A REVIEW ON MEDICINAL PLANTS EXHIBITING ANTIFERTILITY …

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Azamthulla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

A REVIEW ON MEDICINAL PLANTS EXHIBITING ANTIFERTILITY

ACTIVITY

Mohammad Azamthulla*1

, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian2

and Kavimani S3

1Department of pharmacology,

Faculty of pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied

Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, India -560054.

PRIST UNIVERSITY, Centre for Research and Development, Vallam, Thanjavur,

Tamil Nadu- 613403.

2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya.

PRIST UNIVERSITY, Centre for Research and Development, Vallam, Thanjavur,

Tamil Nadu- 613403.

3College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health

Science, Pondicherry- 6050006.

ABSTRACT

Although contraceptives containing estrogen and progesterone are

effective and popular used for family planning, but due to serious

adverse effects produced by synthetic steroidal contraceptives such as

toxicity to gonads, Infertility on temporary or permanent basis,

testicular germ cell cancer, breast/ Prostate cancer, brain

developmental problems, endometriosis and early puberty etc, the risks

associated to the drugs have triggered the need to develop newer

molecules from medicinal plants. Hence, there is a need for searching

suitable product from medicinal plants that could be effectively used in

the place of pills for antifertility activity. The nature has been a source

of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number

of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Plants are

used as anti-implantation, abortifacient and as contraceptive are well known to the ancient

physicians of India. Various medicinal plant extracts have been tested for their antifertility

activity both in male and female animal models activity and the active agents. This review

presents updated information gathered on medicinal plants used for anti-fertility activity in

both male and females. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on anti-fertility of

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*Correspondence for

Author

Mohammad Azamthulla

Department of

pharmacology, Faculty of

pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah

University of Applied

Sciences, MSR Nagar,

Bangalore, India -560054.

Article Received on

15 Dec 2014,

Revised on 09 Jan 2015,

Accepted on 03 Feb 2015


244


plant origin. For women who can't use modern forms of contraception due to adverse effect

or other reasons, therefore herbs can offer alternatives and reducing fertility would be better

than other contraceptives. This article may help investigators to identify medicinal plants

responsible for anti-fertility activity.

KEYWORD: Herbal Contraceptives, Population Explotion, Birth Control, antifertility,

Medicinal plants.

INTRODUCTION

The world population is the total number of living humans on Earth at a given time. Latest

official current world population estimate is 6,790,062,216. The world population, which

stood at 6.8 billion in 2009, is projected to reach 7 billion in late 2015 and 10 billion in 20501.

The world population has been growing continuously since the end of the Black Death

around 1400[2]

. India is currently the world's second largest country. Demographers expect

India's population to surpass the population of China, currently the most populous country in

the world, by 2030. At that time, India is expected to have a population of more than 1.53

billion while China's population is forecast to be at its peak of 1.46 billion. The population

problem is one of the biggest problems facing the country, with its inevitable consequences

on all aspects of development, especially employment, education, housing, health care,

sanitation and environment. In the case of Ethiopia total population is estimated to be 74.2

million in 2005 with current growth rate of 2.9 per cent per year. The average birth per

woman is 6.14 and the contraceptive prevalence is 8.1 percent[3]

. Birth control is a regimen of

one or more devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the

likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth. There are three main routes to preventing or ending

pregnancy; the prevention of fertilization of the ovum by sperm cells ("contraception"), the

prevention of implantation of the blastocyst ("contragestion"), and the chemical or surgical

induction of abortion of the developing embryo or, later, fetus. In common usage, term

"contraception" is often used for both contraception and contragestion. Birth control is

commonly used as part of family planning. Population explosion is the greatest single

problem India is facing today.

History

The history of birth control began with the discovery of the connection between coitus and

pregnancy. Probably the oldest methods of contraception (aside from avoiding vaginal

intercourse) are coitus interruptus, lactational, certain barrier methods, and herbal methods


245


(emmenagogues and abortifacients). Coitus interruptus (withdrawal of the penis from the

vagina prior to ejaculation) probably predates any other form of birth control. Although it is

commonly believed that pre-ejaculate fluid can cause pregnancy, modern research has shown

that pre-ejaculate fluid does not contain viable sperm[4]

. There are historic records of

Egyptian women using a pessary (a vaginal suppository) made of various acidic substances

and lubricated with honey or oil, which may have been somewhat effective at killing sperm

Asian women may have used oiled paper as a cervical cap, and Europeans may have used

beeswax for this purpose.Various abortifacients have been used throughout human history in

attempts to terminate undesired pregnancy. Some of them were effective, some were not;

those that were most effective also had major side effects. One abortifacient reported to have

low levels of side effects - Silphium was harvested to extinction around the 1st century5.

Birth control methods[6,7,8]

Physical methods- may work in a variety of ways, among them: physically preventing sperm

from entering the female reproductive tract; hormonally preventing ovulation from occurring;

making the woman's reproductive tract inhospitable to sperm; or surgically altering the male

or female reproductive tract to induce sterility. Some methods use more than one mechanism.

Physical methods vary in simplicity, convenience and efficacy.

Barrier methods- Barrier methods place a physical impediment to the movement of sperm

into the female reproductive tract. The most popular barrier method is the male condom, a

latex or polyurethane sheath placed over the penis. The condom is also available in a female

version, which is made of polyurethane. The female condom has a flexible ring at each end

which secures behind the pubic bone to hold the condom in place, while the other ring stays

outside the vagina. Cervical barriers are devices that are contained completely within the

vagina. The contraceptive sponge has a depression to hold it in place over the cervix. The

cervical cap is the smallest cervical barrier. Depending on the type of cap, it stays in place by

suction to the cervix or to the vaginal walls. The diaphragm fits into place behind the

woman's pubic bone and has a firm but flexible ring, which helps it press against the vaginal

walls. Spermicide may be placed in the vagina before intercourse and creates a chemical

barrier. Spermicide may be used alone, or in combination with a physical barrier.

Hormonal methods- Oral hormonal contraception was the invention of Carl Djerassi

together with Mexican Luis E. Miramontes and Hungarian George Rosenkranz in 1951. The


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synthesis of norethindrone, a progestin-analogue became part of the first successful oral

contraceptive, the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP).

Progestins- The major portion of the contraceptive effect in hormonal methods is due to the

progestin (a synthetic progestogen) compound. There are three types of progestins: estranes,

gonanes, and pregnanes. Estranes include norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, ethynodiol

diacetate, and lynestrenol. Gonanes include desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene.

Gonanes and estranes differ in their half-life and with respect to their estrogenic and anti-

estrogenic effects. Drospirenone is a spironolactone analog with anti-mineralocorticoid and

anti-androgenic activity. Pregnanes are used in injectable methods. The first contraceptive

implant, the original 6-capsule Norplant, was removed from the market in the United States

in 1999, though a newer single-rod implant called Implanon was approved for sale in the

United States on July 17, 2006.

Progestin only contraceptives- Progestin-only pills, also called the 'minipill', are used in a

manner similar to combined OCs. The progestin-only minipill has a dose of progestin that is

very close to the threshold of contraceptive efficacy. Therefore these pills must be taken at

approximately the same time each day and are taken continuously for 28 days of the month

without a pill-free interval. This form of contraception is traditionally most often used in

women who are breastfeeding or in women who have contraindications to estrogen; however,

most women are candidates for this method.

Side Effects: The main side effect associated with progestin-only pills is menstrual cycle

irregularity. Spotting or breakthrough bleeding, amenorrhea, and shortened length of

menstrual cycles are the most common irregularities experienced. A randomized, double-

blind study by the WHO showed that an average of 53% of users had frequent bleeding, 22%

had prolonged bleeding, 13% had irregular bleeding, and 6% had amenorrhea within 3

months of initiation .A recent WHO case-control study of cardiovascular disease and

progestin-only pill use found no significant increase in the risk of acute myocardial infarction

(RR=1.0, 95%CI, 0.2-6.0), stroke (RR=1.1, 95%CI, 0.6-1.9), or venous thromboembolism

(RR=1.8, 95%CI, 0.8-4.2). Thus far, progestin-only pills appear to have little or no effect on

lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, hypertension, and coagulation factors.

Progestin only injectables- Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA; Depo-Provera®)

is a deep intramuscular injection of 150 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) every 12


247


weeks. Pharmacologically active levels (>0.5mg/ml) of MPA are achieved within 24 hours of

injection. Serum levels remain >1.0ng/ml for approximately three months after

administration. By the fifth month, levels drop to 0.2mg/ml. DMPA's main mechanism of

action is inhibition of ovulation.

Side Effects: The most commonly cited side effects of DMPA are changes in menstrual

patterns, weight, and mood. After 3 months of use, almost one-half of DMPA users report

amenorrhea with the majority of the remaining women complaining of irregular bleeding.

Progestin only vaginal rings- Progestin-only rings are now in development, contain 100mg

medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and suppress ovulation10

. These rings are placed on day

5 of the cycle and are removed after 21 days of use in order to provide a withdrawal bleed.

Other progestin-only rings included those impregnated with norethindrone; these rings have

been associated with irregular bleeding and ovulation.

Estrogens- In contrast to the long list of progestin formulations, only two estrogenic

compounds are used in hormonal contraceptives: Ethinyl estradiol (EE) and Mestranol. EE is

pharmacologically active whereas mestranol must be converted into EE before it becomes

active. Contraceptives currently on the market contain 35 micrograms of estrogen or less.

Ethinyl estradiol is absorbed rapidly and undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism.

Its plasma half-life has been reported to be in the range of 10-27 hours. Its half-life in tissue,

such as endometrium, appears to be longer.

Intrauterine methods

These are contraceptive devices which are placed inside the uterus. They are usually shaped

like a "T" the arms of the T hold the device in place. There are two main types of intrauterine

contraceptives: those that contain copper (which has a spermicidal effect), and those that

release a progestogen (in the US the term progestin is used).

Mechanism of action: Both medicated and non medicated IUDs can alter the uterine lining so

that it becomes unfavorable for implantation. Release of copper ions also alters fluid in the

uterine cavity in a manner that impairs the viability of sperm, thereby inhibiting fertilization.

This mechanism may be responsible for the high efficacy of copper IUDs as emergency

contraception. IUDs can also alter both sperm motility and integrity: Medicated, or hormonal


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IUDs, can interfere with sperm motility by thickening cervical mucus. Sperm head-tail

disruption has been reported in the presence of a copper IUD.

Sterilization

Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for

men. In women, the process may be referred to as "tying the tubes," but the fallopian tubes

may be tied, cut, clamped, or blocked. This serves to prevent sperm from joining the

unfertilized egg. The non-surgical sterilization procedure, Essure, is an example of a

procedure that blocks the tubes. Sterilization should be considered permanent. Although tubal

ligation has been known to be permanent they have created the tubal ligation reversal, which

in this case is to reverse the procedure to once again have children but also it depends on the

kind of tubal ligation procedure that was once done, also depending on the woman's age and

damage done to the tubes.

Behavioral methods

Behavioral methods involve regulating the timing or methods of intercourse to prevent the

introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg

may be present.

Mechanism of birth control: The mechanism of action of hormonal contraception is

primarily through the suppression of ovulation.

Progestational effects include:

1. Inhibition of ovulation by suppressing luteinizing hormone (LH);

2. Thickening of cervical mucus, thus hampering the transport of sperm;

3. Possible inhibition of sperm capacitation;

4. Hampered implantation by the production of decidualized endometrium with exhausted

and atrophic glands.

5. Partial inhibition of ovulation in part by the suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), depending on dose;

6. Alteration of secretions and cellular structures of the endometrium within the uterus.

To control the population, the World Health Organization (WHO) has started a programme

that includes studies on traditional medical practices. Several hormonal contraceptives have


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been developed and practiced till date but they did not meet the demand of developing

countries as they are chemical based, expensive, sophisticated and have some side effects[9]

.

Medicinal plants with significate anti fertility activity

Some herbal contraceptives have also been developed but again they are less potential for

human beings. Due to these problems, people are now looking for the use of herbal medicines

against various diseases and for controlling fertility[10]

. Modern medicine has provided

several preventive and corrective methods of contraceptives none of which is very safe and

without any serious side effects. The Synthetic or chemical based drugs can interfere with the

endocrine system and produce reproductive, neurological, developmental and metabolic

effects in body. These compounds may have negative effects on the synthesis, secretion,

transport and activity of natural hormones. They disturb the normal hormone level either by

inhibiting the production and metabolism of hormones or by blocking the hormonal action.

Some examples are, Pesticides, Phthalates, Plasticisers inhibit the production of androgen

which in turn affects the male sexual development and alklyphenols, Bisphenol A, Dioxins,

heavy metals, fungicides, insecticides stops the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone and

thus, affects the female sexual development i.e. toxicity to gonads, testicular germ cell

cancer, Breast/ Prostate cancer, endometriosis, these chemicals has shown some other adverse

effects on the reproductive system such as infertility on temporary or permanent basis[11]

. Due

to these reasons, it is necessary to develop purely herbal drug having high efficacy and that

will not have any adverse effects on the reproductive system. More than 35,000 plant species

are being used in various human cultures around the world for medicinal purposes. Nearly

80% of the world populations rely on traditional medicines for primary health care, most of

which involve the use of plant extracts[12,13]

. Since ancient times, mankind has used plants to

cure diseases and relieve physical sufferings. Because of better cultural acceptability, better

compatibility with the human body, lesser side effects and effectiveness of many traditional

medicines is now an accepted fact. The discovery of some herbal contraceptives, safe and

sure is the need Herbal contraceptives were used even by the primitive people of ancient

civilizations to control fertility and prevent pregnancy. Though, the conventional medicine

has discovered some important anti-fertility agents (Contraceptive) for female, their

popularity and utility among women is restricted due to some unwanted and troublesome

effects. The common side effects include obesity, cholelithiasis, gastric trouble and

carcinoma of breast and cervix, asthma and venous thromboembolism[14]

. Hence, The

medical persons are in search of safe and active contraceptive agents of herbal origin. there


250


are many plants having scientifically proved anti-fertility activity. These plants may be

valuable source of herbal contraceptive for men and women. Plant products have attracted the

attention of many scientists as a primary source of naturally occurring fertility regulating

agents because of their little or no side effects various plant extracts are reported as

antifertility agents[12]

. Medicinal plants in India have been screened for contraceptive

potential and anti-fertility effects, since the country has always been concerned about

population explosion. The female contraceptive methods were always on higher priority and

men willing to share in the responsibilities of family planning have fewer options of

contraceptions which are effective, reversible, non-irritating and highly expectable. There are

also some herbs that have been found to interfere with normal sperm production, or mobility.

Each herb is used in its own way, so it’s important to have some idea of how they are used, or

could be used. Let’s further define the possible avenues of actions. Traditional sterilization

method based on herbal medicines is used to control population growth rate; including

abortion at initial weeks, preventing conception or making the either member of the couple

sterile. Perusal of literature revealed that enough work has been done on different medicinal

aspects of plants of this area except for gynaecological disorders, abortifacient herbals and

plants used to induce abortion[15,16,17]

. Several plant products inhibit male and female fertility

and may be developed into contraceptives. Even though, many indigenous plants have been

shown to prevent the birth, only few plants have so far been investigated for anti-fertility

activity. Various medicinal plant extracts have been tested for their anti-fertility activity both

in male and female. Some of these plants had spermicidal and altered hormone levels[18,19]

. At

present global attempt has been taken to search out the effect of herbal product for

contraceptive purposes[20]

. The plant products are becoming more popular than the synthetic

drugs. In recent times it is mainly attributed to their low toxicity and long standing experience

of exposure of these drugs in ethnic medicine system like Ayurveda. Hence, there is a need

for searching suitable product from indigenous medicinal plants that could be effectively used

in the place of pills. Over the years, the amounts and types of these components have changed

in attempts to lower side effects and improve efficacy[21]

. In females medicinal plants may

induce infertility in distinct ways. They may effect on ovary, uterus, hormone production,

inhibition of hormonal action, interfere with implantation, sperm penetration. Some of them

prevents fertilization by generating a protective layer around an egg. On the basis of these

actions, the plants can be divided into different categories as Antifertility plants are the drugs

that obstruct the formation of gametes and interfere with the process of fertilization.

Antiovulatory plant act by suppressing ovulation. These drugs are incorporated either orally


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or by injection. Anti-implantation plants that prevent the attachment or penetration of

fertilized ovum into the uterus. Abortifacients Plants causes early expulsion of foetus[22]

. The

site of action of antifertility agents in females consists of the hypothalamus, the anterior

pituitary, the ovary, the oviduct, the uterus and the vagina. The Hypothalamus controls the

action of the uterus via follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

releasing hormones. Antifertility agents may therefore exert their effort at this level either by

disrupting hormonal function of the hypothalamus and/ or the pituitary, or by interrupting the

neural pathway to the hypothalamus that control the liberation of gonadotropin releasing

hormones. A literature survey revealed that there are about 121 medicinal plants which

possess antifertility activity in females, which are discussed in Table1 along with plant, parts

and its activities.

Though considerable progress has been made in the development of highly effective, acceptable

and reversible methods of contraception among females, progress and possibilities on males are

still slow and limited[23]

. With recent progress towards a better understanding of male

reproductive physiology there is also a need to develop new contraceptive modalities for

male. Several potential approaches for induction of infertility have been investigated over a

long period including hormonal, chemical and immunological approaches. The chemical

compounds affecting testicular function include different groups like steroidal and non-

steroidal among them are: Danazol, Depot medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA),

Cyproterone acetate (CPA), Levenogestral, Melatonin,α-Chlorohydrin, Metapiron and

Serotonin, but application of all these compounds are failed due to various hazards as they

were proved toxic or idiosyncratic on both the short as well as long term use in the

reproductive organs[24]

. Despite the availability of various contraceptive modalities, one of the

most challenging pursuits in the realm of pharmaceutical and medical sciences is search for

newer, more potent, Recently efforts are being made to explore the hidden wealth of

medicinal plants for contraceptive use. herbal medicine remains one of the common forms of

therapy, available to much of world’s population, to maintain health and to treat diseases.

There has been a steady accumulation of information regarding the screening of plants having

antifertility efficacy[25,26,27,28,29]

. The folklore information and the ancient literature about the

plants and herbs can help the antifertility program. In the recent past a number of plants have

been identified and evaluation of extracts and active principles from different parts of plants

like seeds, roots, leaves, flowers, stem or stem barks have been done by various

researchers[30,31,32,33,34,35,36]

. A literature survey revealed that there are about 95 plants which


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possess antifertility activity in males, which are discussed in Table: 2 along with plant, parts

and its activities.

Table 1: Medicinal plants exhibiting antifertility activity in females

S.

No Botanical Plants Family Parts Activity

1. Abroma angusta Sterculiaceae Roots Antiimplantation & Abortification activity[37,38]

2. Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Seeds Abortifacient activity[40,41,42,39]

3. Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Whole

plant Antioestrogenic activity

[39,43]

4. Achillea

millefolium Asteraceae Flowers Contraception Activity

[42]

5. Achyranthus

aspera Amranthaceae

Whole

plant

Antiimplantation & Abortification

activity[42,37,44]

6. Acacia leucophploea Fabaceae Roots Antifertility activity[45]

7. Abies webbiana Pinaceae Leaf Anti implantation activity[46]

8. Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Leaves Antiimplantation & Abortification

activity[37,39,44]

9. Aegle Marmelos

Corr Rutaceae Leaf abortifacient activity

[47]

10. Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Aerial part Anti implantation[44]

11. Afromosia

laxiflora Fabaceae Stem bark

Antigonadotropic activity, Block oestrous

cycle[48]

12. Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Leaf &

Bark Anti-implantation

[42,48]

13. Alangium

salvifolium Alangiaceae Sem bark Abortifacient, anti-implantation

[42,49,50,51,44]

14. Albizzia lebbec Mimosacaeae Seeds

Roots, Antifertility

[49]

15. Allium cepa Liliaceae Bulb Antiimplantation activity[37]

16. Amaranthus

spinous Amaranthaceae Roots Inhibit fusion of ovum

[40]

17. Amaranthus

viridis Amaranthaceae Root Contraception Activity

[49]

18. Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Fruit,

leaves Abortifacient

[49]

19. Aristolochia

tagala Aristolochiaceae

Whole

plant Anti-implantation

[37]

20. Artemisia fricana Asteraceae Leaf Abortion[49]

21. Aspilia africana Asteraceae Leaves Antiovulatory activity[42]

22. A.ropenckia

populnea Celastraceae Pods Antiimplantation & Abortification activity

[48

23. Azadirachta indica Maliaceae Leaf antiandrogenic property[39,49,40,51,38]

24. Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaceae Whole plant Contraception Activity[42]

25. Balanites

roxburghii Zygophyllaceae Fruit Contraception Activity

[37,42]

26. Ballota undulate Labiatae Leaves

flowers Antiimplantation activity

[37,42]


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27. Biophytum

sanctivum Oxalidaceae Leaves Anti-implantation

[50,52]

28. Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae Leaves Antifertility[52]

29. Butea monosperma

Lam Papilionaceae

Whole

plant Inhibit ovulation

[38,40,49,53,54]

30. Calotropis

procera Ascrophluariceae Roots Anti-implantation

[37]

31. Cananga odorata Annonaceae Root bark Contraception Activity[42]

32. C. mum

helicacabum Spindaceae

Whole

plant Anti-implantation

[52]

33. Carica papaya Caricaceae Latex Antiimplantation & Abortification

activity[42,37,40,53]

34. Careya arborea Roxb Lecythidaceae Roots Anti fertility activity[55]

35. Carum carvi Apiaceae Rhizome Antioestrogenic activity[42]

36. Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Pods seeds Antiimplantation activity[42,39]

37. Cicer arietinum Paplionaceae Seeds Oestrogenic activity[42]

38. Cissampelos

pareira Menispermaceae Leaves Antioestrogenic activity

[39,41,56]

39. 4 Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Whole

plant Antifertility activity

[57]

40. 5 Citrus medica Linn Rutaceae Fruit peel Anti fertility activity[58]

41. C. Aconitifolius Euphorbiaceae Leaves Contraception Activity[37]

42. Cola nitida Sterculiaceae Stem bark Antigonadotropic activity, Block oestrous

cycle[48]

43. C.oppositifolia Lamiaceae Leaf Contraception Activity[42]

44. C. macrocarpum Barringtoniaceae Stem bark Antigonadotropic activity[42]

45. Crataeva nurvala Capparidaceae Stem bark Antioestrogenic activity[39,48]

46. Crotalaria juncea Papilionaceae Seeds Anti-implantation activity[42,52]

47. Croton roxburghii Euphorbiaceae Bark Antioestrogenic activity[42]

48. Cuminum

cyminum Apiaceae Seeds Contraception Activity

[42]

49. Curcuma aromatic Zingiberaceae Rhizome Antioestrogenic activity[37,40,41]

50. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Antiostrogenic activity[42,50]

51. Cyclea burmanni Menispermaceae roots estrogen effect[37]

52. Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Rhizome Oestrogenic activity[50,59]

53. C. Anthelminticum Asteraceae Seeds post-coital anti-implantation activity[60]

54. Daucus carota Apiaceae Seeds Antiimplantation & Abortification activity[40]

55. Dendrophthoe

falcate Loranthaceae Areal parts Antioestrogenic activity

[48]

56. Derris coriacea Papillionaceae Root

powder Abortifacient activity

[48,51,44,61]

57. Dioscorrea

bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Tuber Inhibit oogenesis

[52]

58. Dipsacus mitis Spindaceae Root Increase progesterone secretion[40,49]

59. Embelica ribes Myrsinaceae Whole

plant anti-implantation activity

[62]

60. Ferula jaeschkena Umbelliferae Whole

plant

Antifertility activity[63].

61. Ficus religiosa Mosaceae Seeds Inhibit the release of ovum from the ovary37


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62. Foeniculum

vulgare Apiaceae Fruits Contraceptive

[48,37,38]

63. Fterocarpuserinac

eus Fabaceae Steam bark Antigonadotropic activity

[37]

64. Guaiacum

officinale Zygophyllaceae Areal parts Abortifacient

[37]

65. G. Herbacium. Malvaceae Stem, seeds Antiimplantation & Abortification activity[37]

66. Grewia asiatica Tiliaceae Seeds Antiimplantation & Abortification

activity[37,48,40,39,61]

67. Glycyrrhiza

glabra Paplionaceae Roots Oestrogenic activity

[37,52]

68. Hibiscusrosa

sinensis Malvaceae flowers anti-fertility activity

[64]

69. Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Leaves Abifertility[48]

70. Hymenocardia acida

Tu Phyllanthaceae Stem bark Antifertility activity

[65]

71. Jatropha curcus Euphorbiaceae Fruits Abortifacient[48]

72. Juniperus

communis Cupressaceae Seeds Antiimplantation

[48]

73. Liadenbergia

indica Acanthaceae Rhizome Arrest oogenesis

[37]

74. Michelia

Champaca. Magnoliaceae Bark Antiimplantation & Abortification activity

[37]

75. Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Roots Contraception and abortion[42,52,49]

76. Martynia annua Pedaliaceae Roots Contraception Activity[49,51]

77. Mesua ferrea Calophyllaceae Flowers anti implantation activity[66]

78. Mentha arevensis Lamiaceae Leaves Contraception Activity[52]

79. Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Leaves Contraceptive[52]

80. Melia azedarach Meliaceae Leaves Antiimplantation activity[42]

81. M. cymbalaria Cucurbitaceae Roots Anti-implantation activity[37,41]

82. Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaeaceae Seeds Antioestrogenic activity[37,50]

83. Nigella sativa Ranunculaceae Seeds post-coital contraceptive[67]

84. Ocimum

gratissimum Labiataceae Leaves Contraception Activity

[37]

85. Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Whole

plants Oestrogenic activity

[39,48]

86. Piper longum Piperaceae Roots

&fruits Antifertility

[42]

87. Piper nigrum Piperaceae Fruit

powder Contraception Activity

[48]

88. Piper betel Pedaliaceae Petiol Antiostrogenic activity[37]

89. Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits Antiimplantaiion activity[49]

90. Plantago ovata Plantaginaceae Seeds Abortion[42,39]

91. P.gonum

hydropiper Polygonaceae Roots antiostrogenic activity

[39,48]

92. Physalis alkekengi Piperaceae Whole

plants Anti implantation activity

[37]

93. Plumbago rosea

Linn Plumbaginaceae Leaves Anti fertility activity

[68]


255


94. Phyllanthus

amarus Euphorbiaceae

Whole

plant Contraception Activity

[39,52,49]

95. P.rocarpus

ennaceus Fabaceae Stem bark

Antigonadotropic activity, Block oestrous

cycle[37]

96. P lumbago

zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Roots Abortifacient property

[48,42,51,39]

97. Pergularia daemia Asclepiadaceae twing Anti-implantation, late abortifacient[41]

98. Quassia amara Simaroubaceae Bark leaves Contraception Activity[48,49,38]

99. R.Hypocrateriform

is Convolvulaceae Areal parts Antiovulatory activity

[42,39]

100. Rotalaria juncea Papilionaceae. Seeds Abortifacient property[42,48]

101. Rumex steudeli Polygonaceae Roots Contraception Activity[37]

102. Ruta graveolens Rutaceae Whole

plant Contraception Activity

[37]

103. S. trifoliatus

auct.non Sapindaceae Pulp seeds Antiimplantation & Abortification activity

[42]

104. Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Seeds Oestrogenic activity[42]

105. Sesbania sesban Fabaceae Seeds Antiimplantation activity[42]

106. S. Orobanchioides Scrophulariaceae Whole

plant Antiimplantation activity

[38]

107. Strychnos

potatorum Loganiaceae Seeds Contraception Activity

[49]

108. S.num

xanthocarpum Solanaceae Fruits Contraception and abortion

[49]

109. Tanacetum

vulgare Asteraceae Flowers abortifacient properties

[37,39]

110. Taxus wallichiana Taxaceae Fresh

leaves Abortion

[52]

111. Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Bark anti implantation as well as abortifacient

activity[69]

112. Thespesia

populnea Malvaceae

Bark &

fruit antiimplantation activity

[42]

113. T.santhus

cucumerina Cucurbitaceae

Whole

plant Antiovulatory activity

[42]

114. Trigonella foenum Fabaceae Seeds Antiostrogenic activity[37,39,44]

115. Tripterygium

wilfordi Celastraceae Roots Contraception Activity

[39]

116. Woodfordia

fruticosa Lythraceae Flowers Antiimplantation & Abortification activity

[48]

117. Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Stem Antiimplantation[49]

118. Zizyphus jujuba Rhamnaceae bark Antiostrogenic activity[49]

119. Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Powder Abortifacients[48]

120. Ziziphus

nummularia Rhamnaceae Bark, roots induces abortion

[48]

121. Zingiber roseum Zingiberaceae Stem Anti implantation activity[49]


256


Table 2: Medicinal plants exhibiting antifertility activity in Males

S.

No Botanical Plants Family Parts Activity

1 Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Seed

Reduced sperm motility and density[70,71]

,

Antispermatogemic effect and reduced

activity of testicular enzyme[72]

, Post

testicular antifertilityeffect[73]

, reduced

sperm motility[74]

, sperm motility

activity[75]

, Antispermatoenic and

antiandrogenic effect[75]

2 Acacia concinna Leguminosae Stem bark Spermicidal and semen coagulating

activity[33]

3 Acacia auriculae Fabaceae Fruits Sperm immobilization effect[76]

4. Acacia caesia Fabaceae Fruit Immobilization of spermatozoa[77]

5 Achillea milefolium Asteraceae Flowers Antispermatogenic effect[78]

6 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Root Spermicidal action[79]

7 Actiniopteris

dichotoma Adiantaceae

Whole


[80]

8 Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae Whole

Plant

Inhibit spermatogenesis & sperm

motility[81,82]

9 Albizia lebbek Linn. Fabaceae Pod Bark Antifertility activity[83,84]

10 Albizia procera

Roxb. Fabaceae

Seed &

root

Spermicidal and semen coagulating

activities[33]

11 Allium sativum Linn Liliaceae Pod Antispermatogenic activity[85]

12 Aloe barbadensis

Mill. Lilaceae Leaves Antiandrogenic activity

[86]

13 Alstonia scholaris

R.Br. Apocynaceae Stem bark Decline germ cell population

[87,88]

14 Anagallis arvensis

Linn Primulaceae

Whole

plant


activities[33]

15 Ananas comosus

Merr. Bromeliaceae

Unripe

fruit Antispermatogenic activity

[35]

16 Andrographis

paniculata Acanthaceae Leaves

Antispermatogenic and

antiandrogenic[89,90]

17 Annona squamosa

Linn Annonaceae Seed Antispermatogenic activity

[91]

18 Aristolochia indica

Linn Aristolochiaceae Root

Antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic

effects[92]

19 Austroplenckia

populnea Celastraceae plant

Alter sexual behaviour, sperm

concentration[93]

20 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Seed antiandrogenic effect

[94], Spermicidal

activity[95]

21 Balanites roxburghii Balanitaceae Fruit Antispermatogenic activity[96]

22 Bambusa

arundinacea Graminaceae

Tender

Stem Reduced sperm motility

[97]


257


23 Barleria prionitis

Linn. Acanthaceae Roots Antifertility effect

[98]

24 Berberis chitria

Buch. Berberidaceae Roots Antispermatogenic action

[99]

25 Bursera sp Burseraceae Stem, Leaf Sperm aggregation[100]

26 Butea monosperma

Lam. Fabaceae

Whole

plant Antispermatogenic effect

[101]

27 Calotropis procera

(Ait.) Asclepiadaceae Roots Antispermatogenic effect

[102]

28 Cannabis sativa Linn Cannabaceae Leaves Testicular lesions[97]

29 Carica papaya Linn Cariaceae Fruit Antispermatogenic activity[103]

30 Catharanthus roseus

G. Apocynaceae Leaves Antispermatogenic activit

[104]

31 Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae Seeds Antispermatogenic activity[105]

32 Cichorium intybus

Linn. Asteraceae

Whole

plant Antispermatogenic activity

[106]

33 Cinnamomum

camphora Lauraceae Seeds inhibition of spermatogenesis

[107]

34 Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Fruit Impairment of sperm[106]

35 C. kia oppositifolia Lamiaceae Leaves Antifertility activity[108]

36 C. volvulus

microphyllus Convolvulaceae

Whole


[109]

37 Crotalaria juncea

Linn. Leguminosae Seeds Arrest of spermatogenesis activity

[110]

38 Curcuma longa Linn. Zingiberaceae Roots Antiandrogenic effect[111]

39 Cuminum cyminum

Linn. Apiaceae Seeds Antispermatogenic effect

[112]

40 Cyclamen persicum

Mill. Primulaceae

Whole

plant Spermicidal activity

[113]

41 Cynomorum

coccineum Cynomoriaceae

Whole

plant Effect on epididymal sperm pattern

[114]

42 Daucus carota Linn. Umbeliferae Seeds Spermicidal activity[115]

43 Desmodium

gangeticum Fabaceae

Whole

plant Antifertility effect

[116]

44 Diploclisia echinatus Boraginaceae Stem Spermicidal activity[117]

45 Echeveria gibbiflora

DC Crassulaceae

Whole

plant Reduced sperm motility

[118]

46 Echinops echinatus

Rox. Asteraceae Roots

Reduces sperm density in cauda

epididymi[119]

47 Embelia ribes Burm.

f. Myrsinaceae Berry

Spermicidal activity & Antifertility

activity[110,120]

48 Euphorbia neriifolia Euphorbiaceae Roots Antispermatogenic effects[121]

49 Foeniculum vulgare

Mill Apiaceae

Whole

plant Antiandrogenic activity

[122]


258


50 Gloriosa superba

Linn. Liliaceae Tuber Shrinkage of Seminiferous tubule

[123]

51 Gossypium

herbaceum Malvaceae Seeds Reduced sperm density

[124]

52 Hedera nepalensis K. Araliaceae Infloresce

ne Immobilization of spermatozoa

[125]

53 Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis Malvaceae Flowers

Antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic

activity[126]

54 Hyptis suaveolens

Poit. Lamiaceae

Whole

plant Antifertility effect

[127]

55 Justicia simplex D.

Don Acanthaceae Flowers

Sperm acrosomal membrane stabilizin

action[128]

56 Lepidium meyenii

Walp. Brassicaceae Roots Invigorates spermatogenesis

[129]

57 Malvaviscus conzattii Malvaceae Flowers Antifertility activity[130]

58 Martynia annua Linn. Martyniaceae Roots Antispermatogenic activity[131]

59 Mentha arvensis Linn Lamiaceae Leaves Antiandrogenic effect[132]

60 Millettia auriculata Fabaceae Leaves Antifertility activity[133]

61 Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Seeds Antispermatogenic, Antisteroidogenic

activity[134]

62 Mondia whiteii Apocynaceae Root bark Reversible antispermatogenic activity[135]

63 Mucuna urens Medik. Fabaceae Seeds Effect on gonads and sex accessory

glands[136]

64 Myristica fragrans

Houtt Myristicaceae Seeds Premature ejaculation

[137]

65 Nicotiana tabacum

Linn. Solanaceae Leaves Antiandrogenic effects

[138]

66 Ochna jabotapita

Linn. Ochnaceae

Whole

plant Semen coagulating activity

[139]

67 Ocimum sanctum

Linn. Lamiaceae Leaves Arrest of spermatogenesis

[140,141]

68 Ophiopogon

intermedius Asparagaceae Rhizome Spermicidal activity

[142]

69 Piper betle Linn. Piperaceae Petiole Reduced sperm motility[143,144]

70 Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Flowers Antispermatogenic effect[145]

71 P. sporum

neelgherrense Pittosporaceae

Whole

plant


activity[146]

72 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Roots,

bark Antiandrogenic activity

[147]

73 Plumeria alba Linn. Apocynaceae Leaves Total sterility[148]

74 Portulaca oleracea

Linn Portulacaceae Seeds Impairment of spermatogenesis

[149]

75 Pterocarpus

santalinus Fabaceae Stem bark Semen coagulating activity

[139]


259


76 Pueraria tuberosa

DC. Fabaceae Roots Inhibition of spermatogenesis

[150]

77 Pyrus cuspidata

Bertol. Rosaceae

Whole

plant


activity[33]

78 Quassia amara Linn. Simaroubaceae Stem, bark Antifertility activity[151,152]

79 Ricinus communis

Linn Euphorbiaceae

Whole

plant Alteration in the sperm motility

[153]

80 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae Whole


[154]

81 Salvia fruticosa Mill Lamiaceae Leaves Antifertility activity[155]

82 Sapindus mukorossi Sapindaceae fruits Alters the sperm Pericarp pericarp

membrane [156]

83 Sarcostemma acidum

Vot Asclepiadaceae Stem Arrest spermatogenesis

[157]

84 Semecarpus

anacardium Anacardiaceae Seeds Antiandrogenic effect

[158]

85 Solanum surattense Solanaceae Berries Impairment of spermatogenesis[159]

86 Stephania

hernandifolia Menispermaceae Leaves Diminution of testicular activities

[160]

87 Stevia rebaudiana

Bert Asteraceae

Whole

plant Decrease in testosterone

[161]

88 Striga orobanchoides Scrophularaceae Whole


[162]

89 Syzygium cuminii

Linn. myrtaceae Seeds Antispermatogenic effect

[163]

90 Terminalia arjuna

Wight Combretaceae Bark Antispermatogenic effect

[164]

91 Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Stem Antifertility activity[165]

92 Trigonella foenum Fabaceae Seeds Antiandrogenic effect[166,167]

93 T. Hypoglaucum Celastraceae Roots Reversible regressive effect[168]

94 Tripterygium

wilfordii Celastraceae Roots Antifertility activity

[169]

95 Tylophora asthmatica Asclepiadaceae Leaf ,

stem Antispermatogenic activity

[170]

CONCLUSION

Population explosion is leading cause of poverty and pollution in developing countries.

Several potential approaches for induction of infertility have been investigated over a long

period. Herbal contraceptives offer alternatives for men and women who have problems with

or lack access to modern contraceptives particularly living in the rural areas in developing

nations with very high population like India. However, the search for an orally active, safe

and effective plant preparation or its compound is yet to be needed for fertility regulation due

to incomplete inhibition of fertility or side effects.


260


From this study, it is clear that the medicinal plants play a vital role against on various

diseases. Various medicinal plants extracts have significant anti-fertility activity. The

antifertility agent can work by any one or combination mechanism. These include, rapid

expulsion of the fertilized ova from the fallopian tube or by the tube locking mechanism; as a

blastocyst-toxic agent; by the inhibition of implantation due to a disturbance in estrogen-

progesterone balance; or through foetal absorption or abortion, perhaps due to lack of supply

of nutrients to the uterus and thus to the embryo in females and in males the plants extracts

also affect the generation of sperm as well as the endocrine function of the testes themselves.

The plants effect upon the male reproductive system has been studied in animals by

observation of changes in weight, histology and endocrine functions. the researchers have

suggested that it may be due to the inhibition of synthesis or the release of gonadotropins

from the pituitary gland, a direct inhibitory effect of tested or hormonal activity.

The review results showed that above-mentioned medicinal plants possess antifertility

activity on dose dependent manner. The results of this study indicate that extracts of some

medicinal plant have good potentials for use in control of birth. Hence, it is concluded that

this review may focus the researchers attention for clinical studies which could be of great

scientific contribution to the society.

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A REVIEW ON MEDICINAL PLANTS EXHIBITING ANTIFERTILITY …

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