A Social Science Essay on the Ukraine Crisis

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    A Social Science Essay on :

    The Ukraine Crisis and the war between Russiaand Ukraine

    Pocc

    Ukrana Rossija

    Ukraine Russia

    The names of the countries. Ao!e is the o"cia# name as $ritten in thescri%t of that countr&.

    'n the mi((#e is the trans#iteration )a trans#ation of the t&%e scri%t* $hich is

    +&ri##ic to ,atin* in this case-

    o$n there stan(s the fu##* /n0#ish trans#ation.

    List of Content: Main Question and the Sub-Questions

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    Main Question: 1o$ (i( the $ar et$een Ukraine an( Russia arise2

    Sub-Question 1: 3hat is the %re!ious histor& of Ukraine an( Russia in

    re#ation to each other2

    Sub-Question 2:1o$ $as it %ossi#e that the Ukrainian Re!o#ution ha(

    such a (rastic e4ect on Ukraine2

    Sub-Question 3:1o$ cou#( the con5ict esca#ate to a (e facto $ar

    et$een Ukraine an( Russia2

    Sub-Question 4:3hat conse6uences (oes this con5ict et$een Ukraine

    an( Russia ha!e* re0ar(in0 the internationa# re#ations $ith Russia* an(that of Russia an( the /U )/uro%ean Union-2

    Sub-Question 5:3h& is the con5ict so im%ortant2

    NOTE: If there is a footnote in the text of a sub-uestion or the !ainuestion" then that !eans the footnote refers to that sa!e nu!ber in thereference sources# $ehind that nu!ber in the reference source stands thesource itself" to which the footnote %indeed& does refer to#

    Preab!e:

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    The Ukrainian crisis is one of the !ost recent ha((enin)s that are ofinterest for the *etherlands#

    It is a social issue of which !any as(ects ha+e conseuences for us, fro!the infa!ous crash of .1/" the sanctions on to!ato and fruit i!(ort fro!Russia on the EU" refu)ees fro! Ukraine which co!e to the Euro(eanUnion" to the ruble crisis#

    It should co!e as no wonder that this needs an ex(lanation, therefore Idecided" this ti!e" to !ake !y 0nal (roect for the social sciences aboutthe Ukrainian crisis#

    There shall rise !any uestions about this crisis# 2hat ha((ened3 2hat dowe do3 .ow should we co(e with these (roble!s3 Sur+i+in) relati+es ha+e!ourned the dead of the 4i)ht .1/# The 5utch )o+ern!ent reacted on itby conductin) an in+esti)ation into the crash# The Euro(ean Unioni!(osed sanctions on Russia# Se(aratists are 0)htin) in the borderterritory of Ukraine and Russia# And so there are !any other reactions" allfro! di6erent or)anisations" which all are in+ol+ed in this crisis#

    The uestion is" what is your reaction on the crisis3 .ow do you look at it"and why do you do so3

    To be able to for! a res(onse on an e+ent" it needs to be known whatha((ened" how that ca!e so" and why" and what the e6ects are#

    That is what I will exe!(lify in !y 0nal (roect#

    In order that an o(inion can be for!ed that is co!(lete" that the entire(icture can be seen" rather than lookin) selecti+ely at (arts of it#

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    Sub-Question 1:

    3hat is the %re!ious histor& of Ukraine an( Russia in re#ation to

    each other2

    Russia and Ukraine share a s(ecial connection with each other# $oth countries" includin) $elarus" share their ori)ins in a

    kin)do! that was in what now rou)hly enco!(asses Ukraine and southern

    $elarus# This kin)do!" also called the 8ie+an Rus9"1#was founded in 'A#5# by Rurik" a ;ikin) warlord#

    The 8ie+an Rus re!ained to exist for 7>> A#5#" it stretched across >>">>> k!2#In the !eanti!e" the country was di+ided between sons and )randsons ofRurik the ?reat# *onetheless" it re!ained an united entity#

    After this a)e" the country slowly declined" until it was )raduallyconuered around 1'@> by the on)ols" which were under the co!!andof the )randson of ?en)his 8han" called $atu 8han# In 1'@>" the last (art

    of the 8ie+an Rus9 that was still inde(endent" was conuered# After thisti!e it !ainly were the re(ublic *o+)orod and the )rand duchy ofusco+y that were (owerful" and they were !ainly able to kee(the!sel+es inde(endent fro! the on)ols# .owe+er" in 1@/" *o+)orodwas conuered by usco+y" which already )rew in (ower for a few years#

    Bollowin) this" under C=ar I+an I;" usco+y was refor!ed into the tsaristicRussia - Rossi&a" as they called it the!sel+es#"2#

    The c=arist e!(ire ex(anded durin) !any years" and(articularly enor!ously under Catherine the ?reat, under her rei)n alone"

    Russia ex(anded with what is now called !odern Asiatic Russia %with theexce(tion of the 8uril Islands and Sakhalin&" and the western!ost (arts ofUkraine were conuered#

    2hen the c=arist e!(ire ca!e to an end due to the ctober Re+olutionand the Russian Re+olution" for the0rst ti!e there was talk of a realUkrainian - thou)h not inde(endent -state, the DF %Ukrainian SocialistSo+iet Re(ublic& was found" which(retty !uch was an autono!ous

    federal state of the U#S#S#R# oscowbeca!e the ca(ital of the So+ietUnion# This ca(ital was located in theRussian SBSR# *ext to this" all G9SSR99s%Socialist So+iet Re(ublics& are shownon a !a(#

    After the fall of the So+iet Union" Ukraine beca!e inde(endent# Russia wasreco)nised as the successor state of the So+iet Union# Theinde(endence of Ukraine" howe+er" had been reco)nised by Russia with

    (ain" because alon)side with 8a=akhstan" Ukraine for!ed one of the !orei!(ortant constituent re(ublics for the USSR# U( to the (resent day" the

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    tensions between Ukraine and Russia caused by these re+anchisticsenti!ents on one hand" and the inde(endence senti!ent on the otherside can still be felt#

    Sub-Question 2:

    1o$ $as it %ossi#e that the Ukrainian Re!o#ution ha( such a

    (rastic e4ect on Ukraine2

    Ukraine has ex(erienced +arious re+olutions throu)h the ti!es#

    The nation of Ukraine has a turbulent history re)ardin) re+olutions, in1H1/" as a (art of the Russian E!(ire" it saw the Russian Re+olution co!eand )o by" and in 1H1H Ukraine declared itself inde(endent#"4#

    .owe+er" this inde(endence which you could call an inde(endencere+olution only lasted for a few years" until in 1H'1 their inde(endenceended# After this" Ukraine was !ade an autono!ous federal state of the

    U#S#S#R#" until the country a)ain declared itself inde(endent durin) the fallof the So+iet Union" at the be)innin) of the H>9s# The So+ietUnion reco)nised this inde(endence" althou)h with )reat reluctance#

    5es(ite this" Russia still exerted a lar)e in4uence on Ukraine, forexa!(le" in '>>@" the ran)e Re+olution was (resent in Ukraine#

    This re+olution was re!arkable in thesense that" due to the (rocess bein) relati+ely (eaceful" another (re!ierca!e into (ower than was a((ointed accordin) to the elections#"5#

    After this" it re!ained relati+ely silent in Ukraine" until '1 no+e!ber in the

    year '>17#In that year" an association treaty al!ost was si)ned between the EU andUkraine# Russia did not want Ukraine to si)n this" and the (re!ierof Ukraine refused to si)n it too" at the last !inute# Jresu!abely so" it wasreected because Ukraine for!ed a (e factobu6er state between Russiaand the EU" like $elarus is#

    This s(arked a new re+olution" which also was called the UkrainianRe+olution" or Euro!aidan"$##

    any (eo(le de!onstrated a)ainst Kanuko+ych and de!anded that thetreaty be si)ned, they wanted to be with the EU" because accordin) tothe!" it would )i+e the! wealth and liberty#

    Initially" it was not reco)nisable as a re+olution" but as ti!e went" the(ress freedo! and freedo! of asse!bly were restricted#

    Binally" the con4ict escalated and there were battles fou)ht" )o+ern!entalbuildin)s were occu(ied" and e+en a burst of iconoclas! broke loose"%#inthe Ukrainian .ouse" which was a !useu!# In reaction to this" ;iktorKanuko+ych 4ed to Russia" causin) leksandr Turchyno+ to beco!einteri!-(resident for a few !onths" until Jetro Joroshenko was elected bythe Ukrainians# Joroshenko is (ro-EU#

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    The relinuish!ent of (ower of Kanuko+ych could actually be seen as acou( d9Ltat" because Kanuko+ych was !ilitarily forced to relinuish his(ower" and a new (olicy was introduced# A cou( d9Ltat is +ery suddenand can be seen as drastic# The word G9cou( d9Ltat99" or G9(utsch99 as asynony!" is de0ned as followin): 78is the su((en* i##e0a# (e%osition of a0o!ernment* usua##& & a sma## 0rou% of an institution of the e9istin0

    countr& : usua##& & the arm& : to re%#ace the ouste( 0o!ernment &

    another institution; $hether ci!i#ian or mi#itar&.88"

    Mookin) at the de(osition of ;iktor Kanuko+ych" it a((lies that it is true thata& suddenly and accordin) to the constitution of that country" it ha((enedille)ally" b& it was done either ci+ilian or !ilitarily# 2hat not the case is in

    this e+ent" is that he was de(osed by the ar!y# .owe+er" it is true thathe was de(osed by a s!all )rou( of the existin) state in fact" theo((osition !e!bers of (arlia!ent )ained (ower#

    Thus" it is discutable whether it really is a cou( d9Ltat" but the e+entanyways had lar)e conseuences# $ecause Jutin now no lon)er had a (ro-Russian (resident as a nei)hbour" exce(t the (resident of $elarus" therelations between Russia and Ukraine deteriorated# $ut not only therelations between the )o+ern!ents of these two countries worsened dueto this: the Ukrainians and Russians also be)an lookin) at each other as

    ene!ies#Since in Ukraine !any ethnic Russians are (resent" - in (articular" the eastof the country %see Sub-Nuestion

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    Sub-Question 3:

    1o$ cou#( the con5ict esca#ate to a (e facto $ar et$een

    Ukraine an( Russia2

    To understand this" one 0rst needs to search to the ori)in of the con4ict"which lasts to this day# 2here be)an the cause %casus belli& of the con4ictand the crisis"'#3

    2hen Ukraine beca!e inde(endent in 1HH>" they declared that they willbe a neutral country# .owe+er" on '' Ouly '>>" it was announced that anassociation treaty would be si)ned between Ukraine and the EU#"1(#At theti!e" this hardly led to any con4ict" since the credit crunch had not be)unyet# A con4ict could ha+e arosen o+er it" but the (ublic focus uicklyshifted to the credit crisis once it had be)un#

    In '>1'" the association treaty was initialed" but was not si)ned yet#

    "1(#

    Bebruary '>17 dawned" and a resolution was ado(ted in the Ukrainian(arlia!ent" which decided to try its best to co!(ly with the ad+ice of theEU re)ardin) safety" trans(ort and hu!an ri)hts# 5urin) that ti!e"Kanuko+ych also was workin) on ne)otations with Russia for a custo!sunion#"1(#

    .owe+er" at the end of Bebruary '>17" $arroso the (resident of theEuro(ean Co!!ission - said that a country could not be a !e!ber of botha custo!s union and a free trade area with the EU#

    n '' Au)ust '>17" Jutin said %translated into En)lish& the followin):

    'f our nei0hours o%t to choose to si0ni?cant#& #iera#ise customs ru#es

    $ith the /uro%ean Union* the Ukrainian market $i## ine!ita#& e 5oo(e(

    $ith hi0h 6ua#it& 0oo(s ... an( Ukrainian 0oo(s $i## e force( out of the

    Ukrainian market. B

    After that" he added to it: 78Then* memer states of the customs union $i##ha!e to think aout %rotectiona# measures. =uch a %ossii#it& e9ists.88"11#

    Accordin) to critics" their (resu!(tionswere con0r!ed with this, Jutin does not want Ukraine to lean !oretowards the side of the EU#

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    After the Ukrainian )o+ern!ent sus(ended the association treaty betweenUkraine and the EU on '1 *o+e!ber '>17" !ass (rotests eru(ted fro!(eo(le that wanted Kanuko+ych to resi)n# Burther!ore" they wanted newelections" and they wished to see the association treaty be si)nedanyways" and they wanted to beco!e !ore inte)rated with the EU#

    To this" Jutin decided to force out !ore ukrainian )oods then he did in Oulyand Au)ust '>17" and also he decided to reducePcut o6 su((ly of oil and

    )as to Ukraine and the EU# To this the EU decided to (ut in sanctionson Russia"12#" which would last for a year# Jer exa!(le" the sanctionsinclude, an arrest warrant for Kanuko+ych" di6erent Ukrainian !inistersthat worked to)ether with hi!" and Russian (oliticians"13## In addition"Russian )oods were excluded fro! the !arket#

    After this" Russia decided to (ut in sanctions on EU-)oods as well, forinstance" 5utch to!atoes and fruits were excluded# Jolish a((les andUkrainian chocolate re!ained excluded fro! the !arket#"12#

    5urin) this (eriod" the Cri!ea se(arated itself fro! Ukraine" and after aday already" it was added to Russia#"14#After this" the situation uicklyescalated, in secret" Russia decided to deli+er ar!s to se(aratist )rou(s inEast Ukraine" and de facto" they were su((orted#"15# .ereafter" these(aratists conuered Muhansk and 5onetsk" and .1/"1$#was shot down#After these conuests and .1/ that was shot down" the internationalattention focused on the con4ict in the area" and due to this" tensionsincreased e+en !ore#

    5ue to this con4ict" !ore than three thousand deaths ha+e fallen in

    Ukraine" and in4ation has )reatly increased in the country# The corru(tionalso has now been re+ealed" and it a((eared e+en bi))er than thou)ht#

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    Sub-Question 4:3hat conse6uences (oes this con5ict et$een Ukraine an(

    Russia ha!e* re0ar(in0 the internationa# re#ations $ith Russia*

    an( that of Russia an( the /U )/uro%ean Union-2

    The scenario of the Cold 2ar" but a re-e!er)ence +ersion of it" hasfascinated and feared !any (eo(le#

    The recent tensions between Russia and her surroundin) countries lets usthink about a Cold 2ar a situation of tensions" with so!eti!es indirect

    con4icts between two or !ore lar)e states" and their allies or +assalstates#"1%#

    The si!ilarities between theCold 2ar of 1H@

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    An exa!(le is the )rain e!bar)o of 1H>"21#that the US i!(osed u(on theSo+iet Union" as a reaction on the in+asion of Af)hanistan of the So+ietUnion# Althou)h it was called an e!bar)o" it actually was a sanctionbecause in this case it was about a s(eci0c )ood, )rain#

    There also were boycots of the ly!(ic ?a!es in 1H> by the UnitedStates"22#" because these were (layed in a co!!unist country" the So+ietUnion which was unacce(table for the US" because the USSR was a

    re(ressi+e country" accordin) to the United States )o+ern!ent#

    In 1H@" the USSR in its turn boycotted the ly!(ic ?a!es in the US" alsofor (olitical reasons#

    Q Mike in the Cold 2ar" Russia %back then" the leadin) country in the USSR&(lays a central role this ti!e in the current Ukrainian con4ict#

    5i6erences in contrast between the ori)inal Cold 2ar of 1H@

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    Thus" what conseuences do the sanctions 0nally ha+e3

    n the Russian side" for exa!(le" the ex(ort of +e)etables" !eat" !ilk"

    fruit and dairy (roducts fro! the EU to Russia ha+e been (ut to sto(""1'#and tra+el bans ha+e been i!(osed u(on a few Euro(ean and so!e tenA!erican state citi=ens# In addition" a further 17 Canadian ci+il ser+antsha+e been banned of the (ri+ile)e to be allowed to tra+el to Russia#"13#

    Ukrainian ci+il air trans(ort also is no lon)er allowed to enter Russianairs(ace#"1'#

    n the Euro(ean side" tra+el bans ha+e been i!(osed u(on a list of fourty-0+e indi+iduals fro! Russia" which !ainly consists of Russian !illionairesand billionaires# Burther!ore" bank assets ha+e been fro=en" and sanctions

    ha+e been i!(osed u(on 0fteen entities#"13#

    n the A!erican side" sanctions u(on Russia ha+e been i!(osed"concernin) co!(anies that (ro+ide work in the oil or )as industry sector#"1'#

    The relations between Ukraine and Russia ha+e cooled down considerably"e+en to the (oint of hostile, for exa!(le" Ukraine has introduced heftysanctions u(on Russia" and they ha+e not reco)nised the rebels as anor)anisation due to (olitical considerations#

    The United States has (lans to wea(onise Ukraine""2%#

    and the United8in)do! has o6ered to send !ilitary ad+isors to Ukraine" but they shall

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    not directly en)a)e battle there" in contrast to what had been thou)htbefore#"2"2'#

    The *AT" as an entity" has sent !ilitary units to the east of their territory in (articular the $altic states to (rotect these countries a)ainst whatthey reason" a (ossible Russian in+asion#"3(#

    5ue to the hefty sanctions a)ainst each other between the EU and Russia"there hardly can be said that there is trade between these two entities#

    In !y own words" I thus would like to ex(ress: G9a ne$* in!isi#e 'ron 3a##has arosen* that of co#(ness an( an0er a0ainst each other.88

    Sub-Question 5

    3h& is the con5ict so im%ortant2

    This has !ulti(le reasons# To see why the con4ict is so i!(ortant" we ha+eto )o back to the !o!ent where the con4ict arose" or e+en further back"to the cause of the con4ict# ne of the !ore i!(ortant sources that thecon4ict is so i!(ortant in the eyes of the 2est" are the !edia#"31#The!edia nowadays ha+e a lar)e in4uence on the for!in) of the (ublico(inion, today" they are al!ost the sole source of news" next to (ressconferences and (ersonal discussions#

    ne of the other causes that the con4ict that thecon4ict is so i!(ortant for the 2est" is that back when .1/ was takendown" in retros(ect it turned out to be a ci+il aircraft that was taken downbecause they were !istaken for a !ilitary aircraft# These ci+ilians 4ewo+er a con4ict area" whereby leadin) to that after the crash" the bodies ofthe dead could not be re(atriated directly# That led to a hu)e contro+ersy#

    Another notable factor worth ex(lainin)" isthat of the 'H tra+ellers %'7 (assen)ers and 1< crew !e!bers& therewere as !uch as '@> +icti!s fro! 2estern countries" of which thesubstantial !aority 1H7 (eo(le were fro! the *etherlands#"1$#"32#$ecause of this" the crash of the .1/ 4i)ht has been seen as a directattack on the 2est#

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    Burther!ore" !uch (eo(le in the *etherlands knew a fa!ily !e!ber or afriend of a fa!ily !e!ber" etc# that crashed# In a s!all country as the*etherlands" such an e+ent hits hard# $esides" the strate)ic location ofUkraine es(ecially the Cri!ea"33# is an i!(ortant (oint in the con4ict#Russia has a !ilitary base that they leased fro! Ukraine" on Se+asto(ol"which is located on the Cri!ea# 2hen Euro!aidan broke out" the Russian)o+ern!ent feared they would lose the control o+er the !ilitary harbor# Itis not sure whether this is the cause of the Russian )o+ern!ent su((ortin)the se(aratists" but in any case" due to this the anti-Euro!aidanor)anisations took u( the wea(ons and declared the inde(endent78Re%u#ic of the +rimea88."34#Mess than a week later" this re(ublic wasattached to Russia" and thus the Cri!ea crisis ended#"35#

    $eside this se(aration fro! Ukraine" !ore rebellious or)anisations (o((edu(" such as the GJeo(le9s Re(ublic of 5onetsk9 and the GJeo(le9s Re(ublicof Muhansk9# See the (icture ri)ht of this (a)e for the !ost recent situationas known so far %'@ february" '>1

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    5own there" a !a( of the de!o)ra(hy of Ukraine is (resent" sorted bylan)ua)e#"3%#

    Then there is one last factor left which is of i!(ortance to ex(lain why thecon4ict is so i!(ortant, Euro!aidan#"$#

    any Ukrainians wanted that at once their country would oin the EU" or inany case" be)in closer ties with it" while the Russians in Ukraine (referrednot to""3'#and instead wanted to see a return to the (olitics fro! beforeEuro!aidan, a (ro-Russian )o+ern!ent# $ut e+en theUkrainians were di+ided dee(ly about the uestion whether they wantedto si)n the association treaty with the EU" and to e+entually oin with theEU# Mess than half of the Ukrainians su((orted this idea" while therest either wanted to re!ain neutral" or wanted to oin the custo!s unionof Russia# 2ith this" Ukraine is a rather di+ided country#

    Main Question1o$ (i( the $ar et$een Ukraine an( Russia arise2

    In order to answer the !ain uestion with this" all sub-uestions are usedas reference and sources#

    The e!er)e of the con4ict cannot be found with one"two" three# *othin) is fro! nature i!!ediately ob+ious# Thus we will ha+eto look 0rst at what the Gstraw that breaks the ca!el9s back9 was, thes(ark that detonated the con4ict#

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    If there are di6erent sorts of oil that can be thrown on the 0re" then to !yanalyse" Euro!aidan would be the bit of oil that !ade the 0re turn into ablowtorch, the e+ent that let the unrest escalate into a con4ict#

    2hy I take Euro!aidan as thecause" has di6erent reasons# Birst" to !e" without the (rotests of Euro!aidan" the

    treaty"1(#would not ha+e (assed and it would ha+e ended with a 0==le, itwould ha+e been i)nored and (ossibly at !ost ha+e ended as a s!all

    news(a(er re(ort on the back#

    $ut that didn9t ha((en, Euro!aidan broke out# 5ue to this" Russia beca!escared that Ukraine !aybe still really would seek ra((roche!ent" insteadof kee(in) close ties with Russia# Euro(e" and es(ecially the United States"ha+e had cool relations with the Russian )o+ern!ent for years# 2hat also(lays a (art" is that !any Euro(ean countries are a (art of the EU and the*AT" of which the United States also is a !e!ber and seen as the (efactoleader of# The *AT was a lon)-ti!e ri+al of the 2arsaw Jact" ofwhich the So+iet Union the (recessor state of Russia was the leader#

    Thus" !aybe the United States !aybe is seen by the Russian )o+ern!entas an archri+al of Russia" and a sy!bol of Gdecadency9 of the 2est, !aybethe US would ha+e been behind the whole con4ict all the ti!e3

    In contrast to this" the UnitedStates and the Euro(ean Union do not see this as such# Theyex(lain it as followin): Ukraine only wants to o(en trade with the 2estso!e !ore# If that would be acce(ted" they reason" then )eneral(ros(erity would co!e to the Ukrainians#

    After that" within the Russian )o+ern!ent it was secretly su))ested to

    itself that the Cri!ea could be annexed" and !aybe eastern Ukraine too#2hether this was !eant to be a (unish!ent for the sudden chan)e fro!(ro-Russian to (ro-EU course in Ukraine" is not sure" but it is certain thatafter the fall of Kanuko+ych the Russians )ot it harder in Ukraine#

    This could ha+e !oti+ated Jutin to su((ort the rebels in the east" and toannex the Cri!ea#"4(#U( to the (resent day" the end of february '>1

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    Sub-Question 2:

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    Sub-Question 4:

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