A Report on the Experience and Knowledge in€¦ · on the Experience and Knowledge in Sustainable...
Transcript of A Report on the Experience and Knowledge in€¦ · on the Experience and Knowledge in Sustainable...
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A Report on the Experience and Knowledge in
GIAHS
by Dr. N. Anil Kumar
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation & Ms. Anuradha Vemuri
Additional Commissioner(NHM) Department of A & C, Govt. of India
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Presentation outline
1. The Context
2. Basic characteristics and uniqueness of the Indian GIAHS designated sites
3. The on-going management efforts
4. The Challenges/Opportunities and Possible plan of actions in GIAHS management
5. Conclusions (how and why to develop the ideal sustainable management actions?)
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INDIA is Growing! By 2050 What would be the ecological
implications of its then 1.5 billion people?
30-40% more food required
80-100 million ha of natural habitat converted to agriculture
2-3 times more nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer would be required
Twice as much water would be required
3 times more pesticide use
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Solutions: Improve small farm productivity* integrate Sustainability dimension in Agriculture Management
India adopted necessary policies and measures for conservation and sustainable use AgBD or heritage agricultural diversity, notably after CBD decisions III/11,
IV/6, V/5, VI/5, VII/3, VIII/23, IX/1, X/44 and XI/30. Some of the specific measures taken by India:
and National Biodiversity Authority with provisions like Genome Saviour Cash Award and National Gene Fund for sustainable management of PGRs, Registration for Farmers Varieties, identification of agrobiodiversity hotspots,
and strengthening of the NARS, especially the four National Bureaus towards better management of genetic resources.
There is a 2020 National Biodiversity Target of achieving 5% increase in agricultural production based on enhanced use of agro-biodiversity.
It would be very difficult to achieve this goal unless there are intensive efforts in creating an economic stake in conservation of the Heritage Agriculture
India is implementing diverse projects that aim at achieving the triple objectives
Security and Nutrition
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Nr. species known in
total ( approx)
Nr. species domesti
cated (approx)
Most important to global - level food
supply
Nr. domestic breeds & varieties
Nr. domestic breeds & varieties
at risk
Nr. domestic breeds & varieties extinct
PLANTS 17,000
320 species of
wild relatives
of crop plants
44
Rice and, kodo millet,
black gram, green
gram and spices such
as black pepper,
turmeric, cardamom
and ginger, and fruits
such as, jack fruit and
mango
Many thousands
Rice: 50,000
Sorghum: 5000
Mango:1000
Pepper: 500
Not
known
MAMMALS 372
12 cattle, pigs 26 breeds of
cattle, 40 of
sheep, 20 of
goats, 8 of
camels, 6 of
horses,8
buffalo
>500
Not
known
BIRDS 1228
10 chickens 18 of poultry >370 Not known
Source: (Kothari 1999).
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4
2 3,5
8,9 7
6
10 1 11
12
1. Apatani rice fish culture of Eastern Himalayas
2. Below Sea level System, Kuttanad 3. Catamaran Fishing System, Tamil Nadu 4. Darjeeling system in the Himalayas 5. Koranganadu Silvo-pastoral System,
Tamil Nadu 6. Saffron Valley System, Kashmir 7. Traditional Agriculture System,
Koraput 8. Traditional Ladakh Agricultural System,
Ladakh, Himalayas 9. Tribal Agriculture System,
Sethamphat, Andhrapradesh 10.Pastoralists System of Thar desert of
Rajastan 11.Sikkim-Himalaya Agriculture, Sikkim 12.Soppina Bettas Systems, West Ghats
Some High priority Heritage Agricultural Systems of India
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NAME OF GIAHS INGENUITY, SIGNIFICANCE
Apatani rice fish culture A combination of rice-fish cropping systems
Below Sea level System Below Sea level farming, Ingenious water management
Catamaran Fishing System The ancient tradition of fishing by catamaran (tied logs) is a sustainable way of
harvesting marine life
Darjeeling system in the Himalayas These systems feature the various tribal agriculture practices and techniques of
managing soil, water and/or a combination of cropping systems and integrating
indigenous knowledge systems
Koranganadu Silvo-pastoral System Korangadu is a traditional grazing land in the semiarid tract in the districts of Erode,
Karur and Dindigul in the Tamil Nadu state of Southern India.
Saffron Valley System The locals share and showcase their identity and the traditional knowledge
embodied in the long standing, laborious and largest family farmers organic
saffron cultivation system in the world.
Traditional Agriculture System, Koraput Rich diversity of Rice, Multiple cropping
Traditional Ladakh Agricultural System, The traditional Ladakh agriculture is unique and representative of the Tibetan plateau.
Its conservation of old land races of cultivated plants, especially of alfalfa, is of global
importance.
Tribal Agriculture System, Sethamphat, These systems feature the various tribal agriculture practices and techniques of
managing soil, water and/or a combination of cropping systems and integrating
indigenous knowledge systems
Pastoralists System of Thar desert Raikas have been guardians of agrobiodiversity; they have developed a variety of
indigenous breeds for harsh climatic conditions and maintained them within restricted
social groups.
Sikkim-Himalaya Agriculture It comprises of trans-Himalayan agro-pastoral system of the Dokpas in the alpine
plateaus, traditional agroforestry such as alder-cardamom a
Soppina Bettas Systems The common pool resource of the Soppina Bettas provides manure, botanical
pesticides, fuel wood, fodder, medicine and timber to the communities.
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KUTTANAD GIAHS -A deltA Region ca 900sq. km Ca 500 km2 of the area with agricultural fields situated below sea level
GIAHS CERTIFICATION June 30, 2013
Management lead organization: MSSRF along with State Agriculture Department and Local PRIs
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INGENUITY
Below sea level farming practices
Dykes building in Deep waters
Deep water land reclamation and maintenance
Rice-Fish rotation farming
HISTORY OF SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Agriculture and fisheries
Rice Bowl of the state
Drainage for the entire region
Skill full and ingenious farmers
Unique Ecosystem and traditions
SERVICES
Livelihood support (Tourism, Agriculture,
Fisheries, Duckery etc)
Environmental Services
Climate adaptation support
Flood Management
Cultural Support
CHARACTERISTICS Delta with varied landscapes
Below sea level occurrence
Rich Biodiversity
Panoramic waterways
Vast stretches of paddy fields
Rich cultural traditions
KUTTANAD GIAHS
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A Complex Mosaic of Fragmented
Agricultural Landscape
Coastal backwaters
Rivers
Paddy fields,
Marshes
Ponds,
Garden lands
Edges
Corridors and
WATER WAYS
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Water areas: Large expanse comprising the rivers and lake system, in which roughly 13000 ha: VEMBANAD Lake A Ramsar Site is the major Area
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Smaller scale reclamations existed since early 18th century The idea of large scale reclamation of Kayal lands was envisaged during the reign of H.H. Sree Ayilliam Thirunal Rama Varma (1860 to 1880). In the year 1903, Travancore Kingdom banned reclamations from Vemabanad Lake. This has put an end to old reclamations. Around 5500 Acres of Kayal land by this time. Venad Kayal, Madathil Kayal, Cherukara Kayal and Pallithanam Kayal Mathi Kayal & Rajapuram Kayal.
Old Reclamations
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Local level efforts since long time became a trend by 1870s
Its full potential by later part of 19th century
By early 20th Century about 2226 ha and by 1930s 5261 ha reclaimed
15000 ha of reclaimed land
Ca 40,000 ha of natural land
One of the huge sized padasekharams is about 24000 acres
History of Reclamation
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BIO-BUNDS
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The Kuttanadan Agricultural Landscape, including the Punja Rice System that surrounded with estuaries, flood plains, Kayals, ponds and canal networks known for its diverse fish wealth.
Vembanad Fish Count 2009 identified 65 species of fin fish and 14 species of shell fish from the region (ATREE 2009).
The fresh water environment closer to rice fields and the canals provide abundance of Pearl spots, perchlets, fresh water giant prawns or attukonju and freshwater catfishes
Kuttanadan Fish wealth
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The region is an ideal habitat for variety of finfish, shellfish, and several varieties of prawns, black clams, white clams and shrimps. Many fish species are reported to be depended upon the wetland for food, spawning and nursery.
Kuttanadan Fish wealth
the esteemed golden catfish of Kuttanad
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The aquatic species include: 24 spp of green algae, 10 blue green algae, one species of yellow brown algae, 13 desmids and 19 diatoms 202 angiosperm species, which include 14 mangroves and 30 mangrove associates. 8 species of pteridophyta
Plant Diversity
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KORAPUT GIAHS GIAHS CERTIFICATION January -2013, Management lead organization: MSSRF along with the Grass root Institution PGUS
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9 Tribal community Districts and 15 major tribes
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INGENUITY Rich Rice Diversity On-farm (over 300
varieties)
Multiple cropping System-millets and
pulses
Strong linkage of culture and agricultural
practices
HISTORY OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Hundreds of years
SERVICES
Genetic Diversity of Rice Ground Water recharging
CHARACTERISTICS Rich landscape
diversity/hetrogeneity
KORAPUT GIAHS
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Tribe District
Bhatra Nawarangpur
Bhumia Koraput
Bonda Malkangiri
Gadaba Koraput
Gond Nawarangpur
Kandha Koraput + Rayagada
Koya Malkangiri
Paroja Koraput
Saora Rayagada
9 tribes 4 districts
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BONDA Most primitive tribe of
Malkangiri district with
less than 9000 population
distributed in 24 villages.
Upper bonda and lower
bonda - classified as per
their location of
inhabitation.
Most traditionally dressed
Prefer to stay away from
civilization. Agricultural
practices are very
primitive. They practice
shifting cultivation, terrace
cultivation, fishing and
hunting. People are
aggressive and stay in
geographical isolation
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KUTIA KONDH The population is about 14 lakhs. They stay isolated in the villages of Niyamagiri hills . Their main occupation is agriculture; cultivate paddy in low lands and horticulture crops like banana, papaya, jack fruit, pine apple and other cash crops like turmeric and ginger. They practise shifting and terraced cultivation.
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DIDAI
Their population is confined
to Kudumulgumma uplands
of sabari basin in Malkangiri
dist.. They are premitive
tribes of kondakamberu
range. Sparcely populated
spread in 39 villages. The
Didayis are peace loving,
hospitable and gentle. They
are innovative, ingenious,
industrious and sincere.
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LANGIA
SOURA Livelihood primarily on slash
and burn agriculture and
importantly on terrace cultivation.
They exhibit a high degree of
indigenous skill and technology
for preparing the terraces with
inbuilt water management system.
Mainly they grow rice in terraced
fields and a variety of minor
millets, cereals and pulses.
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Community Recognition & Reward
Krishi Bisharad Sanman -2002 Equator Initiative Award - 2002
Genome Savior Award-2006
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Features:
o Managed & maintained by Community
o Maintains local genetic diversity.
o Provides pure & quality seed
o Provides grains during emergencies.
o Assistance at low interest rate.
o Available at any time.
Community Food Security System
Grain Bank Seed Bank
Community Seed-Grain Bank A platform for food & nutritional security
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Saffron cultivation of Pampore, Kashmir
3,200 hectares dedicated to the legendary saffron crop cultivation
Largest family farmers organic saffron cultivation system in the world
Providing livelihood security to over 17,000 farm families.
Kashmiri village women contribute through traditional tilling to flower picking
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Soon after the GIAHS declaration (June 30, 2013) opened a field office in the Kuttanad site by MSSRF
Facilitated a discussion with the State Govt to start a Below Sea level Farming Research and Training Institute.
Linked with an on-going project on drinking water by rainwater harvesting and a partnership being established between Brown University in USA on rain water management and sustainable livelihoods in Kuttanad
A four month plan (till March 2014) on the GIAHS management has been finalised with focus on: Baseline study and video documentation, and designing of on -the ground 4-C projects with a three pronged approach of Research, Action, and Policy influencing
Being formed a Steering Committee consisting heritage agriculture experts, farmers and local panchayath members
Promotion of rice based livelihood development project in Koraput
Study and management of tribal agriculture with a focus on agrobiodiversity and Food and Nutrition in Koraput
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Kayalum Kanaalum
Lakes and Canals
Sustainable tourism; management of WATER HYACINTH,
revival of traditional water ways
Kathirum Kattayum
Rice and Straw
Sustainable Rice Farming; rice value addition
Kuthariyum Kudivellavum
Brown Rice and Drinking Water
Food and Nutrition security, Kuttanadan rice; Rain water harvest)
Kappayum Karimeenum
Cassava and Pearlspot
Food and Nutrition security; Karimeen culture; Livelihoods)
Kachil kizhangum Konchum
Yams and Prawns
Food and Nutrition security; livelihoods)
Kaithayum Kaithozhilum
Screw-pine and Handicrafts
Biodiversity, income generation
Kandalum Carbanum
Mangroves and Carbon
Mangrove regeneration and carbon sequestration
Kottiyum, Kuyilum Kariyum
Pelicans and Fish
Biodiversity enhancement of birds and fish
Kuttanadan kuruvayum Koithum
Folksongs and Culture of Kuttanad
Revival of Kuttanadan folk songs and arts
Kuttanadan Tharavum Chorum
Duck Meat and Kuttanadan Rice
Promotion of Kuttanadan duck meat, egg and rice
HERITAGE AGRICULTURE PROMOTION PROGRAM YEAR 2020
KUTTANAD BELOW SEA LEVEL GIAHS PROGRAM: Designing 10 on-the ground Projects targeting 20 Heritage entities
MSSRF initiating the HAPPY 2020 by undertaking Project Nr 3. Funds mobilization is urgent
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HAPP-Y 2020 KUTTANAD Programme Launch
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HERITAGE AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT
Challenges (top 5)
Action plans
Learning
Opportunities
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The Challenges and Opportunities
FOR REVITALIZATION OF HERITAGE AGRICULTURE
Market/ Product Development
Sustainable Production Practices
Awareness on Multiple Benefits of Heritage Agriculture and AgBD
Creating an Enabling Policy Environment
Linking Science and Technology
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Challenge/Opportunity Number 1
Learning from Challenge side Learning from opportunity side
No readily attractive incentives for large majority of FAMILY FARMERS for the sustainable production Rapid loss of
CoP 11 decision (XI/30) on Incentive measures CBD recognized the methodological limitations of existing approaches A number of relevant organizations such as FAO, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN, World Bank and initiatives like TEEB to support the parties to promote positive incentives and innovative measures in assessing biodiversity value and identifying and removing perverse incentives
Cost of organic inputs is high and are not conveniently available, especially the bio-control agents
A wide array of Eco-technologies are available at local level, but to be used at macro scale for the yield enhancement and assured remunerative market opportunities
Small per capita land holdings and fragmented nature of land limit the needed possible mechanization
Possibility for Group Farming exist by encouraging local community institutions (Women SHGs, Farm Field Schools etc.). Introduction of small machinery
Sustainable Production Practices
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Challenge/Opportunity Number 2
Learning from Challenge side Learning from opportunity side
Problem exist in identifying the potential species and crops from the HERITAGE AGRICULTURE for MARKET. There is an urgent need for a target list of priority species, varieties and breeds based on the current level of knowledge from those 22 AgBD hotspots and 3 GIAHS Sites
Agro-biodiversity Hotspots, GIAHS sites, Biodiversity Heritage Sites, Specialty crop varieties, breeds and species are getting
micro market level (Eg. The APM project sites Wayanad, Koraput, Kolli hills, Kuttanad, Kalajeera rice in Odisha, Navara rice & Gandhakasala rice in Kerala, Milletts in Kolli hills)
Product Development culture is not there in villages
Replicable Business models exist at micro level Fair Trade opportunities exist
Lack of Consumer Awareness on the multiple benefits of products come from the local community production landscapes.
The link between health, nutrition and agrobiodiversity now being understood, but only amongst a small section of people.
Market/Product Development
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Challenge/Opportunity Number 3
Learning from Challenge side Learning from opportunity side
Public Awareness required on the tangible and intangible benefits of HERITAGE AGRICULTURE and AgBD and the confidence of civil Society needs to be built on a sustainable basis with strong evidences.
Nutritional, Health , local Food , income, job security benefits are high.
Need to nurture a common understanding among the management actors about the traditional agriculture. AgBD has to be viewed in its three major dimensions. Partnership needs to build up between Govt, Private Local Communities, and consumers
Efforts are there from the part of PPVFRA and NBA , but inadequate
Involving children and teachers in Schools and Colleges difficult for less charismatic biodiversity
Awareness on Multiple Benefits of Local -Heritage
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Challenge/Opportunity Number 4&5
Learning from Challenge side Learning from opportunity side
India, one of the 8 primary centres of Crop diversity and a mega biodiversity country continues to suffer significant loss of culture of the agriculture and AgBD, especially the on-farm genetic wealth and production system.
Legal entitlements (e.g. Right to food Bill, Farmers Rights, Forest Rights, ) should lead into sustainable management of Heritage Agriculture and AgBD
Leadership role of Govts should be more visible in this area Product development and input production subsidies need to be attractive
National level scheme for Saffron cultivation
Baseline Information on the Culture, AgBiodiversity, Ecosystem Services and TK/practices and their links inadequate Public financing for research in Heritage agriculture needs to be enhanced
Efforts are there to undertake cross disciplinary and participatory Assessment and Valuation of AgBD and Ecosystem Services (AbES) of the Traditionally maintained agricultural landscapes
Creating an Enabling Policy Environment and Linking Science and Technology for Better Governance and Management
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A big emerging opportunity
is Climate Change!
Heritage Agriculture is Climate Smart Agriculture
Biodiverse agro-ecosystems are generally resilient to abrupt disruptions Community based management of agricultural biodiversity can underpin local adaptation
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How to synergise both?
Crop Husbandry
Animal Husbandry
Agro-forestry
Fisheries
There are many opportunities for capturing synergies between the pillars of climate-smart agriculture and Heritage agriculture
Operate the Agriculture with four Gears
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How do we achieve it?
Working at the landscape level with an ecosystems approach,
and the 4 Gears
Tools and knowledge on synergising heritage
agriculture and climate-smart agriculture must be further
developed and shared.
Inter-sectoral approaches and
consistent policies across the
agricultural, food security cultural
change and climate change
Study and Scaling up of effective climate-smart practices of Heritage
Agriculture
Institutional and financial support for farmers, fishers and forest
dependant peoples to make the transition frm Heritage Agriculture to
climate-smart agriculture.
Investments in Heritage-climate-smart agriculture must link
finance opportunities from public and private sectors
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4 5
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Revitalisation of the Heritage Agriculture: Ideal Plan of Action
The actions needed to be taken that benefit all the stakeholders should consider the dimensions of conservation, cultivation, consumption, and commerce aspects of HERITAGE AGRICULTURE Conservation should be integrated includes in situ, on farm and ex-situ methods Cultivation should be one that promotes use of sustainable farming methods. Consumption efforts should relate to nutrition, promoting access and ensuring availability of dietary diversity, reviving and enhancing traditional food baskets. Commercialization must be towards market development of products and creation of other economic interactions.
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ONSERVATION
IN-SITU
RET PLANTS
ON-FARM
FARMERS VARS
EX-SITU
FARMERS VARS
OMMERCE
Promotion of
Responsible Commerce
ONSUMPTION Promotion of
Food & Nutritional Security
ULTIVATION
Promotion of Eco-Agriculture
CONTINUM
How can we achieve it?
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Overarching Goal: C4 Incentives for Mainstreaming Agro-biodiversity in Agriculture
Thematic Areas Conservation
Cultivation
Consumption
Commerce
Objectives
Conservation & Enhancement of On-farm Diversity
Promotion of Integrated Diversity Farming
Revival of Native Food Basket and Dietary Diversity and sustainable consumption traditions
Promotion of Sustainable Livelihoods through Urban Markets for Heritage agri products and Agro-Ecosystem Services
Targeted Activities
Undertake Assessment and Valuation of Agro-biodiversity and Ecosystem Services and widely publicise the results (start with the 3 GIAHS SITES and the 22 AgBD Hotspots)
Appoint a Commission to study perverse Incentives in Agriculture and take steps to eliminate all the negative ones to AgBD
Wide campaign through Education, Communication and Training to promote and protect AbES The Target groups include the trendsetters like Politicians, Policy makers, Media people and Celebrities.
Establishment of a Business and Agro-biodiversity Platforms at district level where the Public, NGO, Private, Panchayath, Community Institutions and Farmers dialogue and act towards mainstreaming AgBD Actions
Develop a National HERITAGE AGRICULTURE Development Strategy and Action Plan
Operationalize the interventions of Agricultural Institution through a C4 Cycle
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Thematic Areas
Conservation
Cultivation
Consumption
Commerce
Incentives/ Incentive Measures
Plant and Animal Genome- Saviour Cash Awards at National, State and Local levels Nationally, regionally and Locally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites with exclusive management options for operation Special Package for Conservation Farming like Community Seed Gene Grain Banks (Linking MNREGA, subsidized Electricity, Seeds, organic fertilizers and Water)
Green Card options with subsidy benefits in economical, social and political empowerment for Genome Saviours and their children of the Heritage Agri Sites Loan waiving for certified Farmer Conservers Traditional Seeds supply through options like Vending Machines for urban vegetable growers
Plant and Animal Genome- Saviour Cash Awards at National, State and Local levels Nationally, regionally and Locally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites with exclusive management options Special Package for Conservation Farming like Community Seed Gene Grain Banks (Linking MNREGA, subsidized Electricity, Seeds, organic fertilizers and Water)
Product development and input production Subsidies Branding through certifications Marketing through producer groups/ cooperatives Creation of special space for traditional products
Network of champions form Govt/private sectors
Capacity Development Opportunities for Farmer Youth, Researchers, Young Scientists, NGOs, Women through Trainings/Research
Fellowships/Certificates in sustainable management of HERITAGE AGRICULTURAL SITES
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The World Biodiversity Strategic Plan
Vision (by 2050)
Option Take effective and urgent action towards halting the loss of biodiversity Option 2 Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2020
20 Strategic Targets
1: All people are aware of the values of biodiversity. 2: The values of biodiversity are integrated into national planning process. 3: Incentives harmful to biodiversity are eliminated. 4: Stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve plans.
5: The rate of loss of natural habitats is reduced. 6: Overfishing is ended. All fisheries are managed sustainably. 7. Agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably. 8. Pollution is brought to levels not detrimental to ecosystem. 9: Invasive alien species are controlled or eradicated. 10. Minimized the pressures by climate change.
14: Equitable access to ecosystem services is ensured. 15: Ecosystems contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 16: Access to genetic resources is [promoted] , and benefits are shared
17: Develop and implement updated national strategy. 18: Traditional knowledge are respected. 19: Knowledge, the science base and technologies are improved. 20: Capacity for implementing the Convention has increased.
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss
Strategic Goal BReduce the direct pressures on biodiversity
Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiversity
Strategic Goal D: Enhance benefits to all from ecosystem services.
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through capacity building
Mission by 2020
11: Areas are conserved through systems of protected areas. 12: The extinction of known threatened species has been prevented. 13: The loss of genetic biodiversity is halted.
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M S SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION Community Agrobiodiversity Centres , Kerala and Koraput
FOR REVITALISATION OF
COMMUNITY CONSERVATION SYSTEMS