A Review of DNA, RNA, and Proteins

The Basics of Life

Oh No, Not more Biochem!!!

• What are the monomers of the following polymers:– DNA– RNA– Proteins

Structure of DNA

• What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

• What are purines?

• What are Pyrimidines?

• Draw a nucleotide.

• Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. What are the rungs? What are the uprights?

More on DNA

• The two strands of DNA are said to be antiparallel, What does this mean?

• Define the contributions of the following scientists:– Chargaff’s rules– Rosalind Franklin– Watson and Crick

DNA and Chromosomes

• Describe how a 1m of DNA is stored in the nucleus (10um) of cells.

• Why have histones changed very little during evolution?

• How many nucleotides are in the human genome?

DNA Replication• What are the 4 stages of DNA replication?

• What enzyme is responsible for adding bases to the template strand?

• Matching– Replication fork a) Strand that is made– When replication occurs b) Strand that is copied– Complement strand c) Where rep occurs– Template strand d) S phase of Interphase– Proofreeds DNA e) DNA polymerase

RNA

• What does RNA stand for?

• What are the 3 parts to RNA?

• What are the 3 ways RNA differs from DNA?

• What are the 3 types of RNA? What do they do?

Protein Synthesis• How does protein synthesis occur?

– Transcription - Translation - Editing– Transcription - Editing - Translation– Translation - Editing - Transcription

• In the M&M example what do the following symbolize?– Your hands - You - One M&M– Chain of M&M’s - Mr. H - The instructions

Transcription and Editing

• What happens during transcription?

• What is the purpose of RNA?

• How is DNA converted into mRNA?

• What enzyme is involved in transcription?

• When mRNA is edited what are the pieces called that are removed? What are the pieces called that are kept?

Translation

• What happens during translation?

• T or F: There are 20 different kinds of tRNA.

• How long is a codon?

• What is a codon?

• What is rRNA and what is its role in ps?

• What is tRNA and what is its role in ps?

Protein Synthesis

• DNA: GCCGCTCGT

• mRNA:

• AA:

• What is the starting codon? What is the starting amino acid?

Mutations• What are the three ways that DNA can mutate?

• What type of mutations are the following?– Normal DNA: GGTCGA– GGCCGA - GGTCCGA– GGCGA - GAGCTG

• Why are frameshift mutations almost always lethal?

• T or F: Point mutations ALWAYS change the protein.