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A Research and a A Research and a ResultResult

Barcelona October 2003Capt. Cor Blokzijl, Aero Lloyd

10th Airbus Flight Safety Conference

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E S S A I

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ESSAI research, ......WHY?

Enhanced Safety through Situation Awareness Integration intraining.

80 % of all incidents & accidents have Human Factor as contributing factor

88% of these are due to Situation Awareness or loss of SA

We should do something about this !

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An European research :

• Investigate the role of SA & Crisis Management

• How to deal with growing complexity of highly

integrated systems

• Offer potential training solutions for:

1. Maintaining & recovering SA

2. Perform Threat Management (TM)

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Research constrain :

Human factors produce psychological terminology forphenomena, but.........

• These notions are supposed to speak for themselves, but.... nobody dares to ask the actual meaning.• These notions are far to general, without specification.

Therefore the result of the research must be in „PILOT Language“.Only then the user knows what it means!

• Training has to fit into existing training and not increase cost nor operational time

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Research :

Training Analysis Methods :

• Activity-based methods were used during the Training Needs Analysis• Extraction of training objectives identified in literature• Pilots workshops: 1. Generate behaviour strategy for

SA management2. Design specific trng needs

• Pilots interviews• Questionnaire survey

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Research cont. ......

Result of the Training Need Analysis:

• Situation Awareness mind-map

• Threat Management mind-mapCompetency structure

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Competency Structure :

Situation Awareness

Information gathering/Monitoringcheck environment for contradictory factsdouble x-check as much as possible interrogatestay in the loop

Interpretation integration of information into amental picture, subliminalunderstanding, 6th sense

Self awarenessclues/signals for LSAself-critiquewatching one‘s own behaviour

Communicationcrew communicationsharing experienceidentifying other Crew-Members’ LSAaccept errors and communicate them

Workload managementsetting prioritiesregarding situation & control

Planning/Anticipationdefining objectives for each phasenot too focused on one goalphysical health maintenance

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Next step

• Constructing the definition of the ESSAI training solution

• Design of the training

• Construct a common aviation language between scientist and pilots

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ESSAI Training :

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The perception of the elements within a volume of time and space, the understanding of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future”

„Endsley 1988“

S A definition :

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Situation Awareness :

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Threat Management :

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Reviewing Tool :

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Experimental validation :

Exp’tl Group

ESSAI training

Benchmark Scenario

Assessment Scenario

LOFT training

Benchmark Scenario

Assessment Scenario

Control Group

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Attitudes about SA and TM

Ideal

Real

Factors Affecting Situation Awareness (FASA)

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Behaviour marker systems:

Behaviour and Skills Related to SA/TM

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Attitudes towards SA / TM ESSAI had a significant impact on the development of SA-related

attitudes. After the training EG put increasing emphasis on such factors as

Information Management, Automaticity, and Interpersonal Dynamic

Behaviour Observation ESSAI substantially enhances SA but only slightly affects TM Majority of EG crews moved from the level of Understanding to

Projection in the AS Especially the briefing quality improved and management of distractions

became more effective

Conclusions from the Data Analysis

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Aero Lloyd ESSAI Training :

During recurrent training from 010103 till 270703 215 pilots received ESSAI training.

ESSAI training consisted of :

• 3 hours ESSAI training• 2 hours ESSAI simulator scenario• 45 minutes auto confrontation

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Participating pilots experience :

Experience Total Time A320

Captains 13120 3219

F/O‘s 5287 2044

Captains : all were converted from conventional aircraft by AEF

F/O‘s : 79% were converted from conventional aircraft 21% came from smaller aircraft to AEF

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01020304050607080

Material practical value

Strongly AgreeAgreeNeutralDisagree

ESSAI Material value :

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

use of auto confrontation & video

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Video & auto confrontation :

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Further results :

The training was relevant to my job and flight safety:• 99% of the pilots indicated YES

The training is useful, all pilots should have a chance to receive ESSAI training:• Only 1 Captain indicated NO

Would you like additional ESSAI training:• 89% of all pilots indicated YES• 53% requested at least a second simulator session• 88% find regular recurrent or follow-up training necessary

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Recommendations from the Research

• To implement ESSAI training package in existing training

• To follow-up ESSAI training within a time frame

• To create a „Train the Trainer“ package ( Aero Lloyd has created this to enable own ESSAI Training )

• To „spread“ the training to all interested airlines

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A A training training tool to improve Flight Safetytool to improve Flight Safetyby enhancing S.A. and improvingby enhancing S.A. and improvingthreatthreat management in management in any any cockpitcockpit..

Quote : Quote : „During my 16 years as an Aero Lloyd pilot,„During my 16 years as an Aero Lloyd pilot, no training has surpsrised me in such a positiveno training has surpsrised me in such a positive way as the ESSAI training. A fantastic concept!“ way as the ESSAI training. A fantastic concept!“ UnquoteUnquote

What is ESSAI training ?

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Michiel

A-321

Thank you for your attention !

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ESSAI Consortium :

www. ESSAI.net