A Smartphone-based Travel Survey Trial Conducted … · • Sampling targets were limited in most...
2
• Emergence of smartphone-based travel survey as a promising alternative to paper-based or web- based self-reporting survey • Challenges in this new survey method should be carefully examined • Sampling targets were limited in most of existing smartphone-based survey study Introduction Survey Overview & Method Objective (1) Describe the smartphone-based travel survey trial in Kumamoto, Japan (2) Examine the attributes of the smartphone-based survey’s participants We collected 97 samples out of 13,279 households with zero incentive. Data is free of incentive bias iPhone Ver. Android Ver. Participants touch the tap when they start and end a trip Travelers’ location is collected every 100 m. Participants note their travel mode in addition to the start and end of their trip. Location data are collected every 10 second. Acceleration data are also collected. Results With/Without invitation letter With/Without paper/web- based response Device Survey Period Total 1 Oct 10-11 2 Oct 16-18 3 Oct 23-25 Supplemen tary Nov 20-21 With invitation letter attached With Android 20 18 8 46 iPhone 6 7 1 14 Subtotal 26 25 9 60 Without Android 7 8 1 16 iPhone 6 5 1 12 Subtotal 13 13 2 28 Subtotal 39 38 11 88 Purely voluntary participants (without invitation letter) With Android 1 2 3 iPhone 1 1 Subtotal 1 3 4 Without Android 3 1 4 iPhone 1 1 Subtotal 4 1 5 Subtotal 5 3 1 9 Total 5 42 39 11 97 28 (56.0%) 33 (43.4%) 18,432 (49.5%) 344,291 (46.9%) 22 (44.0%) 43 (56.6%) 18,799 (50.5%) 390,183 (53.1%) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Participants in both smartphone-based and paper/web-based surveys Members of households that contain the smartphone-based survey participants who failed to complete paper/web-based survey Smartphone-based survey targests (household members) 2010 Population census (Kumamoto City) Male Female Conclusion 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100- Proportion Age 2010 Population census (Kumamoto City) Smartphone-based survey targests (household members) Members of households that contain the smartphone-based survey participants who failed to complete paper/web-based survey Participants in both smartphone-based and paper/web-based surveys Participation Rate: Male > Female 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ Number of participants (person) Number of trips reported during paper/web-based survey (trips/day) Female Male Male Female Total Smartphone- based survey Number of samples 28 22 50 Average trip rate: A 4.14 4.59 4.34 PT survey (Paper/Web- based survey) Gross trip rate: B 2.98 2.61 2.78 Net trip rate 3.26 3.03 3.14 t-statistics for statistical test (difference between average A & B) 1.44 (No statistical difference) 4.04* 3.14* (*: Statistically significant difference at 1% level) KUMAMON A local mascot of Kumamoto Prefecture, and now he is the most famous character in JAPAN. We used him in these apps, named “SUMAKUMA”. Departure & Arrival Tap Departure Tap Arrival Tap Map Tap End Tap ©2010 kumamoto pref. kumamon #3901 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • Research collaborator: the Urban Planning Bureau, Kumamoto Prefecture, and the Urban Policy Bureau, Kumamoto City • Graduate students of Kumamoto University: Mr. Kotaro Nohara, Mr. Keisuke Matsuda, and Mr. Shotaro Imura for their development of the iPhone-version Apps and the data analysis • Mr. Yoshihiro Sato, Kumamoto University for this poster design • Trans Field Inc. for their assistance in the development and preparation of the Android-version App and server management • Fukuyama Consultants Co., Ltd. for their support on several matters on the survey • Research fund by “Committee on Advanced Road Technology” in the Road Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, Japan • Initial results of the first smartphone-based travel survey conducted jointly with a large-scale household travel survey in Kumamoto, Japan • Created smartphone-based travel surveys apps for Android & iPhone • 13,279 Invitation letters were mailed to households • Ultimately, 97 joined the smartphone-based survey with zero incentives • Males were more likely to join the smartphone-based survey than females • Female and 20s were more likely to fail to complete the survey • People employed in manufacturing, energy, medical and public- related service occupations showed higher participation rates • The average trip rate for smartphone-based was higher than that for traditional household travel survey Future works: -A discrete choice analysis of smartphone-based survey participation • The model could be explained by some demographics described here • Sampling strategies and removal of sample selection bias - Increase the sample size • Our research team conducted another smartphone-based survey in Kumamoto downtown area with rewards ($5) during Nov. &Dec. 2013 and collected 1,086 samples. Details will be reported soon. Smartphone-based Travel Survey System Survey System Comparison of Travel Survey Method Purely voluntary participant learned of the survey by reading a newspaper article(Oct. 9, 2012) or accessing the survey committee’s website Gender Age Occupation Response Methods Trip Rates Comparison of trip rates among smartphone-based survey and paper/ web-based survey participants Android, the Android logo, Google Play™, the Google Play™ logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Google, Inc. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. iPhone, iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc. In addiGon, other logos and names may be trademarks/registered trademarks of other companies. • Smartphone-based survey participants tend to recall every trip • An active person who travels frequently during the day is more likely to join a smartphone-based survey Trip rate distributions of smartphone- based survey participants. Possible Reason Higher trip rates by smartphone-based survey ExisGng study Consistent finding with existing GPS-based studies Bricka et al. (2009), Stopher et al. (2007), Bricka & Bhat (2006), Stopher & Shen (2011),Du & Aultman-Hall (2007) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% Agricultural, forestry & fisheries Construction Manufacturing Electricity, gas & water supply Information & communication Transportation & postal Wholesale & retail trades Finance & insurance Real estate and goods rental & leasing Professional & technical services Accomodations, eating & beverage services Living-related & personal services and… Education, learning support Medical, health care & welfare Services, not otherwise classified Government Others Proportion 2010 Population Census (Kumamoto City) Participants in smartphone- based survey - Half of smartphone-based survey participants responded household survey by web - Significantly higher than other participants People in manufacturing industries tend to be more familiar with high-tech devices such as smartphones. People employed by public utilities and government might be expected to participate in this public-services related survey. High participation Rate: 30s & 40s 20s are relatively low besides their high smartphone ownership Summary of Smartphone-based Survey Participants Speculation: Some of female participants became anxious about privacy issues related to the survey and failed to complete the survey 20s participants often fails to complete (=paper-based & smartphone-based) the survey Tracking & Acceleration Data Analysis of tracking & acceleration data are ongoing along with auto-mode detection analysis Kumamoto Paper GPS + Web Smartphone Respondent burden Large Small Small Survey operation cost Large Middle (distribution cost of GPS instruments) Very Small Initial & other cost Basic and traditional New but available Development of app Accuracy & reliability of data Low High High Duration of survey Typically autumn weekday Multi-days: weekly, monthly, yearly Multi-days weekly, monthly, yearly Path/route of traveler Not Available (N.A) Available Available Bus stop, interchange, trip timing information Low accuracy Low response Precisely Available Precisely available Trip purpose Written Select (by web diary) Tap on smartphone or auto voice input Travel mode Written (un-linked-trips are often neglected) Select or auto detect by acceleration data Select or auto detect by accelerometer or auto voice input Selection bias Property of sample Young people are reluctant to reply Monitored person only Limited only to owner of smartphone but largely distributed • Person Trip (PT) Survey (Household Travel Survey) in Kumamoto Metropolitan Area (pop= 1 million) in Japan, in the Autumn 2012 • Mail-out/mail-back paper-based self-reporting survey (opt. web-based) • Final response rate 38.9% Several strategies to increase • More than 120 thousand household were asked to join the base survey • Out of them, 13,279 household were asked to join the smartphone-based survey as well as paper/web-based household survey • No rewards (incentive) because of governmental constraints • Current system just records the track, but modification of record by participants’ devices are now being developed • Most participants mention battery life problem People familiar with the Internet are more likely to join Approval of Privacy policy & use of terms The response rate for 20s were lowest for the traditional paper- based survey. If smartphone-only-survey are developed, they will be the potential candidate “SUMA” means “SMArtphone”, and “KUMA” means “KUMAmon” or “KUMAmoto” 72.7% 80.6% 81.1% 82.7% 89.9% 95.7% 97.9% 97.4% 95.8% 50.9% 27.3% 19.4% 18.9% 17.3% 10.1% 4.3% 2.1% 2.6% 4.2% 49.1% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Web-based Paper-based Age of head of household survey participant in total ② ① ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩⑪ Time Acceleration (m/s 2 ) A Smartphone-based Travel Survey Trial Conducted in Kumamoto, Japan: An Examination of Voluntary Participants’ Attributes Takuya MARUYAMA*, Shoshi MIZOKAMI*, and Eiji HATO** (*Kumamoto University; **the University of Tokyo, Japan)
Transcript of A Smartphone-based Travel Survey Trial Conducted … · • Sampling targets were limited in most...
• Emergence of smartphone-based travel survey as a promising alternative to paper-based or web-based self-reporting survey
• Challenges in this new survey method should be carefully examined
• Sampling targets were limited in most of existing smartphone-based survey study
Introduction
Survey Overview & Method
Objective (1) Describe the smartphone-based travel survey trial in Kumamoto, Japan (2) Examine the attributes of the smartphone-based survey’s participants
We collected 97 samples out of 13,279 households with zero incentive. Data is free of incentive bias
iPhone Ver. Android Ver. Participants touch the tap when they start and end a trip Travelers’ location is collected every 100 m.
Participants note their travel mode in addition to the start and end of their trip. Location data are collected every 10 second. Acceleration data are also collected.
Results With/Without
invitation letter
With/Without paper/web-
based response Device
Survey Period
Total 1 Oct 10-11
2 Oct 16-18
3 Oct 23-25
Supplementary Nov 20-21
With invitation letter attached
With Android
20 18 8 46
iPhone
6 7 1 14 Subtotal
26 25 9 60
Without Android
7 8 1 16
iPhone
6 5 1 12 Subtotal
13 13 2 28
Subtotal
39 38 11 88
Purely voluntary
participants (without invitation
letter)
With Android 1 2
3
iPhone
1
1 Subtotal 1 3
4
Without Android 3
1
4
iPhone 1
1 Subtotal 4
1
5
Subtotal 5 3 1 9 Total 5 42 39 11 97
1
28 (56.0%)
33 (43.4%)
18,432 (49.5%)
344,291 (46.9%)
22 (44.0%)
43 (56.6%)
18,799 (50.5%)
390,183(53.1%)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Participants in both smartphone-based andpaper/web-based surveys
Members of households that contain thesmartphone-based survey participants who failed to
complete paper/web-based survey
Smartphone-based survey targests (householdmembers)
2010 Population census (Kumamoto City)
Male Female
Conclusion
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-
Prop
ortio
n
Age
2010 Population census (Kumamoto City)
Smartphone-based survey targests (householdmembers)
Members of households that contain thesmartphone-based survey participants whofailed to complete paper/web-based surveyParticipants in both smartphone-based andpaper/web-based surveys
Participation Rate: Male > Female
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Num
ber o
f par
ticip
ants
(per
son)
Number of trips reported during paper/web-based survey (trips/day)
Female
Male
Male Female Total Smartphone-based survey
Number of samples 28 22 50 Average trip rate: A 4.14 4.59 4.34
PT survey (Paper/Web-based survey)
Gross trip rate: B 2.98 2.61 2.78 Net trip rate 3.26 3.03 3.14
t-statistics for statistical test (difference between average A & B)
1.44 (No statistical
difference)
4.04*
3.14*
(*: Statistically significant difference at 1% level) 1
2
KUMAMON A local mascot of Kumamoto Prefecture, and now he is the most famous character in JAPAN. We used him in these apps, named “SUMAKUMA”.
Departure & Arrival Tap Departure Tap
Arrival Tap
Map Tap
End Tap
©2010 kumamoto pref. kumamon #3901
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • Research collaborator: the Urban Planning Bureau, Kumamoto Prefecture, and the Urban Policy Bureau, Kumamoto City • Graduate students of Kumamoto University: Mr. Kotaro Nohara, Mr. Keisuke Matsuda, and Mr. Shotaro Imura for their
development of the iPhone-version Apps and the data analysis • Mr. Yoshihiro Sato, Kumamoto University for this poster design • Trans Field Inc. for their assistance in the development and preparation of the Android-version App and server management • Fukuyama Consultants Co., Ltd. for their support on several matters on the survey • Research fund by “Committee on Advanced Road Technology” in the Road Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport, and Tourism, Japan
• Initial results of the first smartphone-based travel survey conducted jointly with a large-scale household travel survey in Kumamoto, Japan
• Created smartphone-based travel surveys apps for Android & iPhone • 13,279 Invitation letters were mailed to households • Ultimately, 97 joined the smartphone-based survey with zero
incentives • Males were more likely to join the smartphone-based survey than
females • Female and 20s were more likely to fail to complete the survey • People employed in manufacturing, energy, medical and public-
related service occupations showed higher participation rates • The average trip rate for smartphone-based was higher than that for
traditional household travel survey
Future works: -A discrete choice analysis of smartphone-based survey participation
• The model could be explained by some demographics described here • Sampling strategies and removal of sample selection bias
- Increase the sample size • Our research team conducted another smartphone-based survey in
Kumamoto downtown area with rewards ($5) during Nov. &Dec. 2013 and collected 1,086 samples. Details will be reported soon.
Smartphone-based Travel Survey System
Survey System
Comparison of Travel Survey Method
Purely voluntary participant learned of the survey by reading a newspaper article(Oct. 9, 2012) or accessing the survey committee’s website
Gender
Age
Occupation Response Methods
Trip Rates
Comparison of trip rates among smartphone-based survey and paper/web-based survey participants
Android, the Android logo, Google Play™, the Google Play™ logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Google, Inc. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. iPhone, iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc. In addiGon, other logos and names may be trademarks/registered trademarks of other companies.
• Smartphone-based survey participants tend to recall every trip
• An active person who travels frequently during the day is more likely to join a smartphone-based survey
Trip rate distributions of smartphone-based survey participants.
Possible Reason
Higher trip rates by smartphone-based survey
ExisGng study Consistent finding with existing GPS-based studies Bricka et al. (2009), Stopher et al. (2007), Bricka & Bhat (2006), Stopher & Shen (2011),Du & Aultman-Hall (2007)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Agricultural, forestry & fisheriesConstruction
ManufacturingElectricity, gas & water supplyInformation & communication
Transportation & postalWholesale & retail trades
Finance & insuranceReal estate and goods rental & leasing
Professional & technical servicesAccomodations, eating & beverage services
Living-related & personal services and…Education, learning support
Medical, health care & welfareServices, not otherwise classified
GovernmentOthers
Proportion
2010 Population Census(Kumamoto City)
Participants in smartphone-based survey
- Half of smartphone-based survey participants responded household survey by web
- Significantly higher than other participants
People in manufacturing industries tend to be more familiar with high-tech devices such as smartphones. People employed by public utilities and government might be expected to participate in this public-services related survey.
High participation Rate: 30s & 40s 20s are relatively low besides their high smartphone ownership
Summary of Smartphone-based Survey Participants
Speculation: Some of female participants became anxious about privacy issues related to the survey and failed to complete the survey
20s participants often fails to complete (=paper-based & smartphone-based) the survey
Tracking & Acceleration Data
Analysis of tracking & acceleration data are ongoing along with auto-mode detection analysis
Kumamoto
Paper GPS + Web Smartphone
Respondent burden Large Small Small Survey operation cost Large Middle (distribution cost
of GPS instruments) Very Small
Initial & other cost Basic and traditional New but available Development of app
Accuracy & reliability of data Low High High
Duration of survey Typically autumn weekday
Multi-days: weekly, monthly, yearly
Multi-days weekly, monthly, yearly
Path/route of traveler Not Available (N.A) Available Available Bus stop, interchange, trip timing information
Low accuracy Low response Precisely Available Precisely available
Trip purpose Written Select (by web diary) Tap on smartphone or auto voice input
Travel mode Written (un-linked-trips are often neglected)
Select or auto detect by acceleration data
Select or auto detect by accelerometer or auto voice input
Selection bias Property of sample
Young people are reluctant to reply Monitored person only
Limited only to owner of smartphone but largely distributed
• Person Trip (PT) Survey (Household Travel Survey) in Kumamoto Metropolitan Area (pop= 1 million) in Japan, in the Autumn 2012
• Mail-out/mail-back paper-based self-reporting survey (opt. web-based) • Final response rate 38.9% Several strategies to increase • More than 120 thousand household were asked to join the base survey • Out of them, 13,279 household were asked to join the smartphone-based survey as well
as paper/web-based household survey • No rewards (incentive) because of governmental constraints
• Current system just records the track, but modification of record by participants’ devices are now being developed
• Most participants mention battery life problem
People familiar with the Internet are more likely to join
Approval of Privacy policy & use of terms
The response rate for 20s were lowest for the traditional paper-based survey. If smartphone-only-survey are developed, they will be the potential candidate “SUMA” means “SMArtphone”, and “KUMA” means
“KUMAmon” or “KUMAmoto”
72.7% 80.6% 81.1% 82.7% 89.9% 95.7% 97.9% 97.4% 95.8%
50.9%
27.3% 19.4% 18.9% 17.3% 10.1% 4.3% 2.1% 2.6% 4.2%
49.1%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Web-based
Paper-based
Age of head of household survey participant in total
②① ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪
Time
Acc
eler
atio
n (m
/s2 )
A Smartphone-based Travel Survey Trial Conducted in Kumamoto, Japan: An Examination of Voluntary Participants’ Attributes
Takuya MARUYAMA*, Shoshi MIZOKAMI*, and Eiji HATO**
(*Kumamoto University; **the University of Tokyo, Japan)
• Emergence of smartphone-based travel survey as a promising alternative to paper-based or web-based self-reporting survey
• Challenges in this new survey method should be carefully examined
• Sampling targets were limited in most of existing smartphone-based survey study
Introduction
Survey Overview & Method
Objective (1) Describe the smartphone-based travel survey trial in Kumamoto, Japan (2) Examine the attributes of the smartphone-based survey’s participants
We collected 97 samples out of 13,279 households with zero incentive. Data is free of incentive bias
iPhone Ver. Android Ver. Participants touch the tap when they start and end a trip Travelers’ location is collected every 100 m.
Participants note their travel mode in addition to the start and end of their trip. Location data are collected every 10 second. Acceleration data are also collected.
Results With/Without
invitation letter
With/Without paper/web-
based response Device
Survey Period
Total 1 Oct 10-11
2 Oct 16-18
3 Oct 23-25
Supplementary Nov 20-21
With invitation letter attached
With Android
20 18 8 46
iPhone
6 7 1 14 Subtotal
26 25 9 60
Without Android
7 8 1 16
iPhone
6 5 1 12 Subtotal
13 13 2 28
Subtotal
39 38 11 88
Purely voluntary
participants (without invitation
letter)
With Android 1 2
3
iPhone
1
1 Subtotal 1 3
4
Without Android 3
1
4
iPhone 1
1 Subtotal 4
1
5
Subtotal 5 3 1 9 Total 5 42 39 11 97
1
28 (56.0%)
33 (43.4%)
18,432 (49.5%)
344,291 (46.9%)
22 (44.0%)
43 (56.6%)
18,799 (50.5%)
390,183(53.1%)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Participants in both smartphone-based andpaper/web-based surveys
Members of households that contain thesmartphone-based survey participants who failed to
complete paper/web-based survey
Smartphone-based survey targests (householdmembers)
2010 Population census (Kumamoto City)
Male Female
Conclusion
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-
Prop
ortio
n
Age
2010 Population census (Kumamoto City)
Smartphone-based survey targests (householdmembers)
Members of households that contain thesmartphone-based survey participants whofailed to complete paper/web-based surveyParticipants in both smartphone-based andpaper/web-based surveys
Participation Rate: Male > Female
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Num
ber o
f par
ticip
ants
(per
son)
Number of trips reported during paper/web-based survey (trips/day)
Female
Male
Male Female Total Smartphone-based survey
Number of samples 28 22 50 Average trip rate: A 4.14 4.59 4.34
PT survey (Paper/Web-based survey)
Gross trip rate: B 2.98 2.61 2.78 Net trip rate 3.26 3.03 3.14
t-statistics for statistical test (difference between average A & B)
1.44 (No statistical
difference)
4.04*
3.14*
(*: Statistically significant difference at 1% level) 1
2
KUMAMON A local mascot of Kumamoto Prefecture, and now he is the most famous character in JAPAN. We used him in these apps, named “SUMAKUMA”.
Departure & Arrival Tap Departure Tap
Arrival Tap
Map Tap
End Tap
©2010 kumamoto pref. kumamon #3901
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • Research collaborator: the Urban Planning Bureau, Kumamoto Prefecture, and the Urban Policy Bureau, Kumamoto City • Graduate students of Kumamoto University: Mr. Kotaro Nohara, Mr. Keisuke Matsuda, and Mr. Shotaro Imura for their
development of the iPhone-version Apps and the data analysis • Mr. Yoshihiro Sato, Kumamoto University for this poster design • Trans Field Inc. for their assistance in the development and preparation of the Android-version App and server management • Fukuyama Consultants Co., Ltd. for their support on several matters on the survey • Research fund by “Committee on Advanced Road Technology” in the Road Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport, and Tourism, Japan
• Initial results of the first smartphone-based travel survey conducted jointly with a large-scale household travel survey in Kumamoto, Japan
• Created smartphone-based travel surveys apps for Android & iPhone • 13,279 Invitation letters were mailed to households • Ultimately, 97 joined the smartphone-based survey with zero
incentives • Males were more likely to join the smartphone-based survey than
females • Female and 20s were more likely to fail to complete the survey • People employed in manufacturing, energy, medical and public-
related service occupations showed higher participation rates • The average trip rate for smartphone-based was higher than that for
traditional household travel survey
Future works: -A discrete choice analysis of smartphone-based survey participation
• The model could be explained by some demographics described here • Sampling strategies and removal of sample selection bias
- Increase the sample size • Our research team conducted another smartphone-based survey in
Kumamoto downtown area with rewards ($5) during Nov. &Dec. 2013 and collected 1,086 samples. Details will be reported soon.
Smartphone-based Travel Survey System
Survey System
Comparison of Travel Survey Method
Purely voluntary participant learned of the survey by reading a newspaper article(Oct. 9, 2012) or accessing the survey committee’s website
Gender
Age
Occupation Response Methods
Trip Rates
Comparison of trip rates among smartphone-based survey and paper/web-based survey participants
Android, the Android logo, Google Play™, the Google Play™ logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Google, Inc. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. iPhone, iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc. In addiGon, other logos and names may be trademarks/registered trademarks of other companies.
• Smartphone-based survey participants tend to recall every trip
• An active person who travels frequently during the day is more likely to join a smartphone-based survey
Trip rate distributions of smartphone-based survey participants.
Possible Reason
Higher trip rates by smartphone-based survey
ExisGng study Consistent finding with existing GPS-based studies Bricka et al. (2009), Stopher et al. (2007), Bricka & Bhat (2006), Stopher & Shen (2011),Du & Aultman-Hall (2007)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Agricultural, forestry & fisheriesConstruction
ManufacturingElectricity, gas & water supplyInformation & communication
Transportation & postalWholesale & retail trades
Finance & insuranceReal estate and goods rental & leasing
Professional & technical servicesAccomodations, eating & beverage services
Living-related & personal services and…Education, learning support
Medical, health care & welfareServices, not otherwise classified
GovernmentOthers
Proportion
2010 Population Census(Kumamoto City)
Participants in smartphone-based survey
- Half of smartphone-based survey participants responded household survey by web
- Significantly higher than other participants
People in manufacturing industries tend to be more familiar with high-tech devices such as smartphones. People employed by public utilities and government might be expected to participate in this public-services related survey.
High participation Rate: 30s & 40s 20s are relatively low besides their high smartphone ownership
Summary of Smartphone-based Survey Participants
Speculation: Some of female participants became anxious about privacy issues related to the survey and failed to complete the survey
20s participants often fails to complete (=paper-based & smartphone-based) the survey
Tracking & Acceleration Data
Analysis of tracking & acceleration data are ongoing along with auto-mode detection analysis
Kumamoto
Paper GPS + Web Smartphone
Respondent burden Large Small Small Survey operation cost Large Middle (distribution cost
of GPS instruments) Very Small
Initial & other cost Basic and traditional New but available Development of app
Accuracy & reliability of data Low High High
Duration of survey Typically autumn weekday
Multi-days: weekly, monthly, yearly
Multi-days weekly, monthly, yearly
Path/route of traveler Not Available (N.A) Available Available Bus stop, interchange, trip timing information
Low accuracy Low response Precisely Available Precisely available
Trip purpose Written Select (by web diary) Tap on smartphone or auto voice input
Travel mode Written (un-linked-trips are often neglected)
Select or auto detect by acceleration data
Select or auto detect by accelerometer or auto voice input
Selection bias Property of sample
Young people are reluctant to reply Monitored person only
Limited only to owner of smartphone but largely distributed
• Person Trip (PT) Survey (Household Travel Survey) in Kumamoto Metropolitan Area (pop= 1 million) in Japan, in the Autumn 2012
• Mail-out/mail-back paper-based self-reporting survey (opt. web-based) • Final response rate 38.9% Several strategies to increase • More than 120 thousand household were asked to join the base survey • Out of them, 13,279 household were asked to join the smartphone-based survey as well
as paper/web-based household survey • No rewards (incentive) because of governmental constraints
• Current system just records the track, but modification of record by participants’ devices are now being developed
• Most participants mention battery life problem
People familiar with the Internet are more likely to join
Approval of Privacy policy & use of terms
The response rate for 20s were lowest for the traditional paper-based survey. If smartphone-only-survey are developed, they will be the potential candidate “SUMA” means “SMArtphone”, and “KUMA” means
“KUMAmon” or “KUMAmoto”
72.7% 80.6% 81.1% 82.7% 89.9% 95.7% 97.9% 97.4% 95.8%
50.9%
27.3% 19.4% 18.9% 17.3% 10.1% 4.3% 2.1% 2.6% 4.2%
49.1%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Web-based
Paper-based
Age of head of household survey participant in total
②① ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪
Time
Acc
eler
atio
n (m
/s2 )
A Smartphone-based Travel Survey Trial Conducted in Kumamoto, Japan: An Examination of Voluntary Participants’ Attributes
Takuya MARUYAMA*, Shoshi MIZOKAMI*, and Eiji HATO**
(*Kumamoto University; **the University of Tokyo, Japan)
