Honor Educate Inspire Promote

Report prepared for LaserFest 2010

Dr. Thomas M. BaerStanford University

President 2009Optical Society of America

Dr. Fred SchlachterLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

American Physical Society

Report date: June 15, 2010

Lasers in Science and Industry:A report to OSTP on the contribution of lasers to American

jobs and the American economyHonoring the 50th Anniversary of the Laser

Boltzman

Lamb Townes

Schawlow

Bloembergen

Bloch Gould

Prokorov

Basov JavanEinstein

LadenburgBohrPlanckMaxwell

Sorokin

Kroemer

Tolman

Robert Hall

Quantum Physics Pre-Laser Era Maser Era Laser Era

Alverov

Maiman

192019101800s 1900 1930 1940 1950 19901970 1980

The theoretical foundation for the laser can be traced back over 100 years.

Early in the 20th century modern quantum physics replaced the classical theories of light and matter. WesternEurope was the epicenter of this extraordinary scientific revolution until the events surrounding World War IIdisrupted this remarkably productive period in physics. Many leading Western European scientists involved inquantum mechanics theory and experiment were displaced by the war, often choosing to migrate to the USto continue their research. After the war the US offered unparalleled resources supporting scientificresearch and innovation: intact and well-funded university, government and industry enterprises, as well asa free-market economy which rewarded entrepreneurship.

This dynamic research environment in the US created the perfect setting for theinvention of the laser.

1960

Classical Physics Era

Kastler

Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer

Laser History Timeline

19901970 1980

CO2 & FiberLasers

$1.3 Billion

Diode & FiberLasers

$3.2 Billion

Solid-state &Excimer Lasers

$400 Million

The laser has moved in fifty years from “a solutionlooking for a problem” to a key technology which enablesmajor sectors of the US economy.

2000

Laser devices are the core technology in instrumentsperforming vital functions in many industries includingtransportation, healthcare, and telecom.

1960

May 16, 1960Ted Maiman demonstrates

the first ruby laser.

Hughes Research Laboratory

Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer

Lasers Play a Key Role in the US Economy

Early Laser-compatible slitlamp

Laser printer HPvintage 1960’s

Vintage laser andfiber-optic cable

Vintage laser bar-code scanner

Laserdisk and player

Vintage Corningfiber-optic cable andlaser assembly.

Lasers Empower Our World: Enabling Business Creating Jobs Improving Lives

Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer

Information technology: Lasers fabricate CPUs and memory integratedcircuits, manufacture LCD display screens, and encode/read information to and fromoptical CDROM and DVD disks.

Medicine: Lasers help prevent blindness and improve vision,provide personalized medicine by decoding a patient’s genome, anddiagnose cancer and AIDS.

Science, environment, energy, time-keeping: Lasers are the invisible gears in themechanisms of the world’s most accurate clocks. Lasers provide the fastest strobe lights for studying chemical reactionsand are the sources powering research to develop inertial fusion––a limitless carbon-free source of energy.

Manufacturing: Lasers cut sheet metal for cars and airplanes, cloth for clothes, scribe photovoltaicpanels for solar energy, print serial and lot numbers on food and medicine packaging, shell peanuts, and sort eggs.Commerce: Lasers enable e-commerce online transactions. Bar-

codes printed on the packaging of almost every commercial product are readby laser scanners.

Telecommunications and internet: Lasers transmit virtually all theinformation on the internet and almost all voice communications over fiber-optic networks.

Laser-based CD and DVDplayers are common featuresin almost every US household.

Information in a card catalog canbe easily stored on a single opticaldisk.

Instant news updates,‘anytime’television and movies, videoconference virtual meetings, alldepend on lasers.

Voice and data are encodedonto laser light andtransmitted over fiber-opticnetworks.

Consumers are shifting from“Bricks and mortar” toconvenient on-line shopping,saving much time and energy.

Laser based genesequencers are millionsof times faster than oldermethods.

Newspaper adsCraigslist

Next generation Global Positioning Satellites willuse lasers to drive atomic clocks for greatlyimproved accuracy and reliability

Lasers are used to create the hottest temperatureson earth to study laser fusion (NIF) and the coldestobjects on earth to study new states of matter (BEC).

Barcode scanner

The US motion pictureindustry generates $3 Billionselling movies on DVDs

Laser produced music CDsyield $5 billion in the US.

Lasers power the U.S.telecommunications industry,$1.1 trillion in 2008.

Lasers have created a millionjobs in the telecommunicationsIndustry in America.

Lasers are essential for morethan $3 trillion of e-commerceconducted annually in America

Lasers save manylives each year andhelp reduce the costof medical care.

Lasers in Manufacturing: Lasers make light work in heavy industry

Fred Schlachter1 and Thomas Baer2

Automobile doors: Lasers weldwhere classic arc welding does not work.

Traditional arc welding warpssheet metal when attaching hingesto door frames.

Laser make cars stronger, saferlighter and cheaper.

Courtesy of Tim Morris at TRUMPF Inc

Engine Clutch

Gear box

WheelHub

Differential gears

Lasers make hundreds of parts fora modern car.

• weld seat frames

• harden torsion springs

• mark parts

• cut and weld airbags

• weld antilock brakes

• cut body parts

• drill holes in fuel injectors

Driveshaft

Automobile sales inUS: $200 billion

Solar panels: Lasers improvefabrication and efficiencies of thin-film solar cells.

Laserbeam

Glass

Front ContactAbsorber

Back Contact

Lasers are a tool which never gets dull.Their use produces better products andreduces heavy-metal contamination of theecosystem.

Lasers easily weld materials ofdifferent thickness: car doorsare made lighter in weight andstronger, improving fueleconomy.

Turbine engines: Improving efficiency requires advances in cooling. Lasers quickly drill millions of small holes.

Pre-laser era. 21st centuryHoles drilled by mechanical means* Lasers drill millions of precision holes

Jet engines and gas turbinesbenefit from laser-drilled holes.

Powerful lasers can be used to drill millions ofprecisely shaped and accurately located holesin difficult materials.

• Engine components requirehardened steel and ceramicmaterials which dull drill bitsand blunt saw blades.

• A laser beam never dulls,and is ideal for precisiondrilling and cutting. Jet engines and gas turbines for generation

of electricity are more efficient becauselaser-drilled holes improve cooling.

Lasers precisely machine borders on thin-film solar cellsand provide accurate dopant profiles to increase solar cellefficiencies.

Precise sterile machiningof hard materials

Lasers in Medicine and Biotechnology: Saving Lives Improving Health Reducing Cost

Fred Schlachter1 and Thomas Baer2

Eye surgery: Lasers improve health and well-being of patients.

Lasers allow ophthalmologists to correct many problemsin different locations in the eye, fixing retinas, reshapingcorneas, and helping forestall blindness in diabeticpatients.

Cornea LASIK

UltravioletLaser

Cataract Surgery

Pulsed InfraredLaser

Retina Reattach

Green Laser

Detached retina repairedwith laser: Gold-medalChinese diver GuoJingiing (courtesy tksteven)

Gene sequencing: Lasers power the latest medical diagnostic instruments.1975: 2000 base pairs/day 1990’s: 100,000 base pairs/day Today: two billion base pairs/day

One day’s data would fill one half page in a book. One day’s data would fill a chapter in a book. One day’s data would fill ten encyclopedias.

Pre-laser DNA sequencers(1970’s) could sequence 2000base pairs per day.

Time to sequence a singlehuman genome: 4000 years.

Today’s laser-based DNA sequencers cansequence two billion base pairs per day.

Time to sequence a singlehuman genome: 1 day.

A million-fold improvement in speed since 1975!

Data

Data

Medical devices: Lasers save lives.Lasers produce “impossible” micromachined components

Stents

A new lease on life: laser-made stents.

Rapid laser-based sequencing of human genomes opens the door to personalized medicine and individualized therapies.

1990’s laser-based DNA sequencerscould sequence 100,000 base pairsper day.

Time to sequence a single human genome: 80 years.

Lasers in Telecom and Information Technology: Internet E-commerce Personal Computers

Fred Schlachter1 and Thomas Baer2

--

Real-time two-way communication: Lasers and fiber optics have greatly increased the speed of real-time communication.

Ancient times through 19th century 20th century 21st centuryInformation transmitted by smoke and fire Electrons through copper wires Laser light through fiber optics

Visual information carried over100 km distance with very lowbandwidth.

RATE ~ 1 character/10 sec

Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: four hours

Electrons carry informationthrough copper wire over 1000skm with moderate bandwidths.

RATE~100 characters/sec

Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: ten seconds

High-bandwidth communicationusing infrared lasers and fiberoptics to guide the light.

RATE~10 billion characters/seca million times faster than copper wire

Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: 100 nanoseconds

Lasers in information storage: CDs and DVDs

A case study in enabling technology: The invention of the laser spurred development of

many applications. Diode lasers have an annualimpact on the U.S. market of more than $200 billion.

In 2010, 500 millioninfrared diode lasers

will be produced

Basic research:

Laser invented in 1960

For example:CDROM/DVD

Optical disk drives$3 billion

Optical drivesincorporated into

personal computers$60 billion

Watchtower Fire Smoke signals

Smoke

Vintage telephone switchboardLaser

Early laser

Laser

Laser disk drive

The laser in 1960 wasdeemed: “A solutionlooking for a problem”

These lasers power manydifferent instruments.

Laser instruments are builtinto larger systems

Microelectronics: Lasers produce almost all microprocessors and memory chips in personal computers.

UV Lasers in Photolithography

Pulsed lasers in redundant memory repair

Microprocessor10 Billion CPUs Produced in 2008

Memory Chip$20 Billion in 2009

Lasers print the vast majority of IC circuits inthe $260 Billion micro electronics industry

New breakthroughs build upon the unique propertiesof the laser

High frequency: encodes enormous amounts of informationApplication: supercomputing, telecommunication

Focusability: focuses to small spots (less than 1/100 of width of hair)Application: optical data storage

Power: precisely delivers high intensities to small areasApplication: manufacturing, cutting and welding, surgery

Short pulses: generates pulses shorter than 1 femtosecond (a million billionth of a second)Application: advancing our understanding of biology, physics, andchemistry, stroboscopic pictures of atoms and molecules in action

High fields: produces ultra-strong electric fieldsApplication: compact particle accelerators

Large pulse energies: creates pulses shorterthan 10 billionths of a second with energiesgreater than a stick of dynamiteApplication: drilling, laser fusion

Monochromaticity: emits ultra-pure colorsApplication: atomic clocks, astronomy, metrology

Coherence: forms highly order light wavesApplication: holography, astrophysics

Fred Schlachter1 and Thomas Baer2

Cornell Wieman Ke,erle

Glauber Hall HänschChu Cohen-­‐Tannoudji  

Phillips

Livermore Lab Fusion Laser (NIF)

Stanford X-ray Laser

Keck telescopeLaser Guide Star

StanfordUniversity

NISTCollège  de  France  

NISTUniversityof  Colorado

MIT

HarvardUniversity

NIST Max  PlanckInsJtute

1997 2001 2005

Laser Cooling& Trapping

Bose EinsteinCondensate

Optical FrequencyComb

Basic Research in Laser Science Continues to Drive Innovation

Going where no laser has gone before!

Zewail

Cal  Tech

1999

FemtosecondChemistry

LaserFest 2010 Founding Partners

LaserFest 2010 Partners

Disclaimer

This report is for educational use only. Commercial use is not allowed.The list below shows the web sites where the images were found.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_laser.jpghttp://parts.digikey.com/1/parts-cats/laser-diodes-optoelectronicshttp://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/73056/SC_Fiber_Optic_Communication_cable.jpghttp://www.psilogo.co.za/Products.asphttp://obsoleteblog.com/2009/11/10/laser-disc-players-you-had-a-good-run/http://www.rewindmuseum.com/philipslaserdisc.htmhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/movie-projector-thumb1475529.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-movie-projector-image1475529&usg=__E0szyhfgte3aO-WNj9PqHv3wNAA=&h=350&w=248&sz=37&hl=en&start=1&sig2=SLkanHJPCoI8npzJQ7Y0vw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=llKcSGXBZLIKaM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bmovie%2Bprojectors%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=WWf1S4XlCY67rAfdl8DDCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvd-player.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvd-player/&usg=__o_G7RZeEOvIKOrwJq0Fz4EFvpN0=&h=348&w=392&sz=69&hl=en&start=10&sig2=zPmQd1a6Lavs0zwd2tHVdw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=p55fp2paHZKO8M:&tbnh=109&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddvd%2Bplayer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=wGf1S9SNH5GxrAeCwqXACghttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/euvl.htm/printablehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://greenernews.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/euvl-sandia-wafer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://greenernews.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/imagining-the-tech-world-in-2050/&usg=__yILGXEwWiUaHJ8MKHQswiOKC8sw=&h=412&w=400&sz=47&hl=en&start=1&sig2=PR8ug2kRHQ1WzvJoeahWPQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JST4imXiKHeROM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Deuvl-sandia%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rmv1S-yND4jHrAf-5Ji1Cg3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/.a/6a00d8341c5fc853ef0112790717c328a4-300wi&imgrefurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/woodworking/&usg=__z9LODfXmXEVPuc2Y_CEKb6lJAUk=&h=450&w=300&sz=31&hl=en&start=43&sig2=006kvGJccbvjlFvx5B_ifQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=KQaL5yyqHMuTgM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Blibrary%2Bcard%2Bcatalog%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=L2r1S4W1BYi4rAeem7iwCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/images/inn-cds.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/innovations.cfm&usg=__KuieO3HveGc5D80wzCvJEVF5cyA=&h=281&w=310&sz=16&hl=en&start=1&sig2=6BGpzoz035XksdiXbEhTYw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=EXCwsruH8ZTq0M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinn-cds%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cghttp://www.usposttoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/resized_ap_black_friday_04_081128_ssh-150x150.jpghttp://cutslist.com/symbol-handheld-point-of-sale-ps2-laser-barcode-scanner/http://www.commercecarts.com/images/girl_online-shopping.jpg OR http://www.ultimatecoupons.com/blog/2009/12/cyber-monday-sales-soar/

Disclaimer con’t

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448%26blobname%3Dch3f25.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi%?ie=UTF8&s=electronics&qid=1274380997&sr=1-22 (and other amazon sites)http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/gallery/king_new_machinery/king_kc712bc_king_bandsaw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/print/king_kc712bc_metal_bandsaw_page.htm&usg=__TgCu58YxxefYkOw8gwNul-B3VKg=&h=285&w=320&sz=50&hl=en&start=2&sig2=UTdkspdITUvyYPze9_FjKQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=GFuQD4r6uji5lM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dking%2Bbandsaw%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448&usg=__NaCQguhjHhuytv9wyWQOA3Lpy7w=&h=528&w=701&sz=112&hl=en&start=1&sig2=hiACvvL_67K1tXJmYwVxHA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3qqr1WpTqNW2-M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddna%2Bsequencing%2Bfluorescence-labeled%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DPnV%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=o3_1S7ioM4TysgP3rbCJBQhttp://lasikeyesurgery4.blogspot.com/2009/12/cost-lasik-eye-surgery.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/Crosley-Kettle-Classic-Phone-CR62-Black/dp/B000ASKN90/ref=sr_1_22.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=14X1S4nAGMu0rAfPsr26Cghttp://www.lanteksms.com/en/noticia.asp?id=473http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/gallery/k63211-1.htmlhttp://www.stylehive.com/tag/pure_silkhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.strima.com/image/1021772/DS4-FREESTYLE-3-CO2---200W-Machine-for-laser-engraving-and-cutting-on-fabrics--plastics-and-other-materials.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.strima.com/item/1021772/en/&usg=__T8srKrK5plL3Koq8zr5vhiBShnw=&h=865&w=470&sz=122&hl=en&start=1&sig2=i7iBuC7m8csgrJXA17fz-Q&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LN85lZJV6exv8M:&tbnh=145&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDS4-freestyle%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=K4f1S9fINITysgP3rbCJBQCourtesy of Tim Morris at US Trumpf. Email timothy.morris@us.trumpf.comhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.techzonics.com/vintage-hand-drill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.techzonics.com/hand-tools-electric-tools.htm&usg=__TDoUNbuOSl8J5dct7jezcceYtsc=&h=342&w=400&sz=19&hl=en&start=11&sig2=xd7680oU-_juhcUwfsE_0Q&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=lekytS_V3-FWaM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bhand%2Bdrill%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=VY_1S5PvFdG3rAezq63gCghttp://boky.en.hisupplier.com/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.pennnet.com/articles/ils/thm/th_129369.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.optoiq.com/index/lasers-for-manufacturing/display/ils-article-display/183493/articles/industrial-laser-solutions/volume-18/issue-8/features/drilling-holes-in-turbine-engines.html&usg=__VB3rXH4eoqATiMRDJ70DhpBGuL8=&h=236&w=325&sz=13&hl=en&start=57&sig2=IzFI0PHrxzCdrFUSADgENA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=_QNfqBwOtIULIM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Bdrilling%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=-ZL1S9mfIYuStgPBtdiIBQhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressebilder/2010/photonews/072dpi/PN201002/PN201002-06_072dpi.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/pictures-photonews/2010/pn201002.php&usg=__MskMtLxdiCXAMXQB0rbAMtBxiLE=&h=400&w=289&sz=77&hl=en&start=12&sig2=6GoSZZlU9XqHFQnqvMEgTg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JeswDe54D_71YM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dturbine%2Bblade%2Bholes%2Bsiemens%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=mJH1S7XNOcq_rAer-fXCCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xCW4Jfa-SWE/Sy7yRRSHFnI/AAAAAAAAIhE/PqfOS5HN5JI/s400/jetengine.jpg&imgrefurl=http://alditta.blogspot.com/2009/12/missing-jet-engine.html&usg=__ADig3gsDrhAmMJzx984yowifsy4=&h=297&w=330&sz=21&hl=en&start=64&sig2=HTuUAb0J6q7j9SJEa8pumA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LSFsRFw5axB3TM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djet%2Bengine%26start%3D63%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=QJL1S7iXJ8nGrAfo2tiyCghttp://www.siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pictures_of_the_future/pof_herbst_2007/materialien_fuer_die_umwelt/gasturbine_irsching.htmhttp://www.twi.co.uk/content/laser_thin.htmlhttp://www.metacafe.com/watch/yt-0bkyjZ5j-VQ/diy_cheapest_solar_panel_system_ever_part_2/

Disclaimer con’t II

http://www.myinkblog.com/2010/01/31/myinktrail-best-of-the-design-community-january-2010/ ORhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/images/laser_eye_surgery_image_03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/&usg=__R5aPl5es1wu9kLNC_sNviI9d84o=&h=279&w=274&sz=85&hl=en&start=43&sig2=JnGEmrZC_33nu8lLjxJjCQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=1Om_KSsKo9XiHM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=eK31S62rDIewrAfq_fy1Cghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/images/LaserEye-RGB.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/LaserSurgery.htm&usg=__gs_g3GSQVDA8LwyHcdkUZjOmECs=&h=240&w=320&sz=19&hl=en&start=18&sig2=_uKwFVtzAiBVVBBgTl_fbQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=35dGxA_NFJ-DAM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=S631S4W6JofDrAfYzaneCghttp://www.ocalaeye.com/html/cornea.htmlhttp://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200808/0821_2663_736679_2.shtml I SUGGEST OBTAINING PERMISSION TO USE THIS IMAGEhttp://www.severnbiotech.com/images/seq-3341.JPGhttp://appliedbiosystems.com/http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Editors/dp/0852299613/ref=pd_sim_sbs_b_2http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/19867/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=dfHq8O-up6fWCM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiriam9173%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1http://www.google.com/images?q=stent-01_m02&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wihttp://www.gettyimages.com/detail/sb10066182j-001http://www.trackofthewolf.com/News.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1&as=1http://www.hail-tec.com/content/aktuelles/praezisionslasermaschine.phphttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angioopti.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angio.htm&usg=__jEB496UpTDzDMRX7o8D2qp5cHMs=&h=359&w=312&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&sig2=jfnMdYQkJ_-hUdkobtApJA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=wnevdpr-DF36oM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dangioopti%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rLL1S-jNI4z0tAPiv6WIBQ(attributed to US Dept Health and HumanServices)http://home-insurance.lhjk.com/home-commercial-insurancehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=dfHq8O-up6fWCM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiriam9173%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1WE PROBABLY NEED PERMISSION FOR THIS PHOTOhttp://www.mobi.ru/Articles/1742/SFB_MORZE.htmhttp://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/ac_ttochas.htmlhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ironrodart/4155664186/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://roncore.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/2008_01_26_telephone_poles.jpg&imgrefurl=http://roncore.wordpress.com/2008/01/&usg=__G1L3mte8uhPWH6flSZkcD1BWNWk=&h=799&w=500&sz=252&hl=en&start=3&sig2=mNDE7GF2uRbjEO9-Bn3F8w&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=gV-sGgyhNrkWXM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtelephone%2Bpoles%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=1o71S7qXNI_ctgOwrbCIBQhttp://bak2.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200711/14/20071114007.htm

Disclaimer con’t III

http://www.esi.com/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://focus.aps.org/files/focus/v15/st4/pic-v15-st4-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://focus.aps.org/story/v15/st4&usg=__M8x9f93dg_eYIEs0iwSak5BXRUI=&h=308&w=250&sz=41&hl=en&start=11&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=A9BYawWLG-hE2M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtownes%2Bmaser%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dkevin8408.diytrade.com1219141065.jpghttp://kevin8408.diytrade.com/sdp/727357/3/pd-3 safari%26sa%3DNhttp://www.prepuzio.com/2010/03/god-vibrations.html/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratorywww.slac.stanford.edunasimages.orgphysicsworld.comhttp://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sp/kids/funphysics4.shtmlhttp://www.bergdorfgoodman.com/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/health/clinton300x450.jpg