DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2015-026

A Sociolinguistic Surveyof the Bhumij People of India

Troy Bailey and Loren Maggard

A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhumij People of India

Troy Bailey and Loren Maggard

Researchers: Troy Bailey

Marshal Joshua Loren Maggard Chacko Mathew

M. S. Rajeev

SIL International® 2015

SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2015-026, November 2015 © 2015 SIL International® All rights reserved.

Abstract

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhumij people in the states of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal had as a goal to determine whether language development would be feasible in the languages of Bhumij and Mundari. Preliminary sociolinguistic research was carried out, and data collection took place between September and mid-December 1996.

Language use patterns among the Bhumij were found to vary from region to region. In Bihar, the Bhumij speak Bhumij primarily in the home and family domains. In Orissa, it appears that in the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, the Bhumij are in the process of shifting to Oriya, while the Bhumij in the southern part of the district continue to speak Bhumij as the vernacular. In West Bengal, in only a few isolated spots do the people retain Bhumij as their mother tongue.

The researchers found no indication of negative attitudes toward the Mundari people or language which might prevent the Bhumij from accepting Mundari literature. Consequently, it is recommended that a dialect adaptation for the Bhumij be considered low priority, and proposed that Mundari literature be utilised for the Bhumij-speaking community. Literacy rates among the Bhumij population are quite low (15%), although responses to the survey questionnaires appear to indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy. The choice of script is an important issue to be addressed.

The maps in this report were created by author Troy Bailey. (This survey report, written some time ago, deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions

were such that it could not be published when originally written. Thus, the reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. However, even if available, historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis, and at the same time helps us understand both the trajectory and the pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor)

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Contents

Preface 1 Introduction

1.1 People 1.1.1 Geography and population 1.1.2 Historical background 1.1.3 Society and culture

1.2 Language 1.2.1 Classification 1.2.2 Nomenclature 1.2.3 Key sources 1.2.4 Sociolinguistic aspects of Bhumij speech 1.2.5 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech 1.2.6 Relationship between Bhumij and Mundari

1.3 Previous survey 1.4 Purpose and goals

2 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey 2.1 Lexical similarity comparison

2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.1.3 Results and analysis

2.2 Intelligibility testing 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site selection 2.2.3 Results and analysis

3 Social aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey 3.1 Language use

3.1.1 Language use in Bihar 3.1.2 Language use in Orissa 3.1.3 Language use in West Bengal

3.2 Language attitudes 3.2.1 Attitudes toward the mother tongue 3.2.2 Attitudes toward Mundari 3.2.3 Receptivity toward language development

3.3 Bilingualism 4 Recommendations Appendix A Appendix B1 Appendix B2 Appendix B3 Appendix C Appendix D References

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Preface

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhumij people in the states of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal was sponsored by the Indian Institute for Cross Cultural Communication (IICCC). The primary interest of IICCC is in developing mother tongue literature and promoting literacy among the minority groups of India. To determine whether this type of work would be feasible in a particular language, preliminary sociolinguistic research is supported by the organisation. Data collection for this project took place between September and mid-December 1996.

We are appreciative of the many Bhumij people who shared information about their society and language, answered questions, and participated in comprehension testing. The survey team trusts this sociolinguistic report accurately reflects our brief investigation and study among them. December 1996 Visakhapatnam, INDIA

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1 Introduction

1.1 People

1.1.1 Geography and population

The Bhumij people inhabit a three-state region in India – Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. The group is classified as a scheduled tribe in all three states (Singh 1993). According to the 1981 census, the Bhumij population in Bihar is 136,109, located primarily in the Ranchi, Paschim Singhbhum and Purba Singhbhum districts. In Orissa, the census returns give 157,614 Bhumij people (Singh 1994:170). About half of this total resides in Mayurbhanj district with smaller numbers in Balasore, Keonjhar and Sundargarh districts (Das Patnaik 1990:55). In West Bengal, 233,906 Bhumij individuals inhabit the districts of Medinapur, Purulia, Bankura and Twenty-four Parganas (Singh 1994:168). Adding these state-wide figures, the total Bhumij population amounts to approximately 528,000 people.

It was found through previous documented research, as well as during the course of this investigation, that not all people who call themselves Bhumij speak Bhumij as their mother tongue, since language shift has occurred in several areas.1 Thus, no accurate information could be obtained for the number of Bhumij speakers, so the survey team gives the following estimated range of percentages in each state for Bhumij tribal people who speak Bhumij as their primary means of communication: Bihar, 80–90%; Orissa, 75–85%; and West Bengal, 15–25%.

Much of the area that the Bhumij community inhabits is located in the Chotanagpur plateau, which rises an average of 2,000 feet above sea level (Dalton 1872:163). The region is home to several scheduled tribes such as the Munda, Ho and Santali. Maps 1 and 2 show the areas the Bhumij inhabit, and Map 3 indicates sites where data utilised for this survey was obtained.

1The Bhumij used here is referring to the speech variety found in the Munda language family. There were some language consultants in West Bengal who called their language “Bhumij,” but which was in their words, a mixture of non-standard Bengali and Oriya.

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Map 1. India and states where Bhumij reside

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Map 2. Concentration of Bhumij

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Map 3. Survey data collection points

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1.1.2 Historical background

The term Bhumij means ‘children of the soil’ (Dalton 1872:173), which likely was given to the community by Hindu immigrants who found them occupying the land in what is today West Bengal (Risley 1891, reprinted in 1981:118). Roy (1929:96) writes that Bhumijes in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa maintain are not the original settlers of that area, but instead came from Tamar Pargana in Ranchi district of Bihar, and are thus known as Tamarias, Tamaria Mundas or Tamaria Bhumijes.

A verbal account given by a person in West Bengal, which seems plausible, though not confirmed by any written sources available to the researchers, explains the history of the Bhumij during the period of the British occupation. While the British held power in east India, they imposed a system of collecting taxes from settlers of the land. At first, Brahmins were appointed to collect these taxes, but this did not prove to be effective. The British then appointed people who could secure taxes by force. At that time, the Bhumij were the most assertive out of all other groups, and were therefore commissioned by the British to this role.

To obtain respect and compliance from other tribal and caste groups, the Bhumij began to adopt the culture and language of the higher caste Brahmin Bengalis as well as the British. As they related with these classes of people, it had an impact on their society, culture and language with the result that the Bhumij in several areas gave up their traditional mother tongue for Bengali.

1.1.3 Society and culture

The Bhumij are mostly agricultural workers and cultivators. If they possess their own land, they grow rice as well as oil seeds, pulses and vegetables. After harvest in November and December, when there is no other work, the males labour in the mining quarries of southern Bihar and northern Orissa, as well as in the tea gardens of Assam. Hunting used to be a profitable profession, but due to deforestation and government restrictions this is no longer followed.

Bhumij families are patrilineal, and most of them are nuclear, though extended families also exist. Polygyny occurs occasionally, particularly among the wealthier families, with the main reason being the barrenness of the first wife. Divorce is permitted only in cases of adultery by the woman (Das Patnaik 1990:57–58).

The Bhumij are essentially animistic in their religious outlook, and the sun is their primary object of worship. They also serve a number of minor gods and spirits to which they sacrifice animals. In addition, the Bhumij believe in the power of white and black magic, consulting witch doctors found in the village. In addition, the community in various places has adopted Hindu beliefs and practices into their religion. People offer coconuts, plantains and sweetmeats to the gods, and visit Kali and Shiva temples during Hindu festivals (Das Patnaik 1990:59–60).

The total literacy rate among the Bhumij population is about 15%, ranging from 12% in Orissa, to 15% in West Bengal, and 16% in Bihar. For males, the literacy rate is about one-quarter and for females only 4% (Singh 1994:169–171).

1.2 Language

The Munda languages have received a great deal of attention by linguists over the past two centuries, particularly with regard to their status in the Austro-Asiatic language family, as well as to the historical relationships within the various Munda language groups. Mundari and Santali in particular have been analysed by historical linguists, lexicographers and grammarians. Bhumij speech as a distinct subject, however, has received little attention.

1.2.1 Classification

Bhumij is a member of the Munda language family, and is classified under the Khewari sub-branch of Northern Munda. Zide (1991:412) in figure 1 illustrates the relationship between several of the Munda

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languages. Capital letters at the nodes indicate the proposed proto-languages: Proto-Munda (M), Proto-South Munda (SM), Proto-Koraput Munda (KM), Proto-Sora-Gorum (SG), Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gta’ (GRG), Proto-Gutob-Remo (GR), Proto-Central Munda (CM), Proto-North Munda (NM), and Proto-Mundari-Ho (MH).

Figure 1. Zide’s taxonomy of Munda languages.

Nigam and Dasgupta (1964:182) assess the position of Bhumij by writing, “It should be considered reasonable to suggest that the name Bhumij language as such should have no place in the inventory of speeches of the Munda group of languages, while the Mundari form of speech as preserved by a section of the Bhumij community should be known as ‘Bhumij Thar.’”

1.2.2 Nomenclature

As is often the case in minority languages that have not undergone standardisation, the Bhumij have no clear term for their indigenous speech variety. At times it is referred to by the occupational title of the speaker (i.e., “Sardar” or “Singh”). Other times it is referred to as “Thar”, an Indo-Aryan word which is sometimes used to refer to the speech of non-Indo-Aryan groups. “Thar” appears to be derived from the Bengali verb ‘to hint’, giving the idea that people use these non-Indo-Aryan languages to communicate things that others will not understand (Nigam and Dasgupta 1964:181). This term has been used for many groups including Kharia, Biraratis and Kurmalis. Varenkamp (1989:3) notes that the Bhumij refer to themselves as “Munda, Bhumij Munda, Sadar Bhumij, or just Bhumij.” This lack of specificity was also encountered during the course of this investigation. However, in this report, the term Bhumij will be used to refer to the speech of the Bhumij people.

1.2.3 Key sources

Though there is a general lack of linguistic information on the speech of the Bhumij community, two helpful sources were utilised for this study – Nigam and Dasgupta (1964) and Bhattacharya (1975). Beyond these works, the researchers could find no other sources pertaining to linguistic characteristics of Bhumij, either in various libraries or through interviews with local Munda scholars.

The Nigam and Dasgupta study (1964) is probably the only work of its kind done among the Bhumij. In their investigation they examined both linguistic and sociolinguistic issues in order to ascertain the vitality of Bhumij speech and the degree of bilingualism with neighbouring languages. The research was undertaken by the Anthropological Survey of India, the purpose of which was to give “additional proof” that the language and culture of the Bhumij have been “progressively altered” (Nigam

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and Dasgupta 1964:10). During their two-month study in 1959, Nigam and Dasgupta made recordings from which speech samples were taken, which they later analysed linguistically, and then carried out field interviews. At that time they did not feel the problem of Hindi influence on Bhumij/Mundari speech was as pertinent as the issue of their assimilation to Bengali forms.

Bhattacharya endeavoured to make a descriptive account of the various Mundari languages, giving data from sixteen speeches (ten of which he calls “languages”, six “dialects”). However, his work was cut short before completion due to his unfortunate demise. The posthumously compiled work (Bhattacharya 1975) focuses mainly on the commonalties between the speeches, noting characteristic features of the various members, but it is not an attempt to delineate hard and fast distinguishing features that would be necessarily unique to one variety and not another.

1.2.4 Sociolinguistic aspects of Bhumij speech

Nigam and Dasgupta focused their work on three Bhumij regions: Bundu/Tamar in Ranchi district of Bihar; Balarampur in Purulia district, West Bengal; and Ichagarh Thana in Singhbhum district. Essentially, Nigam and Dasgupta characterised the area as three points on a triangle with Bundu/Tamar representing the most conservative corner (maintaining their mother tongue), Balarampur the most assimilated corner, and Ichagarh Thana representing elements of both conservatism and shift. A look at each of these locations follows.

Map 4. Regions investigated by Nigam and Dasgupta

Bundu/Tamar, Ranchi

It is not surprising that this region was considered to have the “purest” Bhumij, since it is closest to the Mundari heartland. Here the name “Bhumij Thar” was used more frequently than any other in referring to the Munda-form of their speech. Bhumij men in Purulia, where there is more assimilation to Bengali, get their wives from Bundu/Tamar. According to Nigam and Dasgupta’s analysis, Bhumij speech from this region is closer to Standard Mundari (as spoken in the area south of Ranchi) than is the Bhumij variety in Ichagarh. Here they also speak Tamaria (also known as Panch Pargania), an LWC of the region, and some speak “Khari Boli”, a Hindi derivative.

Balarampur, Purulia

In this area, Nigam and Dasgupta’s study describes the language shift as complete towards Bengali. The people are monolingual in the state language and some claim origins different from the Mundari people. The community was reported to have preferred an identity as caste people rather than as tribals, though officially the group is noted as a scheduled tribe in West Bengal.

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Ichagarh, Singhbhum

The Bhumij of this region were said to speak their mother tongue at home and within the community, as well as a form of Bengali which the people called “Manbhum Bengali.” They were reported to use more borrowing from Bengali (state language of the area until only a few years before the study), when speaking their mother tongue compared to the Bhumij of Bundu and Tamar. However, at that time, they still maintained strong attitudes toward their mother tongue by declaring, “When we use Thar we use Thar only and cannot afford to be laughing stock of others by practising indiscriminate mixture of Bengali into our Thar” (Nigam and Dasgupta 1964:188). In addition, the authors report that nowhere was the shift toward Bengali in adopting forms so prevalent as to make Bhumij Thar imperceptible from Bengali. Elements of “purism” in terms of Bhumij pronunciation persist, especially with regard to the checked (unreleased) consonants word finally (d, b).

Yet while the data seemed to indicate relative stability of the mother tongue, other signs indicative of shift were observed, such as the tendency of school children to avoid speaking their mother tongue in the schools for fear of ostracism by other children. It was not clear based on Nigam and Dasgupta’s evidence whether a stable diglossia or a tendency toward language shift was occurring. (The latter can truly only be addressed in a diachronic study.)

1.2.5 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech

In their research, Nigam and Dasgupta observed certain structural differences between the speech of the Bhumij and that of Standard Mundari with respect to 1) phonetics and phonology, 2) grammar and morphology, and 3) the lexicon. The following section contains a summary of their findings:

1. Phonetics and phonology

• [e] and [o] are articulated higher than in Standard Mundari in a manner that resembles Bengali. • [ɔ] as a phoneme seems to be adopted by the Bhumij. In some cases it has replaced the Mundari [o]. • The Mundari phoneme [ʔ] is often dropped in Bhumij speech while the preceding vowel is

lengthened. • Checked stops (unreleased stops [d] and [b]) are used less often.

2. Grammar and morphology

• The animate vs. inanimate distinction prevalent in Munda languages seems to be relaxed in Bhumij. • Bhumij tends to use personal pronouns as free morphemes (in the manner of Indo-Aryan languages)

rather than as a verbal affix (characteristic of Munda languages). • Bhumij tends to omit the dual marking (a Munda family feature) and uses the word for “two”

instead. • Bhumij includes the use of the Hindi -ko postposition for accusative case and also uses the definite

article ta. • Bhumij appears to make greater use of the Bengali number system than other Munda groups. • Bhumij uses -abu/bu suffix for future tense (borrowed from Oriya).

3. Lexicon

The researchers observed many borrowings from the neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages, more than what occurs in Standard Mundari.

In summary, Nigam and Dasgupta describe Bhumij Thar as a variety of Mundari that was probably Mundari at one time, but has undergone some simplifications in grammar and phonology. It is their

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subjective analysis that, since the Bhumij seem more willing to spread out and live among various groups, their speech has borrowed more heavily from regional languages (especially Bengali at the time of their study) than have other Mundari speeches.

1.2.6 Relationship between Bhumij and Mundari

The relationship between Bhumij and Mundari has been addressed progressively, since the time of Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981:117), who wrote, “There can be no doubt that the Bhumij are closely allied to, if not identical with, the Mundas; but there is little to show that they ever had a distinct language of their own.” In 1927 Grierson reported that the Bhumij tend to speak whatever Munda language is dominant in the area, and that his survey yielded no information to suggest the existence of a separate dialect: “The obvious reason is that Bhumij is not the name of a dialect but of a tribe” (Grierson 1927, reprinted in 1967:95). Evidence from more recent linguistic studies by Bhattacharya (1975) and Nigam and Dasgupta (1964) described dialectal differences between the two. It was the recommendation of Nigam and Dasgupta that further studies be done among the Bhumij from a triangular approach of the three major disciplines of “linguistics, psychology and anthropology” (1964:196) in order to round out understanding of Bhumij speech patterns.

One such aspect, which the survey team felt was lacking, is an investigation of intelligibility. The subjective analysis that one group of people understand another group can have a range of interpretations that often have more to do with social issues than with linguistic or psychological issues. In addition, often linguistic descriptions alone give a false impression that two groups can understand each other, when actually the complexities of the spoken language make understanding difficult. As a result, it was felt necessary to test the hypothesis that Bhumij and Munda are mutually intelligible. Due to time constraints, only one direction of intelligibility was investigated: the intelligibility of Mundari by the Bhumij.

1.3 Previous survey

A sociolinguistic survey, similar in type to this current study, was carried out primarily among the Ho people between February and April of 1989. Additional research among various groups was conducted in Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, during September 1989. Reports were compiled by Bryan Varenkamp (1989, 1990). During the course of these investigations, researchers collected data from several Bhumij-speaking locations, including questionnaires, wordlists, a narrative story to test intelligibility, and other information that was of value to this project. Conclusions formulated as a result of those surveys recommended that it would be profitable to conduct an extensive survey among the Bhumij as soon as possible.

1.4 Purpose and goals

The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey among the Bhumij community was to assess the need for literature development and literacy in the vernacular. A secondary purpose of the project originally, but subsequently not pursued, was to ascertain the relationship between the languages of the Khewari sub-branch of the Northern Munda language family.

In order to guide the course of the investigation, the following goals were devised. They are stated below as originally formulated and are listed in general order of importance to the project: • To evaluate comprehension of Mundari speech by Bhumij speakers. • To determine the number of Bhumij speakers and the geographical areas they inhabit. • To identify the domains of language use and ascertain the vitality of the Bhumij language. • To investigate attitudes of the Bhumij towards their mother tongue, other languages and different

scripts.

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• To study the differences, if any, among the various speech varieties spoken by the Bhumij population; and to determine if any particular variety is considered standard, central or pure.

• To investigate the degree of intelligibility between Ho, Santali, Mundari and Bhumij. • To look into the extent and level of community bilingualism in Oriya, Hindi and Bengali.

2 Linguistic aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey

2.1 Lexical similarity comparison

One method of gauging the relationship among speech varieties is to compare the degree of similarity in their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. And logically, communities that communicate in a speech variety that has more terms in common with another—thus a higher percentage of lexical similarity—understand one another better than do those communities that speak a variety that has fewer terms in common with another. However, lexical similarity alone cannot indicate how well certain speech communities will understand one other, but it does help in gaining an initial view of relationships between languages, and often provides direction for further study.

2.1.1 Procedures

The tool used in determining lexical similarity in this survey was a 210-item2 wordlist, consisting of items of basic vocabulary, which has been standardised and contextualised for use in surveys of this type in South Asia. These wordlists were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is given in Appendix A, and the words collected are presented in Appendix B.3.

Every wordlist was compared with each other wordlist, item by item, to determine whether each item was phonetically similar or not. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. Once the entire wordlist was evaluated, the total number of word pair similarities was tallied. This amount was then divided by the total number of items compared, producing what is called the lexical similarity percentage. For example, if between two wordlist sites a total of 207 items were compared and 176 of these word pairs were deemed similar, then the lexical similarity percentage would be 176 ÷ 207 (x 100) = 85%.

This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair 1990:30–33 and facilitated through the use of a computer program called Wordsurv (Wimbish 1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlist sites (the geographical locations where the words were gathered). For a fuller description of counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity, refer to Appendix B.1.

2.1.2 Site selection

Many of the wordlists utilised in this survey were obtained from Varenkamp’s work (1989, 1990). This included seven Bhumij, two Mundari, a Bhumij Mundari wordlist, a Santali wordlist from a dictionary and an Oriya wordlist. One Bhumij, one Mundari, one Ho and a Santali wordlist were collected a couple of months before this project commenced. Finally, a Bhumij and a Mundari wordlist were elicited during the investigation. The sites of the wordlists used in the analysis are shown below in table 1, and can be located on map 3.

2The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for certain wordlists, usually because a particular item is not familiar to the language assistants or the proper word cannot be obtained.

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Table 1. Sites from which wordlists were obtained

Language State District Village Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Champi Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Ladhiramsai Bhumij Bihar Singhbhum Munduy Bhumij Orissa Balasore Baigodia Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Dighinuasahi Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Dumadie Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Madhupur Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Mohuldiha Bhumij Orissa Mayurbhanj Podadiha Mundari Bihar Ranchi Chalagi Mundari Orissa Mayurbhanj Dhungarisai Mundari Orissa Sundargarh Jharmunda Mundari (Dictionary)

Bihar Ranchi ——

Bhumij Mundari Orissa Mayurbhanj Udala Ho Orissa Mayurbhanj Dillisore Santali Orissa Mayurbhanj Nayarangamot

ia Santali (Dictionary)

Bihar Santal Parganas (?)

——

Oriya Orissa Cuttack ——

2.1.3 Results and analysis

The lexical similarity percentages for the speech varieties investigated are calculated and presented in the following two tables The capital letter at the beginning of the sites refers to the speech variety; i.e., B – Bhumij, M – Mundari, B/M – Bhumij Mundari, H – Ho, and S – Santali. The first chart, in table 2, is ordered by percentages, with the highest percentage being placed nearer to the top.

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Table 2. Lexical similarity organised by percentages within each speech variety

B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj 96 B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj 94 91 B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj 92 86 86 B – Champi, Singhbhum 86 83 83 82 B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj Bhumij speech varieties 85 80 82 85 79 B – Munduy, Singhbhum 85 83 81 81 78 75 B/M – Udala, Mayurbhanj 84 82 81 81 80 76 89 B – Baigodia, Balasore 84 78 79 79 76 77 82 81 B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum 77 73 74 75 77 73 83 81 77 B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj 83 81 80 79 76 74 94 87 80 79 M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj 78 72 76 74 72 73 78 74 83 73 75 M – Dictionary, Mundari speech variety 78 72 76 73 74 77 69 71 74 68 67 79 M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh 77 70 72 72 71 71 74 72 82 74 72 84 74 M – Chalagi, Ranchi 75 71 71 71 69 72 71 70 80 66 69 75 74 77 H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Ho 71 69 72 68 72 66 67 71 65 72 66 65 68 65 61 S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj 73 69 70 66 66 63 67 70 73 64 67 76 66 68 69 79 S – Dictionary Santali 20 20 17 20 20 19 18 21 13 18 21 13 12 10 15 18 17 Oriya (Cuttack)

The lexical similarity chart in table 3 is organised by geographic location, roughly from north to south, except in the case of Jharmunda (since it is further west) and the non-Bhumij and Mundari sites.

Table 3. Lexical similarity organised by geography within each speech variety

B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum 79 B – Champi, Singhbhum 76 82 B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj 78 86 83 B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj 79 86 83 91 B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj Bhumij speech varieties 84 92 86 96 94 B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj 77 85 79 80 82 85 B – Munduy, Singhbhum 77 75 77 73 74 77 73 B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj 82 81 78 83 81 85 75 83 B/M – Udala, Mayurbhanj 81 81 80 82 81 84 76 81 89 B – Baigodia, Balasore 82 72 71 70 72 77 71 74 74 72 M – Chalagi, Ranchi 83 74 72 72 76 78 73 73 78 74 84 M – Dictionary, Mundari speech varieties 80 79 76 81 80 83 74 79 94 87 72 75 M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj 74 73 74 72 76 78 77 68 69 71 74 79 67 M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh 80 71 69 71 71 75 72 66 71 70 77 75 69 74 H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Ho 73 66 66 69 70 73 63 64 67 70 68 76 67 66 69 S – Dictionary Santali 65 68 72 69 72 71 66 72 67 71 65 65 66 68 61 79 S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj 13 20 20 20 17 20 19 18 18 21 10 13 21 12 15 17 18 Oriya (Cuttack)

Bhumij and Mundari vocabulary

Typically for two speech varieties that have less than 60% lexical similarity, it can be concluded that the speech varieties are quite distinct and, with other supporting evidence, be classed as separate languages (Blair 1990:24). The Bhumij and Mundari wordlist sites, however, show higher percentages than this 60% threshold. Two-language comparisons from among Bhumij wordlist sites, including Bhumij Mundari from Udala, yield an average of 82% similarity (45 comparisons). Comparisons of Bhumij sites with Mundari sites (including the dictionary list which scored approximately equal to the speech sites in most cases, and excluding the Udala wordlist) yield an average of 76% (36 comparisons). This indicates that

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some difference exists, but not sufficient enough to warrant a separate language classification, especially since Mundari wordlist sites in comparison with one other only average 77% similar (10 comparisons, including the Bhumij Mundari wordlist). Because of this, it is not possible to say from the data that Bhumij and Mundari are separate languages.

One issue that should be investigated is the relative homogeneity of Mundari, especially in comparison with Bhumij. One might expect to find the Mundari sites to show higher scores when making Mundari-internal comparisons than the Bhumij sites in Bhumij-internal comparisons. This would be based on various descriptions of Bhumij, particularly of Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981), who says the Bhumij tend to adopt the speech forms of whatever place they are living. Many Bhumij communities in West Bengal have cut ties with the tribal groups and have assimilated to Bengali language and culture.

If this view of the Bhumij as a non-conservative group is accurate, much greater variation would be expected between their wordlist sites than found in the more conservative Mundari locations. This question cannot be adequately addressed due to the lack of sufficient Mundari data (one of the wordlists is from a dictionary, and is therefore not strictly comparable). Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that the Bhumij wordlist points appear to show more homogeneity than the Mundari wordlist points. This might be evidence for a set of distinctly “Bhumij” vocabulary within Mundari (not separate since the Bhumij-Mundari comparisons are high). As it stands, however, it cannot be concluded whether the lower in-group scores for Mundari are a reflection of the wider geographic spread of the sites (bringing down the in-group average), or if indeed Mundari is a macro language subsuming Bhumij (as early research suggests). Additional Mundari wordlists could help clarify this issue.

There is a large degree of variation (73–96%) when comparing Bhumij wordlists with each other, which does not seem explainable by geographical location. Both the southern Mayurbhanj district sites (Udala & Baigodia) have scores in the mid-70s to mid-80s when comparing with the sites clustered around the Bihar-Orissa border. The only exception to this may be Dighinuasahi which shows less similarity (mid-70s) with the border sites to the north. The Bhumij wordlist percentages appear to indicate no clear dialect groupings.

One question raised in the Varenkamp report (1989) was whether the people of Udala considered their speech Bhumij or Mundari. As it turns out, this issue of ambiguous language identity became one of the motivating questions for this project. The lexical similarity percentages in the previous charts seem to indicate that the Udala wordlist is slightly closer to the vocabulary of Bhumij sites than to that of Mundari sites—if such a distinction can be made.

Comparison with neighbouring languages

While not central to the team’s research goals, two Santali wordlists and a Ho wordlist from Varenkamp’s reports were used in the lexical similarity comparison. If these lists can be taken as representing their respective languages, the lexical similarity percentages confirm the belief that Santali is more distinct (68% similar on average) from Bhumij and Mundari. Ho seems to share slightly more resemblance (72% average) with the Bhumij and Mundari wordlists. Oriya, the Indo-Aryan state language of Orissa, not surprisingly shares very little in common (10–21%) with the Munda family wordlists.

2.2 Intelligibility testing

Since only elicited words are being analysed (and in this survey, just 210), lexical similarity yields tentative results as to the relationship between various speech varieties. Lexical similarity comparisons cannot predict how well people in different areas understand the speech of one another. An intelligibility study is needed to obtain this type of information, which allows a look into the approximate comprehension of natural speech—not only isolated words and simple verb constructions, but sentences and discourse.

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2.2.1 Procedures

Intelligibility of Mundari speech among Bhumij speakers was studied with the help of Recorded Text Tests (RTT). Mundari stories were recorded on cassette and were taken to various Bhumij-speaking sites for testing. Mother tongue Bhumij speakers listened to the recorded stories and were asked questions interspersed in the story to test their comprehension. Ten people were considered the minimum number to be given this test, and subjects’ responses to the story questions were noted down and scored. A person’s score is considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and the average score of all the subjects is indicative of the community’s intelligibility of the speech variety spoken in the location from where the story originated. Included with the test point’s average score is a calculation for the variation between individual subjects’ scores, or standard deviation, which helps in interpreting how representative those scores are.

After each story, subjects were asked questions such as how different they felt the speech was and how much they could understand of it. These subjective post-RTT responses give an additional perspective in interpreting the objective test data. If a subject’s answers to these questions are comparable with his or her score, it gives more certainty to the results. If, however, the post-RTT responses and test score show some dissimilarity, then this discrepancy can be investigated.

Bhumij speakers were permitted to take tests of the Mundari stories only if they could perform well on a test developed in their own dialect. This preliminary test, called a hometown test (HTT), eliminates people who essentially cannot understand the test-taking procedure. Hometown testing with mother tongue speakers of the same speech variety as that on the cassette also validates the text for use at other sites. Questions which appear to have not been adequately understood by hometown test subjects are eliminated from the final test version.

For a fuller description of recorded text testing, refer to Appendix C.1 as well as to Casad 1974. Demographic profiles of the subjects at each site, their test scores on the HTT and RTTs, and post-RTT responses are presented in Appendix C.2. The stories and questions used in the testing appear in Appendix C.3.

2.2.2 Site selection

The Mundari speech spoken in Ranchi district of Bihar is considered to be the standard variety of that language. It is the variety in which radio programmes are broadcast and books are written. For testing, two forms of the speech were obtained. One was a personal-experience narrative, such as that described in Appendix C.1. The other was a passage read from the Mundari Bible, published in 1911. The text was the story of the lost son, taken from Luke 15:11–32, and selected because of its simplicity. The personal-experience story was given by a Mundari speaker living about 30 kilometres south of Ranchi, and the Lost Son text was read by a man living now in Ranchi who has been involved in Mundari radio broadcasts for about ten years.

The Bhumij sites chosen for testing were areas that were reported to have a concentration of Bhumij speakers. It was also considered important to test in areas where there were few Mundari-speaking communities, so that theoretically, intelligibility acquired through contact would not overly influence subjects’ performance. The three sites that were selected were Dighinuasahi village in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, Munduy village in Paschim Singhbhum district of Bihar, and Heseldipa village in Bihar’s Purba Singhbhum district.

In Munduy and Heseldipa, proper hometown texts were not obtained and tested. Instead, a story developed on Varenkamp’s Ho survey in Dumadie village in northern Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, was used as the hometown test at these two locations. In Munduy, since its location from Dumadie is not excessive, it was felt that the Dumadie story could adequately be used as a control test. The distance between Heseldipa and Dumadie is greater, so it would have been best to develop a separate control test in Heseldipa. The lack of time prevented this, and the Dumadie story was used as the hometown test instead.

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2.2.3 Results and analysis

The results of intelligibility testing of Mundari speech among Bhumij speakers in various sites are given in table 4. The columns of the table are the stories which were used for testing, called the reference point. The rows consist of the subjects at each site who took the tests, called the test point. The scores of each hometown test are shown with a double border.

Key: avg average score for all subjects sd standard deviation num number of subjects

Hometown test scores

Table 4. Results of Recorded Text Testing among Mundari and Bhumij-speaking sites

Reference Point Test Point

Mundari (Colloquial)

“Ghost” Story

Mundari (Literary) “Lost Son”

Story

Bhumij Dighinuasahi

“Bear” Story

Bhumij Dumadie

“Punishment” Story

Bhumij Dighinuasahi Subjects

avg sd num

90 9.6 13

76 12.8 13

98 3.8 13

no testing done

Bhumij Munduy Subjects

avg sd num

91 11.4 11

82 9.9 11

no testing done 97 4.6 11

Bhumij Heseldipa Subjects

avg sd num

88 10.0 10

76 11.9

8

no testing done 97 4.7 11

Mundari Ranchi District Subjects

avg sd num

99 4.3 11

99 4.7 11

no testing done no testing done

Results of the Mundari “Ghost” story

The Mundari Ghost story received high averages at the three Bhumij-speaking sites. The percentages of 88, 90 and 91 show good comprehension and understanding of the Mundari colloquial story. The low variation of scores between sites also gives indication that subjects in the three locations understood the narrative equally well.

In Dighinuasahi, one subject scored 61 percent on the Ghost story, which increased the standard deviation significantly and decreased the average score slightly.3 The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for certain wordlists, usually because a particular item is not familiar to the language assistants or the proper word cannot be obtained. The fact that the subject was a 50 year old male with an undermatric education was not cause for his lower score, as there were other subjects, male and female, older and younger, educated and uneducated who performed well on the test.

3Eliminating this subject from the scoring, the results would be: avg = 93, sd = 3.9.

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In addition, this subject passed the hometown test, demonstrating he was basically familiar with the testing procedure, and scored above the test average on the subsequent Lost Son story.

In response to post-RTT questions, some subjects in Dighinuasahi either did not know, or were not sure where the Ghost story originated. Two subjects thought it was from Bihar, and a few felt the story was from a nearby place. While two subjects commented that the speech in the story “is our language,” most said it was slightly different, generally mentioning that it was mixed with Ho. Nine of the thirteen subjects said they understood the story fully, and the subject who scored 61 acknowledged that he understood about half. Interestingly, three subjects who said the speech of the story was “different” and “not same” and “understood only 50 percent” scored 89, 93, and 100 respectively.

In Munduy, much the same situation as in Dighinuasahi occurred, as one subject scored 64 and another scored 75.4 Though both of these subjects were uneducated older females, two other subjects who were also uneducated older females each scored 93. These subjects not only passed the hometown test, but performed well on the Lost Son story. Why these subjects did relatively poorly on the Ghost story is not clear.

In response to post-RTT questions in Munduy, four of the eleven subjects correctly identified the story as Mundari. All four of these subjects (including the subject who scored 75 percent) noted that the language in the story was a little different, but that everything was understandable. A few other subjects gave similar reviews. The subject who scored 64 percent said the speech on the recording was “very different” and that she could not understand everything.

In Heseldipa, three subjects identified the narrative as Mundari, and said it was a little different. Several subjects thought it was Ho language from the Chaibasa area. More people at Heseldipa acknowledged a difference between the speech of the narrative and their speech, even though Heseldipa is closer to the story’s origin than the other two RTT sites. Four of the twelve5 subjects admitted they could not understand the story fully. It was at this village that a few subjects said they were confused during the testing since the speech was different between that of the story and that of the test questions (which were recorded in the subjects’ dialect).

Results of the Mundari “Lost Son” story

The “Lost Son” story from the Mundari New Testament averaged between 73 and 82 in the three Bhumij-speaking sites. The scores are lower than for the Ghost story, which probably reflects the fact that the text is a more archaic variety of speech. Even so, the averages indicate that the story was understandable to most Bhumij speakers.

In Dighinuasahi, subjects had mixed impressions from listening to the recording regarding where they thought the story originated. Many believed it was from nearby areas, possibly because they felt the text was mixed with the Ho language. Most of the thirteen subjects said that the speech was a little different than theirs, though only five people reported that they fully understood the story. Three people identified the story as being from the Bible. Their scores – 75, 84, and 86 – were not significantly different from the average of 76 percent6 to make a difference in the overall score.

In Munduy, many subjects had no idea where the story was from or precisely what language it was. Subjects gave varying reviews to the speech of the text, saying it was mixed with one or more of the following languages: Bhumij, Ho, Mundari and Santali. Almost all of the eleven subjects thought the

4Eliminating these subjects from the scoring, the results would be: avg = 96, sd = 4.3. 5Table 6 for the Ghost story at Heseldipa shows only 10 subjects taking the test. This is because one subject failed the hometown test and another did not complete the test. Both subjects, however, responded to the post-RTT questions. 6 There were two questions in the story that were missed by a majority of subjects. All subjects missed question 14, and all except two missed question 15. It is not clear whether either or both of these questions were translated incorrectly or had, for instance, touched lexical items which were not familiar to the subjects in that location. If these two questions were eliminated, the adjusted scores would be: avg = 86, sd = 14.0.

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speech was only a little different than theirs, and everyone remarked that they understood everything of the story.

In Heseldipa, as with the Ghost story, a few subjects said that they were confused with the change in languages during the testing, saying in effect, “the story is in a different language and the questions are in my language.” Three of nine7 subjects thought the story was Ho, while four subjects identified the speech in the story as Mundari, since they had heard the language before. Out of these four subjects, three remarked that they understood everything in the story in addition to two others. The remainder of the subjects commented they could not fully understand the story.

3 Social aspects of Bhumij speech found in this survey

This chapter describes more social aspects of the Bhumij people and their speech, exploring the topics of language use, language attitudes and bilingualism. A sociolinguistic questionnaire (SLQ) composed primarily of open-ended questions was used, along with observations of the researchers. The questionnaire was administered in only seven sites, usually to a small group. Needless to say, results and conclusions must be taken lightly and tentatively. The questionnaire is shown in Appendix D.1, while subjects’ responses to the questionnaire are presented in Appendix D.2.

3.1 Language use

A study of language use patterns attempts to describe which languages or speech varieties members of a community use in different social situations, referred to as domains. Domains are social contexts in which the choice to use a certain language variety is more apt to be appropriate than the use of another language variety (Fasold 1984:183). A look into language use patterns can indicate the language(s) used in certain domains and reveal the current status and strength of a language. Since language use patterns vary significantly among the Bhumij community in the three states where they reside, the discussion will describe the situation state by state.

3.1.1 Language use in Bihar

In the state of Bihar, it appears that the Bhumij are usually continuing to speak Bhumij. The questionnaire was asked in the RTT sites of Munduy and Heseldipa, in addition to a village near Heseldipa. Language assistants in all three sites responded that they speak Bhumij with family members in the home. Bhumij was reported by these respondents to be used with friends, children and leaders in the village, as well as for private prayer and religious discussions. Children are growing up speaking Bhumij as their first language.

Respondents from Heseldipa, in particular, had quite strong feelings in continuing to speak Bhumij. The village headman stated, “We want to keep our language alive. That is why we are not mixing so much with other groups, and why there is a cultural office nearby.” It was asked what would happen if a Bengali-speaking family moved nearby – would his children be influenced to learn Bengali? The response was, “Our children will not do that.” Although this might appear to be more of a wish than reality, it does indicate strong attitudes in that village to maintain their language. During intelligibility testing in Heseldipa, time was taken out to record a group of men singing several Bhumij songs.

The area around Nimdih, 20 kilometres north of Jamshedpur and near the West Bengal border, is an interesting area in terms of language use among the Bhumij. This location is near Ichagarh, site of linguistic studies carried out by Nigam and Dasgupta as discussed earlier, who found a situation of both language conservatism and shift. Nimdih was visited by two members of the survey team, who

7One subject who did not pass the hometown test (thus their score is not tabulated) responded to the post-RTT questions.

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interviewed an educational worker who is running more than 100 schools and literacy programmes among tribals in West Singhbhum and adjacent districts. He stated that the Bhumij people in the area speak Bengali language as their mother tongue. Children who go to school are studying in Bengali medium, as the parents desired their children to learn in Bengali (though this area is in Bihar, Bengali is the LWC and medium of education). The team also talked with several Bhumij people from surrounding villages who were at his office for meetings. They all stated that their families and respective villages are not speaking Bhumij, but Bengali, and that is the language being passed along to the children.

3.1.2 Language use in Orissa

The use of the Bhumij language appeared to be strong in Dighinuasahi. In this site, the main language assistant for the questionnaire stated he uses Bhumij with members of the family, with fellow villagers, and for private prayer and religious discussions. The researchers believe that the language assistant’s viewpoint also extended to the rest of the village.

In the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, a different and somewhat surprising situation was encountered. In an area approximately 30 kilometres south of Rairangpur, the team talked briefly with a Bhumij man who related that he speaks Oriya in his home and it is the language spoken within his village. He also mentioned that people in the village have changed their titles to Nayak, an Oriya caste title.

The survey team then met Bhumij people at a brick-making factory. Most of the people working there were from Podadiha village, around four kilometres away. A young man of about 25 said he speaks Oriya in the home with his parents as well as inside the village. He said they have always spoken Oriya, though it is a local version of Oriya – not a pure or standard variety. Another man remarked that he does not know any area where Bhumij people are speaking their original language. Another individual commented that though they still consider themselves a tribe, they have adopted the Nayak caste title.

What is interesting is that information collected on the Mayurbhanj and Ho surveys (Varenkamp 1989, 1990) found the presence of Bhumij speakers in this area. A Bhumij wordlist was collected from Podadiha. Dumadie village, the origin of a Bhumij RTT story, appears from maps in Varenkamp’s reports to be only a short distance from Podadiha. Field notes about Dumadie record that the people claim to speak a mixture of Ho, Bhumij, and Oriya and are losing their language. However, no one with whom the team spoke had heard of the village nor of a nearby town, so it was not possible to visit the site to assess the actual situation.

3.1.3 Language use in West Bengal

In West Bengal, the situation appears to be a shift to Bengali as the mother tongue in nearly every section of the state. This phenomenon was documented over 100 years ago by Risley (1891, reprinted in 1981:117) who writes about the Bhumij living in what is now much of West Bengal. He states, “On the eastern side of the Ajodhya range, which forms a complete barrier to ordinary communication, all is changed. Both the Mundari language and the title of Munda have dropped out of use, and they… talk Bengali.”

To confirm this occurrence, Bhumij villages in Purulia and Medinapur districts of the state were visited. In Purulia district, two villages declared they were speaking Bengali as their mother tongue, and it was the language the children were learning and speaking in the home. The people in these sites mentioned they had made this language shift two or three generations previously. Recorded texts of the Mundari Ghost story and Bhumij story from Dumadie were played for a few individuals. No one could understand any of the speech except for two older ladies who knew “Bhumij Thar.” However, they had grown up in the Bundu/Tamar area and had moved to Purulia district when they were married, and as a result learned Bengali.

In Medinapur district, the situation is much the same, though not quite as advanced as in Purulia district. Full language shift toward Bengali did not seem to occur as far in the past (though certain areas made the switch to Bengali a few generations previously). Rather, language shift is currently in progress, and there are pockets where the Bhumij community is retaining Bhumij as their mother tongue. There

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are, however, census reports of Bhumij people in Bankura, North and South Twenty-four Parganas, Hooghly and Nadia districts. The survey team did not visit these areas, partly because of time constraints and lack of contacts, and also because there did not appear to be convincing evidence that the Bhumij in those areas are speaking anything other than Bengali as their mother tongue. The numbers of Bhumij in those districts are relatively small and the areas are generally more urbanised and developed than the districts of Medinapur and Purulia.

At a site near Keshiary, questionnaire language assistants called their language “diverted Bengali,” claiming their language is not Bengali, nor Oriya—at least the pure, standard varieties of those languages (Oriya was mentioned because their location is near the border of Orissa). Originally, their mother tongue was “Thar bhasha.” They still have marriage relationships with the Bhumij of Bundu/Tamar area, and will intermarry even if spouces don’t speak Bengali. When the Bhumij people of West Bengal travel to Bihar, they communicate in Hindi with the Bhumij people there.

An interesting conversation with a Bhumij school administrator working near Keshiary revealed that his mother tongue is Bengali, but that he is actually trying to learn his traditional mother tongue, which he termed Mundari. He did not learn Mundari from his parents, and is now learning from older people, when he goes to their village and meets them in the market. He stated there are a couple of villages in the area where people are still speaking Bhumij/Mundari. He lamented that today children are becoming more modernised and are adopting new customs, “They are still speaking Bhumij in the home, but…the Munda are losing their mother tongue.” The reason given for this was because their language does not have a script. This gentleman went on to comment that nowhere are there any Bhumij people trying to preserve and hold on to their language like the Santalis, and that there has been no one to uplift and develop the Bhumij community.

Again near Keshiary, the group met a Bhumij school teacher who related that when he was a university student in Medinapur district, he and nine other Bhumij students decided they wanted to preserve their language—just like the Santali people. So in 1989, they spent 2,500 rupees to produce a booklet in the Bhumij language (in Bengali script), and held meetings in various Bhumij locations to promote their language and literacy. These meetings failed, though, as the people said they could not understand the script. This teacher says he is speaking Mundari in the home, though his children are growing up speaking Bengali, since his wife does not speak Mundari well. However, he does encourage people in his village to continue to speak their language, but most of them are reluctant to do so. And when they do try to speak, they make mistakes and cannot speak at deep levels of conversation.

In summary, language use patterns among the Bhumij vary from region to region. In Bihar, except for a section near the West Bengal border that has shifted to Bengali, the Bhumij are speaking Bhumij in the home and family domains. In Orissa, it appears that in the northern part of Mayurbhanj district, the Bhumij have either already shifted or are in the process of shifting to Oriya, while the Bhumij in the southern part of the district are continuing to speak Bhumij as the vernacular. In West Bengal, there are several areas where Bengali is used as the mother tongue, other areas in the state where the shift to Bengali is almost complete, and a few isolated spots where the people are retaining Bhumij as their mother tongue.

3.2 Language attitudes

A study of language attitudes in this particular survey attempts to describe people’s feelings and preferences towards their own language and other speech varieties around them, what value they place on those languages, and the impressions they have of the relative “purity” of their speech with regard to some nearby respected form of speech. Ultimately, these views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts toward literacy and the acceptability of literature development.

This area was explored using the previously mentioned sociolinguistic questionnaire, as well as the post-RTT questions asked after each Mundari story. Again, the questionnaire was administered to a small group of people in only seven sites, though it is hoped that each of the sites presents an accurate picture of the area in regard to the topics investigated. In conjunction with the researcher’s impressions, it is felt the questionnaire results as well as post-RTT responses appear to present a valid picture of the attitudes encountered while speaking with Bhumij people throughout the region. The ranges of responses to the

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questionnaire used in this survey tend to also correspond with the responses to the questionnaire used among Bhumij people during Varenkamp’s investigation.

3.2.1 Attitudes toward the mother tongue

While other indicators of vitality may not have seemed favourable (total language shift in much of West Bengal and partial shift in Orissa), the Bhumij generally responded positively when asked about the value of their mother tongue. (The true assessment of what value they place on its maintenance can only be measured through observations of language use.) This can be seen in the responses to questionnaires probing such issues as language purity and desirability of using Bhumij in the home. Responses to all of these questions were favourable with respect to the vitality of Bhumij speech. In none of the Bhumij-speaking places the team visited were negative attitudes toward their mother tongue found.

Three additional attitudinal factors seem to be positive indicators of mother tongue vitality: 1) all subjects from the seven sites said they would not allow their children to marry someone who spoke another language, 2) all of the Bhumij-speaking people responded that they felt Bhumij was better than either Hindi or Oriya, and 3) most subjects commented that if found in conversation with fellow Bhumij-speakers, and an Oriya (or other LWC) speaker joins the group, they would not necessarily change to speaking the LWC for them.

3.2.2 Attitudes toward Mundari

Many people were asked whether they felt that Bhumij and Mundari were the same or different. Responses varied from place to place. For example, in Dighinuasahi people said Bhumij and Mundari are the same language, whereas those in Munduy responded that Bhumij and Mundari are very different, mainly with regard to word use, style of speech, and pronunciation. What may seem clear is that Bhumij and Mundari are not exactly the same and not exactly different.

The variations in people’s responses might have to do with the level of specificity with which each was addressing the question (i.e., if respondents were thinking about intelligibility, they might respond that two speech varieties are the same, whereas if they were thinking of accent or regional characteristics, they might respond that the speech varieties are different). Many times Bhumij individuals responded that their mother tongue was Mundari, but, as is sometimes the case among non-standard languages throughout South Asia, people are accustomed to referring to their speech with the same title they use to describe their particular social group, i.e., “Bhumij.”

Also, it is interesting that in response to the post-RTT questions, many people felt the stories were good but also mixed (with Ho or Santali, usually depending on which group was more dominant in the area). The stories that were chosen were from the “heart” of the Mundari-speaking area. The colloquial story came from villages where only Mundaris were living. The literary story also was based out of Ranchi district. That the various respondents from all of the sites were not able to agree that it was “pure” Mundari (they were not told what language was on the recording; some thought the speech was Bhumij) raises questions as to whether it is possible to actually find a Mundari speech sample which a group of Bhumij people could consider “pure.”

Also, there were several Bhumij RTT subjects who thought or knew the stories they had listened to were Mundari, so it is profitable to look at their responses to the post-RTT questions. The responses of these individuals were generally similar to those subjects who could not identify the texts as Mundari, giving some indication of no negative attitudes toward Mundari simply because they knew it was the language on the recording.

3.2.3 Receptivity toward language development

An important component of the investigation was to learn about the Bhumij people’s opinions with regard to practicalities of language development, such as whether written materials would be well received in their mother tongue or if another speech variety would be better suited. For instance, there may be situations where people feel strongly that their mother tongue should not be used for literary

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purposes, especially when religion dictates that certain languages are more suited for writing than others. It is vital to learn of such attitudes prior to beginning any kind of language development project. No such negative attitudes towards writing Bhumij were found among the people the team surveyed. Most respondents expressed interest in a Bhumij literacy program. Many said they would read Mundari texts if given a chance, although some commented they would read it but not take interest. Some felt their pronunciation would not be good.

Another issue revolves around the “script and ethnic identity” belief discussed in K. S. Singh 1993. The Jharkhand region, where many Bhumij reside, has been a site of much argumentation over script issues. Some tribal political leaders feel that indigenous scripts are necessary for the preservation of their tribal identity. In an interview with Ram Dayal Munda, leading Munda scholar associated with Ranchi University, it was learned that up to nine indigenous scripts have been developed for writing Mundari, yet none of them has received widespread acceptance. The choice to use existing state language scripts, on the other hand, raises the issue as to which one, since the Bhumij people are distributed throughout three states. This is an important issue to be addressed should any literature development or literacy be undertaken.

3.3 Bilingualism

Bilingualism can be defined as the ability to speak two languages without regard to the level of fluency in the second language. Multilingualism refers to the ability to speak more than two languages. This process occurs either through formal learning and/or as a result of informal interaction with speakers of other languages.

In this survey, since intelligibility testing was carried out using a language that already has literature, bilingualism of the Bhumij in the LWCs of the area (Hindi, Oriya and Bengali) was considered to be a secondary factor to investigate. More relevant in this situation would be to evaluate bilingualism of the Bhumij in other Munda languages, such as Ho and Santali. We already know that there is a foundation of linguistic similarity among these languages, and a significant amount of contact in certain places. Thus, due to the seemingly adaptive nature of the Bhumij people to different environments, it is speculated whether some Bhumij communities might show a high degree of proficiency in at least one other Munda language to comprehend literture in that language, possibly more so than in Mundari.

4 Recommendations

If anything certain emerges from this sociolinguistic survey, it is that from the point of view of this author a separate new language development project for the Bhumij is not necessary. Intelligibility testing indicates that most Bhumij understand colloquial Mundari speech well. Bhumij individuals had more difficulty comprehending The Lost Son story read from the Mundari literature. The older style of speech in this story likely contributed to the lower scores. Whether the averages on that story at the three sites tested are low enough so that adaptation from the Mundari literature is needed for the Bhumij, the numbers do not give full clarity.

From a sociological perspective, the researchers feel that a separate language development project —albeit an adaptation—could codify linguistic differences that might not be significant. In addition, this could have the effect of creating unwanted distinctions between the two communities. Though acknowledging a degree of difference between the Bhumij and Mundari both in terms of their speech and identity as people groups, the researchers believe there seems to be no clear, marked difference between their speech varieties. It may be that a distinct or standard variety of Bhumij speech does not exist, and the language spoken by the Bhumij in different areas is simply various varieties of Mundari. Furthermore, the researchers found no indication of negative attitudes toward the Mundari people or language that might prevent the Bhumij from accepting Mundari literature.

Consequently, it is recommended that a dialect adaptation for the Bhumij be considered low priority, and proposed that the Mundari language materials be utilised for the benefit of the Bhumij-speaking community. This judgement does not suggest that no type of work is needed. Literacy rates

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among the Bhumij population are quite low (15%), and thus it would be profitable to implement vernacular literacy projects to teach reading and writing. Responses to questionnaires during the survey appeared to indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy, particularly in the village of Heseldipa, though it is not known whether Heseldipa is representative of the Bhumij villages in that area. As discussed previously, the choice of script is an important issue to be addressed.

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Appendix A

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental

Dental Alveo-lar

Postal-veolar

Alveo-palatal

Retro-flex

Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn-geal

Glottal

Plosive p b t d t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Affricate pɸ bβ ts dz ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ Lateral l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral fric.

ɬ ɮ

Flap ɾ ɽ Trill ʙ r ʀ Approximant

w ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ

Consonant Diacritics

Aspirated h tʃh Labialised w bw Ejective ' p' Voiced k Velar/ Pharyngealised

l Palatalised j nj Unreleased ʈ Voiceless d

Vowels8

Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɤ o Mid ə ɵ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

Vowel Diacritics

Nasalisation ẽ Long ː iː Centralised ö

8Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols /ə/, /ɐ/, /ʌ/, and /ɑ/ are interchangable and no phonemic distinction is assumed.

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Appendix B1

Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures9

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation, when indigenous terms are actually still in use; and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist.

The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar, if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar, if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are similar. The criteria applied are as follows:

Category 1

• Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly. • Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature. • Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen

to correspond in at least three pairs of words.

Category 2

• All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not supported by at least three pairs of words.

• Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features.

Category 3

• Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar. • A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and position.

Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [ə], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ɦ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.”

9This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed.) 1992.

25

The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):

Word Length

Category One

Category Two

Category Three

2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the Wordsurv computer program.

It should be noted that the wordlist data, as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.

26

Appendix B2

Wordlist information and language assistant biodata

Title: B – Baigodia, Balasore Language: Bhumij Village: Baigodia Tahsil: Opada District: Balasore State: Orissa Date elicited: 1 April 1989 Recorded by: PKD Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 60

Title: B – Champi, Singhbhum Language: Bhumij Village: Champi Tahsil: Ghatsila District: Singhbhum State: Bihar Date elicited: 17 April 1989 Recorded by: PKD Language Assistant: NS Sex: M Age: 50

Title: B – Dighinuasahi, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 20 July 1996 Language Assistant: PS Mother tongue (MT): Bhumij Father’s MT: Bhumij Mother’s MT: Bhumij Name of tribe: Bhumij Birthplace: Dighinuasahi Current residence: Dighinuasahi Sex: M Age: 61 Education: 3rd standard Occupation: Farmer Marital status: Married Other languages spoken: Oriya, Santali Travel to other locations: Ranchi, near Calcutta, Cuttack for working Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: SR Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: B – Dumadie, Mayurbhanj Language: Bhumij Village: Dumadie Tahsil: Rairangpur District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Date elicited: 8 March 1989 Recorded by: PKD Language Assistant: US Sex: M Age: 30

Title: B – Ladhiramsai, Singhbhum Language: Bhumij Village: Ladhiramsai Tahsil: Bandgaon District: Singhbhum State: Bihar Date elicited: 16 March 1989 Recorded by: Bruce Cain Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 27

Title: B – Madhupur, Mayurbhanj Language: (Sardar) Bhumij Village: Madhupur Tahsil: Rairangpur District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Date elicited: 21 September 1989 Recorded by: PKD Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 65

27

Title: B – Mohuldiha, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 26 July 1996 Language Assistant: NS Mother tongue (MT): Bhumij Father’s MT: Bhumij Mother’s MT: Bhumij Name of tribe: Bhumij Birthplace: Mohuldiha Current residence: Mohuldiha Sex: M Age: 25 Education: 10th Occupation: Cultivation Marital status: Married Other languages spoken: Oriya, Hindi, Bengali Travel to other locations: Baripada, Karanjia Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: SB Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: B – Munduy, W Singhbhum Language: Bhumij Village: Munduy Tahsil: Kulhani (Jaganathapur P.S.) District: West Singhbhum State: Bihar Date elicited: 22 October 1996 Elicited by: SS Transcribed by: MJ Language Assistant: LS Sex: M Age: 45

Title: B – Podadiha, Mayurbhanj Language: Bhumij Village: Podadiha Tahsil: Rairangpur District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Date elicited: 19 April 1989 Recorded by: DB Language Assistant: SS Sex: M Age: 35

Title: M/B – Udala, Mayurbhanj Language: Mundari? Bhumij? Village: Joranota, Kisandai, Khaladi Taluk: Udala District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Date elicited: 11 Sept, 1989 at Baripada Ashram Elicited by: BV and PD Lg. of elicitation: Hindi & Oriya, some Mundari

Title: M – Chalagi, Ranchi Date elicited: 30 September 1996 Language Assistant: CKS Mother tongue (MT): Mundari Father’s MT: Mundari Mother’s MT: Mundari Spouse’s MT: Mundari Name of tribe: Munda Birthplace: Chalagi Current residence: Chalagi Sex: M Age: 36 Education: Non-matric Occupation: Agriculture Other languages spoken: Mundari and Hindi Transcribed by: MSR, MJ Elicited by: MSR, MJ, Troy Bailey Recorded by: Troy Bailey Language of elicitation: Hindi and English

Title: M – Dictionary Language: Mundari Location: Ranchi, Bihar (?) From: Mundari-English Dictionary Recorded by: B and B Date elicited: published 1928

Title: M – Dhungarisai, Mayurbhanj Village name: Dhungarisai Taluk: Baldia District: Mayurbhanj State: Orissa Date elicited: 14 September 1989 Recorded by: BV Elicited by: mostly PD Language of elicitation: Oriya, some Mundari

Title: M – Jharmunda, Sundargarh Date elicited: 25 August 1996 Language Assistant: JK Mother tongue (MT): Munda Father’s MT: Munda Mother’s MT: Munda Name of tribe: Santali Munda Birthplace: Jharmunda Current residence: Jharmunda Sex: M Age: 19 Education: Metric fail Occupation: Student Marital status: Single Other languages spoken: Oriya, Hindi, Sadri Travel to other locations: Cuttack, Delhi, Bihar Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: GFA worker Language of elicitation: Oriya

28

Title: H – Dillisore, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 8 August 1996 Language Assistant: GT Mother tongue (MT): Ho Father’s MT: Ho Mother’s MT: Ho Name of tribe: Ho (Tiria clan) Birthplace: Dillisore Current residence: Baripada (Leprosy Ashram) How long: 2 years, 6 months Sex: M Age: 16 Education: 4th class Marital status: Single Other languages spoken: Oriya, Santali Travel to other locations: No Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: JM Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: S – Dictionary Language: Santali Location: Santal Parganas (?), (Standard Santali) From: Santali-English Dictionary Recorded by: RMM Date elicited: published 1933

Title: S – Nayarangamotia, Mayurbhanj Date elicited: 18 July 1996 Language Assistant: DMS Mother tongue (MT): Santali Father’s MT: Santali Mother’s MT: Santali Name of tribe: Santali Birthplace: Nayarangamotia Current residence: Belpal village How long: 20 years Sex: F Age: 35 Education: 7th Occupation: Housewife Marital status: Married Other languages spoken: Oriya Travel to other locations: Baripada, Cuttack Transcribed by: MJ Elicited by: SR Language of elicitation: Oriya

Title: Oriya (Cuttack) Language: Oriya Location: Cuttack, Orissa Date elicited: 3 and 29 March 1989 Language Assistant: PKD (M, 28) and SS (M, 29)

29

Appendix B3

Wordlists

1. body

1 hoɖomo B – Baigodias1 hoɖomo B – Champi 1 hɔɭmo B – Dighinuasahi 1 hoɾəmo B – Dumadie 1 hoɾəmo B – Ladhiramsai 1 hoɖomo B – Madhupur 1 hɔɖmo B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔɖmo B – Munduy 1 hoɖomo B – Podadiha 1 hoɖomo B/M – Udala 1 hɔɖmo M – Chalagi 1 hɔɖmo M – Dictionary 1 hoɽmo 1 hoɖomo M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔɖmo M – Jharmunda 1 hɔmo H – Dillisore 1 hoɾmo S – Dictionary 1 hɔɾmo S –Nayarangamotia 2 soɾiɾo Oriya (Cuttack)

2. head

1 boʔo B – Baigodia 1 boʔ B – Champi 1 bɔʔo B – Dighinuasahi 1 boʔo B – Dumadie 1 boʔo B – Ladhiramsai 1 bohoʔ B – Madhupur 1 bɔho B – Mohuldiha 1 bo B – Munduy 1 boho B – Podadiha 1 boʔo B/M – Udala 1 bɔʔo M – Chalagi 1 bo M – Dictionary 2 mund 1 boʔo M – Dhungarisai 1 bɔho M – Jharmunda 1 bo H – Dillisore 1 bohok S – Dictionary 1 bɔho S –Nayarangamotia 2 mũnɖɔ Oriya (Cuttack)

3. hair

1 boʔo up B – Baigodia 1 uʔp B – Champi

1 up B – Dighinuasahi 1 boʔo uʔb B – Dumadie 1 ubʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 uːb B – Madhupur 1 uʔp B – Mohuldiha 1 uʔp B – Munduy 1 ub B – Podadiha 1 uʔp B/M – Udala 3 uʔmɪm M – Chalagi 1 ub M – Dictionary 1 uʔp M – Dhungarisai 1 uʔp M – Jharmunda 2 bɐle H – Dillisore 1 uʔp S – Dictionary 1 uʔp S –Nayarangamotia 2 bɑlə Oriya (Cuttack)

4. face

1 meʔt moɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 met mutɑ B – Champi 1 menmuhɑʔ B Dighinuasahi 1 meʔd moʈe B – Dumadie 1 metʔnmũɑɳɑ B Ladhiramsai 1 met mute B – Madhupur 1 menmuhɑɖ B – Mohuldiha 1 menmuʈɑ B – Munduy 1 met mute B – Podadiha 1 meʔt mũɑ B/M – Udala 1 menmuɑɳ M – Chalagi 1 med muɑnɾɑ M –Dictionary 1 meʔt motʃɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 tʃɐnkɑ M – Jharmunda 1 menmutʃɑ H – Dillisore 1 mẽtʔ ɑhɑ S – Dictionary 1 mənhɑʔ S –Nayarangamotia 1 mũhə Oriya (Cuttack)

5. eye

1 meʔn B – Baigodia 1 metʔ B – Champi 1 meʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 metʔ B – Dumadie 1 metʔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 met B – Madhupur 1 meʔn B – Mohuldiha

Note: The capital letter before each site name refers to the speech variety: B – Bhumij, M – Mundari, B/M – Bhumij Mundari, H – Ho, and S – Santali.

30

1 meʔn B – Munduy 1 metʔ B – Podadiha 1 meʔt B/M – Udala 1 meʔ M – Chalagi 1 med M – Dictionary 1 meʔt M – Dhungarisai 1 meʔt M – Jharmunda 1 meʔn H – Dillisore 1 mẽt S – Dictionary 1 meʔt S –Nayarangamotia 2 ɑkhi Oriya (Cuttack)

6. ear

1 lutuɾ B – Baigodia 1 lutuɾ B – Champi 1 lutuɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lutuɾ B – Dumadie 1 lutuɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lutuɾ B – Madhupur 1 lutuɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 lutuɾ B – Munduy 1 lutuɾ B – Podadiha 1 lutuɾ B/M – Udala 1 lutuɾ M – Chalagi 1 lutuɾ M – Dictionary 1 lutuɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 lutuɾ M – Jharmunda 1 lutuɾ H – Dillisore 1 lutuɾ S – Dictionary 1 lutuɾ S –Nayarangamotia 2 kɑɳo Oriya (Cuttack)

7. nose

1 muː B – Baigodia 1 muː B – Champi 1 mu B – Dighinuasahi 1 mũ B – Dumadie 1 mũ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mu B – Madhupur 1 mu B – Mohuldiha 1 mu B – Munduy 1 mu B – Podadiha 1 mũ B/M – Udala 1 mu M – Chalagi 1 muhu M – Dictionary 1 mũ M – Dhungarisai 1 muhũ M – Jharmunda 1 muʈe H – Dillisore 1 mũ S – Dictionary 1 mu S –Nayarangamotia 2 nɑkho Oriya (Cuttack)

8. mouth

1 motʃɑ B – Baigodia 1 motʃʌŋ B – Champi 1 mɔtʃɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 motʃoŋ B – Dumadie 1 motʃɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 motʃoŋ B – Madhupur 3 luʈi B – Mohuldiha 1 mɔtʃɑ B – Munduy 1 motʃoŋ B – Podadiha 1 motʃɑ B/M – Udala 1 mɔtʃɑ M – Chalagi 1 motʃɑ M – Dictionary 4 thotnɑ 1 motʃɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 mɔtʃɑ M – Jharmunda 2 ɑʔ H – Dillisore 2 ɑ S – Dictionary 1 mɔtʃɑ S –Nayarangamotia 5 pɑʈːi Oriya (Cuttack)

9. tooth

1 dɑtɑ B – Baigodia 1 dɑtɑ B – Champi 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dɑtɑ B – Dumadie 1 dɑʔtɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɑtɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɖɑʈɑ B – Munduy 1 dɑtɑ B – Podadiha 1 dɑtɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɖɐʈɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɖɑʈɑ M – Dictionary 1 dɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɖɑʈɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɖɐʈɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɖɑʈɑ S – Dictionary 1 ɖɑʈɑ S –Nayarangamotia 1 dɑnto Oriya (Cuttack)

10. tongue

1 ɑlɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 ɑlʌŋ B – Champi 1 ɐlɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑlɑŋ B – Dumadie 2 leʔe B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑlɑŋ B – Madhupur 1 ɐlɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 lɛlej B – Munduy 1 ʌlɑŋ B – Podadiha 1 ɑlɑŋ B/M – Udala

31

2 lɛʔje M – Chalagi 1 ɑlɑŋ M – Dictionary 2 leʔe 1 ɑlɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐlɑŋ M – Jharmunda 2 lɛʔje H – Dillisore 1 ɑlɑŋ S – Dictionary 1 ɐlɑŋ S –Nayarangamotia 3 dʒibɦə Oriya (Cuttack)

11. breast

0 no entry B – Baigodia 3 tuwɑ B – Champi 1 kuɭɐm B – Dighinuasahi 2 nunu B – Dumadie 2 nunu B – Ladhiramsai 2 nunu B – Madhupur 1 kuɖɑm B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Munduy 2 nunu B – Podadiha 2 nunu B/M – Udala 1 kuɖɑm M – Chalagi 2 nunu M – Dictionary 2 nunu M – Dhungarisai 2 nunu M – Jharmunda 1 kujem H – Dillisore 1 koɾɑm S – Dictionary 2 nunu 0 no entry S–Nayarangamotia 4 tʃɑti Oriya (Cuttack)

12. belly

1 lɑi B – Baigodia 1 lɑi B – Champi 1 lɑʔi B – Dighinuasahi 1 leʔ B – Dumadie 1 lɑʔi B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɑi B – Madhupur 1 lɑi B – Mohuldiha 1 lɑi B – Munduy 1 lei B – Podadiha 1 lɑiʔ B/M – Udala 1 lɑʔi M – Chalagi 1 lɑi M – Dictionary 1 lɑiʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɑheʔ M – Jharmunda 1 lɑi H – Dillisore 1 lɑʔe S – Dictionary 2 dodʒok 1 lɑʔ S – Nayarangamotia 3 petto Oriya (Cuttack)

13. arm

1 ti B – Baigodia 1 ti B – Champi 1 ti B – Dighinuasahi 2 supu B – Dumadie 1 ti B – Ladhiramsai 2 supu B – Madhupur 1 ti B – Mohuldiha 1 ti B – Munduy 2 supu B – Podadiha 2 ti supu B/M – Udala 1 tiʔi M – Chalagi 1 ti M – Dictionary 2 ti supu M – Dhungarisai 1 tiʔi M – Jharmunda 1 ti H – Dillisore 1 ti S – Dictionary 2 sopo 1 ti S – Nayarangamotia 3 hɑʈo Oriya (Cuttack)

14. elbow

2 gonti B – Baigodia 1 ukɑʔ B – Champi 1 uk B – Dighinuasahi 1 ukɑ 1 ukʌʔ B – Dumadie 1 ukːɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mukɑ B – Madhupur 1 uk B – Mohuldiha 1 ukɑ B – Munduy 1 uke B – Podadiha 1 ukɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 ukɑ M – Chalagi 1 ukɑ M – Dictionary 1 ukɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 ukɑ M – Jharmunda 1 uke H – Dillisore 1 mokɑ S – Dictionary 1 mukɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 koini Oriya (Cuttack)

15. palm

1 tɑlkɑ B – Baigodia 1 tʌlkɑ B – Champi 1 tɐlkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ti tɑlkɑ B – Dumadie 1 ti tɛlkɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 titophɑ B – Madhupur 1 tɐlkɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tɐlkɑ B – Munduy 1 tʌlʌkɑ ti B – Podadiha

32

1 ti tɑlkɑ B/M – Udala 1 tɐlkɑ M – Chalagi 1 ti tɑlkɑ M – Dictionary 1 ti tɑlkɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tɐlkɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tɐlkɑ H – Dillisore 1 tɑlkɑ S – Dictionary 1 tɐlkɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 toɭohɑto Oriya (Cuttack) 4 pɑpuli

16. finger

1 ɑŋguɭi B – Baigodia 1 ɑŋguɖi B – Champi 3 ɖɑɖo B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑŋɭi B – Dumadie 3 ɖɑdo B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑŋguɭi B – Madhupur 1 ɐŋkiɖi B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑŋkuɽ B – Munduy 1 ʌŋgiɖi B – Podadiha 3 ɖɑɖo B/M – Udala 2 kɐʈuʔu M – Chalagi 2 kɑʈu M – Dictionary 3 ɖɑɖo M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐŋkʈi M – Jharmunda 1 ɐŋkuɖi H – Dillisore 2 kɑʈup S – Dictionary 2 kəʈuʔp S –Nayarangamotia 1 ɑŋguɭi Oriya (Cuttack)

17. fingernail

3 nokhʌ B – Baigodia 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Champi 1 sɐɾseɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɑɾsɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 sɐɾɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɐɾsɑɾ B – Munduy 1 sʌɾsʌɾ B – Podadiha 1 sɐɾsɐɾ B/M – Udala 1 sɐɾseɾ M – Chalagi 2 ɾɑmɑ M – Dictionary 1 sɐɾsɐɾ M – Dhungarisai 2 ɾɑmɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sɐɾɑɾ H – Dillisore 2 ti ɾɑmɑ S – Dictionary 2 ɾəmɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 noːkho Oriya (Cuttack)

18. leg

1 kɑtɑ B – Baigodia

1 kɑtɑ B – Champi 1 kɐʈɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 kɑtɑ B – Dumadie 1 kɑrʈɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 kɐʈɑ B – Madhupur 1 kɐʈɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 kɐʈɑ B – Munduy 1 kʌtɑ B – Podadiha 1 kɑʈɑ B/M – Udala 1 kɐʈɑ M – Chalagi 1 kɑʈɑ M – Dictionary 1 kɑʈɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɐʈɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kɐʈɑ H – Dillisore 2 dʒɑŋgɑ S – Dictionary 2 dʒəŋgɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 gudo Oriya (Cuttack)

19. skin

1 hɑɾtɑ B – Baigodia 2 ũɾ B – Champi 1 hɐɾtɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hɑɾtɑ B – Dumadie 2 ũɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɑɾtɑ B – Madhupur 1 hɐɾtɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 uɾ B – Munduy 1 hʌɾtɑ B – Podadiha 1 hɐɾtɑ B/M – Udala 2 uɾ M – Chalagi 1 hɑɾtɑ M – Dictionary 2 ũɾ 1 hɐɾtɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 uhuɾ M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 hɑɾtɑ S – Dictionary 1 hɐɾtɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 tʃɑɾəmõ Oriya (Cuttack)

20. bone

1 dʒɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 dʒɑŋ B – Champi 1 dʒɐŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒɑŋ B – Dumadie 1 dʒɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɑŋ B – Madhupur 1 dʒɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒɑŋ B – Munduy 1 dʒɑŋ B – Podadiha 1 dʒɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 dʒɐŋ M – Chalagi 1 dʒɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 dʒɑŋ M – Dhungarisai

33

1 dʒɑŋ M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 dʒɑŋ S – Dictionary 1 dʒɑŋ S Nayarangamotia 2 hɑːdo Oriya (Cuttack)

21. heart

0 no entry B – Baigodia 2 mɑjʌm oɖɑʔ B – Champi 1 dʒibon B – Dighinuasahi 5 mʌjʌm kundi B – Dumadie 2 mɑjɑm oɽɑ B Ladhiramsai 5 mɑjɐm kundi B – Madhupur 3 kɔldʒɑ B – Mohuldiha 3 kɔldʒɑ B – Munduy 2 mɑjɑm oɖɑʔ B – Podadiha 6 mɐjɐm bhundɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 dʒibon M – Chalagi 1 dʒi M –Dictionary 4 bukɑ 6 mɐjɐm bhundɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 3 kɔldʒɑ M Jharmunda 1 dʒibɔn H – Dillisore 4 boko S – Dictionary 7 ontoɾ 3 kɔldʒɑ S Nayarangamotia 8 həɾudɑio Oriya (Cuttack)

22. blood

1 mɑjʌm B – Baigodia 1 mɑjʌm B – Champi 1 mɐjɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑjʌm B – Dumadie 1 mɑjʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɑjɐm B – Madhupur 1 mɐjɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐjɔm B – Munduy 1 mʌjʌm B – Podadiha 1 mɑjɐm B/M – Udala 1 mɐjɔm M – Chalagi 1 mɑjom M – Dictionary 2 ɾokot 1 mɑjɐm M – Dhungarisai 1 mɐjɔm M – Jharmunda 1 mɐjɐm H – Dillisore 1 mɑjɑm S – Dictionary 1 mɑjɑm S –Nayarangamotia 2 ɾɑkto Oriya (Cuttack)

23. urine

1 duki B – Baigodia 2 dʌɖo B – Champi 3 nono B – Dighinuasahi 2 dʌdʌ B – Dumadie

1 duki B – Ladhiramsai 2 dɐdɐ B – Madhupur 2 ɖoɖo B – Mohuldiha 1 ɖuki B – Munduy 0 no entry B – Podadiha 2 dɐɖo B/M – Udala 1 ɖuki M – Chalagi 1 ɖuki M – Dictionary 2 ɖoɖo 2 dɐɖo M – Dhungarisai 1 ɖukidɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 ɖuki H – Dillisore 4 ɑɖoeɑk S – Dictionary 0 no entry S –Nayarangamotia 5 mutto Oriya (Cuttack)

24. feces

2 dʒɦʌɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 iːiʔ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 eʔ B – Dumadie 1 iʔi B – Ladhiramsai 1 iʔi B – Madhupur 1 iʔ B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Munduy 1 iʔi B – Podadiha 1 iʔi B/M – Udala 1 iʔ M – Chalagi 1 eee M – Dictionary 3 idʒɦ 1 iʔi M – Dhungarisai 1 iʔ M – Jharmunda 1 iʔiʔ H – Dillisore 2 dʒidʒɑ S – Dictionary 3 itʃʔ 0 no entry S –Nayarangamotia 2 dʒɑɽɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

25. village

1 hɑtu B – Baigodia 1 hʌtu B – Champi 1 hɐtu B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌtu B – Dumadie 1 hɑtu B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɐtu B – Madhupur 1 hɐtu B – Mohuldiha 1 hɐtu B – Munduy 1 hʌtu B – Podadiha 1 hɑtu B/M – Udala 1 hɐtu M – Chalagi 1 hɑtu M – Dictionary 2 ɖi 1 hɑtu M – Dhungarisai

34

1 hɐtu M – Jharmunda 1 hɐtu H – Dillisore 1 ɑto S – Dictionary 1 ɑtu S –Nayarangamotia 3 gɾɑːmõ Oriya (Cuttack)

26. house

1 oɖɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 oɖɑʔ B – Champi 1 ɔɽɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 oɖʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 oɽɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 oɖɑʔ B – Madhupur 1 ɔɽɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɔɽɑ B – Munduy 1 oɖɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 1 oɖɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 ɔɽɑ M – Chalagi 1 oɽɑ M – Dictionary 1 oɖɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɔɽɑ M – Jharmunda 2 ʋɑɑʔ 2 ʋɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 oɾɑk S – Dictionary 1 ɔɖɑ S –Nayarangamotia 3 gɦoɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

27. roof

4 dɑbeɑ B – Baigodia 1 sʌɖʌmi B – Champi 1 sɑɖimɑ B – Dighinuasahi 3 dɑlʌb B – Dumadie 1 sɑɾimɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sedmi B – Madhupur 6 mutuɭ B – Mohuldiha 2 tʃɐntɑi B – Munduy 1 sʌɖimi ted B – Podadiha 1 sɑɾimɑ B/M – Udala 1 sɑɽmi M – Chalagi 1 sɑɽɑmi M – Dictionary 2 tʃɑt M – Dhungarisai 5 khɐpɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sidimɑ H – Dillisore 2 tʃɑl S – Dictionary 1 sɛɖim S –Nayarangamotia 2 tʃhɑːto Oriya (Cuttack)

28. door

2 silipiŋ B – Baigodia 1 tɑti B – Champi 2 silpiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʌti B – Dumadie 2 silpiŋ B – Ladhiramsai

1 tɐti B – Madhupur 3 duʋɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 ʈɐʈi B – Munduy 1 tɑti B – Podadiha 3 duɑɾ B/M – Udala 3 duʋɑɾ M – Chalagi 3 duɑɾ M – Dictionary 3 duɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 ʈɐʈɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ʈɐʈi H – Dillisore 2 silpiŋ S – Dictionary 4 kɑpɑt 2 silpiŋ S –Nayarangamotia 4 kɔbɑtɔ Oriya (Cuttack)

29. firewood

1 sɑːn B – Baigodia 1 sɑn B – Champi 1 sɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑhʌn B – Dumadie 1 sɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɑhɑn B – Madhupur 1 dʒulsɐhɑn B – Mohuldiha 1 sɑn B – Munduy 1 sɑn B – Podadiha 1 sɑhɑn B/M – Udala 1 sɑn M – Chalagi 1 sɑhɑn M – Dictionary 1 sɑhɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐhɐn M – Jharmunda 1 sɑn H – Dillisore 1 sɑhɑn S – Dictionary 1 sɐhɑn S –Nayarangamotia 2 kɑːto Oriya (Cuttack)

30. broom

1 dʒonoʔo B – Baigodia 1 dʒonoʔ B – Champi 1 dʒɔno B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒonoʔ B – Dumadie 1 dʒonoʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɔno B – Madhupur 1 dʒɔno B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒɔno B – Munduy 1 dʒonoʔo B – Podadiha 1 dʒonoʔ B/M – Udala 1 dʒɔnoʔ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 dʒonoʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒɔnooʔ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒɔno H – Dillisore 1 dʒonok S – Dictionary 1 dʒəno S –Nayarangamotia

35

3 tʃɑntʃoni Oriya (Cuttack)

31. mortar

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖdiɾi B – Champi 2 tʃɐki B – Dighinuasahi 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖdiɾi B – Dumadie 1 sʌsɑŋɾɪɖdiɾi B Ladhiramsai 1 ɾiɾit dhiɾi B – Madhupur 1 ɾiʔdiɾi B – Mohuldiha 1 sɐsɑŋɾiʔdiɾi B – Munduy 1 ɾɪɖdiɾi B – Podadiha 1 sʌsɑŋ 3 sil 1 sɑsɑŋɾeʔd dhiɾi B/M – Udala 1 sɐsɑŋɾiʔdiɾi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M –Dictionary 1 sɑsɑŋɾeʔd dhiɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 tʃɐki M – Jharmunda 4 guɖgu H – Dillisore 5 kɑndi S – Dictionary 6 ukhuɾ 2 tʃɐki S –Nayarangamotia 3 siɭɔ Oriya (Cuttack) 7 kottuni

32. pestle

1 gudgu B – Baigodia 3 hone diɾi B – Champi 2 tʃɐki B – Dighinuasahi 3 hone dɦiɾi B – Dumadie 1 goɾgi diɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 guɖgu diɾi B – Madhupur 1 guɖgudiɾi B – Mohuldiha 3 ɔne diɾi B – Munduy 1 guɖugu diɾi B – Podadiha 1 gudgi dhiɾi B/M – Udala 1 guɖgudiɾi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M –Dictionary 1 gudgi dhiɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 tʃɐki M – Jharmunda 1 guɖgudiɾi H – Dillisore 4 tok S – Dictionary 5 dɦusɾɑ 2 tʃɐki S Nayarangamotia 6 pothoɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

33. hammer

1 mɑɾtul B – Baigodia 1 mɑɾtul B – Champi 2 koʈɑsi B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑɾtul B – Dumadie

1 mɑɾtuɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɐɾtul B – Madhupur 1 mɑɾtul B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐɾtul B – Munduy 1 mɑɾtud B – Podadiha 2 kutuɾi kotɑs B/M – Udala 2 koʈɑsi M – Chalagi 2 kuʈɑsi M – Dictionary 3 hɑtɑoɽi 2 kutuɾi kotɑs M – Dhungarisai 1 mɑɾtul M – Jharmunda 1 mɐɾtul H – Dillisore 1 mɑɾtul S – Dictionary 2 kutɑsi 2 kuʈɛsi S –Nayarangamotia 3 hɑtuɖi Oriya (Cuttack)

34. knife

1 tʃhuɾi B – Baigodia 1 tʃhuɾi B – Champi 1 tʃuɾi B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃhuɾi B – Dumadie 1 tʃuɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃhuɾi B – Madhupur 1 tʃuɾi B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃuɾi B – Munduy 1 tʃhuɾi B – Podadiha 3 puŋki 1 tʃhuɾi B/M – Udala 2 kɐtu M – Chalagi 2 kʌtu M – Dictionary 1 tʃhuɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 kɐtu M – Jharmunda 2 kɐtu H – Dillisore 1 tʃhuɾi S – Dictionary 1 tʃuɾi S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃhuɾi Oriya (Cuttack)

35. axe

2 hɑke B – Baigodia 3 boɖiɑ B – Champi 2 hɐke (small) B – Dighinuasahi 3 boɖiɑ B – Dumadie 2 hɑke B – Ladhiramsai 3 boɖiɑ B – Madhupur 3 bɔɖɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 hɐke (small) B – Munduy 3 boɖejɑ B – Podadiha 2 hɑke B/M – Udala 2 hɐke (small) M – Chalagi 2 hɔɽɑmhɑke (big) 4 kɑpi M – Dictionary 2 hɑke M – Dhungarisai

36

2 hɐke (small) M – Jharmunda 2 hɐke (small) H – Dillisore 1 tɑŋgu S – Dictionary 5 potɑm 1 ʈɐŋkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 tɑŋgiːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

36. rope

1 bɑjɑɾ B – Baigodia 1 bɑjɑɾ B – Champi 2 bɐɾɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑbeɾ B – Dumadie 1 bɑijɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑbeɾ B – Madhupur 1 bɐbeɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 bɐjɛɾ B – Munduy 1 bɑbeɾ B – Podadiha 1 bɑjɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 bɑjɑɾ M – Chalagi 3 boɽ M – Dictionary 1 bɑjɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑibɑɾ M – Jharmunda 1 bɐjɛɾ H – Dillisore 1 bɑhɑɾi S – Dictionary 2 bɑhɑɾi 3 boɽ 1 bɐbɛɾ S – Nayarangamotia 4 dowudi Oriya (Cuttack)

37. thread

1 sutɑm B – Baigodia 1 sutem B – Champi 1 sutɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 sutem B – Dumadie 1 sutʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 sutem B – Madhupur 1 sutɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 sutɑm B – Munduy 1 sutem B – Podadiha 1 sutɑm B/M – Udala 1 sutɑm M – Chalagi 1 sutɑm M – Dictionary 1 sutɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 sutɑm M – Jharmunda 1 sutɛm H – Dillisore 1 sutɑm S – Dictionary 1 sutɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 suːtɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

38. needle

1 sui B – Baigodia 1 susi B – Champi

1 sui B – Dighinuasahi 1 sui B – Dumadie 1 sui B – Ladhiramsai 1 sui B – Madhupur 1 sui B – Mohuldiha 1 susi B – Munduy 1 susi B – Podadiha 1 sui B/M – Udala 1 sui M – Chalagi 1 sui M – Dictionary 1 sui M – Dhungarisai 1 sui M – Jharmunda 2 sudʒe H – Dillisore 1 sui S – Dictionary 1 sui S – Nayarangamotia 2 sũnːtʃi Oriya (Cuttack)

39. cloth

1 kitʃiɾi B – Baigodia 5 ulu B – Champi 1 kitʃiɾ B – Dighinuasahi 4 tieŋ B – Dumadie 1 kitʃɪɾ B – Ladhiramsai 4 tieŋ B – Madhupur 5 hulu B – Mohuldiha 5 hulu B – Munduy 4 tijʌŋ B – Podadiha 1 kitʃiɾi B/M – Udala 2 lidʒɑʔ M – Chalagi 1 kitʃɾi M – Dictionary 2 lidʒɑ 3 lugɑ 1 kitʃiɾi M – Dhungarisai 2 lidʒɑ M – Jharmunda 2 lidʒe H – Dillisore 1 kitʃɾitʃ S – Dictionary 3 lugɾi 3 luguɖi S – Nayarangamotia 3 luːgɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

40. ring

1 mudɑm B – Baigodia 1 mudʌm B – Champi 3 pɔlɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mudem B – Dumadie 1 muldʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 mudem B – Madhupur 1 mudɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 mudɑm B – Munduy 1 muɲdem B – Podadiha 3 polɑ B/M – Udala 1 mudɑm M – Chalagi 3 polɑ M – Dictionary

37

3 polɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 mudɑm M – Jharmunda 3 pɔlɑ H – Dillisore 1 mundɑm S – Dictionary 1 mudɐm S – Nayarangamotia 2 muɖi Oriya (Cuttack)

41. sun

1 siŋgi B – Baigodia 1 siŋgi B – Champi 1 siŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 siŋgi B – Dumadie 1 siŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 1 siŋgi B – Madhupur 1 siŋki B – Mohuldiha 1 siŋki B – Munduy 1 siŋgi B – Podadiha 1 siŋgi B/M – Udala 1 siŋgi M – Chalagi 1 siŋgi M – Dictionary 1 siŋgi M – Dhungarisai 1 siŋki M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 2 sin tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 2 tʃɑnto S – Nayarangamotia 4 beɭɑ 3 sudʒo Oriya (Cuttack)

42. moon

1 tʃɑndu B – Baigodia 1 tʃʌdup B – Champi 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃɑdub B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑndu B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɑndu B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃɑnʈu B – Munduy 1 tʃɑndupʔ B – Podadiha 1 tʃɑndu B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑnʈuuʔ M – Chalagi 1 tʃɑndu M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑndu M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɑnʈu M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 1 nɪndɑ tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑnto S – Nayarangamotia 2 dʒɑnhɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

43. sky

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 siɾmɑ B – Champi 1 siɾmɑ B – Dighinuasahi

1 siɾmɑ B – Dumadie 1 siɾmɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 siɾmɑ B – Madhupur 1 siɾmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 siɾmɑ B – Munduy 1 siɾmʌ B – Podadiha 1 siɾmɑ B/M – Udala 1 siɾmɑ M – Chalagi 1 siɾmɑ M – Dictionary 1 siɾmɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 siɾmɑ M – Jharmunda 1 siɾme H – Dillisore 1 seɾmʌ S – Dictionary 1 seɾmɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑkɑsɑu Oriya (Cuttack)

44. star

1 ipil B – Baigodia 1 ipil B – Champi 1 ipil B – Dighinuasahi 1 ipil B – Dumadie 1 ipil B – Ladhiramsai 1 ipil B – Madhupur 1 ipil B – Mohuldiha 1 ipil B – Munduy 1 ipil B – Podadiha 1 ipil B/M – Udala 1 ipil M – Chalagi 1 ipil M – Dictionary 1 ipil M – Dhungarisai 1 ipil M – Jharmunda 1 ipil H – Dillisore 1 ipil S – Dictionary 1 ipil S – Nayarangamotia 2 tɑɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

45. rain

1 gɑmɑ B – Baigodia 1 gʌmɑ B – Champi 1 gɑmɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɑmɑ B – Dumadie 1 gɔmʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɐmɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɑmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɑmɑ B – Munduy 1 gʌmɑ B – Podadiha 1 dɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ B/M – Udala 2 dɑʔɑʔ 2 dɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ 2 dɑʔɑʔ M – Chalagi 3 dʒɑɾgi M – Dictionary 1 dɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ M Dhungarisai 2 dɑʔɑʔ

38

2 dɑʔɑʔ gɑmɑ 2 dɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 gɐmɑ H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 2 dɑ S – Nayarangamotia 4 boɾosɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

46. water

1 dɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 dɑʔ B – Champi 1 dɑʔɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dɑʔ B – Dumadie 1 dɑʔʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɑʔ B – Madhupur 1 dɑʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 dɑ B – Munduy 1 dɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 1 dɑʔɑ B/M – Udala 1 dɑʔɑʔ M – Chalagi 1 dɑ M – Dictionary 1 dɑʔɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dɑʔɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 dɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 dɑk S – Dictionary 1 dɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 pɑni Oriya (Cuttack)

47. river

1 gɑɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 gʌɖɑ B – Champi 1 gɐɖɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 gɑɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 gɑɖʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɑɖɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɐɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɐɖɑ B – Munduy 1 gʌdɑ B – Podadiha 1 gɑɖɑ B/M – Udala 1 gɑɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɑɖɑ M – Dictionary 1 gɑɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 nɑi M – Jharmunda 1 gɐɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 gɑɖɑ S – Dictionary 1 gɐɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 nədi Oriya (Cuttack)

48. cloud

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 ɾembil B – Champi 1 ɾimɑl B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾemil B – Dumadie

1 rɛmbʔɪl B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾemil B – Madhupur 1 ɾimbɪl B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾimil B – Munduy 1 ɾimil B – Podadiha 1 ɾimil B/M – Udala 1 ɾimbil M – Chalagi 1 ɾimil M – Dictionary 1 ɾimbil M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾimil M – Jharmunda 1 ɾimil H – Dillisore 1 ɾimil S – Dictionary 2 lɑhɾɑ 3 ɾəblɑ S – Nayarangamotia 4 megɦo Oriya (Cuttack)

49. lightning

3 gɦʌdɑgɑti B – Baigodia 2 bidʒʌli B – Champi 1 hitʃiɾ B Dighinuasahi 2 bidʒili B – Dumadie 2 bidʒʌlɑu B – Ladhiramsai 2 bidʒli B – Madhupur 2 bidʒili B – Mohuldiha 2 bidʒili B – Munduy 1 itʃiɾ tʌdɑ B – Podadiha 2 bidʒlo 1 hitʃiɾ B/M – Udala 1 hitʃiɾ M – Chalagi 1 hitʃiɾ M – Dictionary 4 ʈheɾ 1 hitʃiɾ M – Dhungarisai 2 bidʒili M – Jharmunda 2 bidʒili H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 2 bidʒili S – Nayarangamotia 2 bidʒuli Oriya (Cuttack)

50. rainbow

0 no entry B – Baigodia 5 ɾɑm dɦʌnus B – Champi 6 kɑlɖʊnɖʊki B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾohoɖbiŋ B – Dumadie 2 bɑndɛlɛlɛʔ B – Ladhiramsai 3 lite B – Madhupur 1 ɾoɖbiŋ B – Mohuldiha 4 nudubiŋ B – Munduy 4 luɲdubiŋ B – Podadiha 5 ɾɑm diluɑn B/M – Udala 2 bɑnɖɑsike M – Chalagi 4 lʊhʊɾbiŋ 2 bɑɳɖɑlele M – Dictionary 7 tʃɑndil M – Dhungarisai

39

4 lʊhʊɾbiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾuɭbiŋoŋ H – Dillisore 3 liʈɑ ɑʔk S – Dictionary 3 liʈə S – Nayarangamotia 8 inɖɾoɖɑnɑsə Oriya (Cuttack)

51. wind

1 hʌjʌ B – Baigodia 1 hʌjo B – Champi 1 hojo B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌjʌ B – Dumadie 1 hojo B – Ladhiramsai 1 hojo B – Madhupur 1 hojo B – Mohuldiha 1 hojo B – Munduy 1 hojo B – Podadiha 1 hojɑ B/M – Udala 1 hojo M – Chalagi 1 hojo M – Dictionary 1 hojɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hojo M – Jharmunda 1 ɔjo H – Dillisore 1 hoe S – Dictionary 1 hoi S – Nayarangamotia 2 dʒɦoɾɑkɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

52. stone

1 diɾi B – Baigodia 1 diɾi B – Champi 1 diɾi B – Dighinuasahi 1 dɦiɾi B – Dumadie 1 diɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɦiɾi B – Madhupur 1 diɾi B – Mohuldiha 1 diɾi B – Munduy 1 diɾi B – Podadiha 1 dɦiɾi B/M – Udala 1 diɾi M – Chalagi 1 diɾi M – Dictionary 1 dɦiɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 diɾi M – Jharmunda 1 diɾi H – Dillisore 1 dɦiɾi S – Dictionary 1 diɾi S – Nayarangamotia 2 pəthəɾə Oriya (Cuttack)

53. path

1 hoɾɑ B – Baigodia 1 hoɾen B – Champi 1 hoɾɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hoɾeŋ B – Dumadie 1 hoɾɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hoɾen B – Madhupur

1 hoɾeŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 hoɾeŋ B – Munduy 1 hoɾen B – Podadiha 1 hoɽɑ B/M – Udala 1 hɔɾɑ M – Chalagi 1 hoɾɑ M – Dictionary 1 hoɽɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 hɔɾɑ H – Dillisore 1 hoɾ S – Dictionary 2 sesɑ 1 hoɾ S – Nayarangamotia 2 sesɑ 3 rɑstɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack) 4 bɑto

54. sand

1 gitil B – Baigodia 1 gitil B – Champi 1 gitil B – Dighinuasahi 1 gitil B – Dumadie 1 gitil B – Ladhiramsai 1 gitil B – Madhupur 1 gitil B – Mohuldiha 1 gitil B – Munduy 1 gitil B – Podadiha 1 gitil B/M – Udala 1 gitil M – Chalagi 1 gitil M – Dictionary 1 gitil M – Dhungarisai 1 gitil M – Jharmunda 1 gitil H – Dillisore 1 gitil S – Dictionary 2 bɑli S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɑɭi Oriya (Cuttack)

55. fire

1 seŋgel B – Baigodia 1 seŋgel B – Champi 1 sɛŋkel B – Dighinuasahi 1 seŋgel B – Dumadie 1 sɪŋgel B – Ladhiramsai 1 seŋgel B – Madhupur 1 sɛŋkel B – Mohuldiha 1 sɛŋkɛl B – Munduy 1 seŋgel B – Podadiha 1 seŋgel B/M – Udala 1 sɛŋkel M – Chalagi 1 seŋgel M – Dictionary 1 seŋgel M – Dhungarisai 1 sɛŋkel M – Jharmunda 1 sɛŋkɛl H – Dillisore 1 seŋgel S – Dictionary

40

1 sɛŋkel S – Nayarangamotia 2 nĩːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

56. smoke

1 sukul B – Baigodia 1 sukul B – Champi 1 sukul B – Dighinuasahi 1 sukul B – Dumadie 1 sukuɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sukul B – Madhupur 1 sukul B – Mohuldiha 1 sukul B – Munduy 1 sukul B – Podadiha 1 sukul B/M – Udala 1 sukul M – Chalagi 1 sukul M – Dictionary 3 dɦuŋgiɑ 1 sukul M – Dhungarisai 1 sukul M – Jharmunda 4 mɔʔoʔ H – Dillisore 2 dɦũɑ S – Dictionary 3 dɦuŋgiɑ 2 dũɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 dɦuɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

57. ash

1 tʌɾe B – Baigodia 1 toɾetʔ B – Champi 1 tɔɾoj B – Dighinuasahi 1 toɾʌʔt B – Dumadie 1 toɾoʔɛ B – Ladhiramsai 1 toɾɐt B – Madhupur 1 tɔɾoj B – Mohuldiha 1 tɔɾoj B – Munduy 1 toɾodʒʔ B – Podadiha 1 tɐɾneʔ B/M – Udala 1 tɔɾoʔe M – Chalagi 1 toɾoe M – Dictionary 1 tɐɾneʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 tɔɾe M – Jharmunda 1 tɔɾoj H – Dillisore 1 toɾotʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 tɔɾoj S – Nayarangamotia 2 pɑusə Oriya (Cuttack)

58. mud

1 lʌsʌʔʌ B – Baigodia 2 kɑdʌm B – Champi 3 hɐsɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 losoʔn B – Dumadie 1 losʌdʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɐsɐt B – Madhupur 1 lɔso B – Mohuldiha

1 lɔsot. B – Munduy 1 losod B – Podadiha 2 kɑdom 1 losɐɐʔ B/M – Udala 1 lɔsot. M – Chalagi 1 losod M – Dictionary 1 losɐɐʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɔso M – Jharmunda 1 lɔsot. H – Dillisore 1 losot S – Dictionary 3 hɐsɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 kɑduə Oriya (Cuttack)

59. dust

1 dɦuɽɑ B – Baigodia 1 dɦuɽɑ B – Champi 1 duɖɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dɦuɭʌ B – Dumadie 1 duɽɑʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɦule B – Madhupur 3 gitil B – Mohuldiha 1 duɖɑ B – Munduy 1 duɖe B – Podadiha 1 dhulɑ B/M – Udala 1 dɑuɖɑ M – Chalagi 2 gɑɾdɑ M – Dictionary 1 dhulɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 gunɖɑ M – Jharmunda 1 duɭi H – Dillisore 1 dɦuɾi S – Dictionary 1 duɖi S – Nayarangamotia 1 dɦuɭi Oriya (Cuttack)

60. gold

1 sonɑ B – Baigodia 1 sonɑ B – Champi 2 sɐmɔŋɔm B – Dighinuasahi 1 sonɑ B – Dumadie 2 sɑməɽom B – Ladhiramsai 1 sonɑ B – Madhupur 1 sɔnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɔnɑ B – Munduy 1 sonɑ B – Podadiha 1 sunɑ B/M – Udala 1 sɔnɑ M – Chalagi 2 sɑmɽom M – Dictionary 1 sunɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɔnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sɔnɑ H – Dillisore 1 sonɑ S – Dictionary 2 sɑmɑɾom 1 sunɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 sunːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

41

61. tree

1 dɑɾu B – Baigodia 1 dɑɾu B – Champi 1 dɑɾu B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʌɾu B – Dumadie 1 dɑɾu B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɐɾu B – Madhupur 1 dɐɾu B – Mohuldiha 1 dɑɾu B – Munduy 1 dɑɾi B – Podadiha 1 dɑɾu B/M – Udala 1 dɑɾu M – Chalagi 1 dɑɾu M – Dictionary 1 dɑɾu M – Dhungarisai 1 dɑɾu M – Jharmunda 1 dɑɾu H – Dillisore 1 dɑɾe S – Dictionary 1 dɐɾe S – Nayarangamotia 2 gətʃhə Oriya (Cuttack)

62. leaf

1 sɑkɑm B – Baigodia 1 sikɑm B – Champi 1 sɐkɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 sikɑm B – Dumadie 1 sɑkʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 sekɑm B – Madhupur 1 sikɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 sikɑm B – Munduy 1 sikʌm B – Podadiha 1 sɑkɑm B/M – Udala 1 sɐkɑm M – Chalagi 1 sɑkɑm M – Dictionary 1 sɑkɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐkɑm M – Jharmunda 1 sɐkɐm H – Dillisore 1 sɑkɑm S – Dictionary 1 sɐkɑm S – Nayarangamotia 2 potɾo Oriya (Cuttack)

63. root

1 ɾeʔn B – Baigodia 1 ɾeʔt B – Champi 1 ɾeʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾeheʔt B – Dumadie 1 rɛdʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾehet B – Madhupur 1 ɾeʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾeʔɽ B – Munduy 1 ɾedʔ B – Podadiha 1 ɾeʔt B/M – Udala

1 ɾeʔ M – Chalagi 2 dʒeɾ M – Dictionary 1 ɾeʔt M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾeʔheʔ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾeʔɽ 2 tʃɛɾoɾeʔ H – Dillisore 1 ɾehetʔ S – Dictionary 1 ɾehet S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃeɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

64. thorn

1 dʒɑnum B – Baigodia 1 dʒɑnum B – Champi 1 dʒɐnum B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒʌnum B – Dumadie 1 dʒɑnum B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɐnum B – Madhupur 1 dʒɐnum B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒɐnum B – Munduy 1 dʒɑnum B – Podadiha 1 dʒɑnum B/M – Udala 1 dʒɑnum M – Chalagi 1 dʒɑnum M – Dictionary 1 dʒɑnum M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒɐnum M – Jharmunda 1 dʒɐnum H – Dillisore 1 dʒɑnum S – Dictionary 1 dʒɛnum S – Nayarangamotia 2 kontɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

65. flower

1 boʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 bɑhɑ B – Champi 1 bɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bʌhɑ B – Dumadie 1 bɑː B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 bɐhɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 bɑ B – Munduy 1 bɑhɑ B – Podadiha 1 bɑhɑ B/M – Udala 1 bɐhɑ M – Chalagi 1 bɑhɑ M – Dictionary 1 bɑhɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 bɐhɑ M – Jharmunda 1 bɑ H – Dillisore 1 bɑhɑ S – Dictionary 1 bɐhɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 phulo Oriya (Cuttack)

66. fruit

1 dʒʌʔo B – Baigodia

42

1 dʒo B – Champi 1 dʒo B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒʌ B – Dumadie 1 dʒo B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒɐ B – Madhupur 1 dʒo B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒo B – Munduy 1 dʒo B – Podadiha 1 dʒoʔ B/M – Udala 1 dʒo M – Chalagi 1 dʒo M – Dictionary 1 dʒoʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒo M – Jharmunda 1 dʒo H – Dillisore 1 dʒo S – Dictionary 1 dʒo S – Nayarangamotia 2 pholo Oriya (Cuttack)

67. mango

1 uli B – Baigodia 1 uli B – Champi 1 uli B – Dighinuasahi 1 uli B – Dumadie 1 uli B – Ladhiramsai 1 uli B – Madhupur 1 uli B – Mohuldiha 1 uli B – Munduy 1 uli B – Podadiha 1 uɭi B/M – Udala 1 uli M – Chalagi 1 uli M – Dictionary 1 uɭi M – Dhungarisai 1 uli M – Jharmunda 1 uli H – Dillisore 1 ul S – Dictionary 1 uɭ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑmbo Oriya (Cuttack)

68. banana

1 kɑdɑlɑ B – Baigodia 1 kɑdɑl B – Champi 1 kɐdɑɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 kʌdɑl B – Dumadie 1 kʌdʌlɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 kɐdɐɭ B – Madhupur 1 kɐdɐɭ B – Mohuldiha 1 kɐdɐɭ B – Munduy 1 kɑdɑl B – Podadiha 1 kɐdɑɭɑ B/M – Udala 1 kɐdɐɭ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 kɐdɑɭɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɑdɛɭ M – Jharmunda

1 kɐdɐɭ H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 kɑiɾɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 kodoli Oriya (Cuttack)

69. wheat

1 gʌm B – Baigodia 1 gʌhʌm B – Champi 1 gɔhɔmo B – Dighinuasahi 1 gʌhʌm B – Dumadie 1 gohom B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɐhɐm B – Madhupur 1 gɔlɔm B – Mohuldiha 1 gom B – Munduy 1 gohom B – Podadiha 1 gohom B/M – Udala 1 gɔhɔm M – Chalagi 1 gohom M – Dictionary 1 gohom M – Dhungarisai 1 gɔhɔmo M – Jharmunda 1 gom H – Dillisore 1 guhum S – Dictionary 1 gomo S – Nayarangamotia 1 gohomõ Oriya (Cuttack)

70. millet

3 dʒʌndʒɑdɑ B – Baigodia 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Champi 6 tɐɾbudʒ B Dighinuasahi 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Dumadie 1 gʌŋgɑi B Ladhiramsai 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Madhupur 2 dʒɑne B – Mohuldiha 2 dʒɔnɑɾi B – Munduy 1 gʌŋgɑi B – Podadiha 1 gɑngɑi B/M – Udala 1 gɐŋgɑ M – Chalagi 5 kode M – Dictionary 1 gɑngɑi M – Dhungarisai 2 dʒɔnehɐɾ M – Jharmunda 7 gɛlɛgengɛi H – Dillisore 4 gundli S – Dictionary 0 no entry S – Nayarangamotia 0 no entry Oriya (Cuttack)

71. rice

1 tʃʌuli B – Baigodia 1 tʃʌuli B – Champi 1 tʃɑʋuli B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃʌuli B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑuli B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɐuli B – Madhupur

43

1 tʃɑuli B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃɑuli B – Munduy 1 tʃɑuli B – Podadiha 2 mɑɳɖi B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑʋuli M – Chalagi 1 tʃɑuli M – Dictionary 2 mɑɳɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɑuli M – Jharmunda 1 tʃɑuli H – Dillisore 1 tʃɑoli S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑʋele S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃɑwuɭo Oriya (Cuttack)

72. potato

2 sɑŋgɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɑlu B – Champi 2 sɐŋkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 golɑɭui B – Dumadie 1 ɑlu B – Ladhiramsai 2 sɑŋgɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɑlu B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑlu B – Munduy 1 golɑɭu B – Podadiha 2 sɑŋgɑ 2 sɑŋgɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑlu M – Chalagi 1 ɑlu M – Dictionary 2 sɑŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑlu M – Jharmunda 1 ɑlu H – Dillisore 1 ɑlu S – Dictionary 1 ɑlu S – Nayarangamotia 1 ɑɭu Oriya (Cuttack)

73. eggplant

1 bejgɑdɑ B – Baigodia 1 biŋgɑd B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 biŋgɑɭ B – Dumadie 1 biŋgəɽɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 beŋgɑd B – Madhupur 0 no entry B – Mohuldiha 1 bɛŋgɑɽ B – Munduy 1 biŋgɑd B – Podadiha 1 biŋgɑd B/M – Udala 1 bɛŋgɑɖɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 biŋgɑd M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 biŋkɑ H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 0 no entry S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑiŋgoɳõ Oriya (Cuttack)

74. groundnut

1 bɑdɑm B – Baigodia 1 bʌdɑm B – Champi 1 bɐdɑm B – Dighinuasahi 1 bʌdɑm B – Dumadie 1 bʌdʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑdɑm B – Madhupur 1 bɐdɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 bedɑm B – Munduy 1 bɑdɑm B – Podadiha 1 bɑdɑm B/M – Udala 1 bɐdɑm M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 bɑdɑm M – Dhungarisai 2 muɸuli M – Jharmunda 1 bɐdɐm H – Dillisore 1 bɑdɑm S – Dictionary 1 bedɑm S – Nayarangamotia 1 tʃinbɑdɑm Oriya (Cuttack)

75. chili

1 muɾtʃi B – Baigodia 1 muɾtʃi B – Champi 1 muɾtʃi B – Dighinuasahi 1 muɾtʃi B – Dumadie 1 muɾtʃi B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɐɾtʃi B – Madhupur 1 muɾtʃi B – Mohuldiha 1 muɾtʃi B – Munduy 1 muɾtʃi B – Podadiha 1 moɽtʃi B/M – Udala 1 mɐɾtʃi M – Chalagi 1 mɑɾtʃi M – Dictionary 1 moɽtʃi M – Dhungarisai 1 mɐɾtʃi M – Jharmunda 1 mɐɾtʃi H – Dillisore 1 mɑɾitʃ S – Dictionary 1 mɛɾitʃ S – Nayarangamotia 1 məɾitʃə Oriya (Cuttack)

76. turmeric

1 sɑsɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Champi 1 sɐsɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sʌsʌŋ B – Dumadie 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐsɐŋ B – Madhupur 1 sɐsɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɐsɑn B – Munduy 1 sʌsɑŋ B – Podadiha 1 sɐsɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Chalagi

44

1 sɑsɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɐsɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 sɐsɑŋ H – Dillisore 1 sɑsɑŋ S – Dictionary 1 sɐsɑn S – Nayarangamotia 2 holidi Oriya (Cuttack)

77. garlic

1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Baigodia 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Champi 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾʌsuŋĩ B – Dumadie 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Madhupur 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾɑsuɳi B – Munduy 1 ɾʌsuni B – Podadiha 1 ɾɑsuɳi B/M – Udala 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Chalagi 1 ɾɑsuni M – Dictionary 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾɑsuɳi M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɐsuiŋ H – Dillisore 1 ɽɑsun S – Dictionary 1 ɾesuɳ S – Nayarangamotia 1 rəsuɳə Oriya (Cuttack)

78. onion

1 piɑdʒu B – Baigodia 1 piɑdʒi B – Champi 1 piɑdʒi B – Dighinuasahi 1 piɑdʒ B – Dumadie 1 pjɑdʒi B – Ladhiramsai 1 piɑdʒ B – Madhupur 1 piɑdʒi B – Mohuldiha 1 piɑdʒi B – Munduy 1 pijɑdʒi B – Podadiha 1 piɑdʒi B/M – Udala 1 piɑdʒu M – Chalagi 1 peɑdʒu M – Dictionary 1 piɑdʒi M – Dhungarisai 1 piɑdʒ M – Jharmunda 1 piɑdʒi H – Dillisore 1 peɑdʒ S – Dictionary 1 piɑdʒ S – Nayarangamotia 1 piɑdʒo Oriya (Cuttack)

79. cauliflower

1 bɑ kobi B – Baigodia 1 bɑhɑ kobi B – Champi 1 bɑkobi B Dighinuasahi

1 bɑhɑ kobi B – Dumadie 1 bɑ kobi B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑhu kobi B – Madhupur 1 bɑhɑkobi B – Mohuldiha 1 bɑkobi B – Munduy 1 bo kobi B – Podadiha 1 bɑ kobi B/M – Udala 1 bɑhɑkobi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 bɑ kobi M – Dhungarisai 1 bɑhɑkobi M – Jharmunda 1 bɑkobi H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 bɑhɑkobi S – Nayarangamotia 2 phul kobi Oriya (Cuttack)

80. tomato

1 bilɑti beŋgedɑ B – Baigodia 1 bilɑti B – Champi 1 bɛlɑti B Dighinuasahi 1 bilɑti B – Dumadie 1 bilɑti B Ladhiramsai 1 bilɑti beŋgɑd B – Madhupur 1 bilɑti B – Mohuldiha 1 bilɑti B – Munduy 1 bilɑti B – Podadiha 1 bilɑti beŋgɑd B/M – Udala 3 dʒolbɐʈɑ M – Chalagi 1 bilɑiti M –Dictionary 1 bilɑti beŋgɑd M Dhungarisai 1 bilɐti M Jharmunda 2 pɐtɐl 1 bilɐti H – Dillisore 0 no entry S – Dictionary 1 bilɑti bɛŋkɑɭ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bilɑti Oriya (Cuttack)

81. cabbage

2 bondɑ kobi B – Baigodia 1 potʌm kopi B – Champi 1 pɔtɔŋkobi B – Dighinuasahi 1 pʌtʌr kobi B – Dumadie 1 pɐʈom kobi B – Ladhiramsai 1 potom kobi B – Madhupur 1 pɔtɔŋkobi B – Mohuldiha 1 pɔtoŋkobi B – Munduy 1 potom kobi B – Podadiha 1 potɐm kobi B/M – Udala 1 pɔtoŋkobi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 potɐm kobi M – Dhungarisai 1 pɔtɔŋkobi M – Jharmunda 1 pɔtɔm kobi H – Dillisore

45

3 kubi ɑɽɑk S – Dictionary 1 pɔtoŋkobi S – Nayarangamotia 2 bəndɦɑ kobi Oriya (Cuttack)

82. oil

1 sunum B – Baigodia 1 sunum B – Champi 1 sunum B – Dighinuasahi 1 sunum B – Dumadie 1 sunum B – Ladhiramsai 1 sunum B – Madhupur 1 sunum B – Mohuldiha 1 sunum B – Munduy 1 sunum B – Podadiha 1 sunum B/M – Udala 1 sunum M – Chalagi 1 sunum M – Dictionary 1 sunum M – Dhungarisai 1 sunum M – Jharmunda 1 sunum H – Dillisore 1 sunum S – Dictionary 1 sunum S – Nayarangamotia 2 telo Oriya (Cuttack)

83. salt

1 buluŋ B – Baigodia 1 buluŋ B – Champi 1 bulum B – Dighinuasahi 1 buluŋ B – Dumadie 1 bʌluŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 buluŋ B – Madhupur 1 bulum B – Mohuldiha 1 buluŋ B – Munduy 1 buluŋ B – Podadiha 1 buluŋ B/M – Udala 1 buluŋ M – Chalagi 1 buluŋ M – Dictionary 1 buluŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 buluŋ M – Jharmunda 1 buluŋ H – Dillisore 1 buluŋ S – Dictionary 1 buluŋ S – Nayarangamotia 2 luɳə Oriya (Cuttack) 3 nũno

84. meat

1 tʃilu B – Baigodia 1 dʒilu B – Champi 1 dʒilu B – Dighinuasahi 1 dzilu B – Dumadie 1 dʒilu B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒilu B – Madhupur

1 dʒilu B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒilu B – Munduy 1 dʒilu B – Podadiha 1 dʒilu B/M – Udala 1 dʒilu M – Chalagi 1 dʒilu M – Dictionary 1 dʒilu M – Dhungarisai 3 mɑs M – Jharmunda 1 dʒilu H – Dillisore 1 beɾel dʒel S – Dictionary 1 dʒel 1 dʒil S – Nayarangamotia 2 mɑŋtso Oriya (Cuttack)

85. fat

1 itil B – Baigodia 1 itil B – Champi 1 itil B – Dighinuasahi 1 itil B – Dumadie 1 itil B – Ladhiramsai 1 itil B – Madhupur 1 itil B – Mohuldiha 1 itil B – Munduy 1 itil B – Podadiha 1 itil B/M – Udala 1 itil M – Chalagi 1 itil M – Dictionary 1 itil M – Dhungarisai 1 itil M – Jharmunda 1 itil H – Dillisore 1 itil S – Dictionary 1 itil S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃəɾbi Oriya (Cuttack)

86. fish

1 hɑi B – Baigodia 1 hɑi B – Champi 1 hɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌi B – Dumadie 1 hɑi B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɐi B – Madhupur 1 hɛi B – Mohuldiha 1 hɑi B – Munduy 1 hei B – Podadiha 1 hɑi B/M – Udala 1 hɑi M – Chalagi 1 hɑi M – Dictionary 1 hɑi M – Dhungarisai 2 hʌku M – Jharmunda 2 hʌku H – Dillisore 2 hɑku S – Dictionary 2 hɛku S – Nayarangamotia 3 mɑːtʃo Oriya (Cuttack)

46

87. chicken

1 sim B – Baigodia 1 sim B – Champi 1 sim B – Dighinuasahi 1 sim B – Dumadie 1 sim B – Ladhiramsai 1 sim B – Madhupur 1 sim B – Mohuldiha 1 sim B – Munduy 1 sim B – Podadiha 1 sim B/M – Udala 1 sim M – Chalagi 1 sim M – Dictionary 1 sim M – Dhungarisai 1 sim M – Jharmunda 1 sim H – Dillisore 1 sim S – Dictionary 1 sim S – Nayarangamotia 2 kukudɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

88. egg

1 petɑɭi B – Baigodia 5 pedʌo B – Champi 1 pɛʈɑɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bitʃʌɭi B – Dumadie 4 ʌndʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 pitheɭu B – Madhupur 1 pɛʈɑɭu B – Mohuldiha 3 bili B – Munduy 1 bitʃɑɖi B – Podadiha 1 petɑɭi B/M – Udala 2 dʒɐɾɔm M – Chalagi 2 dʒɑɾom M – Dictionary 3 bili 1 petɑɭi M – Dhungarisai 2 dʒɐɾɑm M – Jharmunda 2 dʒɐɾɑm H – Dillisore 3 bele S – Dictionary 3 bili S – Nayarangamotia 4 oɳɖɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

89. cow

1 gɑi B – Baigodia 1 gʌi B – Champi 1 gɑj B – Dighinuasahi 1 gʌi B – Dumadie 2 gundi B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɐi B – Madhupur 1 gej B – Mohuldiha 2 gunɖi B – Munduy 1 gei B – Podadiha 3 uɾi

1 gɑi B/M – Udala 1 gɑi M – Chalagi 1 gɑi M – Dictionary 2 gundi 1 gɑi M – Dhungarisai 2 gunɖi M – Jharmunda 3 uɾiiʔ H – Dillisore 1 gɑi S – Dictionary 4 dɑŋgɾi 1 gej S – Nayarangamotia 1 gɑi Oriya (Cuttack)

90. water buffalo

1 keɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 kiɖɑ B – Champi 2 mõs 2 mũisi B – Dighinuasahi 1 kiɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 kɛɖɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 mõisi B – Madhupur 2 mɔisi B – Mohuldiha 1 keɖɑ B – Munduy 1 keɖɑ B – Podadiha 2 mõisi 2 mõisi B/M – Udala 1 keɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 keɖɑ M – Dictionary 4 biɾkeɽɑ 1 keɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɛɖɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kɛɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 kɑɖɑ S – Dictionary 3 bitkil 1 kɐɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 moiːʃɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

91. milk

1 tuwɑ B – Baigodia 1 tuwɑ B – Champi 1 towɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tuɑ B – Dumadie 1 towʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 towɑ B – Madhupur 1 tɔwɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tɔwɑ B – Munduy 1 towɑ B – Podadiha 1 towɑ B/M – Udala 1 tɔwɑ M – Chalagi 1 toɑ M – Dictionary 1 towɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tɔwɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tuwɑ H – Dillisore 1 toɑ S – Dictionary

47

1 towɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 khiɾo Oriya (Cuttack)

92. horns

1 diɾiŋ B – Baigodia 1 diɾiŋ B – Champi 1 diɾiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 diɾiŋ B – Dumadie 1 diɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 diɾiŋ B – Madhupur 1 diɾiŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 diɾiŋ B – Munduy 1 diɾiŋ B – Podadiha 1 diɾiŋ B/M – Udala 1 diɾiŋ M – Chalagi 1 diɾiŋ M – Dictionary 1 diɾiŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 diɾiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 diɾiŋ H – Dillisore 2 siŋgɑ S – Dictionary 3 ɖɑbe 1 dɛɾeɲ S – Nayarangamotia 2 siŋgə Oriya (Cuttack)

93. tail

1 tʃɑʔtlɑm B – Baigodia 1 tʃʌʔtlʌm B – Champi 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑlʌm B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃɑtlɐm B – Madhupur 1 tʃɑʔilom B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃɐʔlom B – Munduy 1 tʃʌʔlom B – Podadiha 1 tʃɑtlɐm B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑʔlom M – Chalagi 1 tʃɑʔlʌm M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑtlɐm M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɐʔlom M – Jharmunda 1 tʃɑʔlom H – Dillisore 2 tʃɑɳɖbol S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑlom S – Nayarangamotia 3 lɑndʒo Oriya (Cuttack)

94. goat

1 meɾɑm B – Baigodia 1 meɾʌm B – Champi 1 meɾɔm B – Dighinuasahi 1 meɾom B – Dumadie 1 meɾom B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɛɾom B – Madhupur 1 meɾɔm B – Mohuldiha

1 mɛɾom B – Munduy 1 meɾʌm B – Podadiha 1 mɛɾom B/M – Udala 1 meɾɔm M – Chalagi 1 meɾom M – Dictionary 1 mɛɾom M – Dhungarisai 1 meɾɔm M – Jharmunda 1 mɛɾɔm H – Dillisore 1 meɾom S – Dictionary 1 mɛɾom S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃheɭi Oriya (Cuttack)

95. dog

1 setɑ B – Baigodia 1 setɑ B – Champi 1 sɛtɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 setɑ B – Dumadie 1 sɛtɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 setɑ B – Madhupur 1 sɛtɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɛtɑ B – Munduy 1 sitɑ B – Podadiha 1 setɑ B/M – Udala 1 setɑ M – Chalagi 1 setɑ M – Dictionary 1 setɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 sɛtɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sitɑ H – Dillisore 1 setɑ S – Dictionary 1 sɛtɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 kukuɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

96. snake

1 biŋ B – Baigodia 1 biŋ B – Champi 1 biŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 biŋ B – Dumadie 1 biŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 biŋ B – Madhupur 1 biɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 biɲ B – Munduy 1 biŋ B – Podadiha 1 biŋ B/M – Udala 1 biŋ M – Chalagi 1 biŋ M – Dictionary 1 biŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 biŋ M – Jharmunda 1 biŋ H – Dillisore 1 bin S – Dictionary 2 kɑl 1 biɲ S – Nayarangamotia 3 sɑpo Oriya (Cuttack)

48

97. monkey

1 gɑɭi B – Baigodia 1 gɑɖi B – Champi 1 gɑɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 gʌɭi B – Dumadie 1 gɑɖi B – Ladhiramsai 2 hɑnumɑn 1 gɐɖi B – Madhupur 2 hɑɳu B – Mohuldiha 0 no entry B – Munduy 1 gɑɖi B – Podadiha 1 gɑɖi B/M – Udala 1 gɑɖi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 gɑɖi M – Dhungarisai 3 sɐɾɑ M – Jharmunda 1 gɑi H – Dillisore 1 gɑɾĩ S – Dictionary 2 heɳu S – Nayarangamotia 4 mɑŋkəɽə Oriya (Cuttack)

98. mosquito

1 sikɳi B – Baigodia 2 luti B – Champi 1 sikiɳi B – Dighinuasahi 1 siknĩ B – Dumadie 1 sɪkəɳi B – Ladhiramsai 1 sikɳi B – Madhupur 2 luʈi B – Mohuldiha 2 luʈi B – Munduy 1 sikiɳi B – Podadiha 1 sikiɳi B/M – Udala 1 sikiɳi M – Chalagi 4 bɦusɽi M – Dictionary 1 sikiɳi M – Dhungarisai 1 sikɳi M – Jharmunda 1 sikiŋ H – Dillisore 1 sikɽĩtʃ S – Dictionary 3 guɖu S – Nayarangamotia 5 motʃhɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

99. ant

1 mũʔi B – Baigodia 1 muːi B – Champi 1 mui B – Dighinuasahi 1 moʔt B – Dumadie 1 mũi B – Ladhiramsai 1 muit B – Madhupur 1 mui B – Mohuldiha 1 mui B – Munduy 1 muiʔ B – Podadiha 1 muʔi B/M – Udala

1 muʔi M – Chalagi 1 mui M – Dictionary 1 muʔi M – Dhungarisai 1 mui M – Jharmunda 1 mũi H – Dillisore 2 mutʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 muɲ S – Nayarangamotia 2 mɑtʃi Oriya (Cuttack)

100. spider

1 bindiɾi B – Baigodia 2 tʌntulɑ B – Champi 1 bintiɾi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bindi B – Dumadie 1 biɲdiɾi B – Ladhiramsai 2 tenttulbɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 bintiɾɑm B – Mohuldiha 2 tɐntulɑ B – Munduy 2 tɑɲtɑle B – Podadiha 1 bindɾi B/M – Udala 1 bintiɾɑm M – Chalagi 1 bindɾɑm M – Dictionary 1 bindɾi M – Dhungarisai 1 bintiɾɑm M – Jharmunda 1 bintiɾɑm H – Dillisore 1 bindi S – Dictionary 1 bintI S – Nayarangamotia 3 buɖɦiɑɳi Oriya (Cuttack)

101. name

1 nutum B – Baigodia 2 numu B – Champi 1 lutum B – Dighinuasahi 2 numu B – Dumadie 1 nutum B – Ladhiramsai 2 numu B – Madhupur 1 nutum B – Mohuldiha 2 numu B – Munduy 2 numu B – Podadiha 1 lutum B/M – Udala 1 nutum M – Chalagi 1 nutum M – Dictionary 2 num 1 lutum M – Dhungarisai 1 nutum M – Jharmunda 1 nutum H – Dillisore 1 nutum S – Dictionary 1 ɲutum S – Nayarangamotia 2 nɑːmɔ Oriya (Cuttack)

49

102. man

1 hɔɽo B – Baigodia 1 hoɖo B – Champi 2 koɖɑhõn B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌɖʌ B – Dumadie 1 hoɽo B – Ladhiramsai 1 hoɖo B – Madhupur 1 hɔɖo B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔɖo B – Munduy 1 hoɖo B – Podadiha 1 hoɖo B/M – Udala 2 koɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 hoɾo M – Dictionary 2 koɾɑ 1 hoɖo M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔɖo M – Jharmunda 1 ho H – Dillisore 1 hoɾ S – Dictionary 1 hoɖ S – Nayarangamotia 3 moniʃo Oriya (Cuttack)

103. woman

1 kuɖi hon B – Baigodia 2 iɾɑ B – Champi 1 kuɖihõn B – Dighinuasahi 1 kuɖi B – Dumadie 1 kuɽi B – Ladhiramsai 2 iɾɑ B – Madhupur 1 kuɖiʔjɛɾɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 jɛɾɑ B – Munduy 2 iɾɑ B – Podadiha 1 kuɖi hoɖo B/M – Udala 1 kuɖi M – Chalagi 1 kuɾi M – Dictionary 1 kuɖi hon M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɖi M – Jharmunda 2 jɛɾɑ H – Dillisore 3 mɑedʒiu S – Dictionary 1 kuɖiɑpon S – Nayarangamotia 4 stɾi Oriya (Cuttack)

104. child

1 hon B – Baigodia 1 hone B – Champi 1 hõn B – Dighinuasahi 3 koɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 3 koɖɑ B – Madhupur 1 hɔne B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔne B – Munduy 1 hone B – Podadiha 1 hon B/M – Udala

1 hõn M – Chalagi 1 hon M – Dictionary 1 hon M – Dhungarisai 1 hõn M – Jharmunda 1 hõn H – Dillisore 2 gidɾɑ S – Dictionary 2 gɪdɾə S – Nayarangamotia 4 pilːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

105. father

1 ɑbɑ B – Baigodia 1 bɑbu B – Champi 1 ɑbɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɑbɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɐbu B – Madhupur 1 bɑbu B – Mohuldiha 1 bɑbu B – Munduy 1 bɑbu B – Podadiha 1 ɑbɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑbɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑbɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɑpu 1 ɑbɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑbɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɑpuŋ H – Dillisore 1 ɑpɑ S – Dictionary 1 bɑ 1 bɑbɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɑpɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

106. mother

1 mɑ B – Baigodia 1 mɑɳ B – Champi 1 mɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑɲ B – Dumadie 1 mɑː B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɑ B – Madhupur 1 mɑɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɑɲ B – Munduy 1 mɑɲ B – Podadiha 1 mɑ B/M – Udala 3 ɪŋgɑ M – Chalagi 3 eŋgɑ M – Dictionary 1 mɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 ummɑ M – Jharmunda 3 ɪŋkɑ H – Dillisore 3 eŋgɑ S – Dictionary 4 ɑyo 4 ɑjo S – Nayarangamotia 1 mɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

50

107. older brother

1 mɑɾɑŋdɑdɑ B – Baigodia 1 dɑdɑ B – Champi 1 dɑdɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑɾɑŋdɑdɑ B – Dumadie 1 dɑdɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɑdɑ B – Madhupur 1 mɐɾɑŋdɑdɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐɾɑŋdɑdɑ B – Munduy 1 dɑdɑ B – Podadiha 1 dɑdɑ B/M – Udala 1 mɐɾɑŋdɑdɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 mɑɾɑŋhɑgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dɑdɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dɑdɑ H – Dillisore 1 dɑdɑ S – Dictionary 1 məɾɑŋdɑdɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 nõnɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

108. younger brother

6 bɑbu B – Baigodia 1 hon hʌgɑ B – Champi 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ B.Dighinuasahi 4 huɖiŋboko B – Dumadie 2 boko B – Ladhiramsai 5 huɖiŋɳi B – Madhupur 3 huɖiɲbhɑi B – Mohuldiha 3 huɖiɲbhɑi B – Munduy 2 boko B – Podadiha 7 hudiɳdɑdɑ B/M – Udala 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ M – Chalagi 1 hɑgɑ M – Dictionary 1 huɖiŋhɑgɑ M Dhungarisai 1 hɐgɑ M Jharmunda 5 uɳɖi H – Dillisore 2 bokot koɽɑ S – Dictionary 6 hɐpɐn bɑbu S – Nayarangamotia 3 tʃhoʈɑ bɦɑi Oriya (Cuttack)

109. older sister

1 dɑi B – Baigodia 3 didi B – Champi 1 dɑi B – Dighinuasahi 2 nɑnɑ B – Dumadie 1 dɑi B – Ladhiramsai 2 nɑnɑ B – Madhupur 3 didi B – Mohuldiha 2 nɐnɑ B – Munduy 2 nɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 meɾɑŋdɑi B/M – Udala 1 meɾɑŋdɑi M – Chalagi

2 nɑnɑ M – Dictionary 1 meɾɑŋdɑi M – Dhungarisai 2 nɐnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dɑi H – Dillisore 1 dɑi S – Dictionary 4 ɑdʒi 1 məɾɐm dɑi S – Nayarangamotia 2 nɑnːi Oriya (Cuttack) 3 didi

110. younger sister

2 buɖi B – Baigodia 1 hon misi B – Champi 1 misi B Dighinuasahi 1 misi iɾɑ B – Dumadie 1 uɾɪŋmisi B Ladhiramsai 1 huɾɪŋni B – Madhupur 1 misi B – Mohuldiha 1 hon misi B – Munduy 1 misi ɪɾɑ B – Podadiha 2 huɾin buɖi B/M – Udala 1 misi M – Chalagi 1 misi M – Dictionary 2 huɾin buɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 misi M – Jharmunda 4 ɐdʒin H – Dillisore 5 bokot kuɾi S – Dictionary 3 hɐpɔn mɑi S – Nayarangamotia 6 sɑnəbɦouni Oriya (Cuttack)

111. son

1 koɽɑ hon B – Baigodia 1 hon hɛrel B – Champi 1 hɔn koɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hone B – Dumadie 1 koɾɑ hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 koɽɑ hon heɾel B –Madhupur 1 kɔɖɑ hɔne B – Mohuldiha 1 hone B – Munduy 1 kuɖɑ hone B – Podadiha 1 koɖɑ hõn B/M – Udala 1 koɖɑ hõn M – Chalagi 1 hon M – Dictionary 1 koɖɑ hõn M Dhungarisai 1 kũɑ M Jharmunda 1 hon H – Dillisore 1 hon S – Dictionary 1 koɽɑ hopon 1 kɔɖɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 puːo Oriya (Cuttack)

51

112. daughter

1 kuɽi hon B – Baigodia 1 hon eɾɑ B – Champi 1 hon kuɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 kudi hone B – Dumadie 1 kuɾi hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 kuɖihoniɾɑ B – Madhupur 1 kuɖi hɔne B – Mohuldiha 1 honeɾɑ B – Munduy 1 kuɖi hone B – Podadiha 1 kuɖi hon B/M – Udala 1 kuɖi hõn M – Chalagi 1 kuɾi hon M –Dictionary 1 kuɖi hon M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɖi M – Jharmunda 2 mɑi H – Dillisore 1 hopon eɾɑ S – Dictionary 1 kuɖi S – Nayarangamotia 3 dʒiːo Oriya (Cuttack)

113. husband

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 koɖɑ B – Champi 2 kisɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 koɖɑ B – Dumadie 2 kisɑɲ B – Ladhiramsai 1 kodɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɐjɑkoɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 koɖɑ B – Munduy 1 kuɖɑ B – Podadiha 1 koɖɑ B/M – Udala 1 koɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 koɽɑ M – Dictionary 5 puɾus 1 koɖɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 koɖɑ M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 3 dʒɑwɑe S – Dictionary 4 heɾel 3 dʒɛwɑi S – Nayarangamotia 6 suɑmi Oriya (Cuttack)

114. wife

1 hɑdɑm buɖi B – Baigodia 3 iɾɑ B – Champi 5 tiɾi B – Dighinuasahi 3 eɾɑ B – Dumadie 1 kuɽi B – Ladhiramsai 1 kuɖi B – Madhupur 1 kuɖi B – Mohuldiha 2 bɑhu B – Munduy 1 buɖi B – Podadiha

3 iɾɑ 1 buɖi B/M – Udala 1 kuɖi M – Chalagi 1 kuɽi M – Dictionary 4 oɽɑ hoɽo 1 buɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɖi 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 0 no entry H – Dillisore 2 bɑhu S – Dictionary 4 oɽɑk hoɽ 2 bɛhu S – Nayarangamotia 6 stɾi Oriya (Cuttack)

115. boy

1 hon koɖɑ B – Baigodia 1 koɖɑ hone B – Champi 1 huɖiŋhõn B Dighinuasahi 1 kodɑ hone B – Dumadie 1 koɾɑ hɔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 kodɑ hon B – Madhupur 1 huɖiŋkoɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 koɖɑhõn B – Munduy 1 kuɖɑ hon B – Podadiha 1 kodɑ hon B/M – Udala 2 dhəŋgəɽɑ M – Chalagi 1 hon M – Dictionary 1 kodɑ hon M – Dhungarisai 1 koɖɑhõn M – Jharmunda 1 kɔwɑhõn H – Dillisore 1 koɽɑ S – Dictionary 3 gɪɖɾə S – Nayarangamotia 4 pilɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

116. girl

1 kui hon B – Baigodia 1 kuɖi hone B – Champi 4 huɖiŋkuɖijon B – Dighinuasahi 1 kudi hone B – Dumadie 1 kuɾi hon B – Ladhiramsai 1 kudi hon B – Madhupur 1 kuɖihɔne B – Mohuldiha 1 kuɖihõn B – Munduy 1 kuɖi hon B – Podadiha 1 kudi hon B/M – Udala 2 dhɑŋgiɽi M – Chalagi 1 kuɽi hon M – Dictionary 1 kudi hon M – Dhungarisai 1 kuɖihõn M – Jharmunda 1 kuihõn H – Dillisore 1 kuɽi S – Dictionary 3 kuɖigɪɖɾə S – Nayarangamotia 5 dʒio pilɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

52

117. day

1 siŋgi B – Baigodia 1 siŋgi B – Champi 1 siŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 siŋgi B – Dumadie 1 siŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 1 siŋgi B – Madhupur 2 din B – Mohuldiha 1 siŋki B – Munduy 1 siŋgi B – Podadiha 1 siŋgi B/M – Udala 1 siŋgi M – Chalagi 2 din M – Dictionary 3 hulɑŋ 1 siŋgi M – Dhungarisai 1 siŋki M – Jharmunda 1 siŋki H – Dillisore 4 hilok S – Dictionary 1 siɲ S – Nayarangamotia 2 dino Oriya (Cuttack)

118. night

1 nide B – Baigodia 1 nidɑ B – Champi 3 ɐjub B – Dighinuasahi 1 nĩde B – Dumadie 1 nidʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nide B – Madhupur 3 ɐjub B – Mohuldiha 1 nidɑ B – Munduy 1 nide B – Podadiha 1 nidɑ B/M – Udala 1 nidə M – Chalagi 1 nidɑ M – Dictionary 1 nidɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 ɐjub M – Jharmunda 1 nide H – Dillisore 1 nindɑ S – Dictionary 2 nindɑ 2 ɲintiɾ S – Nayarangamotia 4 ɾɑti Oriya (Cuttack)

119. morning

1 setɑʔɑ B – Baigodia 1 sitɑʔ B – Champi 1 sɛtɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sitɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 sɪt ː ɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 setɑʔ B – Madhupur 1 sɛtɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 sɛtɑ B – Munduy 1 sitɑʔɑ B – Podadiha

1 setɑʔ B/M – Udala 1 sɑtɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 setɑ M – Dictionary 2 idɑŋ 1 setɑʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 sitɑɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 sitɑɑʔ H – Dillisore 1 setɑk S – Dictionary 1 sɛtɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 səkɑɭə Oriya (Cuttack)

120. noon

1 tikin B – Baigodia 2 dɦupʌɾ B – Champi 1 tikin B – Dighinuasahi 1 tikin B – Dumadie 1 tikin B – Ladhiramsai 1 tikin B – Madhupur 1 tikin B – Mohuldiha 3 tɑɾɑsiŋki B – Munduy 1 tikin B – Podadiha 1 tikin B/M – Udala 1 tikin M – Chalagi 1 tikin M – Dictionary 1 tikin M – Dhungarisai 1 tikin M – Jharmunda 1 tikin H – Dillisore 1 tikin S – Dictionary 1 tikin S – Nayarangamotia 4 mədɦjɑnːə Oriya (Cuttack)

121. evening/afternoon

1 ɑjub B – Baigodia 3 siŋgʌd B – Champi 2 tɑɾɑsiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑjub B – Dumadie 1 ɑijupsɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑjub B – Madhupur 2 tɑɾɑsiŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 tɑɾsiŋ B – Munduy 1 ʌub siŋgi B – Podadiha 3 ʌub siŋgi 1 ɑjub B/M – Udala 2 tɑɾsiŋ M – Chalagi 1 ɑjub M – Dictionary 1 ɑjub M – Dhungarisai 2 tɑɾɑsiŋki M – Jharmunda 2 tɑɾɑsiŋki H – Dillisore 1 ɑjup S – Dictionary 2 tɑɾɑsiŋ S – Nayarangamotia 4 səndɦjɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

53

122. yesterday

1 holɑ B – Baigodia 1 holɑ B – Champi 1 hɔlɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 holɑ B – Dumadie 1 holɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 holɑ B – Madhupur 1 hɔlɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 hɔlɑ B – Munduy 1 holɑ B – Podadiha 1 holo B/M – Udala 1 hoɭɑ M – Chalagi 1 holɑ M – Dictionary 1 holɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɔlɑ M – Jharmunda 1 hɔlɑ H – Dillisore 1 holɑ S – Dictionary 1 hɔlɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 kɑli Oriya (Cuttack)

123. today

1 tisiŋ B – Baigodia 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Champi 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Dumadie 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Madhupur 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Mohuldiha 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Munduy 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B – Podadiha 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ B/M – Udala 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ M – Chalagi 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ M – Dictionary 2 tisiŋ 1 tisiŋ M – Dhungarisai 2 tisiŋ 2 isiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 tisiŋ H – Dillisore 2 tisiŋ 1 tehen S – Dictionary 1 tɛheŋ S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑdʒi Oriya (Cuttack)

124. tomorrow

1 gɑpɑ B – Baigodia 1 gʌpɑ B – Champi 1 gɐpɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 gʌpɑ B – Dumadie 1 gɔpɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gɐpɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɑpɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɐpɑ B – Munduy 1 gʌpɑ B – Podadiha 1 gɐpɑ B/M – Udala 1 gɑppɑ M – Chalagi 1 gɑpɑ M – Dictionary 1 gɐpɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɑpɑ M – Jharmunda 1 gɐpɑ H – Dillisore 1 gɑpɑ S – Dictionary 1 gɐpɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑsontɑ kɑli Oriya (Cuttack)

125. week

1 hʌptɑ B – Baigodia 1 hʌptɑ B – Champi 3 ɐʈəʋɑɾi B – Dighinuasahi 2 hɑt B – Dumadie 1 hɑptʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mot hɐptɑ B – Madhupur 1 hɐptɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 moɽhɑt B – Munduy 1 hɑptɑ B – Podadiha 2 hɑt 1 sɐptɑ B/M – Udala 2 hɑt 3 ɐʈɑuɾi M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 sɐptɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 hɑt 1 hɐptɑ M – Jharmunda 1 sɐptɑ H – Dillisore 1 hɑptɑ S – Dictionary 1 sɐptɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 səptɑhə Oriya (Cuttack)

126. month

1 tʃɑndu B – Baigodia 1 tʃʌndup B – Champi 1 moʔtʃɑʈu B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃʌndu B – Dumadie 1 tʃɑnduʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mot tʃɐndu B – Madhupur 1 moʔtʃɑʈu B – Mohuldiha 1 mɔʔtʃɑnʈu B – Munduy

54

1 tʃɑndu B – Podadiha 1 tʃɑndu B/M – Udala 1 midtʃɑɳɖuʔu M – Chalagi 1 tʃɑɳɖu M – Dictionary 1 tʃɑndu M – Dhungarisai 3 mɐbinɑ M – Jharmunda 1 mitʃɑnʈu H – Dillisore 1 tʃɑndo S – Dictionary 1 tʃɑnto S – Nayarangamotia 4 mɑsoʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

127. year

1 siɾmɑ B – Baigodia 1 siɾmɑ B – Champi 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 siɾmɑ B – Dumadie 1 siɾmɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mot siɾmɑ B – Madhupur 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɔsiɾmɑ B – Munduy 1 siɾumʌ B – Podadiha 1 siɾmɑ B/M – Udala 1 siɾmɑ M – Chalagi 1 siɾmɑ M – Dictionary 1 siɾmɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 bɛɾɑs M – Jharmunda 2 bɔɾso H – Dillisore 1 seɾmɑ S – Dictionary 3 botʃhoɾ 1 siɾmɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 bəɾsə Oriya (Cuttack)

128. old

1 puɾnɑ B – Baigodia 1 puɾnɑ B – Champi 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 puɾnɑ B – Dumadie 1 puɾnːɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 puɾnɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 puɾuɳɑ B – Munduy 1 puɾne B – Podadiha 1 puɾnɑ B/M – Udala 1 puɾɳɑ M – Chalagi 1 puɾɑnɑ M – Dictionary 1 puɾnɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 mɑɾi M – Jharmunda 3 pɑpɑɾi H – Dillisore 2 mɑɾe S – Dictionary 2 mɑɾe S – Nayarangamotia 1 poɾuɳɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

129. new

1 nɑmɑ B – Baigodia 1 nɑmɑ B – Champi 1 nɑuɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 nɑmɑ B – Dumadie 1 nɑuwʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nɑmɑhɑ B – Madhupur 1 nɐmɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nɐmɑ B – Munduy 1 nʌmɑ B – Podadiha 1 nɑwɑ B/M – Udala 1 nɑʋɑ M – Chalagi 1 nɑwɑ M – Dictionary 1 nɑmɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 nɑwɑ 1 nɐʋɑ M – Jharmunda 1 nɐmɑ H – Dillisore 1 nɑwɑ S – Dictionary 1 nɐʋɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 nuːɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

130. good

1 bes B – Baigodia 1 bes B – Champi 2 bɔgi B – Dighinuasahi 1 bes B – Dumadie 2 bogin B – Ladhiramsai 1 bes B – Madhupur 1 bes B – Mohuldiha 1 bes B – Munduy 1 bes B – Podadiha 1 bes B/M – Udala 2 bigi 1 bes M – Chalagi 2 bugin 2 bugin M – Dictionary 1 bes M – Dhungarisai 2 bugin 1 bes M – Jharmunda 2 bugin H – Dillisore 1 bes S – Dictionary 2 boge 1 bes S – Nayarangamotia 3 bɦolo Oriya (Cuttack)

131. bad

1 khɑɾɑp B – Baigodia 1 khʌɾɑp B – Champi 4 dʒudɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 khʌɾʌp B – Dumadie 1 khʌɾɑb B – Ladhiramsai 1 khɐɾɑp B – Madhupur

55

1 khɐɾɑb B – Mohuldiha 1 khɐɾɑb B – Munduy 1 koɾɑb B – Podadiha 1 khɑɾɑp B/M – Udala 2 eʔtkɑ M – Chalagi 2 eʈkɑn M – Dictionary 1 khɑɾɑp M – Dhungarisai 5 sitɾu M – Jharmunda 1 kɐɾɑb H – Dillisore 1 kɑɾɑp S – Dictionary 3 bɑɾitʃʔ 1 khɐɾɑb S – Nayarangamotia 1 kɑɾɑpo Oriya (Cuttack)

132. wet

2 ɑdɑʔt B – Baigodia 1 lum B – Champi 1 lum B – Dighinuasahi 1 lum B – Dumadie 1 lum B – Ladhiramsai 2 odɑd B – Madhupur 2 ɔdɑʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 lum B – Munduy 1 lumdʒ B – Podadiha 2 odɑd 4 lɐjɐɾ B/M – Udala 1 lum M – Chalagi 1 lum M – Dictionary 2 ɑdɑt M – Dhungarisai 1 lum M – Jharmunda 1 lum H – Dillisore 2 odɑ S – Dictionary 3 lohot 2 ɔdɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 odɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

133. dry

1 ɾoʔlo B – Baigodia 1 ɾoɖo B – Champi 1 ɾoɭo B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɾʌhoɖ B – Dumadie 1 roɽo B – Ladhiramsai 2 ɾɐhɐd B – Madhupur 1 ɾoɖ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾoɖ B – Munduy 1 ɾoɖu B – Podadiha 1 ɾoɖ B/M – Udala 1 ɾoɖɔ M – Chalagi 1 ɾoɽ M – Dictionary 1 ɾoɖ M – Dhungarisai 3 ɾoboɽ M – Jharmunda 5 ɾo H – Dillisore 6 hindʒit S – Dictionary

7 tʃuʈtʃɑʈ 2 ɾohol S – Nayarangamotia 8 sukhilɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

134. long

1 dʒiliŋ B – Baigodia 1 dʒiliŋ B – Champi 1 dʒiliŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒiliŋ B – Dumadie 1 dʒiliŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒiliŋ B – Madhupur 1 dʒiliŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒiliŋ B – Munduy 1 dʒiliŋ B – Podadiha 1 dʒiliŋ B/M – Udala 1 dʒiliŋ M – Chalagi 1 dʒiliŋ M – Dictionary 1 dʒiliŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒiliŋ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒiliŋ H – Dillisore 1 dʒelen S – Dictionary 2 dʒɦɑɭ 1 dʒibel S – Nayarangamotia 3 lombɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

135. short

3 huɖiŋ B – Baigodia 1 khɑtʌ B – Champi 3 huɖiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 khʌto B – Dumadie 1 kʌʈo B – Ladhiramsai 1 khɑto B – Madhupur 3 huɖiŋ B – Mohuldiha 3 huɖiŋ B – Munduy 1 kʌto B – Podadiha 2 khɑdiɑ B/M – Udala 5 diŋgɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 3 huɾiŋ M – Dictionary 6 ʈum 2 khɑndiɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 huɖiŋ M – Jharmunda 4 duŋkui H – Dillisore 1 khɑʈo S – Dictionary 7 geɖɑ 3 buɖiɲ S – Nayarangamotia 8 tsotiɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

136. hot

1 lolo B – Baigodia 1 lʌlʌ B – Champi 1 lɔlo B – Dighinuasahi 1 lʌlʌ B – Dumadie

56

1 lolo B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɐlɐ B – Madhupur 1 lɔlo B – Mohuldiha 1 lɔlo B – Munduy 1 lolo B – Podadiha 1 lɐlɐ B/M – Udala 1 lɔlo M – Chalagi 1 lolo M – Dictionary 2 dʒeʈe 1 lɐlɐ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɔlo M – Jharmunda 1 lɔlo H – Dillisore 1 lolo S – Dictionary 1 lɔlo S – Nayarangamotia 3 goɾɑmo Oriya (Cuttack)

137. cold

1 ɾejɑɽɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɾijʌd B – Champi 1 ɾeɭɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾejɑɖɑ B – Dumadie 1 reɭɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾijɐd B – Madhupur 1 ɾejɑɽ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾɛjɑɽ B – Munduy 1 ɾijʌd B – Podadiha 2 ɾʌbʌn 1 ɾijɑd B/M – Udala 4 tutukuɳ M – Chalagi 2 ɾɑbɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɾijɑd M – Dhungarisai 2 ɾɑbɑŋ M – Jharmunda 3 sɑsɑ H – Dillisore 2 ɾɑbɑn S – Dictionary 1 ɾijɑɽ S – Nayarangamotia 5 thəndɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

138. right

1 dʒʌm ti B – Baigodia 2 mɑndi kuti B – Champi 1 dʒɔm sɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒʌdʒoŋ B – Dumadie 1 dʒom B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒodʒɐmkuti B – Madhupur 1 dʒɛ dʒɔm B – Mohuldiha 2 mɑnɖiti B – Munduy 1 dʒo dʒom kuti B – Podadiha 1 dʒɔm sɑi B/M – Udala 1 dʒom M – Chalagi 1 dʒom ti M – Dictionary 1 dʒɔm sɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒom tiʔ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒom ti H – Dillisore

1 dʒo dʒom S – Dictionary 1 dʒɑ dʒɔm S – Nayarangamotia 3 dɑhɑno Oriya (Cuttack)

139. left

1 leŋgɑ ti B – Baigodia 1 liŋgɑ kuti B – Champi 1 lɛkɑ sɑi B – Dighinuasahi 1 liŋgɑ B – Dumadie 1 liŋgɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 leŋgɑti B – Madhupur 1 lɛŋkɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 lɛŋkɑti B – Munduy 1 liŋgɑ kuti B – Podadiha 1 leŋgɑ sɑi B/M – Udala 1 lɛŋgɑ M – Chalagi 1 leŋgɑ M – Dictionary 1 leŋgɑ sɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 lɛŋkɑ ti M – Jharmunda 1 liŋɐti H – Dillisore 1 leŋgɑ S – Dictionary 1 lɛŋkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɑːmo Oriya (Cuttack)

140. near

1 dʒʌpɑ B – Baigodia 2 sube B – Champi 1 dʒɛbɑʔ B – Dighinuasahi 2 subʌ B – Dumadie 1 dʒʌpɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 sube B – Madhupur 2 subɑɾe B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒɛbɑʔ B – Munduy 2 sube B – Podadiha 1 dʒopɑ B/M – Udala 4 nɑɳe M – Chalagi 5 nipɑʈ M – Dictionary 1 dʒopɑ M – Dhungarisai 4 nɑɳe M – Jharmunda 1 dʒɛbɑʔ H – Dillisore 3 soɾ S – Dictionary 3 suɾ S – Nayarangamotia 7 pɑkːo Oriya (Cuttack)

141. far

1 sɑŋgi B – Baigodia 1 sɑŋgin B – Champi 2 pɐɾkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɑŋgiŋ B – Dumadie 1 sʌŋgɪn B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐŋgin B – Madhupur 1 sɑŋkiŋ B – Mohuldiha

57

1 sɑŋkiŋ B – Munduy 1 sʌŋgiŋ B – Podadiha 1 sɑŋgin B/M – Udala 1 sɑŋgiŋ M – Chalagi 1 sɑŋin M – Dictionary 1 sɑŋgin M – Dhungarisai 1 sɑŋkiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 sɑɳiŋ H – Dillisore 1 sɑŋgin S – Dictionary 3 dʒel S – Nayarangamotia 4 ɖuɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

142. big

1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 mʌɾʌŋ B – Champi 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Dumadie 1 mʌɾɑŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 mɑɾɑŋ B – Madhupur 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɐɾɑŋ B – Munduy 1 mʌɾʌŋ B – Podadiha 1 mɑɾɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 mɐɾɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 mɑɾɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 mɑɾɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 mɐɾɑŋ M – Jharmunda 1 mɐɾɑŋ H – Dillisore 1 mɑɾɑn S – Dictionary 1 mɐɾɑŋ S – Nayarangamotia 2 boɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

143. small

1 huɖiŋ B – Baigodia 1 huɖiŋ B – Champi 1 huɽiŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 huɖiŋ B – Dumadie 1 hoɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 huɖiŋ B – Madhupur 1 hunʈiɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 huɾiŋ B – Munduy 1 huɖiŋ B – Podadiha 1 huɖiŋ B/M – Udala 1 huɽiŋ M – Chalagi 1 huɾiŋ M – Dictionary 1 huɖiŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 huɽiŋ M – Jharmunda 1 huɽiŋ H – Dillisore 1 huɖin S – Dictionary 2 kɑʈitʃʔ 1 hɔpon S – Nayarangamotia 3 sɑnõ Oriya (Cuttack)

144. heavy

1 hɑmbɑl B – Baigodia 1 hʌmbɑl B – Champi 1 hɐmbɐl B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌmbɑl B – Dumadie 1 hɑmbʌl B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɐmbɑlɑ B – Madhupur 2 tɐgɑɖɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 hɐmbɐl B – Munduy 1 hʌmbɑlɑ B – Podadiha 1 hɑmbɑl B/M – Udala 1 hɐmbɑl M – Chalagi 1 hɑmbɑl M – Dictionary 1 hɑmbɑl M – Dhungarisai 1 hɐmbɑl M – Jharmunda 1 hɐmbɑl H – Dillisore 1 hɑmɑl S – Dictionary 1 hɐmɑl S – Nayarangamotia 3 bɦɑɽi Oriya (Cuttack)

145. light

1 ɾʌbɑl B – Baigodia 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Champi 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Dumadie 1 ɾʌbɑl B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Madhupur 1 ɾɐbɑl B – Mohuldiha 2 lɑisɑ B – Munduy 1 lʌbɑɾ B – Podadiha 1 ɾʌbɑl 1 ɾɐbɑl B/M – Udala 1 ɾɐbɑl M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 ɾɐbɑl M – Dhungarisai 3 huɖiŋ M – Jharmunda 2 lɐsɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɾɑwɑl S – Dictionary 4 mɑɾsɑl 1 ɾɐʋɑl S – Nayarangamotia 5 hɑlukɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

146. above

1 tʃetɑn B – Baigodia 1 tʃitɑn B – Champi 1 tʃɛtn B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃilʌn B – Dumadie 1 tʃitɑn B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃitɑn B – Madhupur 1 tʃɛtn B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃɛtn B – Munduy 1 tʃitɑn B – Podadiha

58

1 tʃetɑn B/M – Udala 1 tʃɛtn M – Chalagi 1 tʃetɑn M – Dictionary 1 tʃetɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃɛtn M – Jharmunda 1 tʃɛtn H – Dillisore 1 tʃetɑn S – Dictionary 2 tʃot 1 tʃɛtn S – Nayarangamotia 3 upoɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

147. below

1 lʌtɑɾ B – Baigodia 1 lʌtɑɾ B – Champi 1 lɛtɐɾ B – Dighinuasahi 1 lʌtɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 lɑtɑɾ B – Ladhiramsai 1 lɐtɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 lɐtɑɾ B – Mohuldiha 1 lɐtɑɾ B – Munduy 1 lʌtɑɾ B – Podadiha 1 lɐtɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 lɑtɑɾ M – Chalagi 1 lɑtɑɾ M – Dictionary 1 lɐtɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɐtɑɾ M – Jharmunda 1 lɐtɑɾ H – Dillisore 1 lɑtɑɾ S – Dictionary 2 phed 1 lɐtɑɾ S – Nayarangamotia 3 təɭə Oriya (Cuttack)

148. white

1 pundi B – Baigodia 1 pundi B – Champi 1 phuɳɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 pundi B – Dumadie 1 pundi B – Ladhiramsai 1 pundi B – Madhupur 1 puɳɖi B – Mohuldiha 1 phuɳɖi B – Munduy 1 pundi B – Podadiha 1 pundi B/M – Udala 1 puɳɖi M – Chalagi 1 puɳɖi M – Dictionary 1 phuɳɖi M – Dhungarisai 1 puɳɖi M – Jharmunda 1 puɳɖi H – Dillisore 1 poɳɖ S – Dictionary 1 puɳɖ S – Nayarangamotia 2 dholɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

149. black

1 hende B – Baigodia 1 hende B – Champi 1 hɛnte B – Dighinuasahi 1 hende B – Dumadie 1 heɲdɛ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hende B – Madhupur 1 hɛnte B – Mohuldiha 1 hɛnte B – Munduy 1 heɲde B – Podadiha 1 hende B/M – Udala 1 hɛnde M – Chalagi 1 hende M – Dictionary 1 hende M – Dhungarisai 1 hɛnte M – Jharmunda 1 hɛnte H – Dillisore 1 hende S – Dictionary 1 hɛnte S – Nayarangamotia 2 koɭɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

150. red

2 ɾɑŋgɑ B – Baigodia 2 ɾɑŋgɑ B – Champi 2 ɾenkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑɾɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɑɾɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑɾɑʔ B – Madhupur 1 ɐɾɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɾenkɑ B – Munduy 1 ʌɾɑʔɑ B – Podadiha 2 ɾɑŋgɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑɾɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑɾɑ M – Dictionary 2 ɾɑŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐɾɑɑʔ M – Jharmunda 1 ɐɾɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɑɾɑk S – Dictionary 1 ɐɾɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɾoŋgo Oriya (Cuttack) 3 nɑli

151. one

1 mien B – Baigodia 1 mõe B – Champi 1 mɔjõ B – Dighinuasahi 2 mudʒeʔd B – Dumadie 1 mijʌndʔ B – Ladhiramsai 2 mudʒet B – Madhupur 2 mudʒit B – Mohuldiha 1 moʔj B – Munduy 2 mudʒed B – Podadiha 1 mojɐt B/M – Udala

59

1 mojɔn M – Chalagi 1 miɑɖ M – Dictionary 4 ek M – Dhungarisai 1 mijɑn M – Jharmunda 1 mijɛn H – Dillisore 3 mit S – Dictionary 3 mitɑŋ S – Nayarangamotia 4 eko Oriya (Cuttack)

152. two

1 bɑɾie B – Baigodia 1 bɑɾie B – Champi 1 bɐɾijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 bɑɾie B – Dumadie 1 bɑɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɑɾijɑ B – Madhupur 1 bɑɾijə B – Mohuldiha 1 bɐɾijɑ B – Munduy 1 bɑɾie B – Podadiha 1 bɑɾiɑ B/M – Udala 1 bɑɾije M – Chalagi 1 bɑɾ M – Dictionary 1 bɑɾiɑ 2 duːi M – Dhungarisai 1 bɐɾijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 bɑɾijə H – Dillisore 1 bɑɾ S – Dictionary 1 bɐɾijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 duːi Oriya (Cuttack)

153. three

1 ɑpie B – Baigodia 1 ɑpie B – Champi 1 ɐpijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ʌpie B – Dumadie 1 ʌpiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɐpije B – Madhupur 1 əpijə B – Mohuldiha 1 ɐpijɑ B – Munduy 1 ʌpie B – Podadiha 1 ɑpijɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑpije M – Chalagi 1 ɑpie M – Dictionary 2 tin M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐpijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɐpijə H – Dillisore 1 peɑ S – Dictionary 1 pijɑ S –Nayarangamotia 2 tini Oriya (Cuttack)

154. four

1 upunie B – Baigodia 1 upunijɑ B – Champi 1 upəɳijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 upunie B – Dumadie 1 upuniɛ B – Ladhiramsai 1 upunije B – Madhupur 1 upənijə B – Mohuldiha 1 upunijə B – Munduy 1 upunie B – Podadiha 1 upuniɑ B/M – Udala 1 opuɳie M – Chalagi 1 upun M – Dictionary 3 tʃɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 1 upəɳijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 upunijə H – Dillisore 2 pon S – Dictionary 2 ponijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 tʃɑɽi Oriya (Cuttack)

155. five

1 moɳejɑ B – Baigodia 1 mõɳojɑ B – Champi 1 mɔɳəjɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 mõnẽɑ B – Dumadie 1 moniʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 moɳeɑ B – Madhupur 1 mɔɳɔjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 mɔɳɔjɑ B – Munduy 1 moɳejɑ B – Podadiha 1 moɳeɑ B/M – Udala 1 moɳejɑ M – Chalagi 1 monɽeɑ M – Dictionary 2 pɑtʃ M – Dhungarisai 1 mɔɳɔjɑ M – Jharmunda 1 mũjə H – Dillisore 1 mõɾẽ S – Dictionary 1 mone S – Nayarangamotia 2 pɑntʃə Oriya (Cuttack)

156. six

2 tʃo B – Baigodia 1 tuɾɪjɑ B – Champi 1 tuɾijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tuɾie B – Dumadie 1 tuɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 tʃɐ B – Madhupur 1 tuɾijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tuɾijɑ B – Munduy 1 tuɾie B – Podadiha 2 tʃhɐ B/M – Udala 1 tuɾijɑ M – Chalagi

60

1 tuɾiɑ M – Dictionary 1 tuɾuiɑ 2 tʃhɐ M – Dhungarisai 1 tuɾijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tuɾiɑ H – Dillisore 1 tuɾui S – Dictionary 1 tuɾuj S – Nayarangamotia 2 tʃhə Oriya (Cuttack)

157. seven

2 sɑt B – Baigodia 2 sɑt B – Champi 2 sɑt B – Dighinuasahi 2 sʌt B – Dumadie 1 ɑjɛ B – Ladhiramsai 2 sɑt B – Madhupur 2 sɑt B – Mohuldiha 2 sɑt B – Munduy 2 sɑt B – Podadiha 2 sɑt B/M – Udala 1 ejeː M – Chalagi 1 eɑ M – Dictionary 2 sɑt M – Dhungarisai 2 sɑt M – Jharmunda 1 ɑje H – Dillisore 1 eɑe S – Dictionary 2 sɑt S – Nayarangamotia 2 sɑto Oriya (Cuttack)

158. eight

2 ɑʈ B – Baigodia 2 ɑʈ B – Champi 2 ɑto B – Dighinuasahi 2 ɑʈ B – Dumadie 1 ɪlijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 ɑʈ B – Madhupur 2 ɑtɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑʈɑ B – Munduy 2 ɑʈ B – Podadiha 2 ɑʈ B/M – Udala 1 iɾɑlije M – Chalagi 1 iɾɑliɑ M – Dictionary 1 iɾiliɑ 2 ɑʈ M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 iɾlijə H – Dillisore 1 iɾɑɭ S – Dictionary 2 ɑto S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑʈho Oriya (Cuttack)

159. nine

2 no B – Baigodia 2 no B – Champi 2 nõ B – Dighinuasahi 2 nʌ B – Dumadie 1 ɑɾijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 no B – Madhupur 2 no B – Mohuldiha 2 noʈɑ B – Munduy 2 no B – Podadiha 2 nɐ B/M – Udala 1 ɑɾeje M – Chalagi 1 ɑɾeɑ M – Dictionary 2 nɐ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑɾeje M – Jharmunda 1 ɐɾijɑ H – Dillisore 1 ɑɾe S – Dictionary 2 nõ S – Nayarangamotia 2 nɑo Oriya (Cuttack)

160. ten

2 dɑs B – Baigodia 2 dɑs B – Champi 2 dɔs B – Dighinuasahi 2 dʌs B – Dumadie 1 gɛlijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 dɐs B – Madhupur 2 dɔs B – Mohuldiha 2 dɔsʈɑ B – Munduy 2 dos B – Podadiha 2 dɐs B/M – Udala 1 geleje M – Chalagi 1 gel M – Dictionary 1 geleɑ 2 dɐs M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 gɛlijɑ H – Dillisore 1 gel S – Dictionary 2 dɔso S – Nayarangamotia 2 dɑso Oriya (Cuttack)

161. eleven

2 egɑɾ B – Baigodia 2 gʌɾɑ B – Champi 2 ɛgɑɾo B – Dighinuasahi 2 egɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 gel mijʌdʔ B Ladhiramsai 2 egɑɾ B – Madhupur 2 ɛgɑɾo B – Mohuldiha 2 ɛgɑɾoʈɑ B – Munduy 2 eg gɑɾo B – Podadiha 2 egɑɾ B/M – Udala

61

1 gelbɑɾijɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 egɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 gɛlmiɑ H – Dillisore 1 gel mit S – Dictionary 2 ɛgɑɾo S – Nayarangamotia 2 egɑɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

162. twelve

2 bɑɾ B – Baigodia 2 bɑɾɑ B – Champi 2 bɑɾo B – Dighinuasahi 2 bɑɾ B – Dumadie 1 gɛl bɑɾiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 2 bɑɾ B – Madhupur 2 bɑɾo B – Mohuldiha 2 bɑɾoʈɑ B – Munduy 2 bɑɾo B – Podadiha 2 bɑɾ B/M – Udala 1 gelbɑɾijɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 bɑɾ M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 gɛlbɑɾijə H – Dillisore 1 gel bɑɾeɑ S – Dictionary 2 bɑɾo S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɑɽo Oriya (Cuttack)

163. twenty

2 kudie B – Baigodia 3 bis B – Champi 2 kudije B – Dighinuasahi 2 kodie B – Dumadie 1 hɛsi B – Ladhiramsai 1 mot hisi B – Madhupur 2 kudije B – Mohuldiha 3 bis 1 monisi B – Munduy 1 hisi B – Podadiha 1 mot hisi B/M – Udala 2 kodi 1 midisi M – Chalagi 1 hisi M – Dictionary 1 mot hisi M – Dhungarisai 0 no entry M – Jharmunda 1 hisi H – Dillisore 1 isi S – Dictionary 2 kudije S – Nayarangamotia 2 koɽiːe Oriya (Cuttack)

164. one hundred

1 mitʔ sɔ B – Baigodia 1 mot sʌ B – Champi 2 soj B – Dighinuasahi 1 mod sʌ B – Dumadie 1 monʔɛ hɛsi B – Ladhiramsai 1 mot so B – Madhupur 1 mɔʔso B – Mohuldiha 1 moneisi B – Munduy 1 mod so B – Podadiha 1 moʔt sɑ B/M – Udala 1 moɖehisi M – Chalagi 1 mid sɑe M – Dictionary 1 moʔt sɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 miʔsou M – Jharmunda 1 miʔso H – Dillisore 2 sɑe S – Dictionary 2 soje S – Nayarangamotia 2 eko sɑho Oriya (Cuttack)

165. who?

1 okoe B – Baigodia 1 okoe B – Champi 1 ɔkɑje B – Dighinuasahi 1 okoe B – Dumadie 1 okoe B – Ladhiramsai 1 okoe B – Madhupur 1 ɔkɑj B – Mohuldiha 1 ɔkoje B – Munduy 1 okojɑ B – Podadiha 1 okoe B/M – Udala 1 ɔkoj M – Chalagi 1 okoe M – Dictionary 1 okoe M – Dhungarisai 1 ɔkɑje M – Jharmunda 1 ɔkɑj H – Dillisore 1 okoe S – Dictionary 1 ɔkɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 kie Oriya (Cuttack)

166. what?

2 kɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 tʃikɑnɑ B – Champi 2 kɐnɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃiɑ B – Dumadie 2 kɑɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃikɑnɑ B – Madhupur 1 tʃikɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃijɑ B – Munduy 1 tʃiem B – Podadiha 2 kɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 tʃɑnɑʔɑ M – Chalagi

62

1 tʃinɑ M – Dictionary 2 kɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃinɑ M – Jharmunda 1 tʃinɑ H – Dillisore 1 tʃeʔt S – Dictionary 1 tʃeɾ S – Nayarangamotia 2 kɔɳɔʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

167. where?

1 okote B – Baigodia 1 okɑ B – Champi 1 ɔkuɑɾe B – Dighinuasahi 1 okosɑ B – Dumadie 1 okonɾe B – Ladhiramsai 1 okote B – Madhupur 1 ɔkɔʈɑɾe B – Mohuldiha 1 ɔkowɑ B – Munduy 1 okosɑ B – Podadiha 1 oksɑi B/M – Udala 1 okotɑʔ M – Chalagi 1 okonɾeko M – Dictionary 1 oksɑi M – Dhungarisai 1 ɔkote M – Jharmunda 1 ɔkonpɑ H – Dillisore 1 okɑ S – Dictionary 1 ɔkɑɾe S – Nayarangamotia 2 keuntɑɾe Oriya (Cuttack) 2 kuɑde

168. when?

1 tʃimtem B – Baigodia 1 tʃumtɑ B – Champi 1 tʃimtɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 0 no entry B – Dumadie 1 tʃɪmtʌŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃimte B – Madhupur 1 tʃimtɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃimtu B – Munduy 1 tʃimte B – Podadiha 1 tʃimtɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 tʃimtɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 tʃimtɑ M – Dictionary 1 tʃimtɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃimtɑn M – Jharmunda 2 tʃuile H – Dillisore 3 tisɾe S – Dictionary 4 khɑn 3 tiso S – Nayarangamotia 5 kebe Oriya (Cuttack)

169. how many?

1 tʃinɑŋ B – Baigodia 1 tʃimɑʔ B – Champi 1 tʃiminɑŋ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃimɑʔ B – Dumadie 1 tʃiminʌŋ B – Ladhiramsai 1 tʃimu B – Madhupur 1 tʃimu B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃimu B – Munduy 1 tʃimin B – Podadiha 1 tʃimnɑŋ B/M – Udala 1 tʃiminɑŋ M – Chalagi 1 tʃimin M – Dictionary 1 tʃimnɑŋ M – Dhungarisai 1 tʃiminɑŋgi M – Jharmunda 1 tʃiminɑŋ H – Dillisore 2 tinɑk S – Dictionary 2 tinɐŋ S – Nayarangamotia 3 kete Oriya (Cuttack)

170. what kind?

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 tʃilikɑnɑ B – Champi 1 tʃilkɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 tʃilekʌn B – Dumadie 1 tʃɪlkɑ B – Ladhiramsai 2 tʃimin pɾɑkɑɾ B – Madhupur 1 tʃiləkɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tʃilkɑ B – Munduy 1 tʃilikɑnɑ B – Podadiha 2 tʃiminpɾɑkɑɾ 3 kɑnɑlekɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 tʃilkɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M –Dictionary 1 tʃilikɑ pɾɑkɑɾ M Dhungarisai 1 tʃilkɑ M Jharmunda 1 tʃilke H – Dillisore 1 tʃekɑn lekɑn S – Dictionary 1 tʃɛʔlɛkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 4 kemiti Oriya (Cuttack)

171. this

1 niɑ B – Baigodia 1 niɑ B – Champi 1 nijɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 neɑ B – Dumadie 1 nijɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ine B – Madhupur 1 nijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nijɑ B – Munduy 1 nijɑ ted B – Podadiha 1 niɑtɑ B/M – Udala

63

1 nejɑ M – Chalagi 1 neɑ M – Dictionary 1 niɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 nijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 nijɑ H – Dillisore 1 niɑ S – Dictionary 2 noɑ 2 nuʋɑ S – Nayarangamotia 3 eiʈɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

172. that

1 hɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 hɑnɑ B – Champi 1 inɑ 1 hɐnɑ B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌːe B – Dumadie 1 hɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɑne B – Madhupur 1 hɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 inɑ B – Munduy 1 hɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 hɑnɑtɑ B/M – Udala 1 hɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 enɑ M – Dictionary 1 hɑnɑtɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hɑnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 ɪnenɑ H – Dillisore 1 onɑ S – Dictionary 1 one 1 ɔnɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 seiʈɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

173. these

1 niɑko B – Baigodia 1 niko B – Champi 1 nɛʔnijɑko B – Dighinuasahi 1 nẽʔeko B – Dumadie 1 nijɑko B – Ladhiramsai 1 inekoː B – Madhupur 1 nijɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 niɳʈɑi B – Munduy 1 nijɑko B – Podadiha 1 niɑko B/M – Udala 1 nejɑko M – Chalagi 1 neɑko M – Dictionary 1 niku 1 niɑko M – Dhungarisai 1 nijɑ M – Jharmunda 1 nijɑ H – Dillisore 1 noɑko S – Dictionary 1 noko 1 nuɑko S – Nayarangamotia 3 eisɑbu Oriya (Cuttack)

174. those

1 hɑnɑko B – Baigodia 1 hɑnɑko B – Champi 1 hɐnɑko B – Dighinuasahi 1 hʌːeko B – Dumadie 1 hɑnʌko B – Ladhiramsai 1 hɑneko B – Madhupur 1 hɐnɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 hɑɳʈɑi B – Munduy 1 hʌnɑko B – Podadiha 1 hɑnɑko B/M – Udala 1 hɑnɑko M – Chalagi 3 einko M – Dictionary 1 hɑnɑko M – Dhungarisai 4 hen M – Jharmunda 1 hɐnɑ H – Dillisore 1 onko S – Dictionary 1 hɐnɑko S – Nayarangamotia 5 seisɑbu Oriya (Cuttack)

175. same

1 sʌmɑn B – Baigodia 1 sʌmɑn B – Champi 1 sɐmɑn B – Dighinuasahi 1 sɔmɑn 2 modʔgeɑ B – Dumadie 6 bɑɾɑ bʌɾi B – Ladhiramsai 1 sɐmɑn B – Madhupur 1 sɔmɑn B – Mohuldiha 2 motgɛjɑ B – Munduy 1 sʌmɑn B – Podadiha 2 motgiɑ 1 sɐmɑn B/M – Udala 5 enlikɑ M – Chalagi 2 midge M – Dictionary 1 sɐmɑn M – Dhungarisai 2 mitgi M – Jharmunda 1 sɔmɑn H – Dillisore 3 ɔnkɑ 1 somɑn S – Dictionary 4 inɑ 3 ɔnkɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 səmɑn Oriya (Cuttack)

176. different

1 biŋgɑ biŋgɑ B – Baigodia 1 benɑ benɑ B – Champi 1 binkɑ B.Dighinuasahi 2 vegʌɾ vegʌɾ B – Dumadie 1 biŋgʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 bɦinɑ B – Madhupur 1 bɛnɑbini B – Mohuldiha

64

1 binɑ benɑ B – Munduy 1 bɦenɑ bɦenɑ B – Podadiha 2 begɑɾ begɑɾ 1 bhiŋgɑ bhiŋgɑ B/M – Udala 3 eʈɑ eʈɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 3 eʈɑ M –Dictionary 5 kilimili 1 bhiŋgɑ bhiŋgɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 ɛʈɐɑʔ ɛʈɐɑʔ M Jharmunda 4 ɔɭgɑ ɔɭgɑ H – Dillisore 6 dʒudɑ S – Dictionary 2 bɛgɑɾ S – Nayarangamotia 1 bɦino bɦino Oriya (Cuttack) 4 ələgɑ

177. whole

1 gotɑ B – Baigodia 1 gotɑ B – Champi 2 dʒɔto B – Dighinuasahi 3 bestiɑ B – Dumadie 1 gotɑ B – Ladhiramsai 3 bes B – Madhupur 2 dʒɔto B – Mohuldiha 2 dʒɔto B – Munduy 1 gotɑ B – Podadiha 1 gotɑ B/M – Udala 1 gɔʈɑ M – Chalagi 4 soben 1 goʈɑ M – Dictionary 5 buginɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gɔʈɑ M – Jharmunda 1 gɔʈɑ H – Dillisore 1 goʈɑɾ S – Dictionary 2 dʒɔto S – Nayarangamotia 6 puɾɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

178. broken

1 ɾɑpudʔ B – Baigodia 1 ɾɑpud B – Champi 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾɑpud B – Dumadie 1 ɾɑpʌtʔn B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾɑpud B – Madhupur 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾɑpuʔ B – Munduy 1 ɾʌpud B – Podadiha 1 ɾɑpud B/M – Udala 1 ɾɑpud M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 ɾɑpud M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾɑpuʔ M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɑpuʔd H – Dillisore 2 bɦɑŋgɑ S – Dictionary

3 kɑtʃɑ 4 ʈuʈɑ 1 ɾɑpu S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɑŋgilɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

179. few

1 hudiʔ B – Baigodia 3 ɑŋgɑ B – Champi 4 kuɖi B – Dighinuasahi 1 hudiŋ B – Dumadie 1 uɾiŋ B – Ladhiramsai 3 ɑŋgɑno B – Madhupur 5 kom B – Mohuldiha 3 hɐŋkɑ B – Munduy 3 hʌŋgɑ B – Podadiha 1 huɖi B/M – Udala 4 kɐʈi M – Chalagi 1 huɖuɽiŋ M – Dictionary 1 huɖi M – Dhungarisai 4 kɐʈi M – Jharmunda 6 dʒɔkɑ H – Dillisore 7 thoɽɑ gɑn S – Dictionary 8 ekɑ 9 dukɑ 4 kɐʈi S – Nayarangamotia 5 kom Oriya (Cuttack)

180. many

7 dʒɑtkɑ B – Baigodia 1 bedʒɑjŋ B – Champi 2 sɑŋki B – Dighinuasahi 1 bedʒʌŋ B – Dumadie 4 ɖeheɾ 2 sɑŋgi B – Ladhiramsai 1 bidʒeŋ B – Madhupur 5 tʃimin B – Mohuldiha 1 bidʒɑɲ B – Munduy 1 bidʒen B – Podadiha 3 puɾe 2 sɑŋgi B/M – Udala 3 puɾɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 4 ɖɦeɾ M – Dictionary 9 ɑn hut 10 isu 2 sɑŋgi M – Dhungarisai 6 thimbɑ M – Jharmunda 3 puɾejə H – Dillisore 11 ɑemɑ S – Dictionary 12 ɑdi 4 dhɛheɾ S – Nayarangamotia 13 bohut Oriya (Cuttack)

65

181. all

1 dʒʌtɔ B – Baigodia 1 dʒʌtʌ B – Champi 1 dʒoto B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒʌto B – Dumadie 2 sʌbɪn B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒʌnto B – Madhupur 1 dʒɔtuʋɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒoto B – Munduy 1 dʒete B – Podadiha 1 dʒoto B/M – Udala 2 sobenɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 2 soben M – Dictionary 1 dʒoto M – Dhungarisai 3 thimbɑgi M – Jharmunda 2 sɐbɛn H – Dillisore 1 dʒoto S – Dictionary 4 sɑnɑm 1 dʒɔto S – Nayarangamotia 2 sobu Oriya (Cuttack)

182. eat!, he ate

1 dʒʌmeme, dʒʌmlɑ B – Baigodia 1 dʒomeme, dʒomkijɑ B – Champi 1 dʒʌmem, dzʌmkeɑj 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒʌmeme, dʒomlijɑ B – Dumadie 1 dʒomʌm, dʒomledɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒomeme, dʒomkijɑ B – Madhupur 1 dʒomem, dʒɔmle B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒomem, nukuɖe B – Munduy 1 dʒomeme, dʒomlijɑ B – Podadiha 1 dʒommem, dʒomkidɑ B/M – Udala 1 dʒomkide, dʒomtɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 dʒom M – Dictionary 1 dʒommem, dʒomkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒomem, dʒɔmle M – Jharmunda 1 dʒomem, dʒɔɳkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 dʒom S – Dictionary 1 dʒompe, dʒomkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 kɑibə Oriya (Cuttack)

183. bite!, he bit

1 huɑme, huɑliɑ B – Baigodia 1 huɑgijẽ, huekijɑe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 huegidʒiʔme, hueligït B – Dumadie 1 huwʌgiʔme, huwɑkiʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 huegidʒme, huekidie B – Madhupur 3 tɔgɔdʒ, tɔgɔdʒlɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 huwɑ, huwɑkidʒije B – Munduy 1 hueegʔme, hueʔkidʒijɑʔ B – Podadiha

1 huwɑgiʔime, huwɑkijɑ B/M – Udala 1 huɑʔɑ, huɑʔɑ kɛdɑ M – Chalagi 4 hɑb M – Dictionary 1 huwɑgiʔime, huwɑkijɑ M – Dhungarisai 3 tɑgoj, tɑgoj lɑʔjɑ M – Jharmunda 1 huʔjəjɛm, hujɛkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 2 geɾ S – Dictionary 5 lɑsok 2 germe, gɛɾkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 6 tsubɑilɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

184. he is, he was hungry

1 ɾeŋgete tɑikenɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɾeŋgetege tɑikenɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɾeŋge tɑikenɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɾɛŋgɛʔi tɑikɪng B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɾeŋgete tɑikenɑ B – Madhupur 1 ɾɛŋkedʒɐkɑnɑ,

ɾɛŋkedʒɑkɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɾeŋkɛtɑdʒije,

ɾeŋkɛtɑdʒije B – Munduy 1 ɾeŋgekieɲ B – Podadiha 1 ɾeŋgege tɑikenɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɾeŋge dʒɑʔɑjə,

ɾeŋgeʔelijə M – Chalagi 1 ɾeŋge M – Dictionary 1 ɾeŋgege tɑikenɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɾɛŋkekgi mɛnɛdʒɑ,

ɾɛŋkekgi tɑin kɑnɑi M – Jharmunda 1 ɾɛŋkejtinɑ, ɾɛŋkelije H – Dillisore 1 ɾeŋgetʃ S – Dictionary 1 ɾɛɳke mɛnɑjɑ,

ɾɛŋketetɑhinkinɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 bɦoko helɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

185. drink!, he drank

1 nuːlɑ, nuimɑ B – Baigodia 1 nuiʔne, nukijɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 nuiẽme, nulijɑ B – Dumadie 1 nuʔĩme, nuledɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nuitme, nukijɑt B – Madhupur 1 nu, nulɛjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 nuime, nukiɖɑ B – Munduy 1 nuʔme, nuiliʌɲ B – Podadiha 1 nuge mijɑ, nukidɑ B/M – Udala 1 nu, nukiɖɑ M – Chalagi 1 nu M – Dictionary 1 nuge mijɑ, nukidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 nuem, nukɛke M – Jharmunda 1 nu, nukiɖɑ H – Dillisore 1 nũ S – Dictionary

66

1 nupe, ɲukije S – Nayarangamotia 2 piːbɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

186. he is, he was thirsty

1 titɑŋtɑiken B – Baigodia 1 titɑŋtɑdʒi tɑikenɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 titɑŋte tɑikenɑ B – Dumadie 1 tɛtɑŋtɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 titɑŋte tɑikenɑ B – Madhupur 1 tɛtɑŋtɐdʒijɑ,

hɔlɑ tɛtɑŋtɐdʒijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 tɛtɑŋtɑdʒijɑ,

tɛtɑŋtɑikenɑ B – Munduy 1 titɑŋtɑdʒie B – Podadiha 1 titɑŋtɑikenɑ B/M – Udala 1 tetɑŋdʒɑʔɑje,

tetɑŋliʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 tetɑŋ M – Dictionary 1 titɑŋtɑikenɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 tɛtɑŋoɔtɛne,

tɛtɑŋotɛine M – Jharmunda 1 tɛtɑŋitɛnɑ,

tɛtɑŋlije H – Dillisore 1 tetɑn S – Dictionary 1 tɛtɑŋikɑnɑ,

tɛtɑŋlidijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 soso həlɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

187. sleep!, he slept

1 giʔime, gitikenɑ B – Baigodia 1 gititʔme, gitilinɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 gitiʔtme,

gitiʔtlinɑ B – Dumadie 2 duɾʌmmeʔ,

duɾʌmlɛɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gititme, gititdʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 2 duɖumke,

edʒ duduɖumlenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gitigme,

duduʔmedʒene B – Munduy 1 gititʔme, gitilinɑ B – Podadiha 1 gitiʔime, gitijɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 gitiʔi, gitiʔidʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 giti M – Dictionary 1 gitiʔime,

gitijɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gitigme, gitignɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 2 duʔme, dumiɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 gititʃʔ S – Dictionary 3 dʒɑpit

1 gitipe, gitikinɑj S – Nayarangamotia

4 nido Oriya (Cuttack)

188. lie down!, he lay down

0 no entry B – Baigodia 1 gitikene, gitiʔɳe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 gitiʔtme, gitiʔtlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 gɪtime, gitiɑkʌn

tɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 gititme, gititdʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 3 dʒiɾɑwo, dʒiɾolenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gitiʔme, gitiʔdʒɛnɑ B – Munduy 1 gititme, gititdʒɑnɑe 1 gitiʔmeʔ, gitidlinɑ B – Podadiha 1 gidime, gidijɑnɑ B/M – Udala 2 bɑʈin, bɑʈindʒene M – Chalagi 1 giti M – Dictionary 2 bɑʈin 5 buɾum 1 gidime, gidijɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dugme, gitignɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 1 gitime, gitijɛne H – Dillisore 1 gititʃ S – Dictionary 4 guɖto hɐntɑɖope,

guɖtowenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 6 poɽigolɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

189. sit down!, he sat down

1 dupme, dupkenɑ B – Baigodia 1 dupme, dupkene B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 dupme, dublinɑ B – Dumadie 1 dubʔmeʔ,

duβɑkɑn tɑikɪnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 duɖupme,

duɖup dʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 duɖuʔme,

edʒdɖuʔlenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 duʔme, dugdʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 duɖupme, duɖuplinɑ B – Podadiha 1 dubme, dubjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 dubʔme, dubkinɑ M – Chalagi 1 dubʔ M – Dictionary 1 dubme, dubjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 duʔme, dupnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 1 duʔme, dubijɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 duɽupʔ S – Dictionary 1 duɭuʔme, duɭuʔjɛnɑi S – Nayarangamotia 2 bosibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

67

190. give!, he gave

1 imɑɳme, emɑlinɑ B – Baigodia 1 emddʒɑnɑe, imɑene B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 omɑɲme, omliɑʔɑ B – Dumadie 1 umɑɲmeʔ, omlɛdɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dɑ imɑɳme,

omɑ dʒiɑt B – Madhupur 2 dɑ imɑɳme, omɑ dʒiɑt 1 ɔmem, mɑdʒije B – Mohuldiha 2 dɑi, omɑdʒiŋe B – Munduy 1 umɑɳme, omoʔdʒiet B – Podadiha 1 de emonme, omkidɑ B/M – Udala 2 de emonme, omkidɑ 1 om, omɑʔɑije M – Chalagi 1 em M – Dictionary 1 om 1 de emonme, omkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 2 de emonme, omkidɑ 2 dɑ, ɛmedʒe M – Jharmunda 2 dɑ, ɛmɑɖiɲe H – Dillisore 1 em S – Dictionary 1 iɲimɛɲpe, ɛmɑdiɲɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 debɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

191. it burns, it burned

3 sɑl gɑeme, sɑl gookidɑ B – Baigodia

1 dʒulime, dʒulijɑe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 dʒullem, dʒulliɑ B – Dumadie 2 lotʔnme, loleɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 dʒulkijɑe B – Madhupur 1 dʒuluwɑ, dʒuʔlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 dʒultɐnɑ, hɐtɑɾdʒɑnɑ B – Munduy 1 dʒulem, dʒullinɑ B – Podadiha 1 dʒulkidɑ B/M – Udala 2 lotɑnɑ, lodʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 2 lo M – Dictionary 5 ɑtɑɽ 1 dʒulkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒulem, dʒulnenɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒuɭtinɑ, dʒuɭkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 2 lo S – Dictionary 4 dʒeɾet 1 dʒulukɑnɑ, dʒulenɑ S – Nayarangamotia 1 dʒolibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

192. don’t die!, he died

1 godʒʌʔme, goejɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 gudʒuʔme,

godʒʔdʒɑnɑe B – Champi

0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 godʒoʔme, goeʔlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 godʒome, goedʒɑnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 godʒuʔme,

godʒʔdʒɑnɑ B – Madhupur 1 gɔdʒuwɑ, gɔdʒɑnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 gɔdʒoɑ, goʔdʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 godʒuʔme,

godʒʔdʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 goejɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 goʔedʒenɑ,

goʔedʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 godʒo M – Dictionary 1 goejɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 godʒijɑ, gojnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 1 gɔdʒo, gɔʔjɛnɑ H – Dillisore 1 gudʒuk, gotʃʔ S – Dictionary 1 gudʒuwɑ, godʒinɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 moɽonõ Oriya (Cuttack)

193. don’t kill!, he killed

1 goeʔme, goʔeliɑ B – Baigodia 1 godʒidʒime,

goelidijɑe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 godʒidʒme,

goelidʒiɑ B – Dumadie 1 goime, goikijʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 goetkijɑe B – Madhupur 1 gudʒije, gɔdʒtedʒije B – Mohuldiha 5 ɾujje, goʔdʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 godʒidʒme,

goeletʔdʒie B – Podadiha 1 getkijɑ B/M – Udala 3 dɑlie, delkie M – Chalagi 1 goe M – Dictionary 1 getkijɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 gudʒije, gojtɛdʒe M – Jharmunda 1 gɔdʒijɑ, goʔjkɛdɛjɑj H – Dillisore 1 gotʃʔ S – Dictionary 2 mɑɾɑo 1 gɔdʒijɑ, goʔjkɛdɛjɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 mɑɽibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

194. fly!, it flew

1 oʈɑŋme, oʈɑŋjɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 uɖʌɾenme, uɖɑedʒɑnɑe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 uɖoʔlinɑe, uɖoʔene B – Dumadie 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾdʒɛɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 oɖome, oɖodʒɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 uɖow, uɖowlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑpiɾenme, ɐpiɾdʒɑnɑi B – Munduy

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1 udodʒɑnɑe, udou B – Podadiha 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 2 ɑpiɾ, ɑpiɾdʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 2 ɑpiɾ M – Dictionary 2 ɑpiɾme, ɑpiɾjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 biɾitme, ɔʈɑŋnɐnɑj M – Jharmunda 2 ɐpəɾeme, ɑpəɾiɑnɑ H – Dillisore 1 uɖɑu S – Dictionary 3 phɑɾkɑo 1 uɖoʔpe, uɖojenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 1 udutʃi Oriya (Cuttack)

195. walk!, he walked

1 sendogome, senkidɑ B – Baigodia 1 senoʔme, senlinɑjɑ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 senoʔme, senlene B – Dumadie 1 sɛnodʒɑnʌ, dolɑ (?) B – Ladhiramsai 1 seneme, senkijɐt B – Madhupur 1 sen, edʒ senlɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 dɔlɑŋ, sentʃenɑ B – Munduy 2 dɔlɑŋ, sentʃenɑ 1 senem, sendʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 senem, ɑeʔ senkidɑ B/M – Udala 4 ʈɑhɑlne,

honoɾtidʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 senem, ɑeʔ senkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dɔlɑ, senkɛteɾ M – Jharmunda 2 dɔlɑ, senkɛteɾ 1 senime, senojinɑ H – Dillisore 3 dɑɽɑ S – Dictionary 3 tɑɽɑm 2 dɛlɑŋ, tʃɛlɑwenɑj S – Nayarangamotia 5 tʃɑlibɑʔ Oriya (Cuttack)

196. run!, he ran

2 dɦɑuɖem, dɦɑukidɑ B – Baigodia 1 niɾeme, niɾlejɑe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 niɾeme, niɾlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 nɪɾʌme, niɾledɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 niɾeme, niɾkijɐt B – Madhupur 1 niɾme, niɾkijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 diɾime, niɾkiɖɑi B – Munduy 1 niɾem, niɾlidɑ B – Podadiha 2 dhɑodum, dhɑodkidɑ B/M – Udala 1 niɾ, niɾdʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 niɾ M – Dictionary 2 dɑuɾi 2 dhɑodum, dhɑodkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 niɾkɛɖɑi, niɾəme M – Jharmunda 1 niɾme, niɾkiɖɑ H – Dillisore

1 niɾ S – Dictionary 2 dɑɽ 3 dɛɖpee, dɛɖkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 2 doudibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

197. go!, he went

1 senem, senojɑnɑ B – Baigodia 1 senoʔme, senlinɑje B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 senoʔme, senlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 senoʔome, senodʒɑnʌ B – Ladhiramsai 1 senome, senjɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 senom, sendʒenɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 dɔlɑ, sindʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 senme, sendʒɑnɑ B – Podadiha 1 senoʔme, senoʔjɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 sen, senoʔodʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 sen M – Dictionary 1 senoʔme, senoʔjɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 dʒu, sɛnojɛnɑ M – Jharmunda 1 dʒu, sɛnojɛnɑ H – Dillisore 1 sen S – Dictionary 2 tʃɑlɑkʔ 2 tʃɛlɑinɑj, tʃɛlɑpe S – Nayarangamotia 3 dʒibɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

198. come!, he came

1 hidʒuʔme, hiːlenɑ B – Baigodia 1 hidʒume, hidʒlinɑje B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 hidʒiʔme, hidʒlinɑ B – Dumadie 1 hɪdʒuʔme, hɪdʒuleɲɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑe B – Madhupur 1 hidʒuʔne, hilɛnɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɛlɑ, hidʒenɑ B – Munduy 1 hidʒuʔme, hidʒlinɑe B – Podadiha 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑ B/M – Udala 1 hidʒuʔu,

hidʒuʔudʒɑnɑ M – Chalagi 1 hidʒu M – Dictionary 1 hidʒume, hidʒujɑnɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 hudʒuʔme, hudʒuine M – Jharmunda 1 hudʒuʔme, hudʒuine H – Dillisore 1 hidʒuk S – Dictionary 1 hɐdʒime, hɛʔjɛnɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑːso Oriya (Cuttack)

199. speak!, he spoke

3 dʒɑɾem, dʒɑgɑɾlɑ B – Baigodia 1 kɑdʒilijɑe B – Champi 2 menkejʌe 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi

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1 kɑdʒidʒme, kɑdʒiluiɑ B – Dumadie 1 kɑdʒiʔme, kɑdʒilɛdɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 kɐdʒidʒme, kɐdʒikijɑ B – Madhupur 1 kɐdʒiʔɲe, kɐdʒilɛʔjɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 kɐdʒidʒɲe, kɑdʒikedɑ B – Munduy 1 kɑdʒidʒme, kɑdʒikie B – Podadiha 2 menem, menkidɑ B/M – Udala 3 dʒɑgɑɾ, dʒɑgɑɾ kidɑ M – Chalagi 1 kɑdʒi M – Dictionary 2 men 2 menem, menkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 kɐdʒime, kɐdʒikidɑ M – Jharmunda 1 kɐdʒime, kɐdʒikidɑ H – Dillisore 2 men S – Dictionary 5 ɾoɽ 2 menme, menkijɑ S – Nayarangamotia 6 kɔhilɑ, kuhɑ Oriya (Cuttack)

200. listen!, he heard

1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ B – Baigodia 1 ɑjuməjɑi, ɑjumkɛɖɑʔi B – Champi 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumlijɑe 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumleɑ B – Dumadie 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumledɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkijɑt B – Madhupur 1 ɑjɑmtɑ, ɐjɑmkejɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑjometənɑ,

ɑjumkeɖɑi B – Munduy 1 ɑjumem, ɑjulejɑɳ B – Podadiha 1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ B/M – Udala 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkidɑ 1 ɑjum, ɑjumkidɑʔɑ M – Chalagi 1 ɑium M – Dictionary 1 ɑjʌlem, ɑjumkedɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑjumem, ɑjumkidɑ 1 ɑjumtɐnɑj, ɑjumkeɖe M – Jharmunda 1 ɑjɑmtɑnɑ, ɑjɑmkiɖɑ H – Dillisore 2 ɑndʒom S – Dictionary 2 ɑndʒɔmeejɑj,

ɑndʒomkijɑj S – Nayarangamotia 3 suno Oriya (Cuttack)

201. look!, he saw

1 lelim, lelkiɑ B – Baigodia 1 nelem, nellejɑm B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 nelem, nellejɑ B – Dumadie 1 lelːime, lelːidɑ B – Ladhiramsai 1 nelitme, nelkijɑt B – Madhupur 1 nenelɑ, nelɛijɑ B – Mohuldiha 1 neltenɑ, ɑinelkiɖɑi B – Munduy 1 nelem, nellejɑe B – Podadiha

1 lelem, lelkidɑ B/M – Udala 1 lel, lelkidɑi M – Chalagi 1 lel, nel M – Dictionary 1 lelem, lelkidɑ M – Dhungarisai 1 lɛlɛjeʔ, lɛlkete M – Jharmunda 1 nɛltɛnɑ, nɛlkidɑ H – Dillisore 1 nel S – Dictionary 1 ɲɛɲelkɐnɑj, ɲelkijɑj S – Nayarangamotia 2 dekho Oriya (Cuttack)

202. I (1st sg)

2 ɑɲ B – Baigodia 1 iɲ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 iɲ B – Dumadie 2 ɑɲ B – Ladhiramsai 1 iɲ B – Madhupur 1 iɲ B – Mohuldiha 1 iɲ B – Munduy 1 iɲ B – Podadiha 2 ɑn B/M – Udala 1 ɑiɲ M – Chalagi 2 ɑiɲ 1 ɑiŋ M – Dictionary 1 iŋ 2 ɑiŋ 2 ɑn M – Dhungarisai 1 iɲ M – Jharmunda 2 ɑɲ H – Dillisore 1 in S – Dictionary 1 iɲ S – Nayarangamotia 3 mũ Oriya (Cuttack)

203. you (2nd sg, informal)

1 ɑm B – Baigodia 1 ɑm B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑm B – Dumadie 1 ɑmː B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑm B – Madhupur 1 ɑm B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑm B – Munduy 1 ɑm B – Podadiha 1 ɑm B/M – Udala 1 ɑm M – Chalagi 1 ɑm M – Dictionary 1 ɑm M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑm M – Jharmunda 1 ɑm H – Dillisore 1 ɑm S – Dictionary 1 ɑm S – Nayarangamotia 2 tu Oriya (Cuttack)

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204. you (2nd sg, formal)

1 ɑben B – Baigodia 1 ɑben B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑben B – Dumadie 1 ɑbɛn B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑben B – Madhupur 1 ɑben B – Mohuldiha 1 ɑben B – Munduy 1 ʌben B – Podadiha 1 ɑbin B/M – Udala 2 ɑm M – Chalagi 0 no entry M – Dictionary 1 ɑbin M – Dhungarisai 1 ɑben M – Jharmunda 1 ɑben H – Dillisore 1 ɑben S – Dictionary 1 ɑbiŋ S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑponõ Oriya (Cuttack)

205. he (3rd sg, masculine)

2 ɑʔe B – Baigodia 2 ɑʔʈ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 iniʔi B – Dumadie 1 iniʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ini B – Madhupur 1 ini B – Mohuldiha 1 ini B – Munduy 1 ini B – Podadiha 2 ɑe B/M – Udala 1 ini M – Chalagi 2 ɑe M – Dictionary 2 ɑe M – Dhungarisai 1 ini M – Jharmunda 1 ini H – Dillisore 1 uni S – Dictionary 1 uni S – Nayarangamotia 3 se Oriya (Cuttack)

206. she (3rd sg, feminine)

2 ɑʔe B – Baigodia 2 ɑʈʔ B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 iniʔi B – Dumadie 1 iniʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ini B – Madhupur 1 ini B – Mohuldiha 1 ini B – Munduy 1 ini B – Podadiha 2 ɑeʔ B/M – Udala 1 iniʔi M – Chalagi

0 no entry M – Dictionary 2 ɑeʔ M – Dhungarisai 1 ini M – Jharmunda 1 ini H – Dillisore 1 uni S – Dictionary 1 uni S – Nayarangamotia 3 se Oriya (Cuttack)

207. we (1st pl, inclusive)

1 ɑbu B – Baigodia 1 ɑbu B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑbu B – Dumadie 1 ɑbu B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑbu B – Madhupur 2 ɐle B – Mohuldiha 1 ɐbu B – Munduy 1 ʌbu B – Podadiha 1 ɑbu B/M – Udala 2 ɑle M – Chalagi 1 ɑbu M – Dictionary 1 ɑbu M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐbu M – Jharmunda 1 ɐbu H – Dillisore 1 ɑbo S – Dictionary 2 ɐle S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑme Oriya (Cuttack) 3 ɑmpe

208. we (1st pl, exclusive)

1 ɑle B – Baigodia 1 ɑle B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑle B – Dumadie 1 ɑlːe B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑle B – Madhupur 1 ɐle B – Mohuldiha 2 ɐpe B – Munduy 1 ʌle B – Podadiha 1 ɑle B/M – Udala 1 ɑle M – Chalagi 1 ɑle M – Dictionary 1 ɑle M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐle M – Jharmunda 1 ɐle H – Dillisore 1 ɑle S – Dictionary 1 ɐlɐge S – Nayarangamotia 2 ɑme Oriya (Cuttack) 2 ɑmpe

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209. you (2nd pl)

1 ɑpe B – Baigodia 1 ɑpe B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 ɑpe B – Dumadie 1 ɑpeʔ B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑpe B – Madhupur 1 ɐpe B – Mohuldiha 2 ɑnku B – Munduy 1 ʌpe B – Podadiha 1 ɑpe B/M – Udala 1 ɑpe M – Chalagi 1 ɑpeɑ M – Dictionary 1 ɑpe M – Dhungarisai 1 ɐpe M – Jharmunda 1 ɐpe H – Dillisore 1 ɑpe S – Dictionary 1 ɐpe S – Nayarangamotia 3 ɑponõ Oriya (Cuttack)

210. they (3rd pl)

1 ɑko B – Baigodia 1 ɑko B – Champi 0 no entry B – Dighinuasahi 1 inku B – Dumadie 1 ɑko B – Ladhiramsai 1 ɑko B – Madhupur 1 inku B – Mohuldiha 1 ɐko B – Munduy 1 ʌko B – Podadiha 1 ɑko B/M – Udala 1 inku M – Chalagi 1 ɑkiŋ M – Dictionary 1 ɑko 1 ɑko M – Dhungarisai 1 hɑnku M – Jharmunda 1 ɐko H – Dillisore 1 onko S – Dictionary 1 unkin 1 uŋkuʔko S – Nayarangamotia 2 se mɑnːe Oriya (Cuttack)

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Appendix C

Appendix C1: Recorded Text Test Procedures10

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad 1974 and Blair 1990.

Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable—perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location.

In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented.

In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing ensures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated.

It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. 10This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed.) 1992.

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Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing.

When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar—especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores.

However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion, which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean—the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact.

The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following table:

Standard Deviation High Low

Ave

rage

Sco

re

High

Situation 1 Many people understand the story on the test tape well, but some have difficulty.

Situation 2 Most people understand the story on the test tape.

Low

Situation 3 Many people cannot understand the story, but a few are able to answer correctly.

Situation 4 Few people are able to under-stand the story on the test tape.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration.

Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact that facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur.

In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds,

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but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

Appendix C.2: RTT Subject Biodata, Test Scores, and Post-RTT Responses

The following information was obtained for each subject who took an RTT (designated with a subject ID number).

Sex Age Education Birthplace Place brought up Current residence Mother tongue

Language now spoken in home Father’s mother tongue Mother’s mother tongue Spouse’s mother tongue Lived or stayed in another place Travelled outside area

Key for RTT scoring charts: Q1 – Q10: Score for each question of the story 10 = fully correct 5 = partially correct 0 = incorrect TTL: Total score for each subject PCT: Percentage for each subject

Average score: Average score of all subjects on test Standard deviation: Statistical measurement for variation between scores 12 and above = high below 10 = low Number: Number of subjects who took the test

Abbreviations used: QNA Question not asked NR No response

Questions asked after the Hometown Test (HTT):

1 Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 2a Is the speech good? 2b What is good/not so good about it? 3 Is this the way people talk in your village? 4 Did you hear any mixing with another language?

Questions asked after the Recorded Text Test (RTT):

1a Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 1b What helps you know he/she is from that place? 2a Is the speech good? 2b What is good/not so good about it? 3. Is the speech pure? 3b Is the speech mixed? If so, how much? 4a Is the storyteller’s speech a little different or very different from your speech? 4b How is it different? 5 How much of the story did you understand?

75

Mundari Recorded Text Tests

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current residence

Mother tongue

Lg now in home

MUN 01 M 36 matrica here* here here Mundari Mundari MUN 02 M 40 nil here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 03 M 32 9th here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 04 M 75 nil here here here Mundari Mundari MUN 05 M 35 nil Assam here here Mundari Mundari MUN 06 M 45 B.A. 45 km away here here Mundari Mundari &

Hindi MUN 07 F 34 7th Assam 30 km away here Mundari Mundari MUN 08 F 45 6th 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari MUN 09 F 30 matric >100 km

away same place here Mundari Mundari

MUN 10 F 25 nil 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari MUN 11 F 23 9th 20 km away same place here Mundari Mundari a “here” refers to the village where testing was done.

SubjID Father’s MT

Mother’s MT

Spouse’s MT

Lived/stayed in another place

MUN 01 Mundari Mundari QNA military service for 6 yrs MUN 02 Mundari Mundari QNA coal mines for work MUN 03 Mundari Mundari QNA no MUN 04 Mundari Mundari QNA no MUN 05 Mundari Mundari QNA 5 yrs in Assam MUN 06 Mundari Mundari Mundari 5 yrs working in Rourkela MUN 07 Mundari Mundari QNA Assam when born MUN 08 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN 09 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN 10 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA MUN11 Mundari Mundari Mundari QNA

Mundari “ghost” story

Hometown Test Scores

Subj ID

Sex Age Educ Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

TTL PCT

MUN 01

M 36 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 02

M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 03

M 32 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 04

M 75 nil 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 120 86

MUN 05

M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

76

MUN 06

M 45 B.A. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 07

F 34 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 08

F 45 6th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 09

F 30 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 10

F 25 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MUN 11

F 23 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

Average score: 99 Standard deviation: 4.3 Number: 11

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects because the person who told the story was present for much of the testing.

Mundari “lost son” story

Hometown Test Scores

Subj ID

Sex Age Educ Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

Q 15

Q 16

TTL PCT

MUN 01

M 36 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 02

M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 03

M 32 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 04

M 75 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 10 135 84

MUN 05

M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 06

M 45 B.A. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 07

F 34 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 08

F 45 6th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 09

F 30 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 10

F 25 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

MUN 11

F 23 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 160 100

Average score: 99 Standard deviation: 4.7 Number: 11

77

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects because the person who told the story was assisting the researchers in the testing.

Recorded Text Tests at Munduy

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current residence

Mother tongue

Lg now in home

MDY01 M 37 BCom here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY02 M 50 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY03 M 23 BA-2 here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY04 M 60 matric here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY05 M 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY06 M 22 BA-1 here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 km away here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY08 F 40 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY09 F 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij MDY10 F 37 nil 10 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij MDY11 F 50 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij

SubjID Father’s MT

Mother’s MT

Spouse’s MT

Lived/stayed in another place

MDY01 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA MDY02 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij nearby places MDY03 Bhumij Bhumij —— Chaibasa MDY04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Orissa, 6 years MDY05 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA MDY06 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA MDY07 Bhumij Bhumij —— Orissa, 3 years MDY08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no MDY09 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tatanagar, 6 years MDY10 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Joshipur MDY11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no

Munduy Hometown Test Scoresa

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 PCT MDY01 M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 MDY02 M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY03 M 23 BA-2 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 95 MDY04 M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY05 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY06 M 22 BA-1 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY08 F 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY09 F 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 MDY10 F 37 nil 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 MDY11 F 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 a A story obtained on an earlier survey in Dumadie village, about 40 kilometres from Munduy, was used for hometown testing at Munduy.

78

Average score: 97 Standard deviation: 4.6 Number: 11

Munduy Post–Hometown Responses

SubjID 1. Where is storyteller from

2a. Good speech

2b. What is good/not good about it

3. Is it the way people talk in your village

4. Any mixing with another language

MDY01 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY02 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY03 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY04 this village good,

pure QNA same no

MDY05 Chaibasa area mixed mixed with Ho, Bhumij

this speech is Mundari, but…

mixed with Bhumij

MDY06 QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA MDY07 no idea good it is same as our

lg yes little mixed with

Santali, Ho, Bengali MDY08 no idea good,

but little mix

it is our lg yes, but… there are some Ho & Mundari words

MDY9 Hata area good good story same, but little different

some mixing with Ho & Santali

MDY10 not here; maybe Santali area

good good story almost same some mixing with Ho & Santali

MDY11 Tatanagar area

good good story, but mixed

no, a little different mixing with Ho & Santali

Mundari “ghost” story at Munduy

RTT scores

Subj ID

Sex Age Educ Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

TTL PCT

MDY 01

M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MDY 02

M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MDY 03

M 23 BA-2 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89

MDY 04

M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 130 93

MDY 05

M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MDY 06

M 22 BA-1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100

MDY 07

M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93

79

MDY 08

F 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 130 93

MDY 09

F 35 nil 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93

MDY 10

F 37 nil 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 105 75

MDY 11

F 50 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 10 0 90 64

Average score: 91 Standard deviation: 11.4 Number: 11

Mundari “ghost” story at Munduy

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is storyteller from

1b. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/not good about it

3a. Speech pure

MDY01 Khunti area have gone there, 5–8 times

good story & his speech are good

no, it is not Bhumij, it is Mundari

MDY02 no idea lg is little different good, but…

little different NR

MDY03 near Tatanagar

met some people who speak that lg

good, but…

first story is best mixed

MDY04 this area storyteller is a friend good it is Ho lg very little mixed MDY05 no idea —— good,

but… mixed with Mundari, Bhumij & Ho

little different

MDY06 no idea —— good, but mixed NR MDY07 Tamar area has heard lg before,

but hasn’t gone to area good story is nice no

MDY08 nearby village lg is little different good story is good not pure MDY09 nearby area —— good,

but… there’s some mixing no

MDY10 Tatanagar area

heard lg when went there (2–3 times to visit relatives)

good this is Tamaria lg only (lg of Tamar area people)

pure Tamar lg (Munda)

MDY11 Mayurbhanj area

people there talk this way

good, but…

mixed with Ho no

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different 5. How much did you understand

MDY01 15% mix w/ Bhumij; some Ho words are in the story

little different little bit different full

MDY02 mixed story is Tamar bhasa little different full MDY03 Mundari & Santali little little full MDY04 QNA little different QNA full, b/c I know Ho lg

80

MDY05 QNA little different QNA full MDY06 little mix different, this is Mundari few words I cannot

follow all

MDY07 mixed with Ho & Bhumij little different mixed with our lg about 90% MDY08 mixed with Bhumij, Ho,

Santali little different QNA mostly understood

MDY09 mixed with Ho not same little different some understood, some not understood

MDY10 no mixing different some difference not our lg, but understood everything

MDY11 little mixed with Ho very different mixture of Ho & Santali not everything

Mundari “lost son” story at Munduy

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

Q 15

Q 16

TTL PCT

MDY01 M 37 BCom 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 155 97 MDY02 M 50 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 140 88 MDY03 M 23 BA-2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 145 91 MDY04 M 60 matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 140 88 MDY05 M 35 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 130 81 MDY06 M 22 BA-1 0 10 10 0 5 10 10 5 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 110 69 MDY07 M 18 2nd 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 135 84 MDY08 F 40 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 105 66 MDY09 F 35 nil 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 10 120 75 MDY10 F 37 nil 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 145 91 MDY11 F 50 nil 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 10 120 75

Average score: 82 Standard deviation: 9.9 Number: 11

Mundari “lost son” story at Munduy

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is storyteller from

1b. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/not good about it

3a. Speech pure

MDY01 Tamar area those people come to market & speak this lg

good QNA 40% Bhumij

MDY02 no idea —— good, but… some difference no MDY03 no idea —— not pure mixed w/ Ho and a

little bit Santali & Mundari

no

MDY04 this village Mundari people are near my village

good, but… it is Mundari lg; some Bhumij words are there

QNA

81

MDY05 no idea —— good, but… mixed no MDY06 no idea —— mixed, but

good QNA not Bhumij

MDY07 no idea —— good story is good no MDY08 Tamar area b/c of the lg good story is good not pure MDY09 not here; maybe

from Santali place

QNA QNA —— QNA

MDY10 Keonjhar area heard this lg when in Orissa

good this is also Tamaria language

pure, but some Ho & Santali words

MDY11 no idea QNA QNA —— QNA

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different

5. How much did you understand

MDY01 QNA little different little different all, except for a few words

MDY02 mixed little different QNA everything MDY03 mixed different very different everything MDY04 mixed with Bhumij & Ho QNA QNA QNA MDY05 mixed little different QNA everything MDY06 mixed it is not Bhumij QNA QNA MDY07 mixed with Ho & Bhumij little different QNA all MDY08 mixed with Bhumij & Ho little different QNA almost all MDY09 —— QNA —— QNA MDY10 little mix this is not the same as our lg QNA everything MDY11 —— QNA —— QNA

Recorded Text Tests at Dighinuasahi

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up Current residence

Mother tongue

Lg now in home

DGN01 M 28 10th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN02 M 20 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN03 F 55 nil 15 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN04 M 40 2nd Koduputudi Kodiyabasa here Bhumij Bhumij DGN05 M 18 9th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN06 M 50 undermatric 4 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij DGN07 M 34 nil here 4 km away here Bhumij Bhumij DGN08 F 30 nil 15 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN09 M 29 7th here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN10 M 40 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN11 F 60 nil 10 km away same place here Bhumij Bhumij DGN12 M 20 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij DGN13 F 15 10th here here here Bhumij Bhumij

82

SubjID Father’s MT

Mother’s MT

Spouse’s MT

Lived/stayed in another place

Travel outside area

DGN01 Bhumij Bhumij Mahanto no nearby places DGN02 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA QNA DGN03 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA DGN04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN05 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no DGN06 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN07 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij nearby Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack once/year DGN08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN09 Bhumij Bhumij —— no Kendrapoda twice a year for work DGN10 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no Balasore infrequently DGN11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no DGN12 Bhumij Bhumij —— no Balasore for work DGN13 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no

Dighinuasahi Hometown Test Scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 PCT DGN01 M 28 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 90 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 DGN04 M 40 2nd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN06 M 50 underm

atric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN10 M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

Average score: 98 Standard deviation: 3.8 Number: 13

Note: Post-HTT questions for this story were not asked to subjects.

83

Mundari “ghost” story at Dighinuasahi

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

TTL PCT

DGN01 M 28 10th 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 5 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 120 86 DGN04 M 40 2nd 10 10 5 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 DGN06 M 50 under

matric 0 0 0 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 85 61

DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 130 93 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 125 89 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 130 93 DGN10 M 40 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 130 93 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 135 96 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 135 96

Average score: 90 Standard deviation: 9.6 Number: 13

Mundari “ghost” story at Dighinuasahi

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is storyteller from

1b. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/not good about it

3a. Speech pure

DGN01 Bihar side already heard this lg, but haven’t been to area

good QNA ——

DGN02 no idea —— good story is good pure DGN03 this side it is our lg good fully good pure DGN04 another place b/c of the lg good fully good pure, but… DGN05 maybe Bihar side don’t know good fully good not pure DGN06 maybe Karanjia b/c of the lg not good to them it is good, but for

us it is not good different

DGN07 nearby area related with my lg good because it’s my lg mixture DGN08 don’t know —— good because I understood fully mixing DGN09 this same village because I understood

fully good speech is good mixing

DGN10 don’t know —— good voice is good mixing DGN11 Bangriposi has gone there once good QNA mixing DGN12 don’t know —— good QNA mixing DGN13 Bangriposi they cultivate so much

sweet potato good style is good mixing

84

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different

5. How much did you understand

DGN01 little mix with Ho different 50% different fully DGN02 QNA not same 50/50 mix with Ho fully DGN03 QNA same as here —— fully DGN04 little mix with Ho little different QNA yes DGN05 mix with Ho little different QNA 50% understood DGN06 little mix with Ho little different some words 50% understood DGN07 mixing with Ho same as my lg —— fully DGN08 mixing with Ho little different tune is different more than 50% DGN09 little mixing with Ho little different some words only fully understood DGN10 mix with Ho little different way of speaking little understood (not fully) DGN11 don’t know which lg is

mixing with Bhumij little different QNA fully understood

DGN12 mix with Santali little different tune is different fully understood DGN13 mix with Santali little different words are different fully understood

Mundari “lost son” story at Dighinuasahi

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

Q 15

Q 16

TTL PCT

DGN01 M 28 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN02 M 20 nil 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 125 78 DGN03 F 55 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 90 56 DGN04 M 40 2nd 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 90 56 DGN05 M 18 9th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 0 0 10 125 78 DGN06 M 50 under

matric 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 0 0 10 125 78

DGN07 M 34 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN08 F 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 135 84 DGN09 M 29 7th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 150 94 DGN10 M 40 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 0 0 10 10 125 78 DGN11 F 60 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 10 120 75 DGN12 M 20 nil 10 10 0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 85 53 DGN13 F 15 10th 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 140 88

Average score: 76 Standard deviation: 12.8 Number: 13

85

Mundari “lost son” story at Dighinuasahi

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. Where is storyteller from

1b. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/not good about it

3a. Speech pure

DGN01 Orissa side little Oriya mix good QNA not pure DGN02 no idea —— good QNA no DGN03 no idea —— good fully good pure DGN04 Bangriposi (50 km

away) those people speak like this

good lg is good pure, but…

DGN05 maybe West Bengal side we don’t have this kind of lg

good all good pure

DGN06 Surat side (35 km away) b/c so many Ho people are there

to them it is good…

…for us it is difficult no

DGN07 out of India b/c this is a Bible story good QNA mixing DGN08 don’t know —— good b/c I understood mixing DGN09 nearby village b/c I understood fully good speech is good mixing DGN10 Bangriposi this style is not ours, but is

found there good story is good mixing

DGN11 story from Bible —— QNA —— QNA DGN12 this area NR good story is very good mixing DGN13 Ranchi side has heard storyteller on

FEBA radio good pronunciation &

words are very good original Bhumij

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different 5. How much did you understand

DGN01 Oriya mix little different QNA 50% only DGN02 QNA very different QNA 25% understood DGN03 QNA NR QNA everything understood, but

not able to answer all questions

DGN04 little mix with Ho different from our lg QNA half DGN05 QNA different from our lg very much fully understood DGN06 mix with Ho little different words are different 25% understood DGN07 mix with Ho little different QNA fully DGN08 mix with Ho little different way of speaking fully understood DGN09 little mixing with

Ho little different some words only fully understood

DGN10 mix with Ho little different some words are different little understood DGN11 —— very similar with Bhumij QNA fully understood DGN12 mix with Ho very different lg different little difficult to understand DGN13 no mixing little different way of speaking is good not fully understood

86

Recorded Text Tests at Heseldipa

Subject Biodata

SubjID Sex Age Educ Birthplace Brought up

Current residence

Mother tongue

Lg now in home

HSL01 M 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL02 M 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL03 M 45 1st nearby same place here Bhumij Bhumij HSL04 M 35 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL05 M ~40 QNA QNA —— —— —— —— HSL06 F 50 nil nearby same place here Bhumij Bhumij HSL07 M 50 nil 3 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL08 M 63 3rd 3 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL09 M 35 non-

matric here here here Bhumij Bhumij

HSL10 F 30 nil here here here Bhumij Bhumij HSL11 M 50 nil 2 km away same place same place Bhumij Bhumij HSL12 M 30 8th here here here Bhumij Bhumij

SubjID Father’s MT

Mother’s MT

Spouse’s MT

Lived/stayed in another place

Travel outside area

HSL01 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Dhenkanal, Orissa, 5 years no HSL02 Bhumij Bhumij —— no no HSL03 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 1 year a few places for a few

days HSL04 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 1 year; Nalco, 6 months nowhere else besides

places mentioned HSL05 —— —— —— —— —— HSL06 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no HSL07 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 20 yrs for work (has been

back in village for 10 yrs) QNA

HSL08 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA HSL09 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij QNA QNA HSL10 Bhumij Bhumij —— QNA QNA HSL11 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Tata, 5 yrs no HSL12 Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij no no

87

Heseldipa Hometown Test Scores11

SubjID

Sex Age Educ Q1

Q2 Q3

Q4

Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

PCT

HSL01 M 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL02 M 30 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 HSL05 M ~40 QNA 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL06 F 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL07 M 50 nil 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 HSL09 M 35 non-

matric 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90

HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — HSL11 M 50 nil 1

0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

HSL12 M 30 8th 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

Average score: 97 Standard deviation: 4.7 Number: 11

Heseldipa Post–Hometown Responses12

SubjID 1a. What lg is the storyteller’s speech

1b. Where is it from

1c. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/ not good about it

3a. Speech pure

HSL01 Tamaria Bhumij nearby village

QNA little different, but good

QNA mixed

HSL02 Bhumij with a little Santali

don’t know some words are similar good NR pure

HSL03 our lg, but mixed with Santali

Rairangpur area, Orissa

QNA good, but… mixed not pure

HSL04 Tamdia lg (Mundari)

QNA a village 2–3 km away speaks like this

good QNA ——

HSL05 Bhumij lg, but mixed with Santali words

can’t say QNA good QNA ——

HSL06 our lg mixed with Santali

QNA QNA good QNA not pure

HSL07 our lg mixed with a little Santali

Potka block (nearby)

QNA good QNA all pure except…

HSL08 QNA Ranchi side heard it before there good QNA not pure

11The Dumadie story was also used as the hometown test at Heseldipa. 12Since the Dumadie story was already judged to be a valid hometown test, post-RTT questions were asked instead to subjects.

88

HSL09 our lg, but mixed with Tamaria (Mundari)

QNA QNA good QNA not pure

HSL10 QNA Tamar area has heard the lg many times

good QNA not pure

HSL11 QNA Orissa side heard this lg while in Orissa

good, but… little mix not pure

HSL12 QNA no idea —— good, but… mixed no

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different

5. How much did you understand

HSL01 mixed with Tamaria lg 50% similar QNA fully understood HSL02 little mix with Santali different there are Santali

words fully understood

HSL03 a few words are Santali, not ours

little different different words understood all

HSL04 mixed with our lg little different QNA can understand, but cannot speak this lg

HSL05 mixed with some Santali words

little different, but okay

style of speech fully understood

HSL06 mix of some Santali words little different QNA fully understood HSL07 …for two Santali words little different QNA QNA HSL08 mix with Bhumij &

Mundari QNA —— fully understood

HSL09 a few Mundari words are mixed in

little different a few words only QNA

HSL10 little mixing with Ho little different QNA most of the story understood

HSL11 little mixing with Santali same Bhumij QNA fully understood HSL12 little mix with Mundari

and Ho little different QNA not fully

Mundari “ghost” story at Heseldipa

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1

Q 2

Q3

Q4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

TTL PCT

HSL01 M 30 nil 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 5 95 68 HSL02 M 30 nil 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 135 96 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 120 86 HSL05 M ~4

0 QNA did not complete test — —

HSL06 F 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 115 82 HSL07 M 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 120 86 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 100 HSL09 M 35 non-

matric 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 93

HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — — HSL11 M 50 nil 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 110 79 HSL12 M 30 8th 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 120 86

89

Average score: 88 Standard deviation: 10.0 Number: 10

Mundari “ghost” story at Heseldipa

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. What lg is the storyteller’s speech

1b. Where is it from

1c. What helps you know 2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/ not good about it

3a. Speech pure

HSL01 Ho Chaibasa side heard this lg while living near Tata

good because my friends speak this lg

no mixing

HSL02 Ho Chaibasa QNA good QNA pure HSL03 Mundari Ranchi a village 2–3 km away is Munda;

they come here for business13 good, but… a little different pure

Mundari HSL04 Mundari can’t say QNA good QNA pure HSL05 Tamdia lg Bundu-Tamar QNA good QNA QNA HSL06 a little our lg, a

little Santali, & a little Ho

QNA I grew up with these people & learned their lg

QNA —— QNA

HSL07 Ho near Chaibasa learned this lg while living in Tata

good QNA not pure

HSL08 25% Bhumij, rest Mundari

W. Singhbhum side

used to talk with these people good story is good not pure

HSL09 Ho Chaibasa b/c Ho people live there good QNA pure Ho HSL10 Ho QNA it is like Ho good QNA no HSL11 Ho Chaibasa side this lg is spoken there good, but… mixing no HSL12 like Ho, mixed

with Mundari can’t say have never heard this lg good QNA no

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different 5. How much did you understand

HSL01 —— QNA QNA fully14 HSL02 QNA not same 50/50 mix with Ho fully HSL03 no mixing little different our speech is a little fast, Mundari

is a little more slow; some words are different

understood fully

HSL04 not mixed with any lg

little different different speech & speed can understand, but cannot speak

HSL05 QNA QNA QNA QNA HSL06 —— QNA —— could not understand

fully

13The subject said that only after mixing with them, he could understand their language, but it was not that difficult to learn. 14When asked why several questions in the story were not answered correctly, the subject replied, “The story is Ho language and the questions are in my language, so I could not answer all the questions since I was confused.”

90

HSL07 a little of our lg is mixed with the lg of the story

very different words can understand fully, but cannot speak

HSL08 mixed with Mundari & Ho

very different QNA fully understood

HSL09 no mixing different very different not fully understood HSL10 mix with Ho,

Mundari, & Bhumij very different (50%) QNA not fully

HSL11 mixed QNA —— fully understood HSL12 mixed very different QNA 50% understood

Mundari “lost son” story at Heseldipa

RTT scores

SubjID Sex Age Educ Q1

Q2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6

Q 7

Q 8

Q 9

Q 10

Q 11

Q 12

Q 13

Q 14

Q 15

Q 16

TTL PCT

HSL01 M 30 nil did not complete test — — HSL02 M 30 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 125 78 HSL03 M 45 1st 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 130 81 HSL04 M 35 nil 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 0 10 10 115 72 HSL05 M ~40 QNA did not complete test — — HSL06 F 50 nil did not complete test — — HSL07 M 50 nil 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 130 81 HSL08 M 63 3rd 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 0 10 10 120 75 HSL09 M 35 non-

matric 0 10 0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 85 53

HSL10 F 30 nil did not pass hometown test — — HSL11 M 50 nil 10 10 1

0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 125 78

HSL12 M 30 8th 0 10 10

0 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 105 66

Average score: 76 Standard deviation: 11.9 Number: 8

Question #4 was likely translated incorrectly as all subjects answered it incorrectly. The results reflect this question being eliminated from the tabulations.

91

Mundari “lost son” story at Heseldipa

post–RTT responses

SubjID 1a. What lg is the storyteller’s speech

1b. Where is it from

1c. What helps you know

2a. Speech good

2b. What is good/ not good about it

3a. Speech pure

HSL01 did not complete test

—— —— —— —— ——

HSL02 not sure; maybe Ho —— QNA good QNA pure Ho HSL03 Mundari Ranchi can understand

their lg good QNA pure

Mundari HSL04 Tamudia (Bhumij

name for Mundari) QNA there’s a village

nearby with these people

good QNA pure, but…

HSL05 did not complete test

—— —— —— —— ——

HSL06 did not complete test

—— —— —— —— ——

HSL07 Ho Chaibasa QNA good QNA pure Ho HSL08 Ho W

Singhbhum side

I’ve heard this lg many times

good Ho NR pure Ho

HSL09 QNA Chaibasa QNA QNA —— QNA HSL10 Tamaria lg QNA QNA good,

but… mixed no

HSL11 Tamaria language Tamar area – Ranchi

this is their lg good QNA pure Mundari

HSL12 QNA no idea —— good QNA QNA

SubjID 3b. Is (& how much) is speech mixed

4a. Speech a little or very different from yours

4b. How is it different

5. How much did you understand

HSL01 —— —— —— —— HSL02 QNA this story & the one before

are a little different this story is more literal

fully understood

HSL03 no mixing different words are different fully understood HSL04 mixed with our lg no different between this

story & the one before QNA not full understanding;

cannot speak HSL05 —— —— —— —— HSL06 —— —— —— —— HSL07 1 or 2 Santali

words; 1 or 2 words from our lg

very different; this story is more literal than the previous one

words all understood, but cannot speak

HSL08 QNA very different QNA fully understood HSL09 —— QNA —— QNA HSL10 mixed with Bhumij

& Tamaria QNA —— not fully understood

HSL11 —— very different QNA fully understood HSL12 —— little different QNA not fully

92

Appendix C3

RTT Stories Codes used in the transcription of RTT stories: \n Sentence number \p Phonetic transcription of text or question \g Word-by-word gloss into English \f Free (natural) English translation of text

QUESTION Question number \q Free English translation of question \a Expected answer for question

?? Unattainable gloss [rhyme] Rhyming word with the previous word [vulgar] Indecent word

past past tense cont continuous tense pl plural

Mundari RTT Story: “Ghost”15

This story was told by C. K. S., a 45 year old Hasdagya Mundari speaker who has completed undermatric education. He was born in a village about 30 kilometres from Ranchi, Bihar, and currently resides in Hutar village, Ranchi district. Sentence 1 was eliminated from the final test tape

\n 1 \p ɑiŋɑ nutum […] nɑ ɑiŋ tʃəʈʈi-kənɑɖiɽe teiŋ dʒɛgəɾtɑnɑi \g my name [personal name] now I [village name] by telling-am \f My name is C. K. S. and I am speaking from Chatti Kanadire village.

\n 2 \p ɑiŋən tʃɪntəŋ dəŋgəɽɑ kəntɑikenɑ skul hokə dʒɑnte \g I-am when young was school stop going \f When I was young, I stopped going to school.

QUESTION 1 \p okodɪpɪɾe ɪnɪ skul hokə dʒɑnɑ \g when he school stop past \f When did he stop going to school? \a when he was young

\n 3 \p ɛntəjomte əle dəŋgəɽɑ gɑttɪko lo netɑhənte ɪnuŋ kote sɛnotəngode təntɑi hɪnɑ \g that-after we young friend-pl with here-and-there play whatever go-cont kept on were \f After that, I and my young friends were going all around playing.

15This story was transcribed first into Devanagiri script and from that into IPA, with occasional checking with the taped story and a mother tongue Mundari speaker. Devanagiri transliterations were used, and, like the Lost Son story, there are IPA representations for phonemes which appear not to be found in Mundari.

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QUESTION 2 \p ɪnɪ skul senoʔe bɑgekedte ɪnɪ ɑɾ ɪnɪʔɑ soŋgeko tʃenɑʔko tʃɪkɑ tɑikenɑ \g he school go-he stop he and his friend-pl doing-pl what was \f After he stopped going to school, what were he and his friends doing? \a going around playing

\n 4 \p en lekən səməjə ɾɑʔ ɑiŋ dəŋgəɽɑ səməjə ɾɑʔ ghəʈnɑ ɑiŋ tɪsɪŋ \g this like time that I young time that event I today

\p uduʋei sənəntənɑ ɪnədo nelekən hoʋɑdʒɑnɑ \g telling wants thus like happen-past \f At that time when I was young, an event happened that I am telling you about today.

\n 5 \p musɪŋ ɑiŋ ɑiŋɑ soŋgeko lo bəhut səŋgɪn losono dʒɑnɑ \g one day I my friend-pl with many distance travel past \f One day I and my friends travelled a long distance.

\n 6 \p oɽo ɑiŋ hətuʋəte eskɑɾ ɑiŋ tɑikenɑ \g and I village-from only I was \f I was the only one among my friends from my village.

\n 7 \p ɛʈɑ hətuɾən soŋgeko lote əle senodʒɑnɑ \g other village-from friend-pl with-to we go-past \f My friends came from other villages.

QUESTION 3 \p ɪnɪʔɑ soŋgeko kotɑʔɾenko tɑikenɑ \g his friend-pl where-from was \f Where were his friends from? \a other villages

\n 8 \p entɑɾɛŋke sɪŋgɪ dubui dʒɑnɑ oɽo hɪdʒu lotodo puɾʋɑgəle nubɑ dʒɑnɑ \g there-?? sun set past and come back much-became dark past \f The sun was setting and as we came back, it became very dark.

QUESTION 4 \p oko ɪmtɑ ɪnɪ ɾuʋəɽtən tɑikenɑ ɪmtɑ tʃɪlkɑ tɑikenɑ \g anything when he returning was when how was \f When returning, what happened? \a became very dark

\n 916 \p ɑiŋɑ oɽɑ sente tebɑlotedo təlɑ nɪdɑ həlɑdʒolɑ hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑ \g my house go-to reach-if mid night about happen past \f If I were to reach my house, it would be about midnight.

16The final two words of this sentence were cut from the test tape as it altered the answer to the question.

94

QUESTION 5 \p okon səməjəɾe ɪnɪ ɑjɑ oɽɑʔe tebɑjəte \g what time-in he his house reached \f What time would it be if he reached his home? \a midnight

\n 10 \p do ɑuɾɪŋ tebɑiɾege dʒəɪnkuɑ hətu tebɑ sɪde dʒɑnɑ \g then not reaching their village reach earlier past \f I then reached my friend’s village earlier than midnight.

\n 11 \p ɪŋkuko məntəiŋ tənɑ tʃɪ ɑlom senɑ hətute \g they-pl telling cont that do-not go village-to \f All my friends are telling me not to go to my village.

QUESTION 6 \p ɪnɪʔke soŋgeko tʃenɑʔko mentɑʔɪjɑ \g him-to friend-pl what told \f What did his friends tell him? \a don’t go to his village

\n 12 \p netɑ ɾege tɑikome kupul kome \g here stay please guest kindly \f My friends said, “Please stay here as our guest.”

QUESTION 7 \p ɪnɪʔke tʃenɑ ɾɪkɑe menteko kɑdʒijɑ tənɑ \g him-to what asking for said cont \f What were they asking him to do? \a stay here as a guest

\n 13 \p tʃɪɑtʃɪ nɪdɑ nubɑɾe kotɑɾe tʃɪkɑɳɑ hubɑkoʋɑ əle menejɑ tʃɪ ɪnɪ senodʒɑnɑ \g because night dark-in where-in what happen-will we tell-will that he go-past \f They said to me, “Because it is dark, we will say, ‘What will happen and where did he go?’”

\n 14 \p oɽo oɽɑ ɾenko menejɑ tʃɪ kotɑɾ ɑjɑ soŋge kotɑɾ senɑ kɑnɑ \g and house belong-pl tell-will that where his friend where go past \f “And our family would also ask where our friend went.”

\n 15 \p bɪtʃɪ dʒen təlɑ hoɾɑ koɾe dʒɑnɑ hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑɾe dʒetɑ kɑko nelmɑ \g if any mid way there whatever happen past-in anyone not see \f “If on the way something happened to you, no one would see you.”

\n 16 \p nelekən ko kɑdʒijɑ ɑitənɑ \g this-like they said me-cont \f They were saying this to me.

\n 17 \p mendo ɑiŋɪnkuʋɑ kɑdʒɪ kɑiŋ mənɑtɪŋ dʒɑnɑ \g but I-their say not accept past \f But I did not accept what they said.

95

QUESTION 8 \p ɪnɪ tʃɪkɑ kəjɑ dʒɑnɑ \g he what not-do past \f What did he not do? \a not accept their words

Sentences #18 through #21 were eliminated from the final test tape

\n 18 \p ɪŋkoiŋ metəd koʋɑtʃɪ ɑbu sobenɑ koʋɑ gupɪnɪdo eskɑɾ tʃetən ɾeni menɑijɑ \g I told will-that our all-of will shepherd only heaven belong remaining \f I told them that our Shepherd is remaining in heaven.

\n 19 \p ɪnɪge əbuke sobentɑɾe hoɾo guʋe dʒogɑʋkoʋɑ \g he-only for-us everywhere protect will keep-will \f He only will keep and protect us everywhere.

\n 20 \p en lekɑte oko ɑgɑɾ ɑiŋekɑtʃɛtɑnɾe hoʋɑɾɑ menɑ enɑ do əppe oɽɑɑiŋ \g this like-to anything if my-?? happen remaining that then your house-I

\p tɑinɾe tʃəjɑ ɑiŋɑ oɽɑəɾeiŋ hoʋɑ hogəjɑ \g will-live on my house-

belonging happen will-be

\f In this way if anything happens to me, it will happen whether I am at your house or my house.

\n 21 \p ɪnɑmente ɑiŋ entʃetən ɾenɪɾe əsɑɾɑ bisʋɑs kete ɑiŋ senhoɾeiŋ ɛʈe kedɑ \g therefore I that-heaven belong-in trust believe did I go-journey-my start did \f Therefore, trusting and believing in heaven, I started the journey. ___________

\n 22 \p səikəl teiŋ sen hoɾɑ təntɑikenɑ \g cycle by go way cont-was \f I was going by cycle.

\n 23 \p oɽo əlejɑne dɪsuŋge sobenko ɪnuʋənɑ tʃɪ mɪjəd boŋkɑ buɾuɾɑ ɪsu tʃələnko menɑ \g and our place all-pl know that one mountain god many custom-pl remaining \f And everyone in our place knew that ghost worship is still existing.

QUESTION 9 \p tʃɪkɑ tʃələnko nɑʔsənte menɑ \g what custom-pl existing remaining \f What is still existing? \a ghost worship

\n 24 \p ɑjub səməjəɾe hentɑɾe oko sukuɾɪ lekən leloʋɑ hentɑɾe toju hoʋɑ hentɑɾe kulɑ lekən \g night time-in there-in anything pig like see-will there-in fox happen there-in tiger like

96

\p leloʋɑ hentɑɾe sədom lekən nelekən nelekən kɑdʒɪ ko ne dɪsuŋge ɪsu puɾɑ menɑ \g see-will there-in horse like this-like this-like say pl this place many more remaining \f It is believed that at night time a ghost looks like a pig, a fox, a tiger or a horse, especially in this place.

\n 25 \p həlɑkɪ ɪŋku dʒɪtənɑ kɑko ɾɪgɑ mendo sɪɾ hoɽo bəiɾɪko botoŋgɑ \g though they anything not doing but only man only frighten \f However, these appearances do nothing but frighten people.

\n 26 \p en lekɑte dʒebtʃɪ eskɑɾke senokoɾe dʒɑnɑ nel tɑinɾe nɪdɑ nubɑ səməjəɾe boɾo do hɪdʒu gejɑ \g this like-to when-that alone go-if past you will-live night dark time-in fear then come definite \f If you go out alone in the dark, you will definitely be frightened.

QUESTION 10 \p ɑm nɪdɑ nubɑɾe eskɑɾ gjəm senoɾe do tʃɪkɑ hoʋɑ \g if night dark-in alone do go-in then what happen \f What will happen if you go out alone in the dark? \a fear will come

\n 27 \p do en lekən dʒɑgəgəko ɑiŋ mɑɳɪ mɑɳɪte sen pəɾom dʒetəiŋ \g then this like place I slowly slowly-to go cross doing \f Then I was going very slowly across the place.

QUESTION 11 \p tʃɪlkɑ ɪnɪ hoɾɑ pəɾomtən tɑikenɑ \g how he way crossing was \f How was he going across? \a slowly

\n 28 \p nɑ do ɑiŋɑ hətu tʃe oɽɑ tenɛbɑɾeŋ tebɑ dʒɑnɑ \g now then my village or house nearer reach past \f I now reached nearer to my village house.

\n 29 \p en ɑiŋ senɑkɑd hoɾɑ ɾege hoɾɑ dʒəpɑɾe lɪŋkɑsɑ dʒenɑɾe səŋgɑ koɾoʋəkəd tɑikenɑ \g this I going on way stay way near left side sweet potato lying was \f As I was going on my way, on the left side was lying a sweet potato.

QUESTION 12 \p səŋgɑ kotɑɾe koʋɑkən tɑikenɑ \g sweet potato where-in lying was \f Where was the sweet potato lying? \a on the left side

\n 30 \p do ɑjub do təlɑ nɪdɑ həlɑdʒolɑ hoʋɑ təntɑikenɑ \g then night then mid night about happen cont-was \f This was happening at about midnight.

97

\n 31 \p səikəl teiŋ hɪdʒu təntɑikenɑ \g cycle by come cont-was \f I was coming by cycle.

\n 32 \p do en səŋgɑ dʒom nəgente mɪjəd əle hətuɾeŋgeko əsulə kəɾ tɑikenɑ \g then this sweet potato eat for one our village-in keep do was

\p bode-məɾɑŋ sukuɾɪ ɑɾ ɪnɪ puɖɪge tɑikenɑ \g big-big pig and he white was \f In our village we were keeping a big, white pig which was eating the sweet potato.

QUESTION 13 \p sukuɾɪ tʃɪlkɑ tɑikenɑ \g pig how was \f What was the pig like? \a big and white

\n 33 \p nɑ do ɑjub tʃɪlkɑte ɪnɪ duʋei gunɑte udum dʒɑnɑ tʃɪkɑko ɑdeɾ təɪjɑ nɑdoɪnɪ \g now then night how-to he why shed-to come out past what-not enter unable now-then-he

\p dɑnɑ dɑnɑ lote tɑge səŋgɑ dʒome senɑ kɑnɑ \g searching searching with-to that-place sweet potato eat go past \f I wondered why the pig came out of the shed, and how it was searching for that place where the sweet potato was.

\n 34 \p ɑjɑ mone mətəlɑb ɪnɪ tonɑne dʒomtənɑ bonə enlodɑ ɑiŋ səikəl teiŋ hɪdʒu lenɑ \g his will that is he freely eat-cont yes this-time I cycle by come past \f The pig was freely eating as I came by cycle.

\n 35 \p səikəl teiŋ hɪdʒu lenɑ səikəlɾe ɑʋɑdʒ dʒəb ɑjum kedɑ ɪnɪjo kɪʈɪl dʒɑnɑ \g cycle by come past cycle-from voice when hear did he startle past \f As I came by cycle, the pig heard the sound of the cycle and was startled.

QUESTION 14 \p tʃɪntəŋ sukuɾɪ sɑɽɪʔe ɑjumlɑ tʃɪlkɑ dʒɑnɑ \g when pig sound heard how past \f When the pig heard the sound, how did it react? \a it was startled

\n 36 \p kɪʈɪl dʒɑnɑ ɑiŋɑ emtəŋge nɪlote lepel hoʋɑ dʒɑnɑ \g startle past my that-time her-with-to see-each other happen past \f At that time it was startled and we saw one another.

\n 37 \p ɑmne-sɑmne nɑ do lɪŋ əpəɾɪd tənɑ ɑiŋ doiŋ mendʒəd tʃɪ nɪdo boŋgəge tɑne \g face to face now then each other looking cont I am saying that this ghost be

\p tɪsɪŋ do nɪdo kəjɑ bəndʒ oŋgəjɑ \g today then this not-do survive will \f We are now looking at each other face to face; I was thinking that this pig must be a ghost and I would not survive.

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\n 38 \p həɾe ɪnɪ do dʒəbdʒɪnədɑ nuʋɑɾeoko hoɽo hɪdʒuʋe ɑiŋke nokɑm botoŋgɑ enɑ dʒɑs \g and he then while dark-in man come-will I like frighten that suppose

\p uɳu tənɑ mɑne bɑɾɑkɪŋ boɾo do lɪŋ boɾo təntɑikenɑ \g thinking cont means both fear then each other fear cont-was \f In this darkness we were both frightened, I kept on thinking.

\n 39 \p mendo ɑiŋ sɑhɑs kedeŋ tʃɪ ɑkɪɾ doneʋo ɑiŋ hətuʋɪsun oɽɑ ɑiŋ tebɑ kedɑ gejɑ \g but I dare stood that last so now I village house I reach did definite \f But I was bold and at last I reached my village house.

\n 40 \p dʒɑnɑ hoʋɑʋɑ dʒetənɑ hoʋeo \g whatever happen-will that-cont happen-will \f Whatever will happen, will happen.

\n 41 \p lele ɑiŋɑ do puɾɑuttəɾ do hɑn tʃetən ɾeni ɑsɑɾɑ bɪsʋɑs kete nɑ do \g see my then moreover then look heaven belong trust believe did now then

\p mɑɳɪte ɑiŋtekɑɪŋ ugudete dʒɑnɑ ɑɾ hentɑ dɪɾɪkoɖo tɑikenɑ sɪ goɽɑ lekənɑʔ \g slowly-to I-?? bend

down past and there stone-pl was plough dry field like

\p ɑgɪtɑnɑ dɪɾɪ goɽɑ ge entɑtɪke mɪjəd dɪɾɪ mɑɳɪte hɑlɑŋ kedɑ \g cont stone dry field full there-from one stone slowly-to take did \f Moreover, in heaven I will trust and believe; then I slowly bent down and out of a dry field full of stones, I slowly picked up one stone.

\n 42 \p hɑlɑŋ kedɑ tʃɪ endɪɾɪtege kotɑɾe en sukuɾɪ səŋgɑ dʒom tɑnɪtɑikene hɑpejɑ \g take did that this-stone-by where-in this pig sweet potato eat had been quite

\p kɑnɑɖo boɾote ɪnɪ keiŋ heɾ lɪɑ \g calm fear-to he to throw did \f The pig who had been eating the sweet potato was now quite calm, yet still afraid; I took and threw the stone at him.

\n 43 \p heɾ lɪɑ ɪdu ʈo lenɑ tʃɪkɑ mendo en dɪɾɪɾɑʔ sɑɽɪ ɑjum kete ɑjɑ dʒəpɑɾe \g throw did but hit past what but this stone-of sound hear did his near

\p uju lenɑ enɑte ɑjo boɾo kedɑ \g fall past this-to he fear did \f I threw the stone, and didn’t know whether it hit the pig; but the stone fell near the pig and the sound scared it.

\n 44 \p ɑɾ entɑte doɖo doɖo doɖo tənɑ dʒunute nɪɾ dʒɑnɑ \g and there-from [pig sound] cont bush-to run past \f From there, the pig ran into a bush making a sound.

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Mundari RTT Story “The Lost Son”17

This story was taken from Luke 15:11–31 of the Mundari Bible published in 1911 in Ranchi, Bihar. The passage was read by S. M. T., a 50 year old Hasdagya Mundari speaker who has earned an M.A. degree. He was born in a village about 40 kilometres southwest of Ranchi, and currently resides in Ranchi. He has been involved with radio broadcasts in Mundari for about 10 years.

\n 1 \p dʒetɑ hoɽoɑn bəɾ hoɽo koɽɑhonkɪŋ tɑikenɑ \g any man two man male-child-both was \f There was a man who had two sons.

\n 2 \p ɪnkɪnete lɪʈɑ hon e ɑbbɑ menɑʔ teɑʔete ɑiŋɑ hɑnɑʈɪŋ omɑiŋ me metɑɪɑ \g from-then youngest son hey father from belonging-to my own-share give me told \f The younger one said to his father, “Father, give me my share of the estate.”

QUESTION 1 \p honte koɽɑ ɑputeke tʃenɑʔe metɑije \g son-to male father-to what told \f What did he ask of his father? (v12a) \a his share of the estate

\n 3 \p ente ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ ɑsuloʔteɑje hɑʈɪŋɑkɪŋ \g then he his inheritance divided-both \f So he divided his property between them.

QUESTION 2 \p ɑpute tʃənɑʔe tʃɪkɑ kedɑ \g father-to what do did \f What did the father do? (v12b) \a divided all of the property

\n 4 \p huɽɪŋ mɑ tɑjomte lɪʈɑ hon sobenɑ huɳɖɪkete səŋgɪŋ dɪsumtɪenɑ oɽo entɑɾe \g small day often youngest son all collected distant country-went and there

\p etkɑno kɑmɪkoɾe ɑjɑʔ menɑʔteɑjɑ tʃɪtɪbɪtɪ kedɑ \g bad work his from-belonging squander did \f Not long after that, the younger son got together all he had, set off for a distant country, and there squandered his wealth in wild living.

QUESTION 3 \p səŋgɪn dɪsum senɑ dʒɑnɑ tʃɪ huɽɪŋ honte koɽɑ tʃɪlkɑ ɑjɑʔ dʒɪdəne uɽo kedɑ \g distant country go past that small son-to male how his life spent did \f When the son went to the distant country, how did he live? (v13) \a he squandered his wealth

17This story was transcribed into IPA directly from Devanagiri, the script used in the Mundari Bible. This IPA transliteration used Devanagiri conventions and was not checked against actual speech (except for questions). Thus there are IPA representations for phonemes which appear not to be found in Mundari. The most prominent of these is /ɪ/.

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\n 5 \p sobenɑ tʃɑbɑkedtʃɪ en dɪsumɾe puɾɑ ɾɪŋkɑjɑnɑ \g all finished-then that country-in many famine-happened \f After he had spent everything, there was a severe famine in that whole country.

QUESTION 4 \p səŋgɪn dɪsumɾe tʃenɑʔe honɑ dʒɑnɑ \g distant country-in what happen past \f What happened in the distant country? (v14) \a there was a severe famine

\n 6 \p oɽo ɪnɪʔe ɾogeʔjənɑ \g and him hunger-felt \f And he began to feel hungry.

\n 7 \p ente ɪnɪ senodʒente en dɪsumɾe mɪjɑd hoɽotɑʔɾe tɑikenɑ \g then he go-past that country-in one men-with was \f So he went and hired himself out to a citizen of that country…

QUESTION 5 \p en hon ɑjɑʔ menɑʔtejɑʔe uɽo tʃəbɑked tʃɪ okoetɑɾeʔ dəsɪn dʒɑnɑ \g that son his from-belonging spent after that whom-to hire past \f When the son had spent all of his money, to whom did he hire himself out? (v15b) \a citizen of the country

\p ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ oteɾe sukuɾɪ gupɪte ɪnɪʔe kulkɪɑ \g he his land pig pasture-to him sent \f …who sent him to his fields to feed pigs.

QUESTION 6 \p tʃɪləkən kəmɪ ɪnɪʔe nəməkedɑʔ \g what kind work him find-did \f What kind of work did he find? (v15b) \a feeding pigs

\n 8 \p oɽo ɪnɪ sukuɾɪ dʒomdʒɑte lupute ɑjɑʔ leɪ bɪje sənɑŋtənei tɑikenɑ \g and he pig eating-from pod-from his stomach fill willing was

\p oɽo dʒete ɪnɪ kɑko omɑɪtɑn tɑikenɑ \g and no one he not giving was \f He longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, but no one gave him anything.

QUESTION 7 \p dʒɪmətəŋ ɪnɪ ɾeŋge kɪjə do tʃenɑʔe dʒomeʔɑe sənɑŋ dʒɑnɑ \g when he hunger was then what eat willing past \f When he got hungry, what food did he want to eat? (v16) \a pig’s food

\n 9 \p ente ɪnɪ sutɪɑnteje kedʒɪkedɑ puɾɑ hege sɑɾeutəɾolekɑ dʒomeɑ ɑpuɪŋ ɑ tʃɪmɪn \g then he awakened say-did many yes abundant food father’s my how many

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\p nəlɑkotɑɾeɑ ɑɽɑ ɑiŋ neɾe ɾeŋgeteŋ godʒotenɑ \g labourers has I here hunger-from dying \f When he came to his senses he said, “How many of my father’s hired men have food to spare, and here I am starving to death!”

\n 10 \p ɑiŋ bɪɾɪdəkoʔte ɑpuɪŋ tɑʔɪŋ senoʔɑ oɽo e ɑbbɑ ɑiŋ sɪɾmɑɾeɑʔ oɽo ɑmɑ ɑjəɾɾeŋ pɑpɑkədɑ \g I arose-to father’s to-my go-will and hey father I in-heaven and your in-front sin-did \f “I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.’

\n 11 \p ɑiŋ ɑjɑɾte ɑmɑ hon kɑdʒɪoʔlekɑnɪ kɑ tənɪŋ ɑm nəlɑkotəmɑte mɪjɑʔnɪ lekɑ doiŋ meɪŋ metɑɪɑ \g I father your son calling-like not am you labourer-pl-from one-that like keep me told \f ‘I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired men.’”

\n 12 \p oɽo ɪnɪ bɪɾɪdəjɑnte ɑputetɑʔe senodʒənɑ \g and he arose father-to-his go-past \f So he got up and went to his father.

\n 13 \p oɽo ɪnɪsəŋgɪnɾege tɑikenɑ ɪmtɑŋ ɑpute ɪnɪ nelkɪte lɪbujɑjɑʔ \g and he-distance-long was that-time father-to he saw mercy-showed

\p oɽoe nɪɾdəɾomkɪɑ oɽo hɑmbudkɪʔte tʃomkɪɑ \g and-he ran-welcome-did and embracing kiss-did \f But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion for him; he ran to his son, threw his arms around him and kissed him.

QUESTION 8 \p dʒɪmtəŋ ɑpute ɪnɪʔe nelkɪte tʃɪlkɑ əʈkəɾkedɑ \g when father-to him saw how response-did \f When his father saw his son, what was his response? (v20b) \a mercy

\n 14 \p oɽo hon e ɑbbɑ ɑiŋ sɪɾmɑɾeɑʔ oɽo ɑmɑʔ ɑjəɾɾeŋ pɑpɑkədɑ \g and son hey father I heaven and your in front sin-did \f The son said to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.”

QUESTION 9 \p dʒɪmtəŋ hon oɽɑʔte tebɑʔlɑʔ ɪnɪ ɑjɑʔ ɑputeke tʃenɑʔe metɑɪjɑ \g when son house-to arrived he his father-to what told \f When the son reached home, what did he say to his father? (v21) \a I have sinned

\n 15 \p ɑiŋ ɑjɑɾte ɑmɑʔ hon kɑdʒɪoʔtʃlekɑnɪ kɑ tənɪŋe mɪtɑɪɑ \g I father your son calling-like not am told \f “I am no longer worthy to be called your son.”

\n 16 \p mendo ɑpuɑjɑ dəsɪko kədʒɪɑdəkoɑ bodege sobenete bugɪn lɪdʒɑ oɽoŋepe \g but father-his servant-pl-to say-did let-us all-from fine clothes and-bring \f But the father said to his servants, “Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him.”

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QUESTION 10 \p ɑpute dəsɪko tʃenɑʔe oepe mente kədʒɪɑdəkoɑ \g father-to servant-pl what bring order say-did \f What did the father tell the servants to bring? (v22) \a best robe

\n 17 \p oɽo ɪnɪ tusɪŋɪpe ɪnɪjɑʔ tɪɾe mudəm oɽo kəʈɑɾe dʒutɑ tusɪŋɪpe \g and he put his hand ring and leg shoe put \f “Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet.”

\n 18 \p oɽo kɪɾɪɑkən mɪju okɪte godʒɪpe oɽo ɑbu dʒomketebu ɾɑsɪkɑo \g and fat one calf bring kill and we eat-we celebrate \f “Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Let’s have a feast and celebrate.”

\n 19 \p ne honɪŋ koɽɑdo goekəne tɑikenɑ oɽoe dʒɪdɾuɑɽəkənɑ ɪnɪ ɑdəkənɑ tɑikenɑ oɽoe nɑməɾuɑɽ əkənɑ \g this son-my male-this died-like was and-he life-again-got he lost-got was and-he find-again got \f “For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.”

\n 20 \p oɽo ɪnku ɾɑsɪkɑoko eɽekedɑ \g and they celebrate began \f So they began to celebrate.

\n 21 \p oɽo ɪnɪjɑʔ mutkul hon pɪɖɪɾe tɑikenɑ \g and his first born son field-on was \f Meanwhile, the older son was in the field.

QUESTION 11 \p mutkul hon kotɑʔɾe tɑikenɑ \g first born son where was \f Where was the elder son? (v25a) \a in the fields

\n 22 \p oɽo hɪdʒu tɑnlo oɽɑʔtɑ seʈeɾjɑnte ɾututɑn susuntɑnkoe sɑɽɪe ɑpumkede \g and come coming house-to reached flute-playing dancers boys heard-did \f When he came near the house, he heard music and dancing.

QUESTION 12 \p dʒɪmtəŋ ɪnɪ oɽɑ jəpɑʔe hɪdʒuʔlenɑ tʃenɑʔe ɑpumkedɑ \g when he house near come-past what hear-did \f What did he hear when he came near the house? (v25b) \a flute playing and dancing

\n 23 \p ente ɪnɪ dəsɪkoete mɪjɑʔnɪ ɑjɑʔte keɽɑkɪʔte ne tʃɪkɑnɑʔ tɪɑnɑʔ mente kulɪkɪɑ \g then he labourer-pl-from one-that his-to called-to this what was say-to asked \f So he called one of the servants and asked him what was going on.

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QUESTION 13 \p bɑute okoe keɽɑkɪʔte \g elder brother whom call-did \f Whom did the elder brother call? (v26) \a a servant

\n 24 \p ɪnɪ uɳɖɪməe hɪdʒuɑkɑn oɽo ɑpum ɪnɪ bugɪ bugɪgeje nɑmɑkɑʔɪɑ \g he small brother came and hear he fine fine-definite found

\p mente kɪɾɪɑkən mɪjuje gojəkɑʔjɑje mnɾuɑɽʔɑjɑ \g order fat one calf killed told-again \f “Your brother has come,” he replied, “and your father has killed the fattened calf because he has come back safe and sound.”

\n 25 \p mendo ɪnɪje esedɪɑnɑ \g but he-from angry \f But the older brother became angry.

QUESTION 14 \p tʃɪlkɑ bɑute ɾɪkɑ kedɑ \g how elder brother react did \f How did the elder brother react? (v28a) \a became angry

\n 26 \p oɖo belo kɑe sənɑŋ dʒɑnɑ oɖo ɑpute oɽoŋ dʒɑnɑ ɪnɪje bɪntɪkɪɑ \g and enter not willing past and father-to come out past he-from prayed \f He refused to go in. So his father went out and pleaded with him.

QUESTION 15 \p ɑpute oɽeŋəjənte tʃenɑʔe tʃɪkɑ kedɑ \g father-to coming out what do did \f When the father went out to the son, what did he do? (v28b) \a pleaded/requested him to come in

\n 27 \p oɽo ɪnɪ ɑputeje kɑdʒɪɾuɑɽʔeiɑ neleme nɪmiŋ sɪɾməjəte ɑmɑiŋ kɑmɪtənɑ oɽo \g and he father-to say-again see so many years-from you-I work-cont and \p tʃɪulɑo ɑmɑʔ dʒetɑ ɑnətʃu kɑjɪŋ ʈoʈɑkedɑ oɽo ɑm ɑiŋ ɑŋɑ getɪkolo \g never your any order not broke-did and you I me-to friend-pl-with

\p ɾɑsɪkɑo nɑgente tʃɪulɑo mɪjɑd mɪɳɖɪ hon kem omɑiŋɑ \g celebrate for never one sheep son not give-to-me \f But he answered his father, “Look! All these years I’ve been slaving for you and never disobeyed your orders. Yet you never gave me even a young sheep so I could celebrate with my friends.”

\n 28 \p mendo besɪɑkolo ɑmɑʔ ɑsuloʔteɑ dʒomtʃɑbɑtət ne hontɑm hɪdʒuɑkɑn \g but prostitute-pl-with your inheritance eat-finished this son-your came

\p ɪmtɑge ɑm ɪnɪjɑʔ mɑgente kɪɾɪɑkən mɪju gojəkəjɑ \g this-time you his for-to fat one calf killed \f “But when this son of yours who has squandered your property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the fattened calf for him!”

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\n 29 \p mendo ɑpute e hon ɑm dʒenɑo ɑiŋ lom teintene oɽo ɑŋɑ sobenɑ ɑmɑge tɑnɑ \g but father-to hey son you every I with me leaving and me-to all your-this belonging \f “My son,” the father said, “you are always with me, and everything I have is yours.”

\n 30 \p mendo ɾɑsɪkɑo oɽo sukuo legɑtɪŋ tɑikenɑ ne uɳɖɪmdo gɑjɑkəne tɑikenɑ oɽoe \g but celebrate and pleasing should was this small brother die-like was and-he

\p dʒɪdɾuɑɽəkənɑ oɽo ɪnɪ ɑdəkənɑ tɑikenɑ oɽoe nɑməɾuɑɽ ɑkənɑe metɑijɑ \g life-again-got and he lost-got was and-he find-again was told \f “But we had to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is again found.”

QUESTION 16 \p tʃɪnɑʔ nəgenteko ɾɑsɪkɑdʒɑnɑ \g why for celebrate-past \f Why were they celebrating? (v32) \a the son came home

Dighinuasahi Bhumij RTT Story

“The Scratching Bear”

\n 1 \p mɑnhoɽo setɑɾe piɖite senkenɑ \g one-man morning latrine went \f One morning a person went to the latrine.

QUESTION 1 \q Where did the person go in the morning? \a to the latrine

\n 2 \p dʒodʒitʃo senkenɑ ɖuŋguɾi letɑɾ sɑite senkenɑ \g afterwards went small hill under beside went \f Afterwards he went beside a small hill.

\n 3 \p enɖe piɖite dubʌkɑnlo mɔjoʔt bɑnɑ \g there latrine sitting-while one bear \f While he was sitting in the latrine, a bear…

QUESTION 2 \q What appeared while he was sitting in the latrine? \a a bear

\p en diɾeko lɑʈɑteɑd uɽum dʒɑnɑ \g that stone-pl from bush came out past \f …came out from behind a bush and some stones.

QUESTION 3 \q From where did the bear come out? \a stones and a bush

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\n 4 \p dʒe uɽum dʒɑnɑ piɖite kɑnɑ dubɑ en bɑnɑ sodʒe dɑuɖ \g while came out past latrine what sit that bear straight ran

\p idikedɑ en hoɽotɑʔte geɾkiɑ \g toward that man-towards bit \f As the man was coming out from the latrine, the bear ran straight towards him and bit him.

QUESTION 4 \q What did the bear do to him? \a bit him

\n 5 \p lɑnɖi boʔ goʈɑ tʃiɖɑ tʃɑbɑ kedʒiɑ goʈɑ sɑɾɑ tʃiɖɑ tʃɑbɑkiɑ \g buttocks head all clawed finish past all all claw finished \f The bear clawed and clawed all the way from the man’s head to his buttocks.

QUESTION 5 \q Where did the bear scratch the man? \a from his head to his buttocks

\n 6 \p dʒetebeɽe geɾkiɑ huʋe pɑpɑ ɾɑʔkedɑ \g after bit [exclamation] shouted \f After it bit him, he shouted.

QUESTION 6 \q When the bear bit him, what did the man do? \a shouted

\n 7 \p endipilɑ hɑtu hoɽokoko uɽum dʒɑnɑ \g that-time village man-pl came out past \f At that time, all the village people came out.

QUESTION 7 \q After he shouted, who came out? \a people of the village

\n 8 \p hɑtuɾin hoɽoko uɽum dʒɑntʃiko en bɑnɑ niɾkedɑ puɾɑ ekdɑm hɑnɑ boɽɽɑɖi mulite \g village man-pl came out did-coming that bear ran all all that [place

name] straight-to

\f When the village people came out, the bear ran straight to Borradi.

\n 9 \p boɽɽɑɖi teɑʔd enɖe oɽo kɑkɑlɑbɑɽɑ kiʔtʃiko oɽo hɑnɑ muɾtʃi \g [place name] village people there and yelled-big because of and that [place name]

\p dʒetebeɽe muɾtʃi hɑtu senodʒɑnɑ \g after [place name] village went \f The people of Borradi village also shouted, so the bear went to Murchi village.

\n 10 \p enɖe mɔjoʔt oɽɑ enɖe dɑulu ɑdɑɾkedɑ \g there one house there running entered \f There it ran and entered a house.

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\n 11 \p ɑɾ duɑɾ niʈikiɑ kɑn tɑikenɑ enduɑɾe niɾ ɑdɑɾ kedɑ \g and door opened already was that-door run entered did \f The door was already open, so the bear ran right in.

QUESTION 8 \q Why did the bear easily enter the house? \a the door was open

\n 12 \p niɾ ɑdɑɾ kedɑ dʒetebeɽe ente dipilɑ ko huɑ pɑpɑ ko ɾɑʔkedɑ kɑnɑlekɑbu \g run entered did after that-to time people [exclamation] people shouted what-we

\p tʃikɑgiɑ en bɑnɑ okoi hɑɾuɽumgiɑ \g did that bear who chase out \f After the bear entered the house, the people were exclaiming, “What can we do to the bear and who will chase it out?”

\n 13 \p okoi sobo uɽumkiɑ eiɾokom bohutko kɑkɑlɑ en kɑkɑlɑ dʒɑto sɑmɑjɑɾe \g who hit came out-past like this very much-pl yelled that yelled all time

\p kohite gole hoɽokoko hunɖiŋ dʒɑnɑ \g speak-to past man-pl together past \f All the people were yelling and saying together, “Who will hit it and make it come out?”

QUESTION 9 \q What were the people saying? \a who will hit the bear and make it come out

\n 14 \p ɑɾko mendʒɑdɑ ko hɑnɑ tʃitɑnɾe ʈuiɾe bhuʔ gepe \g and-people decide people that above-to roof hole make \f The people decided to make a hole in the roof.

QUESTION 10 \q What did the people decide? \a to make a hole in the roof

\n 15 \p ʈui tʃitɑnɾe bhuʔgepe bɑnɑbu sobo uɽumkiɑ \g roof above-to hole-made bear-we hit came out-past \f They made a hole in the roof to hit the bear and it came out.

\n 16 \p ɑɾko ʈuiɾe ko bhuʔ kedɑ sɑɽimɑ tʃitɑn ʈuiɾe ɑɾko ɾɑgoɽo kedʒiɑ \g and-people roof-to people hole did high above roof and-people hit past \f And the people who made the hole in the roof hit the bear.

QUESTION 11 \q After making the hole, what did they do? \a hit the bear

\n 17 \p ɾɑgoɽo uɽumkiɑ dʒekodʒeko ɾɑgoɽo uɽumkiɑ seto dɑuɖu kedɑ hoɽo tɑʔteke \g hit came out-past how hit came out-past it ran did man towards

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\p ekdɑm okoi tiɾe huɑkiɑ okoi kɑʈɑɾe huɑkiɑ okoi lɑnɖiɾe gɑduɾkiɑ okoi diɑɾe \g all who hand bit who leg bit who buttocks-to scratched who backside

\p gɑduɾkiɑ notilɑ ɾekɑ kedkoʋɑ \g scratched not-there did everything \f After it was hit, the bear came out and ran towards everyone, and bit people’s hands and legs, and scratched their backs and buttocks.

\n 18 \p oɽo en bɑnɑ dɑuɖu ɑdɑɾkedɑ en oɽɑ ɾege dɑuɖ ɑdɑɾkedɑ bolo dʒɑnɑ \g and that bear ran entered that house inside ran entered enter past \f Then the bear entered and ran inside the house.

\n 19 \p dʒetebeɽe oɽo oɽɑɾe bolodʒenɑ upɑj nɑsti tɑhɑne kɑnɑ bu tʃikɑgiɑ en bɑnɑ tʃekɑlikɑ \g after and house-in entered way not then what we do that bear how

\p tʃikɑgiɑ hoɽoko oti biɑtibeston dʒɑnɑ ko dʒɑhɑkitʃi huɑ kiɑ enko dʒɑto ɖɑkʈəɾ \g do man-pl so worried past people how many bit past that-people all doctor

\p kiɑnɑ ko senodʒɑnɑ \g hospital people went \f After the bear was in the house, the ones who were injured went to the doctor at the hospital. The others were concerned what to do about the bear.

QUESTION 12 \q Where did the injured people go? \a to the hospital

\n 20 \p ɖɑkʈəɾ kiɑnɑ dʒetebeɽe ko senodʒɑnɑ ɑɾko mendʒɑdɑ koko khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ɾen hoɽoko \g doctor hospital after people went and-people talk people [place

name] of man-pl

\p ɾɑʋkope \g call-them \f After being at the hospital, the people went to talk with the people of Khadabasa village.

\n 21 \p kɑnɑte ɑɾko bhuɾu dʒɑpɑɾen hoɽoko ɑɾko dɑl dɑlte bɑnɑ dɑlte obəjɑs tʃɑbɑ \g what-to and-people hill near man-pl and-people beat beat-to bear beat-to habit finish

\p kɑnɑko \g what-then \f Those people live near a hill and are accustomed to beating and finishing off bears.

QUESTION 13 \q What were the Khadabasa people accustomed to doing? \a killing bears

\n 22 \p en hoɽoko ɾɑʋu keko ɾeko bɑnɑ ko goidʒiɑ kɑɾdo upɑj bɑnɑ ɑɾ inku dʒoɾuɾge \g that man-pl call them [rhyme] bear people kill otherwise way bear and them certainly

\p doɾkɑɾ ɑnɑ \g need cont \f They called those people because they were really needed; there was no other way to kill the bear.

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\n 23 \p ɑɾ inku ɾɑʋkope ɑɾ ɾɑʋu kekuɑ dʒetebeɽe kohite gole oɽo dohoɽɑ en bɑnɑ tɑʔteko \g and them call-them and call while after speak-to past and house that bear towards-people

\p hinɑm kidʒiɑ \g find past \f They called the people of Khadabasa village, and after a while they came and found the bear in the house.

\n 24 \p en khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ɾen hoɽoko hidʒukɑde oɽɑɾe ko bolo dʒɑnɑ oɽɑɾeko bolo \g that [place name] of man-pl came house-in people enter past house-in-people enter

\p dʒɑnɑ okoʋɑɾe bolo dʒɑnɑ kɑge heʔ inɑʔ oɽɑɾe bolo kɑnɑ tɑhɑne senodʒɑnɑ en bɑnɑ \g past where enter past no that in house-to enter what then went that bear

\p oɽɑ tɑʔteʔ sodʒe ɑɾko bolo dʒɑnɑ ɑɾko sobo uɽum kedʒiɑ \g house towards straight and-people enter past and-they hit came out past \f The people came, entered the house, and went straight towards the bear and began to hit it.

\n 25 \p sobo uɽum kedʒiɑke dʒetebeɽe honkodʒum ɸuʈbɑɭ dʒeɾokomkeko inumɑ ko sebhoɽiɑ \g hit came out past after child-pl-how football how play people like-that

\p tɑ mɑne puɾɑ hɑnsɑite dɑuɖ dʒɑɾe hɑni tokedʒiɑ nɑike huɑ dɑuɖ dʒɑɾe \g that means all that-side ran while other hit past that bit ran while

\p nɑi dɑliɑ hɑnɑke huɑ dʒɑɾe hɑni dɑliɑ enkɑ enkɑtɑi bohut sɑmɑjɑɾe ko dɑl goi kedʒiɑ \g that beat that bit while other beat like like that so much time people beat kill past

\p oti komɾe dosubɑɾo dʒoɳo hoɽoko dʒɑto kɑnko tɑikenɑ \g very less ten-to-twelve persons man-pl all gather was \f There were no less than ten to twelve people, some of whom were running here and there as the bear tried to bite them, while others were beating the bear. My, they were beating that bear like children playing football.

\n 26 \p niɾgɑtiɑ dɑl kedʒiɑko dɑl dɑlte oɽo dɑl goi tɑɾ kedʒiɑko \g ran beat past beat beat-to and beat kill completely past \f They ran and beat, and again beat the bear and killed it completely.

QUESTION 14 \q At last, what happened to the bear? \a it was killed

\n 27 \p dʒetebeɽe dɑl goi kedʒiɑko oɽo kɑnɑ budiɑ tɑhɑne ko hoɽokoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ bohut soŋkjɑɾe ɾen \g after beat kill past and what way then people man-pl came so much number of

\p hoɽokoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ piɑj ɑkepɑke tʃo sɑto mudʒɑɾen hoɽoko hidʒudʒɑnɑ lɑl dʒiɑko soɖɑ bɑnɑ \g man-pl came about nearby six seven village man-pl came saw past [vulgar] bear \f After the bear was beaten and killed, so many people came from about six or seven nearby villages and saw the bear.

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QUESTION 15 \q Who came after the bear was killed? \a people from six or seven villages

\n 28 \p ekdɑm bɑnɑ lɑl kɑde biɾɑɖ bɑnɑ ekdɑm piɑj mɑɾɑŋ duɑɾ bɑnɑ ko minɑjɑ kɑge \g all bear saw they big bear all about big door bear people told no

\p inkɑn bɑnɑ ko goi tɑtdʒiɑko ɑɳɖiɑ bɑnɑ ʈɑko goi kedʒiɑ \g like this bear people kill completely male bear to kill past \f Everyone saw the bear and said it was about as big as the door and could easily kill people.

\n 29 \p inkɑn bɑnɑ goido dʒetɑɾe kɑge ɑɾ dʒitɑi kɑko sɑhɑsjɑ tisiŋ dʒɑhu khɑɖɑbɑsɑ ko \g like this bear killed nowhere no and nobody they courage today anyhow [place name] people

\p hidʒukɑde donnu ɑɾko kedʒiɑ bohut koʃtə kɑte ko goi kedʒiɑ \g came thanks and-people past so much differently with people kill past \f So the bear did not kill anybody, anywhere, and we thanked the Khadabasa people who came and courageously killed the bear.

\n 30 \p ene kɑdʒi hoidʒɑnɑ \g this story finished \f This story is finished.

Dumadie Bhumij RTT Story “Punishment”

\n 1 \p ɑliɳ bɑɾ hɑgɑliɳ tɑikenɑ \g we two brothers was \f He and I were two brothers.

QUESTION 1 \q How many brothers were there? \a two

\n 2 \p hɑgɑ miet kudihon tɑikenɑ \g brothers one wife was \f Of the two brothers, one had a wife.

\n 3 \p ɑliɳ sijutiɳ hɑɾkoʋɑ sijuhɑkojeɾe bɑsiɑ mɑndi kɑʔt idiɑliɳɑ \g we plowing leaving after-leaving-plowing ten a.m. rice not-she take-for-both \f After I left for plowing, at ten a.m. she did not bring rice for the two of us.

QUESTION 2 \q What did she not bring? \a rice

\n 4 \p bɑsiɑ mɑndi kɑ idiɑliɳɾedʌ \g ten a.m. rice not for-both \f She didn’t bring the rice at ten a.m.

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\n 5 \p siju ɾɑɽɑte oɽɑʔɑ liɳhidʒuʋɑ oɽɑʔɑ hiʔkɑte \g leaving place house both-came house return \f So, leaving the plowing, we both returned to the house.

\n 6 \p ɑliɳɑ kuɽuhoɽ sigeɖiɾedʌ \g we wife scolding \f We scolded her for not bringing rice.

QUESTION 3 \q What did they do to his wife? \a got angry with her

\n 7 \p he mitɑliɳɑ mɑndi nui isinijɑ tʃijɑɳ idijɑʔɑ \g she said-to-us rice not-get cooked what-I will-take \f She said to them, “I didn’t cook rice, so what will I take?”

QUESTION 4 \q What did she say? \a rice is not cooked

\n 8 \p inɑjete ɑlele sigediɾe dʌ niɾe ɑko oɽɑʔɑ ɑko oɽɑʔɑ niɾ dʒɑnɾe \g then we-two scolding-in while ran their house their house ran away

\p tɑm ɑliɳmɑ pɑɳɑte hudʒuʋɑ \g then we following went \f Then while we were scolding her, she ran away from the house.

QUESTION 5 \q When they scolded her, what did she do? \a ran away

\n 9 \p pɑɳɑte hujuʋɑʔ pɑɳte \g following went followed \f He and I followed her.

QUESTION 6 \q What did the brothers do? \a followed her

\n 10 \p ɑliɳ senoɾedʌ ɑʔeʔ senkoʋɑ ɑjɑ bʌbu oɽɑʔɑ \g we went she went-there her father house \f She went to her father’s house.

QUESTION 7 \q Where did she go? \a father and mother’s house

\n 11 \p inɑjete ɑliɳliɳ senoʋɾe ɑko oɽɑʔute siget liɳ sʌkto \g then we-two going-for their house-to scold we so much \f Then we went to their house and scolded her a lot.

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\n 12 \p inɑjete sigedliɳ ɾedoko kultɑliɳɑ heʔ ɑbengeben dostʌdɑ inkɑnikɑben mitɑjɑ \g then scolding-we-two to asking-we-two reach you-two guilt you-two said

\p hʌɾtɑjemte \g after-that \f Then when we reached there, they were scolding us and were saying, “It is your fault.”

\n 13 \p dɑ ɑlejɑ hon iɾɑben dostijɑ \g that our child you-two guilt \f “Our child is not having any fault.”

\n 14 \p tɑjom ɑko endɾedo lembeɾkoʋɑko poɾɖhɑnkoʋɑko tʌjʌm dʌɾbɑɾ liɳɑko \g after that their then village men headmen then meeting did-for-us \f After that they called the village men and headmen and had a meeting for us.

\n 15 \p te dʌɾbɑɾ ɑliɳsɑʔtge ɑɲtʃnuɾuʋɑʔɑ \g then meeting our-side they-faulted \f Then at the meeting they found fault on our side.

QUESTION 8 \q At the meeting, whose side did they fault? \a with the brothers’ side

\n 16 \p inɑjete ɑliɳsɑʔt nuɾuʋɑɾedʌ tɑjʌm ɖɑdʌm keʔtliɳeko ek duisɑ tɑkɑ \g then our-side fined then fine both-of-us one two hundred \f Then on our side they fined us both one to two hundred rupees.

QUESTION 9 \q What did the village headmen do to the two brothers? \a fined them 100 – 200 rupees

\n 17 \p ɖɑdʌmkɑte ɑko mitɑmtɑnɑ dʒuʔ ɾuɽʌd \g fine-after their tell-did go back \f After the fine, they told us to go back.

\n 18 \p ben boɾi hoɖodʒɑke ɑɾni pʌitiko ɑlʌben iʌitie \g you two today-onward this work you-two don’t-work \f They said, “From this day on, don’t do this kind of thing.”

QUESTION 10 \q What did they tell the brothers? \a go back; don’t do this again

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Appendix D

Appendix D1: Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)

Interview information

Place (Village, Tahsil, District, State) Description to locate place Date Subject’s name Sex Age Education Mother tongue How long resident of village

General language information

What tribe are you a part of? What do others call your tribe? What clan are you a part of? What do others call your clan? What other clans are there? What do you call your language (mother tongue)? Are there any other names for your language? What do others call your language? Do other places where Bhumij is spoken have a different name for the language? How many other groups are living in your village? What is the population of each group?

Language variation

How far away from your village before your language changes? (Can you name a specific place? How far is that away?) Where do people speak Bhumij exactly the way you speak here? Where do people speak Bhumij so differently that it is hard for you to understand everything? Where do people speak Bhumij like you, but a little differently than the way you speak here? Where do people speak Bhumij more differently than the way you speak here?

Relationship with other languages

When you speak Mundari and the language is not coming properly, do you have to be quiet? If you make a mistake while speaking Mundari, do people laugh? If two men are discussing in Mundari about a land boundary, can you follow the discussion? If Mundari-speaking people argue with your people, can you return hard words in Mundari? Do you ever make a mistake when you speak Mundari? Which villages nearby speak a What do you call those What do you call their different language? people? language?

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Use people/languages mentioned above [X] to ask the following:

People/language [X1]

People/language [X2]

People/language [X3]

If you are speaking with [X] people, do you understand their language?

a. b. c.

If you speak Bhumij, do they understand you?

a. b. c.

In what language do they answer if you speak in Bhumij?

a. b. c.

Do you sometimes have to use [LWC] or some other language because they can’t understand you?

a. b. c.

Can a Bhumij woman under-stand [X] people the first time she meets them?

a. b. c.

Can Bhumij children understand [X] people?

a. b. c.

Language attitudes

a. Where is the best or purest Bhumij spoken? Where is the next best Bhumij spoken? Why do you say this is the best Bhumij? b. What language should Bhumij children learn first? What language is best for a Bhumij mother to use when speaking to her young child? c. There are books available in Ho, Santali, and Mundari. Would you like it if books were written in

Bhumij? If you were given a book written in the Mundari language, would you read it? Have you seen anything written in your mother tongue? What script was it in? What would be this village’s interest if there were classes learning how to read? Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who spoke another language? If a group of Bhumij people are talking among themselves and a person came along who spoke

[LWC], would the group switch to speaking [LWC]? Do the young people feel good about your language? d. Is your language as good as [LWC]? Is it better than [LWC]? What are your feelings about a unified script for all Munda people? e. Are Bhumij and Mundari the same language? If different, how are they different?

Bilingualism

Is there anyone in your village who speaks only [LWC] and doesn’t (or rarely) use Bhumij? a. Is there anyone in your village who does not speak any [LWC]? What kind of people are they [men or women, young or old, educated or uneducated]? How many in this village? When you travel outside of this area and have to use [LWC], do people sometimes not understand

your [LWC]? If someone comes from outside and speaks [LWC], can you understand everything they say?

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b. Do you ever listen to radio programs in [LWC]? If so, how much can you understand? Which language feels most comfortable to you? When was the first school started in your area? From your village, how far away is the nearest school beyond 5th class? The nearest high school? How many children in your village go to the nearest school? How many children attend regularly? How many people in your village 35 years old and older are educated? How many between 16 and 35 years old are educated?

Language use

What language do children in your village learn first? What language do you use… with your parents? with your brothers and sisters? with your children? with village friends? with village children? with village leaders? in the market? with government officials? for private prayer? for religious discussion with friends? with other groups like Ho, Santali, Mundari? What language is used by village children at play? Do young people in your village speak Bhumij well—the same as old people? If a young person speaks [LWC] in the home, would an older person be happy or unhappy about it? a. When the children of this village grow up and have their own children, do you think those children

will speak your language? Is that good or bad?

Other general information about people and language

What is the approximate population (people or houses) in this village? When men marry women from a different village, which village(s) do they come from? Do Bhumij men ever marry women who aren’t Bhumij? a. Do outsiders come to your village often? Where do they come from? How long do they stay? b. Where do Bhumij people travel to most frequently? How often?

Appendix D.2

Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ) responses

Key to abbreviations & symbols: QNA Question not asked N/A Not applicable NR No response … Subject not present for question

Note: Refer to maps in the report body for locations of places; distances have been given when known.

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1. Village information

Code Place (Village, Tahsil, District, State)

Description to locate place

Date of interview

1 PIA Pialsol, Manbazar, Purulia, West Bengal

Police station: Manbazar, Block 1

12 Oct 1996

2 MDY Munduy, Kulhani, West Singhbhum, Bihar

Police station: Jaganathapur

25 Oct 1996

3 GOB Gobragaria, Keshiary, Medinapur, West Bengal

Police station: Keshiary

6 Nov 1996

4 DGN Dighinuasahi, Udala, Mayurbhanj, Orissa

Police station: Jaganathapur

13 Nov 1996

5 HSL Heseldipa, Potka, East Singhbhum, Bihar

6 km east of Haludpukhur

22 Nov 1996

6 GMS Gomiasai, Potka, East Singhbhum, Bihar

2 km east of Haludpukhur

22 Nov 1996

7 KAN Kanchanpur, Keshiary, Medinapur, West Bengal

on the edge of Keshiary town

2 Dec 1996

2. Subject information

Code 1.2 Sex 1.3 Age 1.4 Educ 1.5 Mother tongue 1.6 How long resident? 1 PIA M 36 7th QNA QNA 2 MDY M 45 8th Bhumij life 3 GOB M 45 3rd Munda Bhumij life 4 DGN M 62 3rd Bhumij life 5 HSL M 45 matric Bhumij life 6 GMS M 45 6th Bhumij 2 generations 7 KAN M 31 B.Com Bhumij life

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3. General language information

Code 2.1 What tribe are you part of?

2.2 What do others call your tribe?

2.3 What clan are you part of?

2.4 What do others call your clan?

2.5 What other clans are there?

1 PIA Bhumij Bhumij Singh QNA QNA 2 MDY Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Hasta, Habrom,

Saman, Bharda, Donda

QNA

3 GOB Munda Munda Bhumij Munda Singh QNA QNA 4 DGN Bhumij Munda Bhumij,

Bhumij, Singh Singh Bhumij QNA

5 HSL Bhumij Sardar Bharda, Hemron

QNA Hasta, Saman, Gandria

6 GMS Bhumij Sardar Bharda QNA Pachari, Donda, Hemron, Kawri, Saman, Sani, Jhadu, Karma

7 KAN Bhumij Bhumij Singh (Jhadu) Singh 17 clans, each divided into 4 sub-clans

Code 2.6 What do you call your lg?

2.7 Other names for your lg

2.8 What do others call your lg?

2.9 Do other places have a different name for lg?

2.10a How many other groups are living in your village?

2.10b Population of each group

1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA Bawri, Kasto QNA 2 MDY Bhumij Thar bhasha Bhumij no Mahanto, Pradhan 4 families, 50 houses 3 GOB Mundari Mundari Mundari no Santali, Mundari 25, 35 4 DGN Bhumij Mundari

Bhumij Bhumij no Santali, Oriya,

Binthani 100 persons, 10–12 persons, 8 persons

5 HSL Bhumjali or Horo

Sardar bhasha

Thar bhasha no idea Santali, Sundi (Mondol), Gowda, Jyoti, Brahmin

QNA

6 GMS Bhumij (Thar bhasha)

Thar bhasha Thar bhasha no Lohar only 1 family

7 KAN Bengali Thar bhasha (Thar means “to make hints”)

Thar bhasha Tamar Mundari, Koda, Kharia, Lodha, Santali

QNA

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4. Language variation

Code 3.1 Distance before lg changes

3.2 Where is lg exactly same?

3.3 Where is lg much different?

3.4 Where is lg a little different?

3.5 Where is lg more different?

1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY West Bengal &

Orissa area villages 2–3 km away

Bengal area QNA Bengal area

3 GOB after 3 km, lg changes

villages 15–25 km away

nowhere QNA QNA

4 DGN after 1.5 km, lg is little different

near Baripada, Rongamatia, Bansbila

Bengal & Bihar side

in Bihar & Orissa border areas

Haludpukhur, near Rairangpur

5 HSL Chaibasa, Tata, Rairangpur, Baripada

Joshipur, Balasore district

QNA Chaibasa (mix with Ho there)

Tata (mix with Bengali there)

6 GMS Rairangpur, Tata & north

Potka area Baripada (more Oriya mix)

QNA QNA

7 KAN beyond our village, people speak pure Bengali

nearby villages Tamar area nearby villages Tamar area

5. Other nearby languages

Code 4.1 When you speak Mundari, do you have to be quiet?

4.2 If mistake while speaking Mundari, do people laugh?

4.3 If discussion in Mundari about land boundary, can you follow?

4.4 If Mundari-speakers argue with your people, can you return hard words in Mundari?

4.5 Do you ever make a mistake when you speak Mundari?

1 PIA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Mundari & Bhumij

are not the same. When Munda people speak in Munda, we respond in Munda b/c we can understand Munda. But they don’t understand our lg

no yes, certainly no no

3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN keep quiet if not clear, they

laugh yes, follow yes if we make a mistake,

we speak in Oriya 5 HSL can understand,

but can’t speak Mundari fluently

if not clear, they laugh

they cannot follow

no, automatically we use our lg

yes

6 GMS can’t speak Mundari fluently; keep quiet

QNA yes yes, understand yes, we make mistakes

7 KAN can’t speak Mundari

N/A can understand, but cannot speak

no N/A

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Code 4.6 Which villages nearby speak a different lg?

4.7 What do you call those people?

4.8 What do you call their lg?

1 PIA QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Gumriya, Lakipai Ho, Mahanto Ho, Mahanto 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Kalimeki,

Kenthuvakonda Santal, Ho Santali, Kol

5 HSL Mundari village 2–3 km away

Tamaria Munda, Santal Tamaria bhasha (there is a difference between that lg & ours in the words), Santali

6 GMS NR Santal QNA 7 KAN NR Santal, Mahanto, Kharia, Lodha QNA

Code People/Lg [X]

4.9 Do you understand [X] people’s lg?

4.10 If you speak Bhumij, do they understand you?

4.11 In what lg do they answer if you speak Bhumij?

1 PIA Santali no QNA QNA 2 MDY Ho/

Mahanto yes/yes nearby people can

understand (for both) Ho/Mahanto

3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Santali/ Ho QNA some /some understand their lg/their lg 5 HSL Santali can understand Santalis can understand

Bhumij very few answer in Bhumij; the rest only in Santali

6 GMS Santali yes QNA Bhumij only 7 KAN Santali/

Kharia no/understand, but cannot speak

no/no QNA

Code People/ Lg [X]

4.12 Do you sometimes have to use LWC with [X] people?

4.13 Can a Bhumij woman understand [X] people the first time she meets?

4.14 Can a small Bhumij child understand [X] people?

1 PIA Santali QNA QNA QNA 2 MDY Ho/

Mahanto Ho only/Oriya & Hindi

QNA no/QNA

3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Santal/ Ho yes/ yes no/ no no/ no 5 HSL Santali yes, Oriya & Hindi can understand yes 6 GMS Santali NR can understand, but

cannot speak no

7 KAN Santali/ Kharia

use the local dialect of Bengali to communicate

QNA QNA

119

6. Language attitudes

Code Biodata 5.1a Where is best or most pure Bhumij?

5.1b Where is next best Bhumij?

5.1c Why? 5.2a What lg should children learn first?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

Hata, Potka block Joshipur area our birthplace is there

our lg (when they go to school, they should learn Hindi)

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

Bikranpur, Dravarajpur

QNA QNA Mundari

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

Rongamatia village (near Baripada)

Dighinuasahi those people came from Tamar area, Bihar, where pure Bhumij is spoken

Bhumij

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Potka block QNA in other places, Bhumij live among other people groups, so their lg is mixed

Bhumij

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

nowhere; everywhere mixes, incl. our speech with Bengali

no idea QNA Bhumij

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

nowhere in West Bengal; best is in Ranchi

QNA QNA our “house lg” (a “diverted” Bengali)

Code Biodata 5.2b What lg is best for mother to use to child?

5.3a Would you like books in Bhumij?

5.3b If given a book written in Mundari, would you read it?

5.3c Seen anything written in MT; in what script?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

Bhumij we like it; will study it

wouldn’t like b/c our pro-nunciation won’t be good

no

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

QNA like it QNA no

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

Bhumij like it yes no

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Bhumij “we are very eager to have books in our lg, but until now no one has produced any.”

we will read, but will not take interest

no; there was a script previously, but the author died

120

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

Bhumij yes, like to read if it is in Hindi script, we can read

no

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

our lg (in school, pure Bengali)

like it, definitely no no

Code Biodata 5.3d Interest in literacy programme in Bhumij?

5.4 Allow your children to marry person who spoke another lg?

5.5 If a LWC person came into a group of Bhumij talking among themselves, will you switch lg?

5.6 Do young people feel good about your lg?

5.7a Is Bhumij as good as LWC?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

yes, but we don’t have a script

no, only Bhumij

we will continue in Bhumij

yes Bhumij is good

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

yes won’t allow QNA QNA QNA

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

some people interested

no if he speaks in Oriya, the group will speak in Oriya

yes good

5 HSL M, 45, matric

yes, interested; interested in history, poetry, drama

no we will speak Bhumij and will not immediately switch to Oriya

feel good Bhumij is good

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

interested no no, will not switch young people like

Bhumij is good

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

yes, it is good no no, will not switch feel good about It

MT is good

Code Biodata 5.7b Is Bhumij better than LWC?

5.8 Feelings about unified script for all Munda people?

5.9a Are Bhumij and Mundari same language?

5.9b If different, how are they different?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

yes, it is better than Hindi for ourselves

we want our own script

different lgs very different

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

QNA QNA QNA QNA

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

better than Oriya

not good, b/c we will not understand all people

same ——

5 HSL M, 45, matric

better than Hindi & Oriya

it is very good no, little different words are different

121

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

yes it will be good same, but… …pronunciation is very different

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

QNA it will be good different lgs style & words

7. Bilingualism

Code Biodata 6.1 Are there people who only speak LWC, not Bhumij?

6.2a Is there anyone who doesn’t speak any LWC?

6.2b What kind of people?

6.2c How many?

6.3 Do others sometimes not understand your LWC?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

no yes, they can understand but cannot speak

uneducated women

2000 understand

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

those who stay outside the village (e.g. students)

yes, they can understand Oriya but cannot speak fluently

older a few they understand

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

5 HSL M, 45, matric

no one no —— —— can understand

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

no one yes old ladies 35% can understand

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

no yes old people some sometimes not understand

Code Biodata 6.4 Can you understand everything of LWC speech?

6.5a Do you listen to radio in LWC?

6.5b How much do you understand?

6.6 Which language feels most comfortable to you?

6.7 When was first school in area started?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

not understand everything clearly

yes all Bhumij 20 years back

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

yes yes all Bhumij 30–40 years back

5 HSL M, 45, matric

yes, Bengali, Hindi, Oriya

yes, like Hindi QNA Bengali & Hindi 1884

122

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

yes yes fully understand

Bengali 1884

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

yes yes QNA Bengali over 100 years ago

Code Biodata 6.8 Where is nearest school beyond 5th class; nearest high school?

6.9 How many children go to nearest school?

6.10 How many children attend school regularly?

6.11 How many >35 are educated?

6.12 How many between 16 & 35 are educated?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

5 km away 200 about 100 about 50 about 100

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

2 km away 50–60 (75%) all 40% 70%

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Haludpukhur, 6 km away

20–25% half of these 7 persons 5 persons

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

Haludpukhur, 2 km away

50 most of them no one 25 persons

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

½ km away everyone all 4% 7–8%

8. Language use

Code Biodata 7.1 What lg do children learn first?

7.2a What lg is used with parents?

7.2b with brothers & sisters?

7.2c with your children?

7.2d with village friends?

7.2e with village children?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

Bengali QNA Mundari Mundari & Bengali

Bengali Bengali

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij Bhumij

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

Bhumij in home (“diverted” Bengali)

our lg our lg our lg our lg our lg

123

Code Biodata 7.2f with village leaders?

7.2g in the market?

7.2h with gov’t officials?

7.2i for private prayer?

7.2j for religious discussion with friends?

7.2k with other groups like Ho, Santali, Mundari?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

Bhumij Ho, Hindi & Oriya

Hindi, Oriya Bhumij Bhumij Ho with Ho people, Mundari with Mundas

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

Bengali Bengali, except when meeting their people, then Mundari

Bengali QNA QNA commonly Bengali

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

Bhumij Oriya Oriya Bhumij Bhumij if know their lg, will speak in their lg; otherwise Oriya

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Bhumij Hindi, Bengali, Oriya

Hindi, Bengali

Bhumij Bhumij broken Ho with Ho people, with Santalis can manage in Santali

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

Bhumij Hindi, Bengali, Oriya

Hindi Bhumij Bhumij first speak Bhumij; if they don’t understand, then switch to their lg

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

regional lg

Bengali Bengali own dialect

our lg if know their lg, will speak in their lg; otherwise Bengali

Code Biodata 7.3 What lg is used by children at play?

7.4 Do young people speak Bhumij well – same as older people?

7.5 If a young person speaks LWC in home, would an older person be happy or unhappy?

7.6a Will grandchildren continue to speak your lg?

7.6b Is that good or bad?

1 PIA M, 36, 7th

QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA

2 MDY M, 45, 8th

Bhumij yes NR they will speak; we can’t forget it

good

3 GOB M, 45, 3rd

Bengali yes not unhappy they will speak good

4 DGN M, 62, 3rd

Bhumij no, they mix with Oriya

if they don’t understand, they will not be happy

they will speak good

5 HSL M, 45, matric

Bhumij same not happy if they stay in the village, they will speak our lg

it will be good

124

6 GMS M, 45, 6th

Bhumij same will be unhappy if they stay here, they will speak; if they go into city area, they won’t speak

good

7 KAN M, 31, B.Com

Bhumij same feel unhappy if they stay here, they will speak

good

9. Other general information about people and language

Code 8.1 What is approx. population of village?

8.2 Where do unmarried women come from?

8.3 Do Bhumij men ever marry non-Bhumijes?

8.4a Do outsiders come to village often?

1 PIA 300 houses nearby villages from only their own people

no yes

2 MDY QNA QNA QNA QNA 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN 110 houses,

above 500 persons

some from nearby villages, some from distant places (Balasore, Baripada)

yes yes

5 HSL 22 houses nearby villages; also distant places (Chaibasa, Baripada)

no yes, for business

6 GMS 130 houses distant places (Musabani, Chaibasa, Tata)

don’t agree yes, for business

7 KAN 25 houses, 175 persons

nearby villages no QNA

Code 8.4b Where do they come from?

8.4c How long do they stay?

8.5a Where do Bhumij people travel to most frequently?

8.5b How often?

1 PIA QNA QNA nearby areas; Putka, Joshipur QNA 2 MDY QNA QNA QNA QNA 3 GOB QNA QNA QNA QNA 4 DGN Udala, Baripada,

Cuttack 3–4 days Cuttack, Bhubaneshwar,

Balasore 2–3 months for labour

5 HSL nearby places only 1–2 hours Tata rarely 6 GMS Haludpukhur 2–3 hours Haludpukhur, Tata if necessary; not often 7 KAN QNA QNA QNA QNA

125

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