A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN 25

VILLAGES IN THE SAWANTWADI-DODAMARG

REGION

9th - 14th November 2013

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO

THE CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS (TERRITORIAL), KOLHAPUR

MAHARASHTRA STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT

Varad Giri

Raman Kulkarni

Girish Arjun Punjabi

Farukh Mehtar

Dhanajay Joshi

Rohan Korgaonkar

Akshay Khandekar

Ninad Gosavi

Suggested citation: Giri V, Kulkarni R, Punjabi GA, Mehtar F, Joshi D,

Korgaonkar R, Khandekar A, and Gosavi, N (2013). A rapid assessment of

biodiversity in 25 villages in the Sawantwadi-Dodamarg region. Report

submitted to the Maharashtra State Forest Department.

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity, world-over, is declining precipitously (Butchart et al. 2010). The

threat of mass species extinctions, most of which have evolved over millions of

years of evolution, is real. Human beings are the most dominant force on Earth

and current rates of human-induced climate-change is predicted to cause

tipping points in ecological systems everywhere (Barnosky et al. 2012).

Changes in the earth’s systems will impact people’s food security and cause

major social and economic upheavals at local and global scales. Therefore,

securing biodiversity by preventing deforestation and species-losses is

essential to ensure man’s survival in the future. Unless there are potent

measures to stop and reverse such pillaging of natural systems, the survival of

many life forms, including human survival, remains at crossroads.

This brief report presents the results of a rapid survey of biodiversity in twenty-

five villages situated in one of the hottest hotspots of the world- the Western

Ghats (Myers et al. 2000). These 25 villages, in Sawantwadi and Dodamarg

tehsils, comprise a mixed-use landscape, with naturally forested areas

interspersed among private forests and horticultural plantations. The

honourable Bombay High Court has directed the Maharashtra State

Government to forward a proposal based on ground-level information for

declaration of Sawantwadi-Dodamarg region as an ecologically sensitive

region. We conducted this survey on the request of the Chief Conservator of

Forests (Territorial), Kolhapur division, Maharashtra State Forest Department

for want of ground-level information.

This report in no terms stands as a comprehensive assessment, but instead

offers a glimpse as to why the authors of this report feel this area needs to be

declared an ecologically-sensitive region. We also wish to highlight the need

for systematic assessments in the future and long-term monitoring of

biodiversity in the region. Finally, we urge the readers of this report to act, in

their own capacities, and save this ecologically fragile region from man’s greed.

We hope this brief report will contribute in formulating strategies to conserve

this area, and bring about development of the region in a truly sustainable

way. We urge the local people, managers, administrators, policy-makers, and

the government to take decisions that will prevent further loss of biodiversity

in this region. Safeguarding sites for biodiversity will ensure that services and

benefits of nature are sustainably provided for many more generations to

come (Larsen, Turner & Brooks 2012).

STUDY AREA

The Sawantwadi - Dodamarg region, comprising the 25 villages, is situated in

the northern Western Ghats and the vegetation is Tropical semi-evergreen and

Tropical Moist deciduous forests (Champion & Seth 1968). Few naturally

occurring dry scrub areas exist in the landscape and most of scrub areas that

occur are a result of heavy fragmentation in native vegetation. Many

monoculture plantations exist in the landscape owned by private land owners.

Private land holdings are usually production landscapes with mango

(Mangifera indica) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plantations, and

commercially valuable species such as rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) are

increasingly being introduced.

The study area witnesses distinct seasonal shifts in temperature and rainfall

primarily in the hot season (March to May), monsoon season (June to

November) and the cold season (December to February). Temperatures vary

from about 10 °C in the cold season to about 38 °C in the hot season. Average

rainfall during the monsoon season in Sindhudurg district, where the study

region lies, is about 3200 mm.

FIELD SAMPLING

Field surveys in the 25 villages were conducted from the 9th to the 14th of

November 2013 by the team. The 25 villages sampled are given in Table 1,

Figure 1.

Table 1: Details of survey dates and villages sampled during the rapid survey

for biodiversity from 9th to the 14th of November 2013

Sl. Date Villages sampled

1 09-11-2013 Kesari, Phansavde, Udeli 2 10-11-2013 Dabhil- Nevli, Sarambale, Otavne

3 11-11-2013 Gharpi, Asniye, Fukeri, Tamboli, Konshi, Bhalaval 4 12-11-2013 Bhekurli, Kumbhavde, Khadpade

5 13-11-2013 Talkat, Zolambi, Kolzhar, Shirwal, Kumbhral 6 14-11-2013 Panturli, Bhike Konal, Kalane, Ugade, Padve majgaon

Figure 1: The 25 villages in Sawantwadi-Dodamarg region that were surveyed

for biodiversity from 9th to the 14th of November 2013

Field surveys were conducted by walking on trails, forest roads, and human-

made trails. Rapid visual surveys were conducted with the help of Maharashtra

forest department staff, who guided us in the villages. We used a hand-held

GPS unit (Garmin Inc.) to track the survey routes and take waypoints at regular

intervals (Figure 2). Photographs were taken for records (See Appendices).

Sampling intensity and effort varied across villages and over days. The data

was collected by noting the species identified in a data-book and classified into

one of the major groups- Mammal (M), Birds (B), Amphibian (A), Butterfly (BF),

Dragonflies & Damselflies (DG), Other invertebrates (I), Reptiles (R), Scorpions

(SC), Spider (SP). Unidentified species were photographed when possible and

identified later using field guides.

Figure 2: The map indicates the survey walk effort and waypoints marked

during the rapid survey for assessing biodiversity

The detailed list of waypoint locations, elevation, dates, and villages from the

rapid survey are presented after the species lists.

SPECIES LISTS

We have presented the lists of different groups -Mammals (M), Birds (B),

Amphibians (A), Butterflies (BF), Dragonflies & Damselflies (DG), other

invertebrates (I), Reptiles (R), Scorpions (SC), Spiders (SP) as separate tables.

The survey recorded at least 19 species of mammals, 12 species of amphibians,

71 species of birds, 60 species of butterflies, 2 species of damselflies, 16

species of reptiles, 4 species of scorpions, 4 species of spiders and 5 species of

other invertebrates over six days.

Sl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages1 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 2 pair M Phansavde2 Shrew Suncus sp. 4 M Phansavde3 Sloth bear Melursus ursinus 8 digging M Phansavde4 Indian grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 15 M Dabhil5 leopard Panthera pardus 17 scat M Dabhil6 Wild boar Sus scrofa 17 tracks M Dabhil7 sambar Rusa unicolor 19 M Dabhil8 oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 19 tracks & spraint M Dabhil9 sambar Rusa unicolor 19 M Dabhil

10 Asiatic wild dog/ dhole Cuon alpinus 20 sambar kill M Dabhil11 oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 20 spraint M Dabhil12 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 23 digging M Nevli13 sambar Rusa unicolor 24 track M Nevli14 leopard Panthera pardus 25 Scrape M Nevli15 Wild boar Sus scrofa 26 tracks M Nevli16 sambar Rusa unicolor 28 track M Nevli17 oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 29 spraint M Nevli18 Wild boar Sus scrofa 30 tracks M Sarambale19 sambar Rusa unicolor 38 track M Otavne20 Wild boar Sus scrofa 40 tracks M Gharpi21 oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 41 spraint M Gharpi22 oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 41 spraint M Gharpi23 sambar Rusa unicolor 41 kill M Gharpi24 Gaur Bos gaurus 42 dung & tracks M Gharpi25 Indian Spotted Chevrotain Moschiola indica 43 sighting M Gharpi26 Gaur Bos gaurus 43 dung & tracks M Gharpi27 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 45 digging M Gharpi28 Gaur Bos gaurus 45 tracks M Gharpi29 sambar Rusa unicolor 47 old kill-maybe tiger or wild dog M Gharpi30 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 47 digging M Gharpi31 Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata 47 burrow M Gharpi32 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 51 digging M Asaniye33 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 52 dropping M Asaniye34 leopard Panthera pardus 52 scat M Asaniye

LIST OF MAMMAL SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREA

35 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 52 M Asaniye36 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 54 dropping M Asaniye37 Gaur Bos gaurus 54 dung & tracks M Asaniye38 sambar Rusa unicolor 55 track M Asaniye39 Gaur Bos gaurus 56 dung & tracks M Asaniye40 sambar Rusa unicolor 58 track M Fukeri41 Wild boar Sus scrofa 58 tracks M Fukeri42 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 58 M Fukeri43 Indian hare  Lepus nigricollis 59 pellet M Fukeri44 sambar Rusa unicolor 60 track M Fukeri45 Gaur Bos gaurus 61 M Tamboli46 sambar Rusa unicolor 61 track M Tamboli47 sambar Rusa unicolor 64 track M Konshi48 Tiger? Panthera tigris? 70 old scat M Bhekurli49 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 73 M Bhekurli50 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 73 M Bhekurli51 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 74 digging M Bhekurli52 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 74 nest M Bhekurli53 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 75 M Bhekurli54 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 76 M Kumbhavde55 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 77 M Kumbhavde56 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 77 hunted M Kumbhavde57 sambar Rusa unicolor 78 track M Kumbhavde58 Gaur Bos gaurus 78 dung & tracks M Kumbhavde59 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 78 M Kumbhavde60 Tiger? Panthera tigris? 79 large old scat M Khadpade61 sambar Rusa unicolor 79 track M Khadpade62 Wild boar Sus scrofa 79 tracks M Khadpade63 Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak 79 tracks M Khadpade64 Asiatic wild dog/ dhole Cuon alpinus 79 old scat M Khadpade65 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 81 M Talkat66 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 82 digging M Talkat67 Wild boar Sus scrofa 82 digging M Talkat68 Indian hare  Lepus nigricollis 82 pellet M Talkat69 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 83 digging M Zolambi70 Gray langur Semnopithecus sp. 83 M Zolambi

71 sambar Rusa unicolor 85 track M Zolambi72 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 86 digging M Zolambi73 Giant squirrel Ratufa indica 86 M Zolambi74 Wild boar Sus scrofa 87 tracks M Zolambi75 Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak 87 tracks M Zolambi76 Wild boar Sus scrofa 88 kill, possible made by Tiger M Zolambi77 Wild boar Sus scrofa 89 M Kolzhar78 Wild boar Sus scrofa 92 tracks M Shirwal79 Asian palm civet  Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 92 tracks M Shirwal80 leopard Panthera pardus 94 scat M Shirwal81 sambar Rusa unicolor 95 track M Kumbhral82 Gaur Bos gaurus 95 dung & tracks M Kumbhral83 Indian hare  Lepus nigricollis 95 pellet M Kumbhral84 Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak 96 pellets M Kumbhral85 Wild boar Sus scrofa 98 tracks M Panturli86 Gaur Bos gaurus 99 dung M Panturli87 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 99 digging M Panturli88 sambar Rusa unicolor 100 track & pellets M Panturli89 Wild boar Sus scrofa 100 tracks M Panturli90 sambar Rusa unicolor 101 track & pellets M Panturli91 leopard Panthera pardus 101 old scat M Panturli92 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 102 digging M Bhike Konal93 Wild boar Sus scrofa 102 tracks M Bhike Konal94 Gaur Bos gaurus 104 dung M Kalane95 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 106 digging M Ugade96 sambar Rusa unicolor 106 M Ugade97 three striped squirrel Funambulus palmarum 106 M Ugade98 sambar Rusa unicolor 107 M Ugade99 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 108 digging M Ugade

100 sambar Rusa unicolor 108 M Ugade101 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica 109 digging M Padve majgaon102 sambar Rusa unicolor 111 M Padve majgaon103 Gaur Bos gaurus 111 dung & tracks M Padve majgaon104 Gaur Bos gaurus 112 tracks M Padve majgaon105 Wild boar Sus scrofa 113 tracks M Padve majgaon

Sl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages1 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 3 pair B Phansavde2 Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus 3 Male B Phansavde3 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 3 Call B Phansavde4 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 3 B Phansavde5 Small minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus 3 Male B Phansavde6 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 3 call B Phansavde7 Orange minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 4 B Phansavde8 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 4 B Phansavde9 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 4 call B Phansavde

10 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 5 call B Phansavde11 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 5 B Phansavde12 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii 5 B Phansavde13 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 7 nest B Phansavde14 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 7 B Phansavde15 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 7 B Phansavde16 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 9 B Phansavde17 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 9 B Phansavde18 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos 10 B Phansavde19 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 11 B Kesari20 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 11 B Kesari21 Yellow-footed Green Pigeon  Treron phoenicoptera 11 B Kesari22  Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica 11 B Kesari23 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 11 B Kesari24 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus 12 B Kesari25 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 13 B Kesari26 Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica 13 B Kesari27 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 13 winter visitor B Kesari28 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 13 B Kesari29 Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra 15 B Dabhil30 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus 15 B Dabhil31 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 15 B Dabhil32 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 15 B Dabhil33 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 15 B Dabhil34 Green Bee-eater  Merops orientalis 16 B Dabhil35 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 18 B Dabhil36 Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus 18 Male B Dabhil37 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 18 winter visitor B Dabhil

LIST OF BIRD SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREA

38 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 18 B Dabhil39 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea 18 B Dabhil40 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 19 B Dabhil41 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 21 B Dabhil42 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus 21 B Dabhil43 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 22 B Dabhil44 Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica 22 B Dabhil45 Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica 23 B Nevli46 Common rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 23 B Nevli47 Western Yellow Wagtail  Motacilla flava 23 B Nevli48 Orange minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 24 B Nevli49 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 24 B Nevli50 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda 24 B Nevli51 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 26 B Nevli52 Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus 28 Male B Nevli53 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 28 B Nevli54 Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus 29 B Nevli55 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 29 B Nevli56 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 29 B Nevli57 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 29 B Nevli58 Small minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus 30 B Sarambale59 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 30 Call B Sarambale60 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 30 B Sarambale61 Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps 30 call B Sarambale62 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 30 B Sarambale63 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 30 B Sarambale64 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 30 B Sarambale65 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 31 B Sarambale66 Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger 34 B Otavne67 Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis 34 B Otavne68 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 34 winter visitor B Otavne69 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 34 B Otavne70 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 34 B Otavne71 Wire-tailed Swallow  Hirundo smithii 35 B Otavne72 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 35 Call B Otavne73 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda 36 B Otavne74 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 36 B Otavne75 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 36 B Otavne76 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus 36 B Otavne

77 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 36 B Otavne78 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 40 B Gharpi79 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 40 B Gharpi80 Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus 41 Male B Gharpi81 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 41 B Gharpi82 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 42 B Gharpi83 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 45 B Gharpi84 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 49 Call B Gharpi85 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 50 B Asaniye86 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 50 B Asaniye87 Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps 50 call B Asaniye88 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 51 B Asaniye89 Golden Oriole  Oriolus oriolus 51 B Asaniye90 Golden-fronted Leafbird  Chloropsis aurifrons 51 B Asaniye91 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda 52 B Asaniye92 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 53 Call B Asaniye93 Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva 53 B Asaniye94 Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis 59 B Fukeri95 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 59 B Fukeri96 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 59 B Fukeri97 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii 60 B Fukeri98 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 60 call B Fukeri99 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 60 B Fukeri

100 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 61 B Tamboli101 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 63 B Konshi102 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 63 B Konshi103 Cattle Egret  Bubulcus ibis 63 B Konshi104 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 63 B Konshi105 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 63 B Konshi106 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 63 B Konshi107 Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus 63 B Konshi108 Green Bee-eater  Merops orientalis 63 B Konshi109 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 63 Call B Konshi110 Jungle Crow  Corvus macrorhynchos 64 B Konshi111 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii 65 B Bhalaval112 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda 65 B Bhalaval113 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 65 B Bhalaval114 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos 65 B Bhalaval115 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 65 B Bhalaval

116 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 65 B Bhalaval117 Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica 65 B Bhalaval118 Blue-capped rock thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus 67 B Bhekurli119 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea 67 B Bhekurli120 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 67 call B Bhekurli121 Golden Oriole  Oriolus oriolus 67 B Bhekurli122 Crested Treeswift  Hemiprocne coronata 70 more than 4 individuals B Bhekurli123 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater  Merops leschenaulti 70 B Bhekurli124 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 73 B Bhekurli125 Asian Fairy-bluebird  Irena puella 74 B Bhekurli126 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 74 B Bhekurli127 Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps 76 call B Kumbhavde128 Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis 76 B Kumbhavde129 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 76 B Kumbhavde130 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 77 B Kumbhavde131 White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis 77 Call B Kumbhavde132 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 77 B Kumbhavde133 Orange minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 77 B Kumbhavde134 Malabar Trogon  Harpactes fasciatus 77 call B Kumbhavde135 Malabar Trogon  Harpactes fasciatus 78 sighting B Kumbhavde136 Orange minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 78 B Kumbhavde137 Golden-fronted Leafbird  Chloropsis aurifrons 79 B Khadpade138 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 81 B Talkat139 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 81 B Talkat140 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 81 B Talkat141 Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae 81 non-breeding B Talkat142 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 82 B Talkat143 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 82 female B Talkat144 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 83 B Zolambi145 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 84 B Zolambi146 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 84 winter visitor B Zolambi147 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 86 female B Zolambi148 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 86 B Zolambi149 Shikra Accipiter badius 87 B Zolambi150 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 88 B Zolambi151 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 88 B Zolambi152 Malabar Trogon  Harpactes fasciatus 88 sighting B Zolambi153 Blue-capped rock thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus 88 B Zolambi154 Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina 89 B Kolzhar

155 Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps 89 call B Kolzhar156 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 90 B Kolzhar157 Shikra Accipiter badius 90 B Kolzhar158 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 90 B Kolzhar159 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 90 B Kolzhar160 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 91 B Kolzhar161 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 91 B Kolzhar162 Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus 91 B Shirwal163 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus 93 B Shirwal164 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 93 B Shirwal165 Asian Koel  Eudynamys scolopaceus 93 B Shirwal166 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 93 B Shirwal167 Shikra Accipiter badius 93 B Shirwal168 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 94 B Shirwal169 Green Bee-eater  Merops orientalis 94 B Shirwal170 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 94 B Shirwal171 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 95 call B Kumbhral172 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 95 B Kumbhral173 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 95 B Kumbhral174 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 95 B Kumbhral175 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea 96 B Kumbhral176 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 96 B Kumbhral177 Blue-faced Malkoha  Phaenicophaeus viridirostris 97 B Panturli178 Crested Serpent Eagle  Spilornis cheela 97 B Panturli179 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 97 B Panturli180 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 97 call B Panturli181 Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis 98 B Panturli182 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 98 B Panturli183 Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius 98 B Panturli184 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos 98 B Panturli185 Green Bee-eater  Merops orientalis 101 B Panturli186 Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus 101 B Panturli187 Great Hornbill  Buceros bicornis 102 B Bhike Konal188 Indian Peafowl  Pavo cristatus 102 B Bhike Konal189 Crimson-backed sunbird Leptocoma minima 103 B Bhike Konal190 Vernal Hanging Parrot  Loriculus vernalis 103 B Bhike Konal191 Shikra Accipiter badius 103 B Bhike Konal192 Common Blackbird  Turdus merula 103 B Bhike Konal193 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 104 B Kalane

194 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 104 call B Kalane195 White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens 104 B Kalane196 Orange minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 104 B Kalane197 Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas indica 104 B Kalane198 Greater Short-toed Lark  Calandrella brachydactyla 104 B Kalane199 White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa 104 B Kalane200 Small minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus 106 B Ugade201 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 106 B Ugade202 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 106 B Ugade203 Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea 106 B Ugade204 Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 108 B Ugade205 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda 110 B Padve majgaon206 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 110 B Padve majgaon207 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus 110 B Padve majgaon208 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii 111 B Padve majgaon209 Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis 111 B Padve majgaon210 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus 111 B Padve majgaon211 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 112 B Padve majgaon212 Unidentified Quail ? 112 B Padve majgaon213 Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 112 B Padve majgaon214 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 113 call B Padve majgaon215 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii 113 B Padve majgaon

LIST OF BUTTEFLY SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 2 Flying BF Phansavde2 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 2 BF Phansavde3 Plum judy Abisara echerius 2 BF Phansavde4 Common rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 2 BF Phansavde5 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 2 BF Phansavde6 Common nawab Charaxes athamas 2 mud-puddling BF Phansavde7 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 3 BF Phansavde8 Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina 3 BF Phansavde9 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno 3 BF Phansavde

10 Grey pansy Junonia atlites 3 BF Phansavde11 Common mormon Papilio polytes 3 BF Phansavde12 Red helen Papilio helenus 4 BF Phansavde13 Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias 4 BF Phansavde14 Common mormon Papilio polytes 4 BF Phansavde15 Common mormon Papilio polytes 4 pair BF Phansavde16 Golden angle Caprona ransonnetti 5 BF Phansavde17 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 5 BF Phansavde18 Chestnut Bob Lambrix salsala 5 BF Phansavde19 Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais 5 BF Phansavde20 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria 5 BF Phansavde21 Great Orange tip Hebomoia glaucippe 5 BF Phansavde22 Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore 5 BF Phansavde23 Commander Moduza procris 5 BF Phansavde24 Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor 5 BF Phansavde25 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 5 BF Phansavde26 Plum judy Abisara echerius 6 BF Phansavde27 Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia 7 BF Phansavde28 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 7 BF Phansavde29 Water Snow Flat Tagiades litigiosa 7 BF Phansavde30 Chestnut-Streaked Sailor Neptis jumbah 7 BF Phansavde31 Sahyadri Redspot Duke Dophla evelina laudabilis 7 BF Phansavde32 Sahyadri Black Prince Rohana parisatis atacinus 7 BF Phansavde33 Sahyadri Common Imperial Cheritra freja butleri 7 BF Phansavde34 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  7 BF Phansavde35 Psyche Leptosia nina 7 BF Phansavde36 Sahyadri Redspot Duke Dophla evelina laudabilis 9 BF Phansavde37 Common Crow Euploea core 9 BF Phansavde

38 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 10 BF Phansavde39 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea 10 BF Phansavde40 Common mormon Papilio polytes 11 BF Kesari41 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 11 BF Kesari42 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea 11 BF Kesari43 common evening brown Melanitis leda 11 BF Kesari44 Chestnut Bob Lambrix salsala 11 BF Kesari45 Malabar Banded Peacock Papilio buddha 12 BF Kesari46 Dingy Lineblue Petrelaea dana 13 BF Kesari47 Southern Birdwing Troides minos 15 BF Dabhil48 Common Crow Euploea core 16 BF Dabhil49 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 17 BF Dabhil50 Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais 17 BF Dabhil51 Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias 18 BF Dabhil52 Red helen Papilio helenus 18 BF Dabhil53 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona 18 BF Dabhil54 common bluebottle Graphium sarpedon 19 BF Dabhil55 Common Jay Graphium doson 19 BF Dabhil56 Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis 19 BF Dabhil57 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 23 BF Nevli58 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis 27 BF Nevli59 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina 28 BF Nevli60 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  29 BF Nevli61 Common Crow Euploea core 30 BF Sarambale62 Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias 32 BF Sarambale63 Common Crow Euploea core 34 BF Otavne64 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus 36 BF Otavne65 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 40 BF Gharpi66 Common Crow Euploea core 40 BF Gharpi67 Psyche Leptosia nina 40 BF Gharpi68 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 41 BF Gharpi69 Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias 43 BF Gharpi70 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector 43 BF Gharpi71 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  47 BF Gharpi72 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 47 BF Gharpi73 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 47 BF Gharpi74 Plum judy Abisara echerius 47 BF Gharpi75 common bluebottle Graphium sarpedon 49 BF Gharpi76 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 49 BF Gharpi

77 Rustic  Cupha erymanthis 49 BF Gharpi78 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 51 BF Asaniye79 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 52 BF Asaniye80 Plum Judy  Abisara echerius 53 BF Asaniye81 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 53 BF Asaniye82 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 53 BF Asaniye83 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  54 BF Asaniye84 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 57 Flying BF Asaniye85 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 59 BF Fukeri86 Great Orange tip Hebomoia glaucippe 59 BF Fukeri87 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis 59 BF Fukeri88 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 60 BF Fukeri89 Common mormon Papilio polytes 60 BF Fukeri90 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  60 BF Fukeri91 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 62 BF Tamboli92 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 63 BF Konshi93 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 63 BF Konshi94 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 66 BF Bhekurli95 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 66 BF Bhekurli96 Rustic  Cupha erymanthis 67 BF Bhekurli97 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 67 BF Bhekurli98 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 67 BF Bhekurli99 Common rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 67 BF Bhekurli

100 Common Lascar  Pantoporia hordonia 67 BF Bhekurli101 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 67 BF Bhekurli102 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 67 egg-laying BF Bhekurli103 Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais 67 BF Bhekurli104 Red helen Papilio helenus 67 BF Bhekurli105 Sahyadri Redspot Duke Dophla evelina laudabilis 67 BF Bhekurli106 Common Five-ring  Ypthima baldus 68 BF Bhekurli107 Common mormon Papilio polytes 68 BF Bhekurli108 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 68 BF Bhekurli109 Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina 68 BF Bhekurli110 Red helen Papilio helenus 69 BF Bhekurli111 Blue Tiger  Tirumala limniace 69 BF Bhekurli112 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona 69 BF Bhekurli113 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea 69 BF Bhekurli114 Red helen Papilio helenus 70 BF Bhekurli115 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  70 BF Bhekurli

116 Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera 70 BF Bhekurli117 Plum judy Abisara echerius 70 BF Bhekurli118 Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon 70 BF Bhekurli119 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 71 BF Bhekurli120 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 72 BF Bhekurli121 Plum judy Abisara echerius 73 BF Bhekurli122 Tamil Lacewing  Cethosia nietneri 74 BF Bhekurli123 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 76 BF Kumbhavde124 Psyche Leptosia nina 76 BF Kumbhavde125 Psyche Leptosia nina 77 BF Kumbhavde126 Common mormon Papilio polytes 80 BF Khadpade127 Common Baron  Euthalia aconthea 81 BF Talkat128 Common Crow Euploea core 81 BF Talkat129 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 81 BF Talkat130 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 82 BF Talkat131 Sahyadri Redspot Duke Dophla evelina laudabilis 84 BF Zolambi132 common evening brown Melanitis leda 85 BF Zolambi133 Sahyadri Redspot Duke Dophla evelina laudabilis 86 BF Zolambi134 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 86 Flying BF Zolambi135 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus 89 BF Kolzhar136 Common Crow Euploea core 89 BF Kolzhar137 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 89 BF Kolzhar138 Blue Tiger  Tirumala limniace 89 BF Kolzhar139 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis 90 BF Kolzhar140 Oriental Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus chrysippus 90 BF Kolzhar141 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 90 BF Kolzhar142 South Indian Blue Oakleaf  Kallima horsfieldii 91 BF Kolzhar143 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis 93 BF Shirwal144 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 94 BF Shirwal145 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria 94 BF Shirwal146 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 95 BF Kumbhral147 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 96 BF Kumbhral148 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 97 BF Panturli149 Common Five-ring  Ypthima baldus 97 BF Panturli150 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 97 BF Panturli151 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 98 BF Panturli152 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 98 BF Panturli153 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 99 BF Panturli154 Psyche Leptosia nina 99 BF Panturli

155 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  101 BF Panturli156 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea 101 BF Panturli157 Striped tiger Danaus genutia  102 BF Bhike Konal158 Blue Tiger  Tirumala limniace 102 BF Bhike Konal159 common evening brown Melanitis leda 102 BF Bhike Konal160 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 102 BF Bhike Konal161 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 102 BF Bhike Konal162 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea 102 BF Bhike Konal163 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria 103 BF Bhike Konal164 Common Baron  Euthalia aconthea 103 BF Bhike Konal165 Red helen Papilio helenus 103 BF Bhike Konal166 Blue Tiger  Tirumala limniace 103 BF Bhike Konal167 Common Crow Euploea core 103 BF Bhike Konal168 Clipper  Parthenos sylvia 103 BF Bhike Konal169 Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra 103 BF Bhike Konal170 Common Map  Cyrestis thyodamas 103 BF Bhike Konal171 Common Albatross  Appias albina 103 BF Bhike Konal172 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri 104 BF Kalane173 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria 104 BF Kalane174 Common Sailer Neptis hylas 104 BF Kalane175 Common Cerulean  Jamides celeno 104 BF Kalane176 Angled castor Ariadne ariadne 104 BF Kalane177 Grey pansy Junonia atlites 104 BF Kalane178 Plum judy Abisara echerius 104 BF Kalane179 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 104 BF Kalane180 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea 104 BF Kalane181 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 104 BF Kalane182 Chocolate pansy Junonia iphita 104 BF Kalane183 Common Baron  Euthalia aconthea 104 BF Kalane184 Rustic  Cupha erymanthis 104 BF Kalane185 Clipper  Parthenos sylvia 105 BF Kalane186 Blue Tiger  Tirumala limniace 105 BF Kalane187 Common Lascar  Pantoporia hordonia 105 BF Kalane188 Common Lascar  Pantoporia hordonia 106 BF Ugade189 Common mormon Papilio polytes 107 BF Ugade190 Sahyadri Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus mandata 108 BF Ugade191 Psyche Leptosia nina 108 BF Ugade192 common evening brown Melanitis leda 108 BF Ugade193 Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor 109 Flying BF Padve majgaon

194 Grass yellow Eurema sp. 110 BF Padve majgaon

LIST OF DRAGONFLY & DAMSELFLY SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 6 DG Phansavde2 Stream Glory Neurobasis chinensis 7 DG Phansavde3 Stream Glory Neurobasis chinensis 11 DG Kesari4 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 36 DG Otavne5 Stream Glory Neurobasis chinensis 40 DG Gharpi6 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 40 DG Gharpi7 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 43 DG Gharpi8 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 81 DG Talkat9 Clear-winged Forest Glory Vestalis gracilis 86 DG Zolambi

Sl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages1 Frog Indirana sp. 7 A Phansavde2 Wrinkled frog Nyctibatrachus sp. 7 A Phansavde3 Bush frog Raorchestes sp. 7 near a stream A Phansavde4 Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli 10 A Phansavde5 Bull-frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 11 A Kesari6 Cricket frog Fejervarya limnocharis 11 A Kesari7 Frog Indirana sp. 13 A Kesari8 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 13 A Kesari9 Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli 13 A Kesari

10 Frog Zakerana sp. 13 A Kesari11 Frog Indirana sp. 13 A Kesari12 Frog Minervarya sp. 13 A Kesari13 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 15 A Dabhil14 Frog Indirana sp. 15 A Dabhil15 Frog Minervarya sp. 15 A Dabhil16 Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli 16 A Dabhil17 Frog Indirana sp. 19 A Dabhil18 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 22 A Dabhil19 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 23 A Nevli20 Frog Zakerana sp. 24 A Nevli21 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 26 A Nevli22 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 30 A Sarambale23 Frog Zakerana sp. 30 A Sarambale24 Frog Minervarya sp. 30 A Sarambale25 Frog Zakerana sp. 32 A Sarambale26 Frog Zakerana sp. 36 A Otavne27 Bull-frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 37 A Otavne28 Frog Minervarya sp. 40 A Gharpi29 Frog Minervarya sp. 40 A Gharpi30 Frog Zakerana sp. 40 A Gharpi31 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 40 A Gharpi32 Frog Indirana sp. 41 A Gharpi33 Frog Minervarya sp. 41 A Gharpi34 Bush frog Pseudophilautus sp. 44 A Gharpi

LIST OF AMPHIBIAN SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREA

35 Frog Indirana sp. 44 A Gharpi36 Bush frog Pseudophilautus sp. 46 A Gharpi37 Frog Indirana sp. 46 A Gharpi38 Frog Zakerana sp. 48 A Gharpi39 Frog Minervarya sp. 48 A Gharpi40 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 49 Fungal infection A Gharpi41 Bull-frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 50 A Asaniye42 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 56 A Asaniye43 Bush frog Raorchestes sp. 58 near a stream & puddle A Fukeri44 Bush frog Pseudophilautus sp. 58 A Fukeri45 Bush frog Pseudophilautus sp. 59 A Fukeri46 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 60 A Fukeri47 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 61 A Tamboli48 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 64 A Konshi49 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 67 A Bhekurli50 Frog Indirana sp. 70 A Bhekurli51  Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus 76 A Kumbhavde52 Bush frog Pseudophilautus sp. 76 A Kumbhavde53 Frog Minervarya sp. 77 A Kumbhavde54 Wrinkled frog Nyctibatrachus sp. 78 A Kumbhavde55 Unidentified Skittering Frog Euphlyctis sp. 84 A Zolambi56 Unidentified Tree frog Polypedates sp. 87 A Zolambi57 Frog Minervarya sp. 87 A Zolambi58 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 96 A Kumbhral59 Frog Indirana sp. 109 A Padve majgaon

LIST OF REPTILE SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 4 R Phansavde2 Worm snake Ramphotyphlops braminus 4 R Phansavde3 Gecko Cnemaspis sp. 6 R Phansavde4 Skink Eutropis sp. 7 R Phansavde5 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 7 juvenile R Phansavde6 Gecko Cnemaspis sp. 10 R Phansavde7 Common House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus 10 R Phansavde8 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 11 R Kesari9 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 13 R Kesari

10 Gecko Cnemaspis sp. 13 R Kesari11 Duméril's black-headed snake Sibynophis subpunctatus 15 R Dabhil12 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 15 R Dabhil13 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 15 R Dabhil14 Skink Eutropis sp. 15 R Dabhil15 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 16 R Dabhil16 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 16 R Dabhil17 Brook's gecko Hemidactylus brookii 17 R Dabhil18 Tortoise ? 27 R Nevli19 Skink Eutropis sp. 30 R Sarambale20 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 31 R Sarambale21 snake cobra ? 33 large skin, possibly king cobraR Sarambale22 Mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris 34 R Otavne23 Gecko Unidentified species 39 in a creviceR Otavne24 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 41 R Gharpi25 Worm snake Ramphotyphlops braminus 41 R Gharpi26 River Turtle Unidentified species 41 R Gharpi27 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 45 R Gharpi28 Keeled Indian Mabuya Eutropis carinata 48 R Gharpi29 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 57 R Asaniye30 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 59 R Fukeri31 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 63 R Konshi32 Skink Eutropis sp. 64 R Konshi33 green vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus 66 R Bhekurli34 Bronze Mabuya Eutropis macularia 67 R Bhekurli35 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 67 R Bhekurli36 Gecko Cnemaspis sp. 67 R Bhekurli37 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 67 R Bhekurli

38 Keeled Indian Mabuya Eutropis carinata 67 R Bhekurli39 Giri's bronzeback tree snake Dendrelaphis girii 68 R Bhekurli40 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 70 R Bhekurli41 Keeled Indian Mabuya Eutropis carinata 70 R Bhekurli42 green vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus 73 R Bhekurli43 green vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus 74 R Bhekurli44 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 76 R Kumbhavde45 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 76 R Kumbhavde46 Skink Unidentified species 77 R Kumbhavde47 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 82 R Talkat48  Variegated Kukri Oligodon taeniolatus 85 R Zolambi49 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 85 R Zolambi50 Unidentified Skink ? 88 longish, brilliantly colouredR Zolambi51 Rat Snake  Ptyas mucosa 90 sighting R Kolzhar52 common krait  Bungarus caeruleus 97 road-kill R Panturli53 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 102 R Bhike Konal54 Roux's Forest Calotes Calotes rouxii 104 R Kalane55 green vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus 105 R Kalane56 checkered keelback Xenochrophis piscator 113 R Padve majgaon

LIST OF SCORPION SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Black scorpion Hottenttota sp. 3 SC Phansavde2 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 3 with juv. Under rock near forest roadSC Phansavde3 Scorpion Lychas sp. 4 SC Phansavde4 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 4 SC Phansavde5 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 4 SC Phansavde6 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 4 SC Phansavde7 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 4 3 SC Phansavde8 Scorpion Lychas sp. 5 SC Phansavde9 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 5 SC Phansavde

10 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 9 SC Phansavde11 Scorpion Hottenttota sp. 10 SC Phansavde12 Scorpion Lychas sp. 23 SC Nevli13 Scorpion Isometrus sp. 23 SC Nevli14 Scorpion Heterometrus sp. 36 SC Otavne15 Scorpion Unidentified species 46 SC Gharpi16 Scorpion Lychas sp. 52 SC Asaniye17 Scorpion Lychas sp. 54 SC Asaniye

LIST OF SPIDER SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Funnel web spider Hippasa sp. 2 SP Phansavde2 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 7 SP Phansavde3 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 7 SP Phansavde4 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 10 SP Phansavde5 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 11 SP Kesari6 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 18 SP Dabhil7 Signature Spider Argiope sp. 23 SP Nevli8 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 23 SP Nevli9 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 31 SP Sarambale

10 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 32 SP Sarambale11 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 41 SP Gharpi12 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 65 SP Bhalaval13 Tarantula Araneae: Theraphosidae, species unknown67 SP Bhekurli14 Funnel web spider Hippasa sp. 76 SP Kumbhavde15 Giant wood spider Nephila sp. 81 SP Talkat16 Signature Spider Argiope sp. 106 SP Ugade

LIST OF OTHER INVERTEBRATE SPECIES FROM RAPID SURVEY IN VILLAGES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASl. Species Scientific name Location Remarks Group Villages

1 Leech sp ? 4 I Phansavde2 Stick insect  Order Phasmatodea 6 I Phansavde3 Blue Tiger Moth  Dysphania percota 83 nymph & adultI Zolambi4 Unidentified longhorned beetle Cerambycidae, Order Coleoptera 86 I Zolambi5 Tussar silk moth Antheraea sp. 100 I Panturli6 Blue Tiger Moth  Dysphania percota 102 I Bhike Konal

Latitude Longitude elevation Date Location name Village73.922144 15.932567 82.195877 09-11-2013 1 Danoli73.976839 15.90477 396.528809 09-11-2013 PHANSAVDE Phansavde73.976839 15.904756 398.787292 09-11-2013 2 Phansavde73.976855 15.905399 402.457642 09-11-2013 3 Phansavde73.978269 15.906675 392.552155 09-11-2013 4 Phansavde73.979835 15.909545 381.676178 09-11-2013 5 Phansavde73.980691 15.910482 369.811188 09-11-2013 6 Phansavde73.981143 15.910781 370.910614 09-11-2013 7 Phansavde73.98115 15.911954 371.343964 09-11-2013 8 Phansavde

73.981149 15.911968 371.601501 09-11-2013 9 Phansavde73.978475 15.911232 417.322144 09-11-2013 10 Phansavde73.940167 15.916874 149.507172 09-11-2013 11 Kesari73.941923 15.914079 137.97496 09-11-2013 12 Kesari73.949468 15.907963 208.040482 09-11-2013 13 Kesari73.925372 15.923249 105.623047 09-11-2013 14 Dabhil73.931583 15.884792 55.845104 10-11-2013 15 Dabhil73.936013 15.886117 71.815292 10-11-2013 16 Dabhil73.936996 15.886542 69.110512 10-11-2013 17 Dabhil73.938704 15.886504 64.287788 10-11-2013 18 Dabhil73.93953 15.88556 58.079548 10-11-2013 19 Dabhil

73.937543 15.885419 53.572189 10-11-2013 20 Dabhil73.937301 15.885317 58.916862 10-11-2013 21 Dabhil73.93619 15.884868 60.641342 10-11-2013 22 Dabhil

73.919382 15.876989 44.282288 10-11-2013 23 Nevli73.917691 15.878307 38.686146 10-11-2013 24 Nevli73.916691 15.878142 36.415138 10-11-2013 25 Nevli73.915573 15.876716 41.035004 10-11-2013 26 Nevli73.915608 15.875728 39.551445 10-11-2013 27 Nevli

73.915 15.875504 42.16618 10-11-2013 28 Nevli73.916916 15.87516 29.469028 10-11-2013 29 Nevli73.899477 15.883473 39.739994 10-11-2013 30 Sarambale73.900575 15.885858 57.928543 10-11-2013 31 Sarambale73.903566 15.887603 63.388187 10-11-2013 32 Sarambale73.899284 15.883145 51.893139 10-11-2013 33 Sarambale73.886908 15.873519 12.509913 10-11-2013 34 Otavne73.883541 15.893457 40.662884 10-11-2013 35 Otavne73.885084 15.894749 21.146954 10-11-2013 36 Otavne73.885258 15.899886 19.870623 10-11-2013 37 Otavne73.885622 15.899677 24.056179 10-11-2013 38 Otavne73.887227 15.899901 16.71398 10-11-2013 39 Otavne73.971145 15.866011 370.284302 11-11-2013 40 Gharpi73.970253 15.866379 355.362915 11-11-2013 41 Gharpi73.969508 15.866942 348.380646 11-11-2013 42 Gharpi73.969515 15.867786 349.173767 11-11-2013 43 Gharpi73.969414 15.868286 341.683777 11-11-2013 44 Gharpi73.970167 15.868627 362.253998 11-11-2013 45 Gharpi73.970798 15.86901 365.951141 11-11-2013 46 Gharpi73.973111 15.870447 378.873413 11-11-2013 47 Gharpi73.971763 15.867843 366.366241 11-11-2013 48 Gharpi73.97121 15.867239 359.273956 11-11-2013 49 Gharpi

73.958843 15.865042 476.749084 11-11-2013 50 Asaniye73.957201 15.866419 462.891235 11-11-2013 51 Asaniye73.955065 15.868866 436.760284 11-11-2013 52 Asaniye73.95341 15.871395 430.138 11-11-2013 53 Asaniye

73.952778 15.872533 445.215302 11-11-2013 54 Asaniye73.952091 15.872699 454.405945 11-11-2013 55 Asaniye73.952561 15.871621 435.0896 11-11-2013 56 Asaniye73.953708 15.863533 318.808075 11-11-2013 57 Asaniye

73.957659 15.84653 494.994049 11-11-2013 58 Fukeri73.963167 15.845886 478.65152 11-11-2013 59 Fukeri73.960862 15.848422 528.83075 11-11-2013 60 Fukeri73.938422 15.844509 187.443802 11-11-2013 61 Tamboli73.925337 15.839694 104.808014 11-11-2013 62 Tamboli73.919247 15.863637 49.843151 11-11-2013 63 Konshi73.918043 15.86187 48.700699 11-11-2013 64 Konshi73.904311 15.856419 60.54884 11-11-2013 65 Bhalaval73.952259 15.806956 131.062897 12-11-2013 66 Bhekurli73.98237 15.822036 251.671448 12-11-2013 67 Bhekurli

73.984162 15.824339 249.125381 12-11-2013 68 Bhekurli73.98451 15.825236 245.287308 12-11-2013 69 Bhekurli

73.985045 15.824939 248.257751 12-11-2013 70 Bhekurli73.986149 15.82495 251.070404 12-11-2013 71 Bhekurli73.989255 15.825562 284.559021 12-11-2013 72 Bhekurli73.991039 15.826483 291.392456 12-11-2013 73 Bhekurli73.991747 15.827409 300.453186 12-11-2013 74 Bhekurli74.015271 15.847766 506.02066 12-11-2013 75 Bhekurli74.018461 15.850003 439.259552 12-11-2013 76 Kumbhavde74.016425 15.847981 479.563141 12-11-2013 77 Kumbhavde74.013988 15.846454 500.443573 12-11-2013 78 Kumbhavde74.013496 15.846038 495.352417 12-11-2013 79 Khadpade73.998315 15.828892 366.010681 12-11-2013 80 Khadpade73.95256 15.808626 155.852646 13-11-2013 81 Talkat73.95166 15.810006 173.160187 13-11-2013 82 Talkat

73.950392 15.810523 187.289139 13-11-2013 83 Zolambi73.949299 15.811609 212.713928 13-11-2013 84 Zolambi73.949395 15.812056 200.740173 13-11-2013 85 Zolambi73.949688 15.812408 192.70224 13-11-2013 86 Zolambi73.950526 15.813314 188.960831 13-11-2013 87 Zolambi73.951895 15.811788 158.445801 13-11-2013 88 Zolambi73.965527 15.783941 49.313824 13-11-2013 89 Kolzhar73.967796 15.78523 38.002594 13-11-2013 90 Kolzhar73.970175 15.786663 42.450317 13-11-2013 91 Kolzhar73.971602 15.787428 44.638088 13-11-2013 92 Shirwal73.971674 15.785943 43.119324 13-11-2013 93 Shirwal73.971072 15.784789 55.842552 13-11-2013 94 Shirwal73.96992 15.755093 62.1959 13-11-2013 95 Kumbhral

73.967494 15.752161 57.5583 13-11-2013 96 Kumbhral73.975892 15.743424 64.601379 14-11-2013 97 Panturli73.973941 15.742467 58.8619 14-11-2013 98 Panturli73.972524 15.742607 59.368656 14-11-2013 99 Panturli73.97073 15.743455 67.303413 14-11-2013 100 Panturli

73.971216 15.743985 54.591637 14-11-2013 101 Panturli73.952012 15.765425 38.966957 14-11-2013 102 Bhike Konal73.949292 15.766647 25.865976 14-11-2013 103 Bhike Konal73.934525 15.759429 20.672205 14-11-2013 104 Kalane73.93692 15.749196 94.018478 14-11-2013 105 Kalane

73.937298 15.766951 27.789005 14-11-2013 106 Ugade73.93829 15.766138 37.213409 14-11-2013 107 Ugade

73.939047 15.765363 46.773918 14-11-2013 108 Ugade73.940683 15.80392 96.612572 14-11-2013 109 Padve majgaon73.941065 15.804771 103.810516 14-11-2013 110 Padve majgaon73.940694 15.80785 129.396042 14-11-2013 111 Padve majgaon73.941119 15.8088 126.464302 14-11-2013 112 Padve majgaon

REFERENCES

Barnosky, A.D., Hadly, E.A., Bascompte, J., Berlow, E.L., Brown, J.H., Fortelius, M., Getz, W.M., Harte, J., Hastings, A., Marquet, P.A., Martinez, N.D., Mooers, A., Roopnarine, P., Vermeij, G., Williams, J.W., Gillespie, R., Kitzes, J., Marshall, C., Matzke, N., Mindell, D.P., Revilla, E. & Smith, A.B. (2012) Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature, 486, 52–8.

Butchart, S.H.M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., Van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Almond, R.E. a, Baillie, J.E.M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., Carpenter, K.E., Carr, G.M., Chanson, J., Chenery, A.M., Csirke, J., Davidson, N.C., Dentener, F., Foster, M., Galli, A., Galloway, J.N., Genovesi, P., Gregory, R.D., Hockings, M., Kapos, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Leverington, F., Loh, J., McGeoch, M. a, McRae, L., Minasyan, A., Hernández Morcillo, M., Oldfield, T.E.E., Pauly, D., Quader, S., Revenga, C., Sauer, J.R., Skolnik, B., Spear, D., Stanwell-Smith, D., Stuart, S.N., Symes, A., Tierney, M., Tyrrell, T.D., Vié, J.-C. & Watson, R. (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science (New York, N.Y.), 328, 1164–8.

Champion, H.G. & Seth, S.K. (1968) A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Nueva, Delhi.

Larsen, F.W., Turner, W.R. & Brooks, T.M. (2012) Conserving critical sites for biodiversity provides disproportionate benefits to people. PloS one, 7, e36971.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–8.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank Shri. M.K. Rao, CCF Kolhapur (Territorial) for giving us the

opportunity to do the rapid survey. We thank Shri. A.B. Jere, RFO Amboli and

Dodamarg and all forest department staff of the Amboli, Sawantwadi and

Dodamarg ranges for their help with food and logistical arrangements. We

wish to thank Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Ashoka Trust for

Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) for covering fuel and travel

charges during the survey from the small grant to Wildlife Research &

Conservation Society (WRCS).