A Regional Geography of Canada Chapter 9 The Atlantic Region Digby, Bay of Fundy, NSLunenburg, NS.
A Regional Geography of Canada
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Transcript of A Regional Geography of Canada
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Canada: A Regional GeographySTUDY CANADA Summer Institute 2016
David Rossiter, WWU
A Northern Silver Mine, 1930 – F. Carmichael
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“If some countries have too much history, we have too much geography.”
– PM Mackenzie King, 1936
Garibaldi Provincial Park, BC. Photo: D. Rossiter, 2012
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Oh, to brag…
• Second largest country• Canada’s total area: 9,984,670 sq.km
– 9,093,507 sq.km land– 891,163 sq.km freshwater.
• Coastline: 243,042 km– Longest in world
• Resource rich• Sparse yet diverse population
Source: Statistics Canada
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BCALTA
SASK MTBA
ONT QUE
NBNS
PEI
NFLD and LAB
YK NWT NVT
Pop Quiz
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Victoria
Edmonton
ReginaWinnipeg
Toronto
Quebec
Fredericton
Halifax
Charlottetown
St. John’s
Whitehorse
Yellowknife
Iqaluit
Vancouver
Calgary
Saskatoon
Ottawa Montreal
St. John
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The Physical Base
• Geology• Topography• Soils• Vegetation• Climate
Fundamental to understanding Canada’s human geography and historical development
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The Late Wisconsin Ice Age
• Maximum extent 18,000 years ago• Started to recede 15,000 years ago• Last remnants in Rockies 7,000 years ago
Glacial till and erratic – NS
Drumlin – Alberta Glacial valley - Alberta
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Appalachian Uplands
• N. Appalachian Mountains
• Rounded uplands; narrow river valleys
• Rocky, shallow soils• Mixed forest• Cool, maritime climate
– short summer, wet winter
NFLD Coast
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Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
• Sedimentary rock and glacial deposits
• Flat, rolling topography
• Good soil• Moderate climate,
good growing season– humid and hot
summer / cold winterOak Ridges Moraine – S. Ontario
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Canadian Shield• Geol. core of N.A.• Precambrian rocks
– > 3 billion yrs old• Widespread glaciation
– shallow soils, exposed granite
• Mixed and Boreal forest• Northern continental
climate– hot, short summer / cold,
long winter North Shore, Quebec
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Interior Plains• Sedimentary rock• Shaped by glacial and
hydrological processes– river valleys
• Drain east to Hudson Bay• Decent soils in south• Oil and gas deposits• Continental climate
– moderate precip.– hot summer / cold winter
Wheat fields outside Winnipeg, MB
South Saskatchewan River
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Cordillera• Formed 40-80 million years
ago– colliding NA and Pac. plates
• Glaciers in high alpine• Fertile river valleys and
deltas• Mostly coniferous forest• Micro-climates
– warmer, wetter on coast– colder, drier in interior
Alberta Rockies
The Barrier – Coast Mountains
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Hudson Bay Lowlands• Youngest phyiso. reg. in
Canada• Muskeg
– w/ low ridges of sand and gravel
• Poorly drained– low elev., level surface
• Northern climate– maritime influence– short summer / long winter
Muskeg
James Bay delta
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Arctic Lands• ~25% of Canada’s territory• Coastal lowlands & plateaux and mtns. (Innutian)• Mainly sedimentary rock w/ permafrost• Glaciers still active• Areas of polar desert
Baffin Island - Nunavut
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Where are all the people?
Short answers: • Great Lks-St. Law. Lowlands: ~25% of pop.
– Windsor-Quebec City (“Laurentian” Canada)• Big Cities: ~1/3 of pop.
– Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver• In cities, near the USA
– ~80% of Canadians live in cities (100,000+)– ~80% of Canadians live within 100km of USA
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Population density, 2006Map source: Atlas of Canada
Total population, 2011 - 33,476,690Source: Statistics Canada
Legend
Density by Census Div. (persons /
sq.km)
< 0.10.1-0.91.0-3.5
3.6-19.920.0-49.9
50.0-150.0> 150.0
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Major Cities and Productive Agricultural Lands
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Where are all the people?
Longer answer:
• All over– “Heartland” (cities) draws on resources of
“hinterland”– north dominated by resource towns and regional
service centres
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Resource Reliant Communities, 2001 Map source: Atlas of Canada Legend
30-100% of income from:
AgricultureEnergyFisheryForestryMining
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Financial Specialization, 1996 Map source: Atlas of Canada
Legend
Degree of specialization
Low
to
High
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Lawren Harris, 1922 – Houses, St. Patrick’s St.
Wilderness or Urban Nation?
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References
• Many maps and images were obtained at:– www.canadainfolink.ca/geog.htm– http://atlas.nrcan.gc/site/english/index.html
• Other resources:– A good atlas of Canada– Historical Atlas of Canada, vols. 1-3, University of
Toronto Press– Heartland and Hinterland, McCann and Gunn– Regional Geography of Canada, Bone