A Story of Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Japanese Rice ...€¦ · in Japanese Rice Cultivation IFA...
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2013/10/4 1 Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences A Story of Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Japanese Rice Cultivation IFA Beijing SEMINAR Beijing, 16 September 2013 Dr. Masato Oda Senior Researcher Crop, Livestock & Environment • Japan learned rice cultivation from China. • China has the world record of unit yield. • Today, I want to introduce a story of modern Japanese rice production. • Now, fertilizer use efficiency of Japanese rice cultivation has been improved however Japan was a heavy fertilizer user . Prologue Tsukuba, Japan (2012 Aug)
Transcript of A Story of Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Japanese Rice ...€¦ · in Japanese Rice Cultivation IFA...
2013/10/4
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Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
A Story of Fertilizer Use Efficiency
in Japanese Rice Cultivation
IFA Beijing SEMINAR
Beijing, 16 September 2013
Dr. Masato Oda Senior Researcher Crop, Livestock & Environment
• Japan learned rice cultivation from China.
• China has the world record of unit yield.
• Today, I want to introduce a story of modern Japanese rice production.
• Now, fertilizer use efficiency of Japanese rice cultivation has been improved however Japan was a heavy fertilizer user.
Prologue
Tsukuba, Japan (2012 Aug)
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• Change of fertilizer use efficiency in Japan
– Statistics of Japanese rice production
– Change of fertilizing methods
• Why Japan could reduce fertilizer?
– Accumulation of phosphorus and potassium
– Returning rice straw without composting
– Studies for the nitrogen use efficiency
• The most advanced farmer’s practices
Todays Topic
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
Change of fertilizer use efficiency in Japan • Statistics of Japanese rice production • Change of fertilizing methods
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Rice yields and nitrogen application in Japan (1960–2007)
From Atsuko Tanaka 2010
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60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
Yiel
d
7.5-
5.0-
2.5-
0.0-
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
-0
N a
pp
licat
ion
Yield N application
t ha⁻¹ kg N ha⁻¹ 1967 achieved self-sufficiency
1985 started focusing on taste
Population move and mechanization
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
農業人口 （千人） 肥料費 (円) 農機具費 (円) Population of farmer (X1000)
Fertilizer cost (JPY)
Machinery cost (JPY)
1967 achieved self-sufficiency
1985 started focusing on taste
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• Good Seedling
• Good Leveling
• Shallow Transplanting
Mechanization Fulfilled Basic Technologies
Decrease of N application
From Atsuko Tanaka 2010
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60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
Yiel
d
7.5-
5.0-
2.5-
0.0-
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
-0
N a
pp
licat
ion
Yield N application
t ha⁻¹ kg N ha⁻¹ 1967 achieved self-sufficiency
1985 started focusing on taste
• Preventing lodging of “Koshihikari” • Decrease N content in rice grain for taste
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Nitrogen application efficiency (1960–2007)
From: Atsuko Tanaka 2010
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60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
Nit
org
en A
pp
licat
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
0
20
40
60
80
kg grain kg⁻¹ N
1985 started focusing on taste
Ecological regulation
2008 fertilizer prices rose
(%) Uptake in Rice
Remains in Soil
Loss
Surface* 17 35 49
Incorporate* 28 48 25
Side dressing* 36 25 29
Side dressing with controlled-release**
64 - -
Single application in a nursery box**
77 - -
Fertilizer use efficiency
* Kankyouhozengata nougyojiten 2005 ** Kaneda 1996
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Single application in a nursery box
Method Fertilizer* N Kg ha-1 %
Yield t/ha
Grain grade
Side-dressing fertilizers LPSS100 80 100 6.9 No.1
Single application in a nursery box N400-LPS120 48 40 7.0 No.1
2010 (Iwate Agriculture Institution)
*controlled-release fertilizers
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
Why Japan could reduce fertilizer? • Accumulation of phosphorus and potassium • Returning rice straw without composting • Studies for the nitrogen use efficiency
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Accumulation of phosphorus and potassium
mg /100g soil
79 84 89 94 99 79 84 89 94 99 ~83 ~88 ~93 ~98 ~03 ~83 ~88 ~93 ~98 ~03 Available Phosphorous Exchangeable Potassium
Excess limit
2009 MAFF
53% fields were excess ↓
29% fields were excess ↓
Average of paddy fields soil
Compost and rice straw
1985
19
90
1995
2000
2005
1985
19
90
1995
2000
2005
Compost application Rice straw return t /ha
2.5
2.15
0.84
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.49
3.77
0 0
t/ha
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Why you don’t use ‘compost’? 1. Aging farmers cannot afford the hard work; 83%. 2. Rice price doesn't cover the cost of compost; 57% 3. Getting compost is difficult; 37% 4. Effects of compost is not clear; 28% 5. Relation with livestock farming is not enough; 20% 6. Chemical fertilizer price raising decreased the use of compost;17% 7. Compost quality has problems; 15% 2009 MAFF
19 kg N
Use of combine increased rice straw return
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• Surface vs Incorporate = 35% vs 51%
• However the total absorbed nitrogen is same!
• The effect of nitrogen is very short
Fertilizing method and the efficiency
27
2
36
35
Surface
Dissapear
Drained
Soil
Rice
6
0 (%)
4351 Incorporate
Dissapear
Drained
Soil
Rice
0
50
100
150
7/3 8/1 10/8
Incorporate application
From fertilizer
Total absorption
N kg ha-1
Date
0
50
100
150
7/3 8/1 10/8
Surface application
From fertilizer
Total absorption
N kg ha-1
Date
No bottom With bottom
Hasegawa et al. 1981
Distribution of applied N Absorbed N
Loss
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
The most advanced farmer’s practices
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Nitrogen proportion of rice
Dry Weight t ha-1
N Content %
N uptake Kg ha-1
Straw 7 0.5 35
Paddy 8(6.4)** 1.0 80
Total 15 0.77 115
* Japanese Society of Soil science and plant nutrition, 1984 ** ( ) as grain
In 1984, Japanese average yield was 6 t → 110 kg N was applied
Single application in a nursery box yield is 7 t → 48 kg N is applied
The practices of Keiji Ohotsuki, one of the most advanced farmer.
Seedling decides 90% of the yield
• 1 plant per hill
• Adjusting the machine planted seedling by hand
• 20 cm depth ponding until harvesting
• Oedogonium provides nutrition for rice (?)
Epilogue (Next stage with eco agriculture)
Photos by Taichi Yamamoto 2012
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• Fertilizer use efficiency was improved from 40 to 80 kg grain per kg nitrogen application in Japan.
• Japanese compost application decreased, on the other hand, rice straw return increased.
• Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency is not change the total nitrogen absorption of rice.
• The most advanced technology (I recommend) is ‘single application in a nursery box. (145 kg grain per kg nitrogen application)’.
• Some farmer achieved higher nitrogen use efficiency, therefore further studies are needed.
Conclusion
