A sore in the lining of your stomach or duodenum (upper part of small intestine)

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin proteins overcome mucous membrane

Helicobacter pylori NSAIDs Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Smoking Excessive Alcohol

Consumption Stress

Abdominal Pain

Nausea Vomiting of

blood Bleeding in

the stomach

Loss of weight

Loss of appetite

Heartburn Indigestion Bloody/Black

stools

Self-care Medical

oAntacidsoHistamine (H2) blockersoAcid pump inhibitors (Proton pump inhibitors)

oProtective agentsoAntibiotics

Medical (cont.)o Sucralfateo Misoprostolo Dual Therapyo Triple Therapyo Quadruple Therapy (Bismuth Triple Therapy)

Surgeryo Vagotomyo Antrectomyo Pyloroplastyo Tying off an artery

New treatmentso Laparoscopic methods

Ileitis & enteritis, more commonly known as Crohn’s disease

Inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract (from mouth to anus)

Entire tissue affected or patches of disease tissue among healthy tissues

20% have some blood relative with bowel disease

All ages and all genders Jews have highest risk while African

Americans have the lowest risk 2 million people in the United States

suffer from Crohn’s disease

All theories, nothing proven Immune system not functioning

properly Reactions to antigens in the

environment (allergy) An over production of a protein

called anti-tumor necrosis which causes inflammation

Inherited genes

Abdominal pain, often in lower right area

Diarrhea Rectal Bleeding Weight loss Skin problems Children who suffer from Crohn’s

disease have delayed development and stunted growth

Anthony was diagnosed with Crohn’s when he was 6

Small tears called fissures develop Tunnels called fistulas are created Blockages and Obstruction Sores and ulcers in the areas around the

surrounding areas (reproductive system, bladder, skin)

Deficiencies of nutrients Inflammation of eyes and mouth Kidney stones and gallstones Increased chances of small and large

intestinal cancer

Visual exam of the colon-sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy

Upper GI series Blood tests CT or CAT scan of the

intestines

Disease cannot be cured =( Drugs

Reduce the inflammation (sulfasalazine and corticosteroids)

Suppress the immune system (Purinethol and Imuran)

Antibiotics relives some symptoms (Lomotil and flagtl

SurgeryRelieve symptoms that do not respond to

drugsDiseased tissue is removed and the healthy

tissue is reattachedNarrowed intestines are widened or

stretched to relieve obstruction

DietEat well to replace lost/not absorbed

nutrientsAvoid the foods that trigger symptomsIncrease intake of fruits and vegetables

and reduce sugar/fat intakeHigh fiber diets, but careful if intestinal

blockageAvoid dairy products, fats, and spicy food

(typically make symptoms worse)

Identified 21 new genes associated with the inflammatory bowel diseaseCompared more than 3,800 Crohn’s patientsInvolved the genes regarding the immune’s

initial response to pathogensInternational Team (USA, UK, &

France/Belgium Interleukin-11

Anti-inflammatory agent and potent growth factor that aids in healing process

Northwestern University, USA

Alcoholic Liver Disease

Chronic Hepatitis C

Chronic Hepatitis B & D

Autoimmune Hepatitis

Inherited Diseases

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)

Blocked Bile Duct Drugs, Toxins,

Infections

Edema and ascites Bruising and

Bleeding Jaundice Itching Gallstones Toxins in the

blood or brain

Sensitivity to medication

Portal hypertension Varices Insulin resistance

and Type II Diabetes Liver Cancer Problems in other

organs

Exhaustion Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Weakness Weight loss Abdominal Pain Spider Angiomas

Cannot be reversed, but treatments can stop or delay further progression

If caused by alcohol: abstain from alcohol

If caused by hepatitis: interferon and corticosteroids

Remedies for complicationsLow sodium diets (Edema/Ascites) Antibiotic (Infection)Low protein diet/laxatives (Toxins

in brain/blood)Blood pressure medication (Portal

Hypertension)Clotting agent/Rubber band

ligation (Varices)

Liver Transplant New Treatments

Gene TherapyImmune cell differentiation

Gastroesophageal reflux disease or acid reflux

Stomach acid backs up into the esophagus and damages the tissue

Reflux of stomach’s contents normally do get into the esophagus, BUT GERD patients have more acidic stomach contents that linger longer

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle fails to shut or opens more often than it should

Hiatal Hernia prevents LES from closing

Defective wave of esophageal contractions

Slow emptying of the stomach

Frequent heartburn or pain in chest and stomach

Vomiting Belching Bitter or sour taste in mouth Difficulty swallowing Sore throat Coughing/Wheezing

SYMPTOMS ARE WORST AT NIGHT!

Endoscopy Barium Esophagram Esophageal pH

monitoring The doctor looks for

Ulcers/damaged esophagus lining

EsophagitisNarrowing of the

esophagusAspiration pneumoniaBronchitis

Heartburn Ulcers Barrett’s esophagus Cough and asthma Infection of the lungs

Lifestyle changes Antacids Histamine

antagonists Proton pump

inhibitors Pro-motility drugs Foam barriers Surgery

EndoscopyStitching the area of the lower sphincterApplication of radio waves to the lower

part of the esophagusInjection of materials into the area of the

LES and put pressure

Researched links to GERDAsthma patients have a high risk of

developing GERD (Houston, Texas)IBS patients have a higher risk of

developing GERD or already had GERD (Madrid, Spain)

Relationship between quality of life (poor nutritional foods, little to no exercise, and poor living conditions) and the percentage of GERD patients (Molndal, Sweden)