A short and condensed history of computing Part II: Birth of the electronic computer
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Transcript of A short and condensed history of computing Part II: Birth of the electronic computer
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A short and condensed history of computingPart II: Birth of the electronic computer
1930-1951
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The Pioneers• John Atanasoff (U.
of Iowa, USA)• Clifford Berry
(England)− ABC− First automatic
electronic computer
• Konrad Zuse (Germany)− Z3 computer− First
programmable computer
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ABC Computer
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Z1 & Z3 Computers
Z1BinaryElectrically drivenPunch card input
Z3BinaryProgrammableFully automatedPunched film input
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Alan M. Turing (1912-1954)
• Computer scientist
• Led WWII research group that broke the Enigma machine (Colossus computer)
• Proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability: the “Turing machine”
• Devised the “Turing test” for AI
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The Enigma machine and Colossus
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IBM Harvard Mark I – 1944
• The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, installed at Harvard University in 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, incorporates 750,000 parts
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Mauchly and Eckert
• John W. Mauchly (1907-1980)• J. Presper Eckert (1919-1995)
• Headed the ENIAC team at the University of Pennsylvania
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer
• Commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables
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ENIAC
• Massive scale and redundant design
• Decimal internal coding
• Operational in 1946
• Replacing a bad tube meant checking 19,000 possibilities
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ENIAC
• Programming meant literally re-wiring the computer
• Slow, tedious and repetitious
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John Von Neumann (1903-1954)
• Von Neumann visits the University of Pennsylvania in 1944
• Prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC)
• Concept of “stored program” instruction is a form of data and can be used in the same memory, adding great flexibility to a computer’s architecture
• Designed the IAS machine (Institute for Advanced Studies) which became operational in 1951
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Von Neumann architecture
• “stored program”
• Serial uniprocessor design
• Binary internal encoding
• CPU-Memory-I/O organization
• “fetch-decode-execute” instruction cycle
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Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)
• The first real computer scientist
• Invented the first compiler because she was tired of doing it by hand, vastly improving programming speed and efficiency
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UNIVAC I
• First commercial general-purpose computer
• Delivered in 1951
• Used to “forecast” the 1952 presidential election (computed statistics from polling results)
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A short and condensed history of computingPart III: Age of the mainframe
1951-1970
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Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time
• Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s
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Advances in the 1950’s
Transistor
Freedom from vacuum tubes (bulky, power hungry and unreliable)
Integrated Circuit
Place many transistors in a small area
1947
Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen
1958
Jack St. Clair Kilby & Robert Noyce
Both of these advances enabled machines to become smaller and more economical to build and maintain
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Early Bell Labs transistors 1947 / 1952
The most important invention of the 20th century
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Earliest implementations of the transistor
1952 – first transistor hearing aid (+2 tubes)1954 – 97% of hearing aids made only with
transistors
1954 – first transistor radio available in US
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Earliest implementations of the integrated circuit
1961 – Kilby & pocket calculator1964 – Widlar & Fairchild op-amp
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1960’s – IBM’s System/360
• Built using solid-state circuitry
• Family of computer systems with backward compatibility
• Established the standard for mainframes for a decade
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1960’s Companion to the mainframe
• 1956 – IBM 305 RAMAC− 5 million characters
stored− Weighed a ton− Random access
• 1962 – IBM 1311− Size of a washing
machine− 2 million characters
stored− Removable disk pack
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Gordon Bell, father of the minicomputer, DEC
• Developed first “Mini” computers, 1960-83
• Brought computing to small businesses
• Created major competition for IBM & UNIVAC, who only built mainframes at the time
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DEC PDP series
• “minicomputers”• Offered mainframe performance at a fraction of
the cost• PDP-8 $20,000, vs $1M for a mainframe
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IBM fights back!
• IBM 1130, their “small” computer, was designed to compete with DEC’s minis
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Specialized supercomputers
• First developed in the late 1970’s
• High-performance systems used for scientific applications
• Advanced special purpose designs
• Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others
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A short and condensed history of computingPart IV: Age of the Personal Computer
1970-
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Intel 4004 Microprocessor – 1972
• First commercially available microprocessor – first used in a programmable calculator
• Contains 2300 transistors and ran at 100 kHz• This technology made the personal computer possible
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Desktop and portable computers since 1975
• Microprocessors
• All-in-one designs
• Price/performance trade-offs
• Aimed at mass audiences
• Personal computers
• Workstations
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Altair 8800, the first kit microcomputer – 1975
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Microsoft
Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 approached Ed Robers of MITS (company developing the Altair), and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler.
They did so, and from the sale, Microsoft was born.
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Apple computers
Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the firs Apple Computer – 1976
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Radio Shack TRS-80 – 1978
• The first plug and play personal computer available at retail
• Programmed in BASIC
• Very successful
• Very affordable
• Limited commercial software
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The Apple II – 1978
• The first commercially available Apple
• Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the spreadsheet program Visicalc which ran on the Apple II
• Put Apple on the map
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The Osborne I – 1981
• The first “portable” personal computer
• Came with lots of software bundled
• Only weighed 40 lbs and sold for $1,795
• Note the large 5” screen!
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IBM PC – 1982
• IBM’s first PC
• Signaled a significant shift for the giant manufacturer
• Established a new standard which is still being built on today
• Open architecture
• Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft
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The computer company that wasn’t – Xerox
• Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center)
• Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get)
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Apple Macintosh – 1984
• First PC with GUI interface
• Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox
• Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People”
• Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl
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1984 Macintosh Ad
• Directed by Ridley Scott− Alien, Blade Runner
• Cost $1.5M• Shown only once during the 1984 Superbowl at a cost of $500K• Considered to be the best TV ad ever!• Launched the Mac in grand style!
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Some of the companies that defined the Personal Computer business early on
• Xerox• IBM• Commodore• Texas Instrument• Osborne• MITS• AT&T• Compaq
• Toshiba• Hitachi• Sinclair• Hewlett Packard• Sony• Apple• Microsoft• SWTP
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Comparison shopping
How do they rate in cost and performance?
Year Name Performance Memory Price Price/Performance(adds/sec) (KB) (dollars) (vs. UNIVAC)
1951 Univac I 1,900 48 1,000,000 11964 IBM S360 500,000 64 1,000,000 2631965 PDP-8 330,000 4 16,000 10,8551976 Cray-1 166,000,000 32,768 4,000,000 21,8421981 IBM PC 240,000 256 3,000 42,1051991 HP9000/750 50,000,000 16,384 7,400 3,556,188
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Moore’s Law
• In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (exponential growth)
• Million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s− 2300 transistors, 100 kHz clock – Intel 4004, 1971− 42M transistors, 2 GHz clock – Intel P4, 2001− 1.4B transistors inc. 4 cores and GPU, 4.4 GHz clock – Intel
Core i7, 2014
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Moore’s Law
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Clock frequencyF
requ
ency
, M
Hz
HotPlate
NuclearReactor
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Exponential growth of technologies
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Growth of a hard disk drive
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Today’s Price/Performance
• Over 3 Billion operations per second costs less than $1,000
• Memory is measured in Gigabytes, not kilobytes
• Magnetic storage is measured in Terabytes
• Communication speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not bits per second
And it continues!