PowerPoint Presentation

A specific immune response singles out one particular agent that can harm us and responds to that. For example if we catch a certain virus, our specific immune system will destroy that particular virus. Specific immune responses in our body are carried out by two main types of cells:

Specific Immune Response1One type are called B lymphocytes, or simply, B Cells.

B CellsSpecific Immune Response2And another type are called T lymphocytes, or simply T cells.

T CellsB CellsSpecific Immune Response3B cells and T cells are both types of white blood cells.

T CellsB CellsSpecific Immune ResponseWhite Blood Cells4

BCellsHere, well introduce you to B cells and what they do. B cells are made in the bone marrow, and circulate in both the lymphatic system and the blood stream.

5The lymphatic system is a system of vessels which carries a fluid called lymph around the body. The lymphatic system plays a very important role in immunity. Many B cells are found here.

The Lymphatic System6The circulatory system is just another name for our blood stream. B cells also circulate through the bloodstream to all parts of the body. They can quickly be carried to places they are needed.

The Circulatory System7An antigen is defined as any substance that causes an immuneresponse in the body. Antigens can be such things as toxic chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen, or mold.

An antigen is defined asany substance that causes an immuneresponse in the body8

These diagrams can represent antigens that have made their way into our body.

An antigen is defined asany substance that causes an immuneresponse in the body9

These little red marks represent special molecules antigens have on their surface.

These little red marks represent special molecules antigens have on their surface. These can be called markers. Each type of antigen has its own specific markers which can be used for identification. 10

These can be called markers.

These little red marks represent special molecules antigens have on their surface. These can be called markers. Each type of antigen has its own specific markers which can be used for identification. 11

Each type of antigen has its own specific markers which can be used for identification.

These little red marks represent special molecules antigens have on their surface. These can be called markers. Each type of antigen has its own specific markers which can be used for identification. 12

All of the antigens shown here are the same type, so they have identical little red markers shown on them.

These little red marks represent special molecules antigens have on their surface. These can be called markers. Each type of antigen has its own specific markers which can be used for identification. 13

Here is a B cell

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The surface of B cells has Y-shaped molecules attached to it. These are called antibodies. These antibodies are attached to the cells outer membrane. As we will see, free antibodies that are not attached, can also exist.

Antibodies15

On the ends of these antibodies there are special receptors. Our bodies produce thousands of different varieties of B cells. Each variety has its own special receptors.

Receptors16

This particular B Cell has receptors that will (click) bind to the molecules on the surface of this antigen. No other type of B cell will have receptors that will bind to this particular antigen. (CLICK)

antigenIm SPECIAL!17

We can watch our B cell binding to these antigens. When it is connected to antigens, this B cell is ready to be activated.

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Chemical signals are sent to this B cell from other cells called T cells. You will learn more about T cells in another video. Being connected to antigens and receiving these signals from T cells, stimulates this B cell to make many clones, or identical copies of itself.

chemical signals from T-Cells19

Here are a couple of those copies.

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Some of the copies that are made become factories which can produce thousands of free antibodies.

A factory for producing antibodies

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Watch as this cell keeps on producing these Y shaped antibodies. Notice, these antibodies are free to move around at this point. (At the end say )They can, however, bind to the molecules on the surface of an antigen they are matched to.

22Watch as three antibodies bind to this antigen

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After this B cell has produced enough antibodies, it will self-destruct.

24(watch then click)

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This antigen now has antibodies sticking to it. These can disable it from doing harm in our body. They also identify it as something that can be attacked by other white blood cells.

disabled and marked for an attack26

Here is a macrophage that comes along and destroys this structure.

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Antiobdies can also do other things with antigens. Here is an antibody and two antigens.

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This single antibody can connect to both of these antigens.

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So this antibody has clumped two of these antigens together. What is formed is quite a large structure. This structure is too large to pass through cell membranes, so the antigen is now unable to infect new cells.

This structure is too large to pass through cell membranes.30

It is also identified as being able to be attacked and destroyed by other white blood cells.

Marked for attack!31

Most of these particular B cells that were made will self-destruct once the immune response is over and the antigens have been destroyed. However a few B cells of this variety remain in the body for a long time.

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These are called memory B cells.

A Memory B Cell33

So if that same antigen ever enters our body again, at a later time (click), we already have some B cells that (click) have just the right receptors to attach to it and disable it before it does any harm (click).

A Memory B CellGotcha!Im back!34As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 35Bind to them.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 36 and with the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 37Some of these copies become factory cells which produce antibodies. These antibodies disable the antigens and identify them for attack.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 38And some copies of these B cells will remain in the body and act as what are called Memory B Cells.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 39These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. If the same antigen enters our body at a future time, these memory B cells will recognize it and disable it before it can do much harm.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 40If you like, you could pause the video, take a screen shot of this and copy it to study from.

As we are exposed to more types of antigens, our body responds with B cells that will :Bind to them.With the help of T-Cells, make many copies of themselves.Some of these copies produce antibodies which disable the antigens and identify them for attack.Some copies of these B cells will stay in the body as Memory B Cells.These will increase the bodys immunity to future attacks by the same antigen. 41Acknowledgements for Images Used

"Diagram of the lymphatic system CRUK 041" by Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_lymphatic_system_CRUK_041.svg#/media/File:Diagram_of_the_lymphatic_system_CRUK_041.svg

42Acknowledgements for Images Used

"Circulatory System en" by LadyofHats, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal - Did myself based in the information and diagrams found in:"gray's anatomy" thirty sixth edition by Williams & Warwick."Sobotta Atlas der Anatomie des menschen" volume 1 and 2 18.Auflage by Urban & Schwarzenberg"Atlas fotografico de anatomia del cuerpo humano" 3a edicion by Yokochi, Rohen & Weinrebmultiple websites included:[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], and others.This file has Outlined text. if you seek an Editable text version please use File:Circulatory System en edited.svg. or open one of the older versions of this file (down on the file history)-LadyofHats (talk) 21:42, 30 March 2010 (UTC). Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svg#/media/File:Circulatory_System_en.svg

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