 0

.29

terp

ineo

l 0

.26

terp

ineo

l 0

.27

terp

ineo

l 0

.82

val

ence

ne

0.2

7

pip

erit

one

62

.64

pip

erit

one

66

.61

pip

erit

one

64

.62

pip

erit

one

66

.53

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.2

0

val

ence

ne

0.8

8

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.3

7

b-s

elin

ene

0.1

2

val

ence

ne

0.2

2

elem

ol

0.8

1

elem

ol

0.7

0

Inte

rmed

ol

3.7

5

val

ence

ne

0.3

3

elem

ol

0.4

0

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.5

4

Inte

rmed

ol

7.4

9

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.1

7

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.3

2

Inte

rmed

ol

7.2

0

elem

ol

0.7

3

Inte

rmed

ol

5.6

0

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.5

5

Inte

rmed

ol

7.1

9

sum

9

9.0

1

9

8.7

0

9

7.8

6

9

8.8

3

9

9.4

4

cymene, limonene, p-cymene, Cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-

ol, Trans-p-menth, p-mentha-1,5-diene, Methylaceto-

phens, p-cymen-8-ol, terpineol, piperitone, germacrene,

b-selinene, valencene, f-eti-x-selinene, elemol, Inter-

medol and y-eudesmot were obtained. A study on the

quality and quantity of essential oil showed



Ta

ble

3.

Iden

tifi

cati

on

of

esse

nti

al

oil

co

mp

osi

tio

ns

of

Cym

bo

pog

on

oli

vier

i a

t st

ud

ied

reg

ion

s (A

ltit

ud

es 2

)

C

ha

lGa

nd

ali

Ta

lkh

-ab

- e

Ka

lat

B

ard

ma

r

Mo

rad

Ab

ad

Tem

bi

Ver

ben

en

1.0

0

Ver

ben

en

0.7

6

Ver

ben

en

1.0

1

Ver

ben

en

1.1

1

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.1

9

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.2

0

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.1

8

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.2

7

&-2

-car

ene

16

.30

&-2

-car

ene

19

.59

&-2

-car

ene

17

.84

&-2

-car

ene

29

.26

p-c

ym

ene

0.2

9

p-c

ym

ene

0.1

5

p-c

ym

ene

0.2

1

lim

onene

2.4

8

lim

onene

1.8

2

lim

onene

1.7

9

lim

onene

1.9

0

p-c

ym

enen

e

0.5

8

p-c

ym

enen

e

0.5

1

p-c

ym

enen

e

0.5

9

p-c

ym

enen

e

0.5

3

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

5

Cis

-p-m

enth

-2-e

n

0.2

2

Cis

-p-m

enth

-2-e

n

0.1

5

Cis

-p-m

enth

-2-e

n

0.1

5

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.63

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

4

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

7

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

3

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.47

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.66

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.60

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.71

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.92

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.77

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.49

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.68

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

0

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.87

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 1

.00

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.96

terp

ineo

l 0

.27

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.3

0

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

6

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

7

pip

erit

one

56

.25

terp

ineo

l 0

.29

terp

ineo

l 0

.29

terp

ineo

l 0

.70

val

ence

ne

0.2

3

pip

erit

one

64

.95

pip

erit

one

63

.32

pip

erit

one

60

.28

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.1

5

b-s

elin

ene

0.1

4

b-s

elin

ene

0.1

1

val

ence

ne

0.3

0

elem

ol

0.6

7

val

ence

ne

0.4

2

val

ence

ne

0.3

1

elem

ol

1.2

9

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.3

9

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.2

0

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.1

6

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.7

6

Inte

rmed

ol

5.0

4

elem

ol

0.7

0

elem

ol

0.8

9

Inte

rmed

ol

11

.17

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.5

3

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.5

9

Inte

rmed

ol

7.8

0

Inte

rmed

ol

7.3

9

Su

m

98

.29

9

9.0

0

9

9.2

7

9

9.2

8

Co

nti

nue.

..



Co

nti

nue

…

D

ezfu

l

In

dik

a

L

ali

Sh

ush

tar

Iz

eh

Ver

ben

en

1.0

3

Ver

ben

en

0.8

1

Ver

ben

en

0.1

9

Ver

ben

en

0.9

2

Ver

ben

en

1.0

3

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.2

1

8/1

-

dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.1

3

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

18

.17

8/1

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yd

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ne

0.1

7

8/1

-dih

yd

roco

dei

ne

0.1

0

&-2

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ene

19

.97

&-2

-car

ene

14

.59

&-2

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18

.01

&

-2-c

aren

e 1

8.9

7

p-c

ym

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p-c

ym

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0

p-c

ym

ene

1.9

7

p-c

ym

ene

0.2

8

p-c

ym

ene

0.3

2

lim

onene

2.2

9

lim

onene

1.6

3

lim

onene

0.2

8

lim

onene

1.9

7

lim

onene

2.1

7

p-c

ym

enen

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0.5

1

p-c

ym

enen

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0.5

4

p-c

ym

enen

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0.1

6

p-c

ym

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0.4

8

p-c

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0.5

7

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Cis

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en

0.1

5

Cis

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0.1

9

Cis

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n

0.2

4

Cis

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n

0.1

6

Cis

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0.3

2

Cis

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em

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2/8

0

.34

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

1

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

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0.3

4

Cis

-p-m

em

th-2

/8

0.3

8

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.43

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.53

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

1

.17

Tra

ms-

p-m

enth

0

.57

T

ram

s-p-m

enth

0

.63

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.74

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-

die

m

0.5

4

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.60

p-m

enth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.63

p

-menth

a-5

/1-d

iem

0

.55

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.92

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 1

.00

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 6

.13

Met

hyl-

acet

op

hen

s 0

.95

M

eth

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acet

op

hen

s 1

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Cym

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-8-0

1

0.2

7

Cym

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1

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5

pip

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61

.70

Cym

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-8-0

1

0.2

9

Cym

en

-8-0

1

0.2

9

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l 0

.27

terp

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l 0

.30

b-s

elin

ene

0.2

9

terp

ineo

l 0

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te

rpin

eol

0.2

8

pip

erit

one

62

.66

pip

erit

one

65

.92

val

ence

ne

0.2

4

pip

erit

one

64

.62

p

iper

ito

ne

65

.66

val

ence

ne

0.2

5

yer

mac

rene

0.3

7

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.4

8

b-s

elin

ene

0.1

2

val

ence

ne

0.2

0

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.1

4

b-s

elin

ene

0.3

6

Inte

rmed

ol

4.8

1

val

ence

ne

0.3

3

elem

ol

0.5

8

elem

ol

0.8

0

val

ence

ne

0.4

8

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.1

7

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.4

6

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.6

2

f-et

i-x-s

elin

ene

0.2

1

elem

ol

0.7

3

Inte

rmed

ol

5.6

7

Inte

rmed

ol

6.9

1

elem

ol

1.3

5

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.5

5

y-e

ud

esm

ot

0.9

4

Inte

rmed

ol

7.1

9

Inte

rmed

ol

8.3

8

Su

m

98

.91

9

9.0

2

9

7.0

2

9

8.8

3

9

9.0

6

that similar observation was reported in the production

of essential oil of lemongrass in relation to the leaf age

(Singh et al., 1989).

At level 1, The percentages of identified compo-

nents in the essential of the plant at the ChalGandali,

Talkhab e Kalat, Bardmar, Morad Abad, Tembi, Dezful,

Indika, Lali, Shoushtar and Izeh were 99.01, 98.84,

99.45, 92.01, 98.96, 99.01, 98.7, 97.86, 98.83 and

99.44%, respectively Table 2.

Also at level 2, identified components showed

98.29, 99.0, 99.27, 99.28, 98.91, 99.02, 97.02, 98.83

and 99.06 for ChalGandali, Talkhab e Kalat, Bardmar,

Morad Abad, Tembi, Dezful, Indika, Lali, Shoushtar

and Izeh, respectively Table 3. According to Raina et al.

(2003) on the essential oil composition of Cymbopogon

martinii from the different places of India, three sam-

ples of geraniol (67.6–83.6%) was the major constituent

and, although the composition of the three oils were

similar, quantitative differences were observed in the

concentration of some constituents (Raina et al., 2003).

Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the regions

showen at figure 3 to 12.

In this study, piperitone as main composition

varied between 57.99 and 66.10%, the mean comparison

conducted through the Duncan test and results showed

significant differences between regions for piperitone

percentage Figure 2. Highest mean was observed by

Izeh samples and lowest means were obtained by Tembi

region. In this order, Tajidan et al. (2012) reported that

among 13 compounds, only 7 compounds (β-myrcene, 3

-undecyne, neral, geranial, nerol, geranyl acetate and

juniper camphor) had concentration greater than 1%. As

indicated by Schaneberg and Khan (2002), the essential

oil of lemongrass contains for the most part geranial and

neral. Other compounds isolated, for example, β-

myrcene, ocimene, β-ocimene, linalool, citronellal, cit-

ronellol, caryophyllene and β-pinene, were available as

minor segments (Torres and Ragadio, 1996).



Table 4. Means comparison between areas and essential oil extraction stages

Areas

Essential oil

extraction CP WSC DMD ADF NDF CF ASH

Chal-

Gandali

Before 5.34 a 10.47 d 46.13 i 45.11 cd 65.01 h 60.89 f 3.93 cde

After 4.78 c 4.08 g 46.69 hi 45.27 cd 75.27 e 70.76 ab 3.25 efg

TalkhabK

alat

Before 3.98 e 8.10 e 50.32 a 41.40 gh 70.00 g 61.10 f 4.08 b-e

After 5.14 b 11.37 cd 48.22 e 40.80 h 60.12 i 56.25 h 5.36 a

Before 4.90 bc 11.36 cd 47.71 ef 42.61 fg 64.40 h 60.28 f 3.88 de

Bardmar After 4.37 d 6.59 f 49.32 cd 43.15 ef 77.05 d 68.83 c 3.56 efg

Morad

Abad

Before 3.31 g 10.57 d 47.13 gh 42.80 fg 57.87 j 56.57 h 5.26 a

After 3.31 g 4.80 g 46.71 h 46.15 bc 81.00 a 67.64 d 4.62 a-d

Tembi

Before 2.75 i 10.72 d 48.96 cd 40.41 h 57.38 j 54.03 j 4.93 abc

After 1.43 k 6.40 f 43.63 k 50.00 a 81.70 a 70.60 ab 2.88 fg

Dezful

Before 3.53 f 12.49 bc 49.91 ab 40.22 h 55.69 k 55.37 i 4.48 a-e

After 3.60 f 4.70 g 46.46 hi 46.21 bc 80.29 b 71.27 a 2.95 efg

Indika

Before 1.32 k 15.01 a 48.77 de 37.66 i 55.40 k 53.80 k 3.60 ef

After 1.21 k 8.05 e 46.83 gh 42.98 fg 71.58 f 66.06 e 2.68 g

Lali

Before 4.21 de 4.49 g 44.52 j 47.68 b 78.04 c 71.12 a 3.19 efg

After 5.18 ab 10.80 d 47.27 fg 43.35 ef 60.79 i 57.16 g 4.84 abc

Shushtar

Before 2.27 j 13.53 b 47.66 f 40.52 h 51.20 l 54.18 j 4.13 b-e

After 4.82 c 5.33 fg 48.92 de 44.68 de 78.09 c 69.15 b 3.97 cde

Izeh

Before 3.79 ef 11.99 bcd 49.44 bc 42.13 fg 59.83 i 57.93 g 4.54 a-d

After 3.00 h 6.26 f 46.21 i 46.71 bc 75.25 e 68.56 c 3.30 efg

Crude Protein (CP)

Results showed that that there was no signifi-

cant difference between before and after essential oil

extraction, but studied areas showed significant differ-

ences at 5% statistical level and the highest CP content

(5.06%) was in Chalgandali samples, also Indika

showed lowest content (1.26%). Arzani et al. (2001)

revealed that locations had tremendous impart on forage

quality due to the distinctions in soil and climate attrib-

utes. The CP content declined through the growing sea-

son, as a response to tissue ageing, Corona et al. (1998)

reported that crude protein declines with the stage of

maturation. Consequently, the reduction of crude pro-

tein content, which was observed in the lower zone,

could be attributed to the different phonological stages

of vegetation. It has been recommended (Bxuton, 1996)

that the aging of plants deduces in the decrease of crude

protein content of leaves and stems, however it addi-

tionally prompts a more noteworthy extent of stems,

which contains less crude protein than leaves.

Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC)

WSC value differed among two stages of before



Figure 3. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Indika sample

Figure 4. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Dezful sample

and after essential oil extraction (P0.05), but Significant differences

were obtained between ADF of areas, Lali and Chal-

gandali with 45.5% and 45.19 showing highest value of

ADF and lowest mean was observed by Indika area

(40.32%). There were significant differences in NDF

content of between before and after essential oil extrac



Figure 5. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Izehsample

Figure 6. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Lali sample

tion (P



they showed highest (65.82%) and lowest (58.6) means,

respectively. In this order, Marshal et al. (2005) showed

that CP was positively associated with forage growth (P



differences when lemongrass was harvested from differ-

ent areas. The highest percentage of essential oil was

obtained when lemongrass was collected from Lali area.

There were 21 chemical compounds detected in the es-

sential oil of lemongrass. However, piperitone of the

compounds was present in each area samples at more

than 50 percentage. According to the results, it was

founded that essential oil had significant effects on

WSC, NDF,CF and total ash. Also there were signifi-

cant differences between areas. Altitude has effects on

maturity time, so, chemical component change accord-

ing to growth stages.

Figure 11. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Tembi sample

Figure 12. Gas Chromatograph (Thermo-UFM) for the Shushtar sample



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