A Simple Technology for the Remediation of Waste Water Discharge from Tapioca Factories

ER Indrayatie1), E Handayanto2), WH Utomo2)

University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaUniversity of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

• Thanks to:

CIAT Asia office

Nippon Foundation

Organizing committee

Rector University of Brawijaya

Indonesia is known as one of the biggest cassava producers in World with the major use for humman consumption (In 2009 there was harvested area of 1,17 millions ha with production of about 21.9 millions ton). However, there was a changes in cassava utilization..

toFood utilization2007: 64 %2009: 53 %

Industrial utilization2007: 36 %2009: 47%

GOOD, BUT createAnother problems

• Those changes are good, BUT create another problems. ....?• Most cassava industry small to medium size, along Brantar river for

example, there are about 343 tapioca factories

Wastewater treatment:1. No wastewater treatment, discharge 2. The waste directly to river, or3. Simple wastewater treatment: open pond

Environmental problems

Table 1. Characteristics tapioca factory wastewater in East Java

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pH BOD COD Cyanide TSS

------------ mg L-1---------------------------------• Fww 3.6 7,760 10,240 6.24

3,600• Ftw 4.6 3,600 3,840 4.20 1,200 • IndStd 6 -9 200 400 0.5 150• East Java Reg. 150 300 0.2 100

Fww: Factory fresh waste water

Ftw: Factory treated wastewater

Ind. Std based on Ministry of Env. Decree No. 51/1995

East Java (Brantas River):JAWA POS: 28/04/2008: Ribuan ikan mati, nelayan rugi jutaan rupiah: Masalah pencemaranbendungan Sutami ternyata sudah berulang kali terjadi sejak tahun 1996. Namun tidak ada upaya kongkret pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini. 1996: Laporan Perum Jasa Tirta terjadi pencemaran waduk Sutami, ikan mati karena kekurangan O2 Mei 2002 Waduk Ir Sutami tercemar limbah industri, ribuan ikan mati, Juni 2004: ribuan ikan mati terapung.Oktober 2007, di samping ribuan ikan sekarat, mati terapung, juga menyebabkan listrik padam. April 2008 kerugian karena ikan mati di bendungan Ir Sutami ditaksir mencapai Rp. 280 juta

Central Java Kedaulatan Rakyat :24/07/2008 08:39:40 BANJARNEGARA - KASUS PENCEMARAN SUNGAI SAPI; Pabrik Tapioka Diminta Sempurnakan IPALPenanggung-jawab pabrik tapioka CV Bunga Mawar di Desa Kebondalem, Bawang Banjarnegara, Daryanto, merasa dipojokkan dalam kasus pencemaran air Sungai Sapi.Menurutnya, pabrik tapioka ini bukan satu-satunya. Karena di kawasan tersebut ada pabrik lain di Wanadri. Sedang Bupati Djasri 15 Juli lalu sudah melayangkan peringatan, agar perusahaan menyempurnakan IPAL sesuai peraturan baku mutu limbah cair.

Common tapioca wastewater treatments

Open pond: Requires time (long time), large area, un-effective

UASB: complicated, expensive

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation with Vetiver grass (Vetivera zyzanoides)

• Why phytoremediation? simple, cheaf, low risk

• Why vetiver grass?Easy to grow,

can grow on any kind of medium (even in very unfavorable medium), grow very fast

. Indrayatie et al. (2012) found that vetiver very tolerant to grow in tapioca factory wastewater

Metodhology

1. The first study aimed to explore the potential of vetiver for phytoremediation of tapioca factory wastewater

2. The second study was done to test the resulting wastewater remediation for fish culture and maize growing.

Objective: to obtain the suitable growth medium and the time (plant ages) when the remediation can result the maximum outputTwo factors were studied, i.e. two growth media were used, i.e. (1) wetland systems, and (2) hydroponics (solution); and the time of starting when remediation was started are: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after planting.As the control, Vetiver was grown in wetland and hydroponic systems. The pot used had an area of 1,256 cm2.

The potential of vetiver for tapioca wasterwater remediation

• Table 3. The effect of the remediation system and plant age (biomass) at time of planting on the purification (η) of tapioca factory waste water after 60 days of remediation

___________________________________________________________

Vetiver at the η (%)

start of remediation Ages biomass BOD COD CN

(days) (g/pot) W H W H W H

Control/no plant 86.87ab 81.77a 87.76a 82.60a 65.23bc 38.09 a

7 5.1 95.13b 87.82ab 94.81b 88.28a 76.42bcd 50.47ab

15 9.4 97.49cd 88.94ab 97.39b 89.84a 85.00cd 61.66ab

30 11.5 99.11cd 90.41bc 99.11b 90.88a 85.23cd 65.47bc

45 22.6 99.00d 92.50bcd 99.21b 92.23b 93.33d 64.04bc

75 37.4 99.82d 92.18bcd 99.37b 91.67ab 93.80d 66.67bc

Until 60 days of remediation open pond (with no vetiver) was able to purifyup to 87% (BOD); 88% (COD); 65% (CN). Planting vetiver increased the purification. With initial biomass of 37.4 g/pot (1,256 cm2), purification increasedTo 99.8% (BOD); 99.4% (COD); 93.8% (CN)

Purification (η) = (Ci – Cf )/ Ci X 100 % where Ci is the initial concentration of pollutant and Cf is the final concentration.

• Table 2. waste water quality after 60 days of remediation

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vetiver at the Solution concentration

start of remediation (mg/L)

Ages biomass BOD COD DO CN

(days) (g/pot) W H W H W H W H Control/no plant 445g 618h 470e 688f 1.10a 0.96a 1.46cd 2.60e

7 5.1 165c 413f 199b 450e 2.42b 1.06ª 0.99bc 2.08de

15 9.4 85b 375f 100b 390c 3.04b 0.98ª 0.63ab 1.61cd

30 11.5 30ª 325e 34ª 350c 3.48c 1.24ª 0.62ab 1.45cd

45 22.6 36ª 270d 30ª 298c 5.98cd 2.36b 0.28ab 1.51cd 75 37.4 6a 265d 24a 320c 6.40d 2.46b 0.26 a 1.40cd

1. Wetland system was better compared to hydrophonic2. After 60 days of remediations using vetiver, wastewater of tapioca factory in East Java has fullfilled the standard quatily of East Java Governor decree

Time of remediation is an important factor. A shorter is the time for remediation is better

• Addition experiment with objective of determining the remediation period required to attain the quality standard for cyanide concentration was carried out

• Remediation was performed using initial vetiver biomass values of 0 (control); 5.1 g/pot; 9.4 g/pot; 17.7 g/pot; 35.1 g/pot; and 51.4 g/pot) for up to 60 days

• Medium of growth: wetland system. • The waste water for this experiment had an initial BOD

concentration of 3,600 mg/L; COD concentration of 3,840 mg/L and cyanide concentration of 4.2 mg/L.

within a 30 day remediation period, the prescribed cyanide quality standard could be obtained using initial vetiver biomass values 51.4 g/pot

Table 4. The cyanide concentration in tapioca factory waste water as a function of varying initial vetiver biomass and the length of the remediation period (up to 60 days) for a model wetland system.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Remediation Cyanide concentration in waste water (mg/L) period (days) Vetiver biomass at the start of theremediation (g/pot)

0 5.1 9.4 17.7 35.1 51.4

0 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 7 3.64 3.54 3.21 3.23 2.98 2.04  15 3.06 2.96 2.34 1.76 1.45 0.76 30 2.22 1.95 1.62 1.25 0.86 0.36 45 1.94 1.21 0.97 0.84 0.33 0.26 60 1.46 1.15 0.83 0.36 0.24 0.26  Values are the mean of two replicates

Utilization of remediated tapioca factory waste water

1. Maize growing:

Maize was grown on 10 kg soil in a plastic pot of 15 L capacity.

The treatments were: (1) fresh tapioca factory wastewater (FW), (2) factory treated wastewater: watered with factory treated wastewater (TTW), (3) factory remediated wastewater: watered with remediated wastewater (TRW), and (4) remediated waste water, watered with remediated wastewater (RW), and (5) de-ionized water as the control (C). 3 replications

Utilization of remediated tapioca factory waste water

Maize growing: Maize was grown on 10 kg soil in a

plastic pot of 15 L capacity. The treatments were: (1) fresh tapioca

factory wastewater (FW), (2) factory treated wastewater: watered with factory treated wastewater (TTW), (3) factory remediated wastewater: watered with remediated wastewater (TRW), and (4) remediated waste water, watered with remediated wastewater (RW), and (5) de-ionized water as the control (C). 3 replications

• Table 5.The effect of remediated tapioca wastewater on the total maize biomass and cyanide content at 45 days old----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treatment total biomass plant-CN Soil-CN g/plant mg/kg mg/kgFresh wastewater, FW 0 0 3.40 cFactory treated wastewater,TW 24.67 c 1.80 b 2.25 bTW, then watered with RW 20.76 ab 0.80 a 0.22 aVetiver remediate wastewater,RW 17.24 a0.76 a 0.12 aDe-ionized water, C 19.45 ab 0.60 a 0.04 a

maize could not germinate on the medium watered with fresh tapioca. Maize grown on the other treatment grew quite well. The highest total biomass of maize (24.67g)/plant) was obtained by the maize planted in factory treated wastewater, and this is significantly different from the other treatments. However, CN content of this maize was very high

Fish culture: Fish was cultured in a glass aquarium of 5 L. The treatments were (1) Factory fresh wastewater (FW), (2) Factory treated wastewater (TW), (3) Vetiver remediated wastewater (RW), (4) Vetiver remediated wastewater + spring water (1:1) (RWS), and (5) spring water (SW). Ten freshwater fish of Barbonymus gonionofus species with 5 – 7 cm length were put into these aquariums, and grown for 30 days. Duplicates

No fish could life in fresh wastewaterand factory treated waste water. Vetiver remediated wastewater safe for fish culture, its quality (for fish culture) was comparable with spring water.

Table 6.The utilization of Vetiver remediate tapioca industrial wastewater for freshwater fish culture-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Treatment No of dead fish at fish weight at 30 days

0 days 2 days 7 days 15 days 30 day g/fish----Fresh wastewater, FW 10 - - - - -Factory treated wastewater, TW 5 2 3 - - -Vetiver remediated wastewater, RW 0 0 0 0 2 24.6RW + Spring water ( 1:1), RWS 0 0 0 1 2 24.5Spring water, C 0 0 0 0 3 25.4---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------