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A Smarty Activity

Cyndie Sebourn & Sascyn Publishing, Inc.by

This Smarty Activity is the intellectual property of Cyndie Sebourn and Sascyn Publishing, Inc.

Sentence Options: Compound and Complex

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• An Independent Clause contains a Subject, a Verb, and a Complete Thought.

• Think about the word “independent.” If you are independent, you do not need anyone else’s help.

• A clause that is independent can stand alone; it does not need help from any other sentences.

Independent Clause

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• Brush of Truth rocks!• Subject? Brush of Truth• Verb? Rocks• Complete Thought (does it make sense?) –

Absolutely!

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• A compound sentence consists of at least two independent clauses.

• Option 1 joins two independent clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (Your Smarty Britches FANO: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

Compound Sentence: Option 1

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• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon, and the evening feels warm.

• Clause #1: The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon

• Clause #2: the evening feels warm• Important: They are divided by a comma and a

coordinating conjunction! ,and

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• Option 2 joins two Independent Clauses with a semicolon. Do not capitalize after the semicolon unless the word is a proper noun or pronoun!

• It is so easy to change an Option 1 sentence to an Option 2 sentence!

Compound Sentence: Option 2

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• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon, and the evening feels warm. (Option 1)

• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon; the evening feels warm. (Option 2)

• Remove the comma and coordinating conjunction and replace it with a semicolon.

• Remember not to capitalize the first word after the semicolon unless it is a proper noun pronoun!

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• Option 3 joins two Independent Clauses with a semicolon, a conjunctive (connective) adverb, and a comma.

• Connective Adverbs: however, instead, nevertheless, meanwhile, consequently, therefore, furthermore, …

Compound Sentence: Option 3

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• It is also easy to change an Option 1 or Option 2 sentence to an Option 3 sentence.

• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon, and the evening feels warm. (Option 1)

• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon; the evening feels warm. (Option 2)

• The sun is beginning to slide into the horizon; consequently, the evening feels warm. (Option 3)

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• You are about to turn and jump back in the surf, but something catches your eye. (Option 1)

• Change this to an Option 2 sentence.• Change this to an Option 3 sentence.

Smarty Practice

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• A Dependent Clause has a Subject and a Verb, but it does not have a complete thought; it doesn’t make sense by itself.

• Think about the word “dependent.” If you are dependent upon others, you need their help.

• A Dependent Clause needs help from or is dependent upon an Independent Clause.

Dependent Clause

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• Dependent Clauses can also be called Subordinate Clauses.

• Dependent Clauses create a complex sentence.

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• Adverb Dependent Clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.

• Subordinating Conjunctions: since, because, when, while, if, although, where, until, …

Complex Sentence: Option 4Adverb Dependent Clause

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• Option 4 sentences begin with an Adverb Dependent Clause; this introductory clause is followed by a comma.

• As you turn it over in your hands, your fingers feel a slight indent. (Option 4)

• As you turn it over in your hands is dependent; it does not make sense alone. It needs the Independent Clause: your fingers feel a slight indent.

• Remember that a comma follows the introductory Dependent Clause.

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• Again, Adverb Dependent Clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.

• Option 5 is opposite from Option 4 because this sentence ends with the Dependent Clause.

• Since it ends with the Dependent Clause, there is no comma!

Complex Sentence: Option 5Adverb Dependent Clause

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• As you turn it over in your hands, your fingers feel a slight indent. (Option 4)

• Your fingers feel a slight indent as you turn it over in your hands. (Option 5)

• Just flip an Option 4 sentence’s clauses and remove the comma, and you will have an Option 5 sentence!

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Smarty Practice

• Change the following Option 4 sentences to Option 5 sentences; remember there is no comma when you flip the clauses!

• Because you have bravely volunteered to help find the opal ring, you will be protected by The Kingdom of the Deep.

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• As your light grazes the headstones, you begin to see the names carved in the rugged gray surfaces.

• When it reaches its pincers up first, you act.• Before you can protest, Hawaiian shirt has

bent over and scooped up the box.

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• Adjective Clauses are also Dependent Clauses that describe something else in the sentence.

• Adjective Clauses begin with one of the following relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose.

Complex Sentence: Option 6

Adjective Clause

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• An Adjective Clause can be essential (needed for the sentence to make sense) or nonessential (not needed for the sentence to make sense.

• If the adjective clause is essential, there will not be commas around it.

• If the adjective clause is nonessential, there will be commas around it.

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That and Which

• The Relative Pronoun “That” always begins an Essential Adjective Clause, and it does not have commas surrounding it.

• The Relative Pronoun “Which” always begins a nonessential Adjective Clause, and it has commas surrounding it.

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• The little reddish-brown lump that is the Queen edges over to The Brush and wraps her form around it. Essential – needed!

• When you are hungry, you use the brush to draw up a pizza, which you eat contentedly while sitting cross-legged on the ocean floor. Nonessential – not needed!

Smarty Practice

This Smarty Activity is the intellectual property of Cyndie Sebourn and Sascyn Publishing, Inc.

• “Who,” “Whom,” and “Whose” can be essential or nonessential, depending on whether or not the sentence needs them to make sense.

• “Now you will join the others, who made their way before you.” There is a comma before “who,” so the author meant for it to be nonessential – not needed for the sentence to make sense!

Who, Whom, and Whose

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Smarty Practice

• The story that Julie Landry Laviolette wrote is an exciting choose your adventure story! Essential or Nonessential?

• The story, which happens to be my favorite, has many different endings. Essential or Nonessential?

• The boy who is the smartest is also my cousin. Essential or Nonessential?

• “Now you will join the others, who made their way before you.” Essential or Nonessential?

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• Remember that a Clause must have a subject and a verb! If it is Independent, it makes sense by itself. If it is Dependent, it does not make sense by itself and needs help from an Independent Clause!

• Noun Clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do: subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative/predicate adjective, and object of the preposition.

Noun Clauses: Option 7

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• how which• if who• that whoever• what whom• whatever whomever• when whose• where why• whether

Noun Clauses: Option 7Starter Words

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• Which ending we choose is not important. Subject• You see what looks like a tiny lunch counter at a doll-

sized diner. Direct Object (who or what?)• Please give whoever wants it the book. Indirect

Object (to whom?)• It seems that the legend has been true after all.

Predicate Nominative (follows linking verbs)• “But you must be careful of whom you trust in The

Kingdom of the Deep.” Object of the Prep

Noun Clause Functions

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Smarty Practice

• Whoever wants to read this book can.• The author gave whoever wanted it a free

book.• Studying hard is how I made good grades.• You tell me what you think of the book.• Listen carefully to what the characters say.

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Compound-Complex SentencesOption 8

• A compound-complex sentence is simply combining an Option 1, 3, or 3 sentence with an Option 4, 5, 6, or 7 sentence.

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• Julie wrote the book, and Cyndie wrote the lesson plans; when they were finished, they were exhausted. CD/CX Option 8

• Julie wrote the book, and Cyndie wrote the lesson plans (Option 1)

• when they were finished, they were exhausted (Option 4)