A RAJASTHAN H HISTORY CONGRESSrajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RAJHISCO-Vol-27.pdfSuthar...

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o Published by :Prof. S.P. VyasSecretary, Rajasthan History CongressDepartment of HistoryJ.N.V. University, Jodhpur

o To be had from :Sh. P.M. MohnotHony. Treasurer, Rajasthan History Congress67, Mahaveer Nagar, Pali

o Price :Rs. 250/- only

o Computer Typesetting :Jangid Computers, Jodhpur

o Printed at :Nagnechiya Offset Printers, Jodhpur

RAJRAJRAJRAJRAJASTHANASTHANASTHANASTHANASTHAN

HISTHISTHISTHISTHISTORORORORORYYYYY

CONGRESSCONGRESSCONGRESSCONGRESSCONGRESS

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, AJMER

JANUARY - 2012

PROCEEDING VOLUME XXVII

RAJHISCO

2

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vk;ksftr l=ksa esa 150 ls vf/kd fofHkUu i=ksa dk okpu gqvkA jktLFkkubfrgkl dkaxzsl esa ;qok bfrgkldkjksa ds yxkrkj c<+rh gqbZ Hkkxhnkjh bldh c<+rhyksdfiz;rk dk ladsr gSA mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa jko x.kirflag fpryokuk iqjLdkjMkW- ftczkby dks rFkk izks- isekjke iqjLdkj MkW- ,u- cSatkfeu dks iznku fd;k x;kAizks- xksihukFk 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku izks- vejflag kjk fn;k x;kA mUgkasus

Preface

It gives me immense pleasure in presenting the Proceedingvolume of the Twenty Seventh Session of Rajasthan History Congress,organised by Government College, Ajmer, from 7-8 January, 2012.

I deem it a great privilege to place before members of theRajasthan History Congress and the general readers, scholars andresearchers the volume of the proceedings of the 27th session ofRajasthan History Congress, held at the Campus of GovernmentCollege, Ajmer from 7-8 January, 2012. I hope that these researchpapers will provide new source material also. In placing the scholarlypapers, chronology has been adhered to as far as possible. A goodnumber of papers of outstanding merit were presented at this session,breaking new ground and adding much to our knowledge on RajasthanHistory.

I am grateful towards Prof. Sunita Ali Zaidi for delivering thePresidential Address and I believe that under her presidenship we willbe able to make more improvements in the institution of RajasthanHistory Congress. I have no words to express my gratitude towardsProf. Amar Singh for his valuable discourse on Harappan Culture andIts Archeaological Importance for the History of Rajasthan. He wasspeaking for Prof. Gopinath Sharma Memorial lecture. I also extendwarm welcome to Prof. S.N. Dubey, who will preside over the 28th

session of Rajasthan History Congress.

My thanks are due to Dr. P.M. Mohnot, Treasurer, RajasthanHistory Congress for undertaking the responsibility of preparing andbringing out this volume. Despite all care, mistakes are bound tocreep in. I hope readers will overlook them. I appreciate the co-operation and support given by Dr. P.R.Arya, Prof. Vinita Parihar,Dr. Manorama Upadhaya, Dr. Meghna Sharma, Dr. Anil Purohit andMr. Abhishekh Purohit for helping in speedy publication of theproceedings of the Congress. Thanks are also due to Mr. BhanwarSuthar (Jangid Computers, Jodhpur) for computer work and M/s.Nagnechiya Offset Printers, Jodhpur for printing the volume in recordtime.

Prof. S.P. VyasSecretary,

Rajasthan History Congress

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7- Ikzks- fofurk ifjgkj dk izLrko Fkk fd Best paper prize dk pquko screening

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committee kjk Lohd~r fd;s x;s gksA

9- MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr dk ;g lq>ko Fkk fd cash prize ds lkFk ,d izek.k i=rFkk Le`fr fpUg Hkh fotsrk dks jktLFkku bfrgkl dkWaxzsl dh rjQ ls fn;ktkuk pkfg;sA

10- vkj- Vh- vkbZ- ls mRiUu gks jgh dfBukb;kas dk ns[krs gq, ;g lq>ko j[kk x;k

Rajasthan History Congress - v Rajasthan History Congress - vi

fd mifLFkfr izek.k i= mUgsa gh fn;k tk;s tks okLro es vf/kos'ku esamifLFkr gks rFkk i= izLrqrhdj.k dk izek.k i= 'kkss/k i= dj izfr ij ghfn;k tk;sA bl laca/k rd MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr dk lq>ko Fkk fd Delegates

dh mifLFkfr izR;sd l= esa yh tkuh pkfg;sA

11- Joint paper izLrqfrdj.k dh fLFkfr eas credit izFke uke okys dks gh fn;ktk;sxkA izek.k i= nksuksa ds uke ls tkjh fd;k tk;sxkA

12- tks 'kks/k i= vf/kos'ku esa izLrqr ugha fd;s tk;s mUgs izksflfMaXl eas LFkku ughfn;k tk;sA

13- MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr us lq>ko fn;k fd de ls de life members dks LFkkbZIdenty numbers tkjh fd;s tk;sA lfefr kjk bls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA

14- Mkd O;oLFkk ds lqpk: uk gksus ls vf/kos'ku vk;kstu dh lwpuk le; ijugh fey ikrhA vr% ;g fuf'pr fd;k x;k fd leLr lwpuk,a igysjktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh osclkbZV ij Mky nh tk;sxhA blds vfrfjDrbUgs Mkd ls Hkh Hkstk tk;sxkA bl gsrq leLr lnL;ksa ls vuqjks/k gS fd osviuk bZ&esy vkbZ-Mh t:j fy[kok ns vFkok tks/kiqj fLFkr dk;kZy; dksizsf"kr dj nsA

15- izks- lquhrk tSnh us lnL;ks dh la[;k eas o`fº djus gsrq eqfge pykus dh ckrdghaA bl ij lfpo izks- ,l- ih- O;kl us dgk fd vki lHkh dks tku dj;g izlUurk gksxh fd ge izxfr ds iFk ij pyrs gq, 450 ls vf/kd lnL;ksadks vius lkFk tksM+ pqds gSaA

16- izks- lquhrk tSnh us jktLFkku bfrgkl dkWxzsl ds yxkrkj c<rs gq, vk;ke ,oalQyrk gsrq lfpo izks- ,l- ih-O;kl ,oa dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL;ks ds iz;klksadh ljkguk dhA bl laca/k es MkW- rstsUnzoYyHk O;kl ,oa MkW- vfuy iqjksfgrds ;ksxnku dh iz'kalk dh xbZA

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18- v/;k izks- lquhrk tSnh us fo|eku dk;Zdkfj.kh ds iz;Ruks ,oa jktLFkkubfrgkl dkaxzsl eas Hkkxhnkjh gsrq lHkh lnL;ks ds ;ksxnku dks iz'kaluh; crk;kAmUgksus dgk fd dkaxzsl ds izR;sd lnL; ds iz;klksa ls vkt dkaxzsl lQyrkdks izkIr dj jgh gSA

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1. Presidential Address - 27th Session-Professor Sunita Zaidi ... 1

2. A Reflection on the Socio-Political Scenario ofProtohistoric Rajasthan (With Special Referenceto Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture)-Vineet Godhal ... 15

3. The Early Career of the M¢lavas in Rajasthan-Meghna Goyal ... 23

4. The Institution of Panchkula in Early MedievalRajasthan - Rashmi Upadhyaya ... 33

5. Epigraphic Evidences for Tughlaqid Noblesand their Constructional Activities in Rajasthanand Gujarat - Fazeela Shahnawaz ... 43

6. Jijhri at Bayan : A Study in Mughal Architecture-Dr. M. K. Pundhir ... 54

7. Traditional Irrigation System in Pre-Medieval Period-Mrs. Bindu Tiwari & Dr. M. L. Sharma ... 61

8. Man Singh as a Mughal Representative &State Ruler – A Brief Study-Deepak Choudhary ... 65

9. Institution’s Making, Students and MassMobilisation in Eastern U.P. before 1942-Dr. Umashanker Singh ... 71

10. Role of Women in Water Conservation-Dr. D. P. Goswami ... 77

11. Tradition of pre-census estimation of populationin Rajasthan -Dr. Jibraeil ... 82

12. Tax on Cattle and the Estimation of TheirPopulation in Jodhpur (A case study ofJodhpur Hukumat ri jamabandi bahi V.S 1850)-Kanchan Lawania ... 90

Rajasthan History Congress - vii

19- dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr kjk jktdh; egkfo|ky; vtesj ds izkpk;Z ,oa leLrLVkQ dk gkfnZd vkHkkj izdV fd;k] fo'ks"k :i ls foHkkx izHkkjh MkW-lkSHkkX; xks;y rFkk LFkkuh; lfpo MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky dks c/kkbZ nh xbZAlfefr lnL;kas us dgk fd muds ifjJe dk ifj.kke gS fd 27 osa vf/kos'kudk v;kstu vR;Ur lQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldk gSA bl gsrq os lHkh lk/kqoknds ik= gSA

20- vUr esa dk;Zdkj.kh lfefr kjk] dk;Zdkj.kh ds lnL; MkW- izHkkr Lokeh ,oalnL; Mk- ,u- ds- ekFkqj ds vlkef;d fu/ku ij 'kkssd izLrko tkjh fd;kA

bu izLrkoksa dk vuqeksnu lk/kkj.k lHkk esa loZlEefr ls fd;k x;kA lekiulekjksg ds eq[; izks- ch- ,y- 'kekZ] dqyifr] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; t;iqj usinkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk vk;kstdksa dks c/kkbZ nh rFkk ;g dgk fd ;fn bfrgkl ds izfrn`f"Vdks.k leqfpr gks rks bfrgkl leqfpr gh cu tkrk gSA fof'k"V vfrfFk izks- ujs'knk/khp dqyifr] o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; dksVk] us dgk fd jktfufrdfoKku rFkk bfrgkl esa ijLij LFkkbZ laca/k gSA bfrgkl dk fodkl rHkh lEHko gStc rd bfrgkl gSA dk;Zdkj.kh ,oa lk/kkj.k lHkk kjk MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky dksdkaxzsl ds lQy vk;kstu gsrq /kU;okn Kkfir fd;k x;kA bl izdkj dkaxszl dk 27oka vf/kos'ku lQyrkiwoZd lEiUu gqvkA

izks- ,l-ih- O;kllfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl

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13. Role of Untouchables in the Freedom Movement:A Case Study of the Bairawas in Rajasthan-Pradeep Kumar Yadav ... 99

14. Revenue Statistics of Jaipur State during the18th Century : A Case Study of Pargana Naraina-Pushpendra Singh ... 107

15. Impact of Aligarh Movement in Rajasthan:A Study of the Contribution of All India MuslimEducational Conference-Naiyer Azam & T. Ahmad Sheikh ... 112

16. Role of Damodar Das Rathi in the FreedomStruggle of India -Peeyush Bhadviya ... 126

17. Jaipur Mechanical Transport Company :a Chronological Study-Sucheta Sangwan ... 130

18. Influence of Sufism on the Socio-Cultural lifeof Rajasthan; with Special Reference toShaikh Hamiduddin of Nagaur-Dr. Parwez Nazir ... 135

19. The Persona of Sawai Singh of Pokhran-Abhimanyu Singh Arha ... 144

20. Dayanand and his Concept of ‘Niyoga’-Dr. Meghna Sharma ... 148

21. The Organisation of Artisans in BuildingConstruction: A Case Study of Jaipur-Farhat Kamal ... 157

22. Analysis of Anti-British Ferment and Causesof the Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan-Prof. Brij Kishore Sharma ... 169

23. The role of the Lady Chelmsford All India Leguefor Maternity and Child Welfare in Jodhpur-with special reference to Baby Week Celebration-Prof. Vinita Parihar ... 176

24- jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk esa lgL=fyax & nfk.kh iwohZjktLFkku dk f'kYi oSf'k"B~; &MkW- f'kYih xqIrk --- 184

25- [oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh dk lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frdlkSgknZ esa ;ksxnku &MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky --- 189

26- vyoj jkT; dh HkwjktLo O;oLFkk esa esoksa dk ;ksxnku&MkW- ckcwyky [kVhd --- 193

27- e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds iz'kklu ,oa lSfud ks= esaefgykvksa dh Hkwfedk &MkW- ;kdwc vyh [kku --- 201

28- Hkkjrh; lkekftd ifjos'k % e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds lanHkZ esa&nhif'k[kk yokfu;k --- 211

29- 19oha lnh ds fd'kux<+ jkT; esa f'kkk dk fodkl&MkW- vfouk'k ikjhd --- 215

30- egkjk.kk laxzkeflag frh; dkyhu O;fDr fp=&MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor --- 219

31- Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa vtesj&esjokM+k esavk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku &izksQslj oh- ds- of'k"B --- 225

32. _dmV AßMb _| oH$gmZ Am›XmbZ(Zr_yMmUm hÀ`mH$m S> 1925 B©. H$ odef gßX^© _|)-H°$bme M›X g°Zr Edß S>m∞. \y$bqgh ghmna`m ... 238

33- egkjktk lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj&fu/kkZj.k fo"k;d dfri;egŸoiw.kZ rF;&,d iqujkoyksdu&izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr --- 245

34- chdkusj jkT; dh laLd`fr ds rRo % izeq[k R;kSgkjo esys (1818&1949) &jkts'k iaokj --- 255

35- chdkusj ds O;kikjh oxZ dk fu"ÿe.k vkSj mlds dkj.k&lquhrk Lokeh --- 262

36- vcqZne.My esa izpfyr eqnzk O;oLFkk ,oa eki&MkW- johUnz Vsyj ,oa ohjsUnz 'kekZ --- 270

37. _hm_p›Xa AmgU VmbH$ Am`g lr _mVrZmWOr H$AmgU H$s hW]hr H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ _hŒd -EH$ A‹``Z-S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm Ï`mg ... 274

38- jktLFkku esa izpfyr ,oa ekU; C;kt njsa rFkk fof/k;ka(1750 bZ-&1850 bZ-) &MkW- dqyoUr flag 'kss[kkor --- 280

39- vyoj jkT; esa y?kq m|ksx ,oa mudk fodkl(1775 bZ- ls 1948 rd)&MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k --- 287

Rajasthan History Congress - ix Rajasthan History Congress - x

6

40- fj;klrdkyhu Vksad dk LFkkiR; % ,sfrgkfld ,oalkaLd`frd v/;;u&vuqjkx fot;] MkW- ,p-lh- tSu ,oa izks- vkj-ds- oekZ --- 293

41- vyoj fj;klr esa iz'kklu dk fodkl&fczfV'k izHkkods fo'ks"k lanHkZ eas&MkW- jes'k pUn [k.Mwjh ,oa txrflag ehuk --- 299

42- chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R;&egkjktk xaxkflag ds lUnHkZ esa&xksiky d`".k O;kl --- 309

43- fj;klrdkyhu jktiwrkus ds ikjxeu lSfud vfHk;kuds lanHkZ vkSj lzksr &MkW- Mh-lh- pkScs ,oa MkW- ,u-ds- 'kekZ --- 314

44- chdkusj ds vutkus jk"V™ ds LorU=rk lsukuh % 'kkSdr mLekuh&MkW- egsUnz iqjksfgr --- 319

45- lkfgR; ,oa ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku ds ks= esa chdkusj dh'kks/k laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku & ,d ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k&dfudk Hkuksr --- 327

46- chdkusj lekt dh /kM+ O;oLFkk (tkfr O;oLFkk dk izdkj)dk ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u&MkW- eqds'k g"kZ --- 336

47- chdkusj ks= esa tkfrokn ,oa NqvkNwr ds fo:ºLokeh ds'kokuUn (1883&1972 bZ-) dk ;ksxnku&MkW- reUuk flag --- 340

48- fofdj.k fpfdRlk % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u(chdkusj dk fo'ks"k lanHkZ)&MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr ,oa lq'khy eks;y --- 352

49- Ckhdkusj jkT; esa jsy ;krk;kr dk fodkl (1887&1943ÃbZ-)&MkW- (lqJh) fcUnq Hklhu --- 354

50- chdkusj jkT; esa fdlkuksa dh Ω.kxzLrrk o ljdkjh uhfr;k°(1887 bZ-&1947 bZ-) &Mk- e;ad xqIrk --- 362

51- fljksgh ds nsoM+k jktoa'k dh mRifŸk&mn;flag nsoM+k --- 366

Rajasthan History Congress - xi

52- dyk&ks= esa t;iqj fj;klr dk ;ksxnku&MWk- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- izxfr frokjh --- 373

53- jktLFkku esa fganh gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst vkSjmldk ,sfrgkfld egRo (1947 bZ- rd)&MkW- ,u-ds- prqosZnh ,oa MkW- jkds'k dqekj nwcsssssssssss --- 381

54- 19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh esa jktLFkku esa vkSlj&ekSlj (e`R;qHkkst)dh O;kidrk rFkk mlds mUewyu gsrq iz;klksa dk v/;;u&lqesLrk --- 389

55- LorU=rkiwoZ if'peh jktLFkku ds m|ksx&';keyky --- 398

56- <ksyu dqatdyh % jktLFkkuh (<ksy tkfr dh) laLd`fr&vpZuk 'kekZ --- 402

57- esokM+ fj;klr esa iku laLd`fr&izks- ehuk xkSM --- 405

58- fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuh laLd`freerk efyd --- 411

59- egkjkuh fd'kksjh % jktuhfrd dkS'ky ,oa miyfC/k;k°&MkW- jkds'k dqekj 'kekZ --- 417

60- ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz* d`r xqykcM+h* miU;klesa yksd laLd`fr ,oa ukjh psruk&uhrw flag pkSgku --- 426

61- jktLFkku dh QM+ fp=dyk ,oa jkes'oj flag&izks- iq"ik nqYyj ,oa dq- dkosjh ns'koky --- 432

62- tSlyesj dh ,sfrgkfld gosfy;ksa ds fHkfŸkfp=(iVqok gosyh ds lanHkZ esa)&?ku';ke xksLokeh --- 438

63- lfjLdk ks= ds izeq[k rhFkZLFky (fo'ks"kdj uhydaB eafnj)&MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ --- 442

64- jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks izfrfcfEcr djrk <ksyk ek: jk nwgk&lquhrk oekZ --- 447

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Rajasthan History Congress - xiii Rajasthan History Congress - xiv

65- Qrsgiqj nqxZ o ye.kx<+ nqxZ % ,d rqyukRed v/;;u&iwue ywuhoky 451

66- jktLFkku dh yksd dyk dk euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k&dq- lqjfHk xks;y --- 457

67- Jhxaxkuxj esa i;ZVu dh n'kk ,oa laHkkouk,aMkW- rkSfQd gqlSu --- 462

68- vyoj jkT; vkSj izeq[k esys&v'kksd dqekj cSjok --- 468

69- if'peh jktLFkku ds yksd laxhrdkj&yaxk&MkW- f'k[kk --- 472

70- pkax (C;koj) xk°o dh ,sfrgkfldrk&MkW- ,e- ,y- 'kekZ --- 477

71- vtesj ftys dk ,d xzke & twfu;k°&MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- js.kq 'kekZ --- 481

72- jktLFkkuh bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr ds mRFkku esaMkW- ukjk;.k flag th HkkVh dk ;ksxnku&r:.kk nk/khp --- 485

73- orZeku jktLFkku ds ifjizs; esa efgyk dykdkj&MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq+- nhfIr tSu --- 491

74- ekjokM+ esa dj O;oLFkk % iz'kqYd] ued] vkcdkjhds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa (lu~ 1885 ls 1900 rd)&fMEiy iztkir --- 498

75- ekjokM+ ds flDds & ,d v/;;u&MkW- rstsUnz oYyHk O;kl --- 502

76- tks/kiqj ds vn~Hkqr lekf/k Lekjd % nsoy&MkW- vfuy iqjksfgr --- 509

78- vk/kqfud ekjokM+ esa jf.kokl ds vkHkw"k.k&vuqjk/kk Vkd --- 514

79- chdkusj fj;klr ds izeq[k ea=h o vf/kdkjh&txnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k --- 518

80. amÔ>≠r` AmßXmbZ H$ J°a [maÂ[oaH$ ÚmVñ OZH$mÏ`(Abda H$ odef gßX^© _|)-S>m∞. AZwamYm _mWwa ... 522

SUMMAR Y (lkjka'k)1. Depiction of Intricate design in rock art of Sanan

in District Churu of Rajasthan and CentralIndia : A Comparative Study-Madan Lal Meena & Vineet Godhal ... 527

2. Administrative reforms Under Maharana Bupal Singh-Dr.Deepshika Chundawat ... 528

3- jktLFkku ds lkaLd`frd vkSj O;kikfjd fodkl esa yksdksRlo,oa esyksa dh Hkwfedk &MkW- lquhrk dey ,oa MkW- osn izdk'k --- 529

4- ty izcU/ku ,oa varj tyh; iz.kkyh esa esokM+ egkjk.kkvksadh Hkwfedk &MkW- f'kYik esgrk --- 530

5- lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd v/;;u&xfjek ekFkqj --- 531

6- jktLFkku esa efgyk usr`Ro % ,sfrgkfld ,ao jktuSfrd ifjizs;&fnO;k flag --- 533

7- laLd`fr dh /kjksgj gSa& jktLFkkuh y?kqfp=dyk&Mk- chuk dkSf'kd --- 536

8- oSfnd laLd`fr ,oa jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dh oL=&vkdYiudyk esa lekurk,sa &MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- vHk;k jkt --- 537

9- nfk.kh jktLFkku ds mR[kfur iqjkLFky(esokM+ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)&vkflQ gqlSu ,oa lfpu nhfkr --- 539

10- iqjkrŸo dk i;ZVu esa egŸo (jktLFkku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)&vkflQ gqlSu ,oa vkQrkc gqlSu --- 543

11- fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk&lkfgR; esa yksd&laLd`fr&vuhrk --- 544

8

12- MhMokuk esa fujatuh lEiznk; ds izeq[k Lekjd&MkW- v#.kk lksuh --- 547

13- j.kNksM+HkÍdr jktiz'kfLr egkdkO; dh ,sfrgkfldrk&fxfjtk dqekjh --- 550

14- dqpcafn;k tu&tkfr ds fofHkUu O;kolkf;d xkS=&MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr --- 552

15- ^xqykcM+h* miU;kl esa yksd laLd`fr&nkupk rksaxyqd --- 554

16- izrkix<+ ks= dk lkaLœfrd fodkl] fogaxkoyksdufu/kh dksey --- 556

17. gmßJmZa H$m EoVhmogH$ dÛ N>[mB© C⁄mJ-__Vm amH$mZm ... 560

18. Pmbmdm∂S> am¡` H$ gm_moOH$ñgmßÒH•$oVH$ OmJaU _|$[ß. am_oZdmg e_m© gm°a^ H$m `mJXmZ-AM©Zm o¤dXr ... 561

19. _mbd og∏$m| ¤mam ‡Xoe©V [yd© H$mobH$ amOÒWmZ H$ gm_moOH$Ymo_©H$ OrdZ H$ [hby -S>m∞. `edraogßh ... 562

20. A_a ehrX lr gmJa_b Jm[m-S>m∞. lr_Vr gw_a [Q>b ... 563

21. _m∞S>b Jm±d H$ H$oV[` A‡H$moeV Vm_´ñ[Ã-S>m∞. O.H$. AmPm Edß S>m∞. o‡`Xeu$ AmPm ... 564

22. amOÒWmZ _| AZwgyoMV OmoV`m| H$r EoVhmogH$ [•>^yo_-amYm Hw$_mar ... 568

23. ]rH$mZa am¡` _| ab `mVm`mV H$m odH$mg (1887-1943 B©.)-S>m∞. (gwlr) o]›Xw ^grZ ... 570

24. ]rH$mZa am¡` H$r gßÒH•$oV H$ VÀd ï ‡_wI À`mhma d _b(1818-1949) -amOe [ßdma ... 571

25. _hmZ Hy$Q>ZroVk Omob_ogßh Pmbm (1739 B©. g 1824 B©.)-S>m∞. [rVmÂ]a XŒm e_m© ... 572

26. 18dt eVm„Xr H$ hm∂S>m°Vr AßMb H$ _bm|$ H$m Ymo_©H$ dgmßÒH•$oVH$ _hÀd -S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm lrdmÒVd ... 573

27. _mbmZr H$ Ymo_©H$ [`©Q>ZñÒWb-S>m∞. g›Vmf Hw$_ma ... 575

28. aVZJ∂T> hdob`m| H$ o^oŒmoMÃm| _| [mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$oV$ñEH$ EoVhmogH$ Yamha -H$odVm XmYrM ... 575

29. 18d≥t gXr _| ]rH$mZa am¡` H$ M_©H$mam| H$r oÒWoV OrdZ EdßCZH$m gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ `mJXmZ -^mdZm e_m© ... 576

30. ]rH$mZa am¡` _| Òdm`Œmemfr H$mb Edß odH$mgerbH$mb H$r A[amY Xa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ odÌbfU-A_•V[mb H$m°a ... 578

31. oMŒmm°∂S> XwJ© _| dM©Òd H$m gßKf© Edß eo∫$`m| H$m Yw´drH$aU-Aaod›Xogßh VOmdV ... 579

32. H$mMoa`m [rR> H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß CgH$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ ÒdÍ$[-S>m∞. Zrb_ e_m© ... 580

33. gmßÒH•$oVH$ BoVhmg bIZ _| [aÂ[am H$m `mJXmZ-Ogd›V e_m© ... 581

List of Members ... 583

Rajasthan History Congress - xv Rajasthan History Congress - xvi

9

Rajasthan History Congress - 2

Presidential Address - 27th Session

Professor Sunita Zaidi

Dear colleagues, friends and delegates,

Last year when I attended the XXVIth session of theRajasthan History Congress at Pali, some friends came up andcongratulated me for my election as the next President of theCongress. I was amazed because it was an unexpected honour forme. For this, I am deeply touched and thankful to all the membersand particularly the executive members of the Rajasthan HistoryCongress for having bestowed this distinction on me.

I am also delighted to let you know that I am the successor tothe renowned historian Professor Satish Chandra who presided overthe VIIIth session of the Congress at Ajmer in 1975. ProfessorSatish Chandra is known for his rational, scientific and secularapproach to the study of the historical past. I have tried to follow inhis footsteps. I am also beholden to the land of Ajmer where myrevered teacher Dr. Aminuddin, formerly of Dungar College,Bikaner, was born and brought up. He is one of the teachers whoinspired me to study history.

One other reason for my happiness is the venue chosen bythe Congress. Ajmer, as we know, is known for its unique positionin the Indian history of Rajasthan. It was a place from where thewhole of Rajasthan was controlled by the central power. It was thecapital city of Prithvi Raj Chauhan, and it was also a resident city ofthe governors (subedars) of the Mughals as well as the BritishViceroys of the colonial power.

Culturally, Ajmer represents the traits of Indian culture knownas unity in diversities. Pushkar has its own significance in the Indiancosmology. It is the only place where the temple of Lord Brahmaexists. Ajmer is also known for the Chishti saint, Khwaja Moinuddin.It was a silsilah known for its liberal outlook and accommodating

nature for all the different religious visions of the people. Thus, theChishti Sufis followed the tariqa of inclusion of other religiousoutlooks and created space for themselves in other religions. Becauseof this inclusive vision, their following spread all over India. TheChishti saints played a significant role in controlling fanaticism andrestraining orthodoxy. They identified with the Indian heritage oftolerance and provided space for every religious faith. Consequentlywith the passage of time, the tomb of the saint began to attractpeople from all over the Indian sub-continent. Thevenot writes, "ThisRaja was Mahometan, as his Predecessors had been; and besides agreat many ancient marks of Mahometanism, that were in thatcountry in his Time; the famous Cogea Mondy , who was inreputation of sanctity amongst the Mahometans, was reverenced atAjmer; and from all Parts, they came in Pilgrimage to his Tomb: Itis a pretty fair Building, having three courts paved with marble;whereof the first is extremely large, and hath on one side, severalSepulchres of false Saints; and on the other, a Reservatory of Water,with a neat Wall about it. The second court is more beautified andhath many Lamps in it. The third is the loveliest of the three; andthere the Tomb of Cogea Mondy is to be seen in a Chappel whosedoor is adorned with several Stones of Colour, mingled with Motherof Pearl. There are besides, three other smaller Courts, which havetheir Waters and Buildings for the convenience and lodging of Imans,who are entertained to read the Alcoran".

Thus, Ajmer became a pilgrimage centre and people from allover India visited the dargah at the time of urs, that is, deathanniversary of the saint. Both Pushkar and Ajmer emerged as placesof religious tourism in today's parlance. There are several otherhistorical reasons for which Ajmer is celebrated. After the battlesof Dharmat and Samugarh, the famous battle between the orthodoxAurangzeb and the liberal Dara Shikoh was fought at Deorai, ahillock near Ajmer. This battle decided the future kingship of India.Strategically, Dara Shukoh's forces had occupied a better positionat the top of the Deorai hill, while the forces of Aurangzeb were atthe low lying area of the hill. However, Aurangzeb diplomaticallyexploited the situation in his favour. He deployed the forces of thehill chief, Raja Rajrup of Mau-Nurpur, and they, being experts in

10

climbing hills, attacked the forces of Dara Shikoh from the rear.The latter was caught unawares and got defeated. Eventually,Aurangzeb became the king of the Mughal Empire.

Let me share one more historical snapshot with you. This isrelated to the environment of seventeenth-century Ajmer. In thevicinity of Ajmer, there was a natural fascinating site which attractedJahangir. In his own words, "There is a ravine in the neighbourhoodof Ajmer that is very beautiful. At the end of this ravine a springappears which is collected in a long and broad tank, and is the bestwater in Ajmer. This valley and spring are well known as HafizJamal . When I crossed over this place I ordered a suitable buildingto be made there, as the place was good and fit for developing. Inthe course of a year a house and grounds were made there, the likeof which those who travel round the world can not point out. Theymade a basin 40 gaz by 40, and made the water of the spring rise upin the basin by a fountain. The fountain leaps up 10 or 12 gaz.Buildings are laid on the edge of this basin, and in the same wayabove, where the tank and fountain are, they have made agreeableplaces and enchanting halls and resting-rooms pleasant to the senses.These have been constructed and finished off in a masterly style byskilled painters and clever artists. As I decided that it should becalled by a name connected with my august name, I gave it thename of Chashma-i Nur, or the fountain of light. In short, the onefault it has is this, that it ought to have been in a large city, or at aplace by which men frequently pass. From the day on which it wascompleted I have often passed Thursdays and Fridays there",

It suggests how the natural environment of Ajmer has changeddrastically. However, I would like to draw attention that Ajmer overall, as described in contemporary sources, should be revived. BesidesChashma-i Nur and Deorai, there are many unknown or lesser knownhistorical buildings in Rajasthan which should be brought under theambit of the growing market of the tourism industry. These buildingsare certainly important from a heritage and cultural point of view,but these are also important to understand civil engineering andother technological developments. To sustain and develop historyas a discipline in the academic milieu and the masses, we have tokeep pace with the new emerging aspects of history. I am happy to

know that the Central University is going to be established not veryfar from Ajmer. There, a Centre of Tourism and Heritage Studiescan be established. The study of history would not only enrich ourknowledge of the historical past but would also link it up with morecontemporary issues and generate employment among severalyoung, trained graduates in different branches of an ever expandingtourism industry.

Coming out of Ajmer, let us cast our attention on the peopleof Rajasthan, whose origins and evolution have continued to absorbscholarly attention. Generally, it is perceived that the Rajputs ofRajasthan, particularly the main Rajput ruling families, are aboriginesor the original inhabitants of Rajasthan. But it is not so. The mainruling clans like Sisodias, Rathores, Kachawahas and Bhatismigrated from other parts of India and established their politicalhegemony in the different regions of Rajasthan. But it does notmean that prior to them there were no Rajputs in Rajasthan. Thesocio-economic processes were going on to form a social categoryof Rajputra or Rajputs. This historical process of the formation ofRajputs has been lucidly demonstrated by B.D. Chattopadhyaya.However, these Rajputs known as Gurjara-Pratiharas, Guhilas,Cahamanas , remained local landed magnates. The growing feudalprocess from tribalism was a process from below and, in such aprocess, the Rajputs came to Rajasthan and established their politicalhegemony. This process is, as phrased by D.D. Kosambi, 'feudalismfrom above'. Nevertheless, this process of assigning and acceptanceof sovereign power or authority was with a mutual understandingand was, therefore, peaceful. It was a social contract between themigrant political authority and the local aborigines. The sovereignpower took the responsibility of protecting the life and property oftheir riaya/praja and, in return, the latter consented to pay landrevenue (bhog) and other taxes to the chief. Symbolically, it wasformalized and sanctified by applying a tika on the forehead of everysucceeding chief in their territory. In Bikaner, every succeedingRathore chief was given a tika by a Godhara Jat. Similarly, theSisodia chief of Mewar was applied the tika by a Bhil at the time ofsuccession. In Amber-Jaipur, a Meena performed the ritual ofmarking the tika on the forehead of the newly incumbent of the

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Rajasthan History Congress - 5 Rajasthan History Congress - 6

State. The process of formation of States continued. There wereinter- and intra- conflicts between the emerging States and alsowithin the tribe. They fought for the Raj gaddi (throne). This conflictmarks the frequent cases of patricide and fratricide. Such casesreduced to almost nil when Akbar introduced a new system ofenrolling the local landed aristocrats including the Rajput chiefs ofRajashtan in the Mughal bureaucracy. Like any other racial group,the Rajput chiefs also became banda-i dargah in the Mughalbureaucratic court. Now the supreme sovereign power rested withthe Mughal king. Thus, being the sovereign power, the Mughalemperors exercised their authority of deciding the successor of thedeceased chief of a Rajput clan. It was clearly exhibited by Jahangirin case of succession in the Kachawaha clan of Amber. In July1614 AD, when Raja Man Singh died, the line of succession waschanged within the family by Jahangir. To understand Jahangir'sperception of deciding the cheifship of the tribe, it is appropriate toreproduce the original passage from the Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. Jahangirwrites, "On the 5th Amurdad (July 1614) came news of the death ofRaja Man Singh……….. After his death in that service (in Deccan),I sent for Mirza Bhao Singh who was his legitimate heir. As fromthe time when I was prince, he had done much service with me,although the chiefship and headship of their family, according to theHindu custom, should go to Maha Singh, son of Jagat Singh, theRaja's eldest son, who had died in the latter's life time, I did notaccept him, but I dignified Bhao Singh with the title of Mirza Rajaand raised him to the mansab of 4000 personal (zat) and 3000 horse(suwar)". Thus, it becomes clear that the Mughals, being thesovereign power, had the right to decide about the successor of thedeceased Raja. However, one important point to remember is thatthe chiefship remained within the ruling clan and the family of thedeceased Raja. As in the case of deciding the successor of JaswantSingh, Aurangzeb did not deviate from the policy of his predecessors:in fact, it was internal dissention in the Rathore ruling family ofJodhpur that was the deciding factor. The interest of Amarshahisardars and the Jaswantshahi sardars clashed with each other andthis created a problem for Emperor Aurangzeb. Rani Hadi and theJaswantshahi sardars were not ready to accept the change of lineof succession from Jaswant Singh to Amar Singh's lineage. Earlier,

during Shahjahan's reign, as per the Rathore family tradition of givingthe tika to a son born of a favourite wife of the deceased Raja GajSingh, Jaswant Singh was assigned the gaddi of Jodhpur. Shahjahancreated separate watan that is, Nagor for Amar Singh. Thus, AmarSingh had his own clout of sardars and Jaswant Singh had left hisown. In this light, if we see the decision of Aurangzeb to assign thechiefship of Jodhpur to Inder Singh, grandson of Amar Singh whowas the nearest relation of the ruling family of Jodhpur, it was notdeviation or break of tradition to confine the chief-ship in the lineageof the ruling family. The problem grew acute when Rani Hadi andthe Jaswantshahi nobles became adamant not to accept Inder Singhas chief of Jodhpur. Accepting Inder Singh as the chief of Jodhpurmeant establishing the dominance of the Amarshahi sardars andundermining the position of the Jaswantshahi sardars. Consequently,Rani Hadi and her sardars were ready to allow Aurangzeb to annexMarwar in the Mughal Empire, and not ready to accept Inder Singhas their chief at any cost.

The next concept which needs reconsideration andinterrogation is that of the watan jagir or autonomous territories ofthe chiefs of Rajasthan. It is generally understood that the chiefswho joined the Mughal service were recognized as autonomouschiefs. They were assigned their erstwhile chiefdoms as their watanjagirs and continued to enjoy the freedom to run their ownadministration. However, the recent micro and indepth study ofPersian as well as Rajasthani sources have put forward differentviews. The centre considered their dominions as an integral part ofthe empire and assigned the full or part of the revenues of theirerstwhile territories as tankhwah jagir or ordinary jagir. It was notdifferent from the jagirs assigned to Turani, Irani and other nobles.A minor difference seems to be that a very small part of the revenuesof the tappa where the fort-cum-palace of a chief was situated,was assigned as the watan, also known as watan jagir in Mughalterminology. It is also made clear that even a part of the revenuesof the watan were adjusted in their salary vouchers.

When the fort-cum-palace, recognised watan jagir as thepermanent residence of a chief, emerged as an institution in 1605,then there were expectations from the non-zamindar nobles who

12


wanted to have permanent residences or watans, for themselves.Jahangir, soon after his accession, considered their demand asjustified and the permanent residence was created for them also. Itwas known as altamgha or altun tamgha jagir. Jahangir records inhis autobiography, "As it was my desire that many of the Akbariand Jahangiri officers should obtain the fruition of their wishes, Iinformed the bakhshis that whoever wished to have his birthplacemade into his jagir should make a representation to that effect, sothat in accordance with the Chingizi canon (tura) the estate mightbe conveyed to him by al tamgha and become his property, and hemight be secured from apprehension of change. Our ancestors andforefathers were in the habit of granting jagirs to everyone underproprietary title, and adorned the farmans for these with the altamgha seal, which is an impressed seal made in vermilion (i.e. redink). I ordered that they should cover the place for the seal, withgold-leaf (tilaposh) and impress the seal thereon, and I called thisthe altun tamgha".

Thus in altamgha or altun tamgha jagir and watan jagir, thenative place of a noble was given on permanent basis. The basiccharacteristic of these assignments was permanent nature of theassignment, therefore, these two terminologies wereinterchangeable. In Rajasthan, a case of altamgha jagir, that is,assignment is of the Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu.

One more important aspect of our study of Rajasthan historyis the formation of the states. As we know the formation of thestate in an ongoing or continuous process, but for the Rajput States,whose chiefs had joined the Mughal service, the process of stateformation was arrested. Their states had become a part of theMughal empire. Many subordinate sardars of their erstwhileterritories, who had joined the Mughal service, were treatedindependently by the Mughal Chancery. Their loyalty shifted fromtheir own tribal chief to the Mughal emperor. A case indicating thechanging nature of loyalty is of Ram Das Kachawaha and RaisalDarbari. In the succession tussle between Jahangir and his son princeKhusrau, Ram Das and Raisal sided with Jahangir instead of joiningMan Singh for the cause of succession of prince Khusrau. Khusraubeing Man Singh's nephew (his sister's son) and son-in-law of Mirza

Aziz Koka was favoured by them. Ram Das and Raisal were thein-charge of the imperial treasury (khizana-i amirah). On Aziz Koka'sadvice, Man Singh with the help of Ram Das wanted to seize theimperial treasury, but Ram Das refused to hand over the keys ofthe treasury to Man Singh. On Man Singh's threat and being remindedof his status, Ram Das most respectfully but firmly replied, 'You(Man Singh) are my Maharaja but I am in the service of Jahangir'.Thus, it suggests clearly that as per the tribal customs and traditions,Ram Das recognised Man Singh as his overlord, but being in theMughal service, his loyalty was with Jahangir . It is also to be pointedout that the tribal and parochial outlook was changed to broadlyworld vision. Thus, the nature of relationship also changed fromtribal-cum-feudal to bureaucratized-cum-centralized-power. Theregional interests and outlook were integrated into the centre andthe interests of the centre were integrated at the local level.

Bureaucratization and Centralization of PowerBefore joining the Mughal service under Akbar, there was no

basic change in the traditional nature of relationships between theregional chiefs and the central power. Under the Sultans and theSur Kings of Delhi and Agra, there was no basic change in theoutlook of the local chiefs and the central power. After the defeatand acceptance of the Sultan's suzerainty, the local chiefs were leftfree to run their own administration. The hallmark of subordinationwas to pay tribute (peshkash) and to remain loyal to the victor.However, under Akbar, this kind of relationship changed into banda-i dargah. Now, there was complete bureaucratization of power interms of offices and territorial divisions. In 1580, the Empire wasdivided into twelve subas; Ajmer was one of these. An officialterritorial hierarchy was created. Secular principles (zawabit) wereenacted and the people were governed by these rules andregulations. There were also dastur ul amals dealing with theadministrative or fiscal regulations. Financial, fiscal and military men-power records were prepared and maintained. Ain-i Akbari is acelebrated example to this effect. To facilitate the administration atthe local level, such kinds of records were maintained in theRajasthani local dialects. Marwar-re pargana-ri vigat and arsattasin particular show how the process of centralization was operating

13


from above to the lower levels of tappas. Similar to the records ofAin-i Akbari, we do find documents in the Anoop Sanskrit Library,Bikaner .

Detailed identification from a noble (mansabdar) to a rozinadarsoldier was also kept. It seems pictorial identity, particularly of themansabdars, was also maintained. Portraits of many nobles arefound in the painting collections of the Mughal period. The followingevidence proves without doubt that the Mughal Chancery keptportraits of all the Mughal nobles as a mark of their identity. In1613, Ram Das Kachawaha and other nobles annoyed Jahangir byretreating from a battle in the Deccan; Jahangir expressed his angerby making remarks on each of the portrait of the nobles who hadtaken to flight. When Raja's portrait was taken up, he took it in hishand in the open Darbar and said, 'You were a servant of Raisal ata tanka a day, my father cherished you and made you an Amir. It isa disgrace for a Rajput to run away (from the field of battle)'.

The Rajput nobles were deputed to serve in any part of theMughal Empire. They made significant contributions in the expansionof the Mughal Empire. On rendering meritorious services, they wererewarded in various ways. One of the important rewards wasenhancement of their status in the Mughal bureaucratic hierarchy.By increasing the mansab, and particularly the suwar rank,employment was generated among peasants and other supportingprofessions who also became soldiers. Thus, the soldiers, along-with their employers and others, brought back surplus to theirrespective native villages. This prosperity and affluence can be seenin the light of the monuments constructed by these nobles. Most ofthe buildings of Amber-Jaipur, Jodhpur and other parts of Rajasthanwere constructed during this period. During the end of Akbar's period,the Junagarh brick fort of Bikaner was built by Raja Rai Singh ofBikaner. The brick manufacturers were brought from Sind; theyare known as pajabgir which is a Persian word. They settled behindthe fort of Bikaner and the locality is still called Pajabgiron kaMohalla. A similar kind of migration and settlement can be tracedfor one more artisan caste, that is, the choongars (lime-makers) ofBiknaer. The famous artisans of dyeing, the rangrez of Sanganer,came with Raja Man Singh of Amber from the north-west of

Hindustan, it is claimed by the present descendents of the originalmigrants. Thus, oral history carries weight for the construction of apeople's history. We do find the references of palki (palanquin)bearers belonging to Bengal and Bihar employed by the Kachawahanobles in their infantry contingents. Sajindas from Kashmir andmusicians from the Gwalior Gharana were also brought to Amber.Bahis, preserved in the State Archives of Rajasthan, Bikaner, containthe references of Deccani Brahmans and Goswamis known for theirprofession of music and dance, who came with the chiefs of Bikanerand settled there. It is also important to point out that they broughttheir socio-cultural traits and traditions with them. These fewexamples suggest how Rajasthan was made culturally rich by thesemigrants. Thus, the study on migration and immigration is animportant field to carry out. Here, I would also like to point out thatthe flourishing position of the Rajputs of Rajasthan inspired thepeople of the Himalayan hills to claim themselves as the descendantsof the Rajputs of Rajasthan. Many converted muslim Rajputs ofUttar Pradesh legitimized their Rajput identity by linking theirgenealogies with the Rajputs of Rajasthan. These are historicalaspects which are to be probed at a micro level. We have enoughmaterial to work on genealogies. The pothis of Bhats are importantsource material to work out different aspects of demography ofcommunities and castes. It is an important but neglected aspect ofsocial history. Students from Rajasthan, because of their knowledgeof local dialects and easy accessibility to the Bhats and differentand varied source material, can carry out research in these areas,efficiently. ICHR, ICSSR, UGC and the State government shouldcome forward and create separate funds to support such projectsby procuring and preserving the valuable source material. If wewant to save our heritage from extinction, it is the imperative dutyof the above indicated agencies and others to provide liberal financialassistance to the scholars working on these projects. For preservationand conservation, a nodal agency and a branch can be establishedin the State Archives of Rajasthan, Bikaner.

When we talk about social history, it is relevant to make someconcise observations on writing the new socio-cultural history ofRajasthan.

14


After long spell of writings on political and economic history,it is time to concentrate on the writing of socio-cultural history. Animportant source for construction social history is popular literature.Rajasthan's contribution to producing and publishing literary worksis enormous. It was considered significant from a linguistic andliterary point of view. However, it also throws immense light ondifferent aspects of history, and particularly the socio-cultural history.It is the only source which helps us to construct a people's history.Here, we shall appreciate and be beholden to all those scholars anddonors (particularly Marwari business communities) who collectedand published such literary works. I can recall academic magazineslike, Vishambhara, Maru Bharti, Vaichariki, Shodh Patrika, Paramparaand Vardha which have extensive material on socio-cultural history.It is an appropriate occasion and platform to pay tributes to late(Dr.) Manohar Sharma whose pioneering contribution, particularlyto Vaat Sahitya (story literature) helps us to construct the socialhistory of Rajasthan. From a story containing in his book, RajasthaniVaat Sangrah one comes to know that the Rajput chiefs began tojoin Sultan Alauddin's (1296 AD - 1316 AD) service. Dr. NarayanSingh Bhati also deserves to be appreciated for his academic legacieswhich we cherish. Dr. Hukam Singh Bhati is one among many otherswho are carrying the tradition forward by editing and thus introducingthe original Rajasthani sources to construct a new history ofRajasthan.

Eighteenth-century RajasthanThe eighteenth century, particularly the second half of the

eighteenth century, is an important period in India's history. Thereare visible signs of the decline of the central power. It was a time ofcrisis for the ruling and elite classes-they were facing the crisis ofsurvival itself. The Rajput chiefs and nobles had no option except tocome back to their watans, (native places), and to resume thereconstruction of their erstwhile states. A fresh relationship betweenthe ruler and the subjects was to be evolved or framed. How theseconstructed relationships created conflicts and readjustments amongthese classes is an important area of research . Now like the Mughalcentral government, they had to maintain detailed records of thestate revenues. The arsattas of Jaipur and the bahis of Bikaner are

examples of such records. However, an important aspect of thehistory of eighteenth-century Rajasthan to probe is whether thepeople of the new states became more prosperous than they wereunder the Mughal power or whether there was no difference forthe common man under both the regimes or did the condition of thepeople become more precarious and miserable under the new regimeand the colonial hegemony? These are issues which need thoroughinvestigations. Nevertheless, one can see the repercussions of theeighteenth century in the early nineteenth century. The clauses ofthe treaties contracted between the chiefs of Rajasthan and theBritish colonial power clearly suggest the changing nature ofrelationship between the central colonial power and the indigenousstates. Resentment against the British colonial power became volatileduring 1857. One finds information of common men and subalternsardars reacting out against the British residents of the states. InJodhpur, the Aauwa battle against the British forces, masses raidingand torching the British residency in Kota and subsequently killingthe surgeon Saddler and the physician Briton along with his twosons suggest it was a mass consciousness and movement againstthe colonial power. How the British were rescued from the angerof the masses and given refuge by the chief of Mewar was a clearcut and open message to the British power and their allies that theywould not be tolerated at any cost. How Tantya Tope and his teammembers were supported secretly by the people of Mewar is worthciting here. Four thousand Bhils are known to have joined Tantya'sforces. It is also pointed out in contemporary sources that Tantyaand his party had plenty of cash and jewellery but lacked foodprovisions and cloths. They were ready to pay Rs. 1 for a roti buteven then it was not available.

The following example throws light how a common andordinary man felt the joy of liberty when freed from feudal andcolonial atrocities. When there was revolt against the colonial powerin the South west of Rajasthan, Qayam Din, a Churigar (banglemanufacturer) rebelled. He was joined by the weavers of Adhana.An ordinary weaver named Alira went to the village chief RawatDeep Singh and urged upon him, 'his correct and proper full name isAli Yar Khan and in future, he should not be called Alira but Ali Yar

15


Khan. He also commanded the Rawat to depute some one to carryhis baggage to join the armed forces of the Churigar. The Rawatamazingly said that till yesterday you were carrying the baggage ofour sepoys on your head, now why are you shying away fromcarrying your own baggage? On this Alira chided and went away'.

We also know that several persons were charged as rebelsand mutineers and were imprisoned. Many of them managed to runaway from the prisons. Many files preserved in the State Archivesof Rajasthan, Bikaner, throw light on the arrest warrants, abouttheir whereabouts and investigations by the police. Thus, it is a richsource material to know more about the participation of the Peopleof Rajasthan, in the freedom struggle beginning from 1857 to 1947.

Dear friends, I am very grateful to you for listening to me. Ihave covered very few aspects focussing on the history ofRajasthan. With your support, I would like to suggest that thereshould be a fresh beginning of writing a new history of Rajasthan,encompassing new historiographical trends emerging at a global levelsuch as, environmental issues, health, gender and power, identity,history of ideas and so on. The responsibility of this task should betaken by the organisers of the Rajasthan History Congress. Thetraditions established by the founder members like Professor R.P.Vyas to sustain and to promote the cause of the writing progressiveand scientific history can be further carried on by the organisers ofthe Rajasthan History Congress. A major part of this task can beachieved with the availability of finances, and for this, the HumanResource Development ministry, Ministry of Culture and RajasthanGovernment should come forward to provide funds liberally.

Thank you.

References1. Khwaja Moin ud din Chishti.2. Employed3. Hafiz Jamal was the name of the saint Moinud-din Chishti’s daughter. It

lies at the back of the Taragarh hill, and is now commonly called NurChashma. Sir Thomas Roe visited the place. Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, Vol. I, p.269.

4. See, B.D. Chattopodhyaya, ‘Origin of the Rajputs: The Political,Economic And Social Processes in Early Medieval Rajasthan’, in TheIndian Historical Review, vol. III, No. 1, 1976, pp. 66-68.

5. Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and in India Abul Fazl talkabout such kind of social contract. Abul Fazl calls it ‘Rawa-i Rozi’, seeAthar Ali, ‘The State in Islamic Thought in India’, in Mughal India:Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture (collected articles) pp. 124-125, OUP, 2006.

6. Ram Das came from a very humble background. With the support of ManSingh, Ram Das got entry into the Mughal service.

7. While collecting research material for my Ph.D. dissertation on ‘MughalAdministration of the Suba of Ajmer’, I came across such documents inthe above library.

8. Rajasthani Vaat Sangrah : A selection, by Manohar Sharma and ShreelalNathmalji Joshi, of Rajasthani folk tales, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi,1984.

9. How the former subordinate sardars of the Amber-Jaipur who had joinedMughal service or came directly under the hegemony of the MughalState, refused to accept the over-lordship of the chiefs of Jaipur isinteresting to probe. To resolve this cause of conflict, C.U. Wills wascommissioned to investigate the matter and submit the report.

16


A Reflection on the Socio-Political Scenarioof Protohistoric Rajasthan

(With Special Reference to Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Cultur e)Vineet Godhal

The site of Ganeshwar (27o40.87' North Lat., 75o49.1' EastLong.) was discovered on 30th November 1977 by R.C. Agrawalaand late Shri Vijai Kumar . Subsequently the site was excavated bythe State Department of Archaeology in between 1979 and 1987for several seasons . This village is located in the Neem Ka Thanatehsil of Sikar district, lies 15 km southwest of Neem Ka Thanarailway station, with a deposit of 4.15 meter thick belonging to twodifferent cultural periods namely mesolithic and chalcolithic withoutany hiatus in between. The site of Ganeshwar approximates 10hectares in the size and about 505 meters in elevation. There arefour reports of excavations at Ganeshwar are published in IndianArchaeology- A Review , which provides the initial informationobserved by the excavators. The excavations have uncovered theevidence for circular hut outlines and floors paved with river pebblesand schist slabs, most likely quarried from the nearby rocks .

Another site named Jodhpura (27o31' North Lat.; 76o5' EastLong.) is located in the district of Jaipur in the tehsil of Kotputli, alarge site (5-10 hectares) located 98 km from Jaipur on Jaipur-Delhihighway. The site is also known as Ghartool Ghat; was firstexcavated by the Department of Archaeology and Museums forunderstanding the stratigrahic context of Black and Red Ware andPainted Grey Ware levels . The mound is located to the east ofriver Sabi. During the excavation at Jodhpura, houses measuring 4X 3.5 meters were excavated, associated with bricks (size 18 X 11X 6 cm and 30 X 26 X 7 cm), fragments of copper, terracotta andstone beads were observed from this level by the excavators. AtJodhpura the cultural deposit varies from 1 meter to 2.10 meter isfree from water logging and other types of disturbances and fivecultural periods, extending from protohistoric period to the end of

Sunga-Kushan period is represented by the occurrence ofchalcolithic pottery. More than 200 chalcolithic sites of Ganehwar-Jodhpura culture have so far been reported by the scholars. Yet noany site is excavated on a large scale though we have no any properidea about the proper settlement of this culture.

Socio-Political OrganizationA society, however, may be ontologically independent of, and

utterly irreducible to, the qualities of constituent individuals; it mayact to oppress. More broadly, a society is an economic, social orindustrial infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals.Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups. Theword society may also refer to an organized voluntary associationof people for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political,patriotic, or other purposes. Human societies are often organizedaccording to their primary means of subsistence. Social scientistsidentify hunter-gatherer societies, nomadic pastoral societies,horticulturalist or simple farming societies, and intensive agriculturalsocieties, also called civilizations. Some consider industrial and post-industrial societies to be qualitatively different from traditionalagricultural societies.

Chiefdoms are regionally centralized organizations of localcommunities. Where the rank of an individual is determined by hisgenealogical distance from the highest ranked member of the society- the chief; and the rank of the local community depends upon therank of its highest ranking member, or local chief. The order isbased on a hierarchical series of social and territorial groups - thevillage, the district, and the chiefdom. Thus, the highest rankingmember of each local community is the local chief or headman; thehighest ranking local chief is the district chief, and the highest rankingdistrict chief is the paramount chief. This division can be reflectedin a division of settlement size with a distinct gradient in size betweenlocal and regional centers. Rulers and ruled alike were caught up ina social fabric of mutual obligation reinforced by the dual threads ofeconomic interdependence and kin allegiances. Chiefs at all levelshad broad rights of request for food, goods and services, while beinggenerally responsible for the group's welfare. Each chief, sub-chief,or village headman served as the local leader as well as the conduitfor decisions made at higher levels. These decisions involved him in

17


the recruitment of labour for socially beneficial projects, theorganization of religious festivals, and the mediation of disputesbetween group members or defense against enemies.

No any attempt has so far been made in India to infer aboutthe socio-political organization of proto-historic culture of Ganeshwarpeople. The first attempt was made by Dhavalikar about the proto-historic cultures of India on the basis of the excavations at Inamgaon.

According to him, there are two categories of the chalcolithicsites; regional centres and villages which reflect a two levelsettlement pertained to hierarchy. We may collect importantevidences from the burials and grave goods for determine the socialstratification from the archaeological sites . Although no any burialwas excavated from Ganeshwar and Jodhpura, other factors likestructural remains, storage facility and other material found withinthe site may be used to define the social and economical conditions.

The most important evidence pointing towards a stratifiedsociety at Jodhpura is the hierarchical settlement pattern, dominatedby the mud brick structures. Probably this was the residence of thechief , but due to the excavation of a limited area, no any furtherdetails is available of surrounding of this mud brick structure. Itmay be belonging to any individual with some large storage facilities.Storage jars were also collected from this area. As evident fromthe excavations at Ganeshwar three stone platforms in threesuccessive phases were raised for protecting their settlement fromfloods . Later structures like mud platform with partitions storagepits house floors were found. The partition shows evidence of afrugal lifestyle with small rooms and round structures dominated bypost holes pointing towards temporary occupation. These could bethe houses of small farmers or other members of lower strata oftheir society.

Culture is a term in anthropology which comprises everythingfrom the traditional manner in which people produce cook or eattheir food, the way in which they plan their houses; or arrange themon the surface of the land; to social moral and religious value whichare generally accepted by men and also habitual methods by meansof which satisfaction is gained in respect of the higher qualities ofthe mind.

Indian society is divided into various groups since Prehistorictimes. Each group has its own independent specific specialties whichdeveloped as nations in future. These nations were built with theconstruction of several social organizations, that demonstrate themethods of life, are diverse. The base of the Indian history andculture is highly ancient. Apparently if a certain perspective, theconstruction of the Indian society was started during the Mesolithicage. At this time primitive man was passing through the era of art.In upper palaeolithic period man was living in groups for hunting thegiant animals and use the remaining time in the field of art. Economywas based on hunting of animals, birds, honey collection and alsofishing. The human being of this period did not know about agricultureand animal husbandry's fact. Invention of agriculture and animalhusbandry was started in Mesolithic period in some region whilesome was inhabited in later period. Social organization or socialinstitution refers to a group of social positions, connected by socialrelations, performing a social role. A social relation or socialinteraction refers to a relationship between two, three or moreindividuals or a social group. On the basis of these factors somescholars have divided the societies into four categories named asBand, Tribe, Chiefdom and Early State.

A Band society is the simplest form of human society whichconsists of a small kin group, no larger than an extended family orclan; it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50individuals with a loose organization. Their power structure is oftenegalitarian and has informal leadership; the older members of theband generally are looked to for guidance and advice and decisionsare often made on a consensus basis, but there are no written lawsand none of the specialized coercive roles (e.g., police) typicallyseen in more complex societies. Bands' customs are almost alwaystransmitted orally. Formal social institutions are few or non-existent.Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience,or counsel from a shaman. All known band societies hunt and gatherto obtain their subsistence.

Tribe viewed historically or developmentally, consists of asocial group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.Many anthropologists use the term to refer to societies organized

18


largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups.Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolutionintermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue thattribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of theirrelationship to states. Considerable debate takes place over howbest to characterize tribes. Tribes reflect a way of life that predates,and is more "natural", than that in modern states. Tribes also privilegeprimordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial,and stable. Thus, many believed that tribes organize links betweenfamilies (including clans and lineages), and provide them with asocial and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way morelimited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "nation". Anthropologicaland ethno-historical research has challenged all of these notions.

Chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees ofcentralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. Inanthropological theory, one model of human social developmentrooted in ideas of cultural evolutions describes chiefdom as a formof social organization more complex than a tribe or a band society,and less complex than a state or a civilization. The most succinctdefinition of chiefdom in anthropology belongs to Robert L. Carneiro: "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages orcommunities under the permanent control of a paramount chief".Chiefdoms are characterized by pervasive inequality andcentralization of authority. At least two inherited social classes (eliteand commoner) are present (Ancient Hawaiian Chiefdoms had asmany as four social classes), although an individual might changesocial class during a lifetime by extraordinary behavior. A singlelineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of thechiefdom, with the greatest influence, power, and prestige. Kinshipis typically an organizing principle, while marriage, age, and gendercan affect one's social status and role. A single simple chiefdom isgenerally composed of a central community surrounded by or neara number of smaller subsidiary communities. All of these communitiesrecognize the authority of a single kin group or individual withhereditary centralized power, dwelling in the primary community.Each community will have its own leaders, which are usually in atributary and/or subservient relationship with the ruling elite of theprimary community. A complex chiefdom is a group of simple

chiefdoms controlled by a single paramount center, and ruled by aparamount chief. Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiersof political hierarchy. Nobles are clearly distinct from commonersand do not usually engage in any form of agricultural production.The higher members of society consume most of the goods that arepassed up the hierarchy as a tribute.

Reciprocal obligations are fulfilled by the nobles carrying outritual that only they can perform. They may also make token, symbolicredistributions of food and other goods. In two or three tieredchiefdoms, higher-ranking chiefs have control over a number oflesser-ranking individuals, each of whom controls specific territoryor social units. Political control rests on the chief's ability to maintainaccess to a sufficiently large body of tribute, passed up the line bylesser chiefs. These lesser chiefs in turn collect from those belowthem, from communities close to their own center. At the apex ofthe status hierarchy sits the paramount.

Anthropologists and archaeologists have demonstratedthrough research that chiefdoms are a relatively unstable form ofsocial organization. They are prone to cycles of collapse and renewal,in which tribal units band together, expand in power, fragment throughsome form of social stress, and band together again. They had acomplex social hierarchy consisting of kings, a warrior aristocracy,common freemen, serfs and slaves.

The number of structural levels within such chiefdoms appearsto be equal, or even to exceed those within the average state, butthey have a different type of political organization and politicalleadership. Such types of political entities do not appear to havebeen created by the agriculturists .

The evolution of the Ganeshwar village reflects a gradualprocess of transformation of the semi-nomadic Mesolithic huntergatherers to a completely sedentary chiefdom society around 2500BC, which also observed at Balathal . Here (Ganeshwar) and inJodhpura, in the beginning of period III, the site's prosperity increasedwith the flimsy wattle and daub circular huts of period II beingreplaced by rectangular stone structures. We also have the evidencesof mud brick structures. These features suggest the presence of acentral authority. The material exported out of this region is copper

19


and finished good made of this metal. The export and import wouldbe controlled by any authority or a system for managing the financeand availability of labour. The presence of specialized craft itemslike arrowheads, celts, fish hooks, bead material and different typesof pottery suggest a ranked society.

References:1. Agrawala, R.C. 1978a. Archaeological Discoveries at Ganeshwar,

Rajasthan. Archaeological Studies III: 72-75; 1978b. Copper Celts andan Indus Arrow Head from Kulhade ka Johad, District Sikar, Rajasthan.Man and Environment II: 123; 1979a. More Copper Finds from Rajasthan.Man and Environment III: 91-92; 1979b. Three Copper Objects fromGaneshwar. Journal of the Oriental Institute XXVIII, No. 3-4: 159-60;1981a. Recent Explorations in Rajasthan. Man and Environment Vol. V:59-63; 1984. Ganeshwar Culture-A Review Journal of the OrientalInstitute XXXIV, No. 1-2: 89-96.

2. Kumar, Vijai. 1985. Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture: The Antecendents ofCopper Age in India. The Researcher XIV-XV: 5-15.

3. Agrawala, R.C. 1979b. Op. cit.; Agrawala, R.C. and Vijay Kumar. 1993.Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture: New Traits in Indian Archaeology. InHarappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, ed. Gregory L.Possehl, 125-135. Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.; IndianArchaeology-A Review: 1988-89: 76-78.

4. Indian Archaeology-A Review: 1981-82: 61-62; 1983-84: 71-72, 95-98; 1987-88: 101-102; 1988-89: 76-78.

5. Ibid.6. Indian Archaeology-A Review: 1981-82: 61-62; 1983-84: 71-72, 95-98;

1987-88: 101-102; Hooja, R. and Vijai Kumar. 1995. Aspects of theEarly Copper Age in Rajasthan. South Asian Archaeology Proceedingsof the 13th Conference of the European Association of South AsianArchaeologists (Eds. Raymond Allchin and Bridget Allchin). New Delhi:Oxford and IBH: 323-339.

7. Indian Archaeology-A Review: 1972-73: 29-30.8. Ibid9. Kumar, Vijai. 1977. Excavations at Jodhpura. Journal of the Rajasthan

Institute of Historical Research 15(1): 28-33; Indian Archaeology-AReview: 1972-73: 29-30.

10. Dhavalikar, M.K., H.D. Sankalia and Z.D. Ansari (ed.) 1988. Excavationsat Inamgaon, Poona: Deccan College.

11. Sinha, Shweta. 1998. Study of Chalcolithic Social Organization in CentralIndia with Special Reference to Balathal. Unpublished M.A. Dissertation,

Deccan Coolege, Pune; Deshpande, Shweta Sinha. 1998-99. ChalcolithicSocial Organization in Central India: A Case Study of Balathal. Puratattva29: 50-59.

12. Indian Archaeology-A Review: 1981-82: 61-62.13. Carneiro, R. L. 1981. The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. In The

Transition to Statehood in the New World, (Eds. G. D. Jones and R. R.Kautz), 37-79. Cambridge, UK - New York, NY: Cam-bridge UniversityPress.

14. Kradin, Nikolay N. 2000. Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective.In Alternatives of Social Evolution (Eds. N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev,Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason). 274-288. Vladivostok:Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2002. Nomadism,Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of HistoricalDevelopment. Journal of World-System Research 8: 368-388; 2003.Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in SocialEvolution (Eds. N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield), 73-87. Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy ofScience.

15. Deshpande, Shweta Sinha. 1998-99. Op. cit.

20


The Early Career of the M¢lavas in RajasthanMeghna Goyal

When Alexander invaded India the M¢lava tribe, the Malloi of the

Classical writers, was living in the Punjab where it earned undying fame

by its brave resistance to the mighty Greek conqueror. After some time,

probably in the Indo-Greek period, it migrated to Rajasthan where it

settled in the Ajmer-Tonk-Mewar region with M¢lavanagara (modern

Nagar or K¢rko∞anagara in the former Jaipur state) as its capital. In the

second century A.D. it had to accept the overlordship of the K¢rdamaka

πakas of the house of Chash∞ana, but became independent in the beginning

of the third century A.D.1 when the power of the successors of Rudrad¢man

began to decline. According to the Nandsa Y¶pa inscriptions, freedom

and prosperity had returned by that year to the country of the M¢lava

people as a result of the brilliant achievements of the M¢lava chief Nand§

Soma who performed the Ekashash∞h§r¢tra sacrifice, most likely to declare

the independence of the M¢lava republic.

According to most scholars from 226 A.D., the date of the Nandsa

record, the M¢lavas enjoyed independence till the imposition on them of

the Gupta overlordship by Samudragupta sometime in the middle of the

fourth century A.D.2 But, according to S.R. Goyal,3 in the third century

A.D. they for some time briefly fell under the N¢ga influence. The

Bh¢ra∫iva-N¢gas of Padm¢vat§ (Padma Pawaya, in M.P.) were eastern

neighbours of M¢lavas and the name K¢rko∞anagara of the M¢lava capital

suggests that this city for some time had become intimately associated

with the K¢rko∞as or the N¢gas when it might have acquired this name. In

view of this fact D. C. Shukla suggested that ""sometime in the third-

fourth century A.D., that is, after the end of the Kush¢¥a domination and

before the rise of the Guptas, the Bh¢ra∫iva-N¢gas of Padm¢vat§ who

performed ten A∫vamedhas and established a powerful empire, brought

the M¢lavas of Rajasthan under their hegemony.''4 But, according to

S.R. Goyal, ""the N¢ga domination over the M¢lavas, if a historical fact,

must have been short lived. Actually, it was the period when the M¢lavas

were making their influence felt in the greater part of Rajasthan and even

in the region south of it. It is indicated by the use of their era in the records

of the third and fourth centuries found from Bijayagadh (in old Bharatpur

state) in the north-eastern Rajasthan to Mandasor in the south.''5

That the gradual expansion of the M¢lavas led to the emergence

of several independent or semi-independent states ruled by the people of

M¢lava stock is easily proved. The first and the most important of such

M¢lava states was the one which had become independent under the

leadership of πr§ Soma or Nandi Soma sometime before 225 A.D. Nandi

Soma, it is said, was born in the M¢lava vaº∫a and belonged to the clan

of the Sogins. His family claimed to be as famous as the royal stock of the

Ikshav¢kus. It ruled over parts of Udaipur tract as is indicated by the

discovery of its inscriptions from Nandsa.

Another branch of the M¢lavas were the Maukharis known for the

Badva inscriptions of 238 A.D. In the Gupta age the Maukharis were

looked upon as Kshatriyas. In the Barabar Cave Inscription of

Anantavarman Maukhari it is said that he was "the lamp of the Kshatriya

family.'6 Similarly, in the Nagarjuni Hill Cave Inscription he describes

his grandfather Yajnavarman as "the abode of all the dignity of the

Kshatriyas'.7 Thus, it is certain that the Maukharis looked upon

themselves as Kshatriyas. E. A. Pires was of the opinion that they

belonged to the Lunar branch of the Kshatriyas. For this he relied on the

statement of B¢¥a, the author of the Harshacharita, according to whom

the marriage of R¢jya∫r§, the sister of Harsha, with Grahavarman

Maukhari "united the two brilliant lines of Pushyabh¶ti and Mukhara,

whose worth, like that of the Sun and the Moon houses, is sung by all the

world.' According to Pires, here B¢¥a meant that the Pushpabh¶ti

(Pushyabh¶ti) and Maukhari houses belonged respectively to the Solar

and Lunar branches of the Vedic Kshatriyas.8 But now it is regarded as

almost certain that the Pushyabh¶tis were Vai∫yas, the combined

testimony of Yuan Chwang and of the author of the °rya MaÆju πr§ M¶la

Kalpa has proved it indubitably.9 As a matter of fact in this passage B¢¥a

did not connect the Pushyabh¶tis and the Maukharis with the Solar and

the Lunar Kshatriyas; he merely compared them with the two well-known

Kshatriya ruling dynasties famous in history and literature both.

21


More information on the origin of the Maukharis is provided by

the Haraha record of £∫¢navarman (554 A.D.). According to S. R. Goyal,

this epigraph, when studied along with a verse of the S¢vitryup¢khy¢na

of the Mah¢bh¢rata conclusively proves that the Maukharis were a branch

of the M¢lava tribe which was itself a branch of the Madras.10 According

to the Haraha record, the Maukharis were the descendants of the hundred

sons whom the king A∫vapati obtained through the grace of Vaivasvata,11

while, according to the Mah¢bh¢rata, the Madra king A∫vapati obtained

one hundred sons called the M¢lavas through his queen M¢lav§ as a

result of a boon granted by Yama to the king's daughter S¢vitr§.12 These

two facts were juxtaposed for the first time by N. R. Ray.13 But

unfortunately he did not quote the verse of the Mah¢bh¢rata rightlyhe

changed the word "M¢lav¢ n¢ma' to "M¢lav¢nam'. It made D. C. Sircar to

comment: ""That M¢lav§, the wife of A∫vapati, was a girl belonging to the

tribe of the M¢lavas is also proved by the ∫loka quoted from the

Mah¢bh¢rata by Mr. Ray.''14 Thus, the impression became widespread

among scholars that it was M¢lav§, the queen of A∫vapati, who belonged

to the M¢lava tribe, while actually the Mah¢bh¢rata makes her the mother

of the M¢lavas. Later, when this mistake became known Sircar also

accepted this reading and interpretation of the Mah¢bh¢rata passage.15

Thus, the combined testimony of the Great Epic and the £∫¢navarman's

record proves that the M¢lava tribe and the Maukharis were of the same

stock and originally belonged to the Madra country.

It is likely that a third branch of the M¢lavas established itself in

the old Bharatpur state. The existence of this branch is indicated by a

pillar inscription found at Bijayagadh near Bayana which records the

erection of a sacrificial y¶pa on which this very inscription was engraved

by the king Vish¥uvardhana on the completion of a Pu¥≤ar§ka sacrifice.

Its date is 428. According to Fleet, the script and the find-spot of this

inscription indicate that we must refer its date to the M¢lava era with the

result of 371-72 A.D.16 The alternative possibility that this era was the

era of the πakas goes against the script of this record. Further, there is no

evidence to justify the assumption that the πaka era was prevalent in this

part of the country in the Gupta age. Furthermore, the names ending in

vardhana (viz., Vish¥uvardhana, the king of this epigraph and of

Ya∫ovardhana, his father) were quite popular among the M¢lavas. The

grandfather of Nandi Soma of the Nandsa inscription had the nameBh®guvardhana, the kings of the Mandasor in the sixth century hadvardhana ending names, viz., °dityavardhana, Dravyavardhana andVish¥uvardhana and the family of the Mah¢r¢ja Gauri of the Mandasorinscription of 490 A.D. included kings having the names R¢sh∞ravardhanaand R¢jyavardhana. Therefore, it may be tentatively presumed thatVar§k¢ family, to which Vish¥uvardhana belonged, was an offshoot ofthe M¢lava stock. Unfortunately, no further evidence has come to light infavour or against this hypothesis.

An important family of the M¢lava stock, called the Aulikaras,migrated southward and settled down in Mandasor region of westernMalwa, formerly a part of the kingdom of the K¢rdamaka πakas. In themiddle of the fourth century A.D., it accepted the overlordship of theGuptas but continued to use the era of its own tribe, viz., the K®ta era.

The expansion and disintegration of the M¢lavas in the post-Guptaage is also indicated by the existence of several localities named M¢lavain the various parts of the country, though it is not necessary to assumethat the M¢lavas existed as a political force in all of them. TheMah¢bh¢rata knows the three-fold division of the M¢lavas, viz., theM¢lavas of eastern, western and northern regions. T¢r¢n¢tha, a medievalTibetan historian, speaks of a M¢lava in Pray¢ga area and a villagenamed M¢lava actually exists to this day in Fatehpur district nearAllahabad. Then, there was a region called M¢lava in the Western Ghatswhich seems to be associated with the present Malavan in the Ratnagiridistrict. A late inscription states that Da¥≤an¢yaka Anantap¢la, afeudatory of Ch¢lukya Vikram¢ditya VI, defeated the "Sapta M¢lavas'upto the Himalayas. But all these regions which were called M¢lavawere not necessarily connected with the M¢lavas,the republican peopleof Rajasthan.

But, as argued by S.R.Goyal, the expansion of the M¢lavas broughttheir inherent weakness to the fore. It is obvious that republican form ofgovernment is most unsuited for imperialistic ambitions. There areextremely few cases in the ancient history of the world where a republicanstate succeeded in establishing an empire, and all these cases were theresult of exceptional circumstances which are not easily repeated. Aspointed out by Goyal, ""That exactly was the weakness of the Lichchhavis

22


against Aj¢ta∫atru. They could, at the most, hope to repulse the invader

whenever he came; they could not put an end to his recurring invasion by

annexing his kingdom. The very nature of their political organisation

precluded this possibility. On the other hand, once their resistance failed,

they could be made a part of the expanding Magadhan empire. This was

what actually happened. Similar was the case of the M¢lavas and other

republican tribes of the third-fourth century A.D. They could not become

expansionist. For them expansion meant either abundonment of

republicanism or their disintegration into several political entities.''17

Thus, it appears that in the third-fourth century A.D. the M¢lavas

of Rajasthan became divided into several political entities. This was the

direct result of their expansion. It is well-known to the students of political

theory that a republican tribe cannot follow an imperialist career without

loosing its homogenity. Its expantionist career was bound to increase its

internal crisis through which, together with many other republican tribes

of the period, it was passing. The republican tribes of Rajasthan, like

tribes of other regions, were gradually realizing that they could not hold

their own against the onslaughts of their mighty neighbouring kings.

Hence, they were consciously or unconsciously absorbing the elements

of monarchical form of government. For example, in eastern India though

the Lichchhavi relations of the Guptas had a republican or tribal

constitution (since the word Lichchhavaya™ occurs on the reverse of the

Chandragupta-Kum¢radev§ type of coins), it is almost certain that the

father of Kum¢radev§ was a hereditary chief, for, otherwise how could

the son of Kum¢radev§ (or Kum¢radev§ herself ) inherit the state of his

maternal grandfather ? Similarly, the head of the Yaudheya state

arrogated the regal title Mah¢r¢ja along with another title Mah¢sen¢pati

though his post was perhaps elective. In the same way, among the M¢lavas

the leadership had passed into the hands of persons like Nandi Soma in

the beginning of the third century A.D., who, in the Nandsa Yupa

inscriptions, describes himself as well as his father Jaya Soma and

grandfather Bh®guvardhana and great grandfather Jayat Sena as r¢ja®shis.

He claims that his family "hereditarily' led the state armies in times of

war and organised civil administration in times of peace. It is quite obvious

that when the headship of a state thus passed into the hands of such

hereditary presidents who were military leaders and sometimes claimed

royal titles, it could hardly to distinguished from monarchies. This gradualtransition of the M¢lavas and other tribes from republicanism tomonarchical governement was symptomatic of their inner crisis whichmust have rendered them internally weaker. No wonder, therefore, ifthey could not put up a brave resistance to the attempts of Samudraguptato bring them within his sphere of influence.

The M¢lavas were the earliest Indian people who used an erawhich has been identified with the Vikrama-Saºvat of 58 B.C. Somehistorians believe that the M¢lavas themselves started this era tocommemorate some important event in their history, probably thefoundation of their republic in Rajasthan. But, according to D. C. Sircar,it was originally a Parthian era which the M¢lavas seem to have adoptedfrom the πakas in the Punjab and carried it to their new home inRajasthan.18 It gradually came to be known as "K®ta' which, according toone view, was the name of an illustrious M¢lava leader who may havesecured the independence of the republic from the domination of theKush¢¥as, sometime about the middle of the second century A.D. But,according to D. C. Sircar, "K®ta' was really the Sanskritised form of aScytho-Parthian word or name.19

The copper coins attributed to the M¢lavas have been discoveredin large numbers at Nagar and the neighbouring region.20 In 1871-73Carlleyle alone gathered more than six thousand coins at Nagar, while,at Rairh, also in the former Jaipur state, some M¢lava coins werediscovered along with a seal of "the M¢lava-janapada'. Their shape isusually round, though some of them are square or rectangular as well.They use the Br¢hm§ script in the legends but in some cases the legendreads from right to left. It apparently shows the impact of the Kharosh∞h§script. It seems that the M¢lavas brought this practice from the Punjab.Such type of coins may easily be attributed to a comparatively earlierage. However, the numismatists assigned the M¢lava coins to the periodbetween 150 B.C. and the earlier part of the fourth century A.D.21

Numismatists regard the M¢lava coins as "the most curious andenigmatical' in the whole range of Indian coinage. They are divided intothree classes, the first of them bearing the legends Mala, Malaya, M¢laya,M¢lava, Malava, M¢lava jaya, M¢lav¢na jaya (and its variants Malavanajaya, M¢lavana jaya, Malavahna jaya, etc.), M¢lavaga¥asya, M¢laya

23


sujaya, M¢lav¢n¢º jaya™ or M¢lavaga¥asya jaya™, etc., which remind

us of similar legends on the coins of the Yaudheyas and the °rjun¢yanas.Their weight and size vary. These M¢lava coins have the lion, bull, stag,

elephant, "fantail' peacock, tree-in-railing, palm leaf, lotus, vase withleaves, king's head, human bust, female with left hand on hip, squatting

male figure, hill (chaitya), tri∫¶la, wavyline, nandipada, solar symbol,Ujjain symbol and other objects as their reverse design. As the human

bust is rarely found on tribal coins, the M¢lavas probably copied it fromthe Kshatrapa coins. On some of these coins the word M¢lav¢n¢º has

been read as M¢lavahna while there are others on which the legend hasto be read from right to left. They are probably imitations of the genuine

M¢lava coins. Some of them are in some cases a little above half an inchin diameter and their weight is generally between 10.5 and 40.3 grains.

But most of the specimens are small and light, one measuring only .2inch in diameter and weighing only 2.5 grains.22

The two other classes of coins are ascribed to the M¢lavas mainly

because they were found along with the M¢lava coins and resemble thelatter in fabric. The coins of the second class, which are generally smalland light and are among the smallest coins in the world (one measuring

only .2 inch in diameter and weighing 1.7 grains), do not bear any legendwhile those of the third category have meaningless legends in which the

name of the M¢lavas cannot be normally traced. According to D. C. Sircar,the coins of the second and third classes are mere imitations of the M¢lava

coins and are not the genuine monetary issues of the M¢lava state.23

The meaningless legends on the third class of coins ascribed tothe M¢lavas are regarded as puzzling by the many numismatists. They

read these legends as follows : Bhapaºyana, Gajava, Gojara, Har¢ya,J¢maka, J¢maku, Jamapaya, Magacha, Magaja, Magajava, Majupa,

Mapaka, Mapaya, Mapajaya, Maraja, Masapa, Pacha, Paya, Yama,etc. Smith suggested that these are the names of certain foreign rulers

who issued the coins in question. But Allan rightly pointed out that thesecoins are too late for the πakas, and too early for the H¶¥as. Further, none

of these so-called names has any resemblance to a πaka or H¶¥a name.K.P. Jayaswal thought that many of the legends begin with ma and

suggested that it is a contraction of the title Mah¢r¢ja.24 Bhandarkar tookthe letter ma as the abbreviation not of Mah¢ or Mah¢r¢ja but of the tribal

name M¢lava, and interpreted the remaining letters also as contractions

of words like ga¥a, jaya, etc. For example, taking ga for ga¥a and ja for

jaya Magaja would thus stand for M¢lavaga¥asyajaya™. Bhandarkar,

therefore, tried to improve upon the suggestion of Jayaswal.25 But he

could not explain such letters as chha, pa, bha and sa on whose meaning

he did not throw any light. But, according to Allan, even if the letter ma is

taken to stand for Mah¢r¢ja, the remaining letters of the legends do not

offer any intelligible or satisfactory name. Allan explained the

meaningless legends as futile attempts to reproduce parts of M¢lav¢n¢º

jaya™ found on the first group of the M¢lava coins referred to above.26

According to D.C. Sircar, in ancient and medieval India minting of coins

was largely in the hands of goldsmiths, so that some of the coins with

meaningless legends may be supposed to have been issued by inefficient

goldsmiths side by side with the regular M¢lava coins minted by others.

He is inclined to believe that ""when the M¢lavas were no longer in a

position to issue their own coins after their subordination by the Guptas,

for sometimes local goldsmiths minted the imitation coins in order to

meet the reguirements of the people of the area in question, who were

used to the M¢lava coinage.''27 Against the suggestion of Sircar, K. K.

Dasgupta argued that the theory that in the second-fourth century A.D.,

the period of the coins in question, "the M¢lavas were no longer in a

position to issue their own coins' is unacceptable. He has pointed out that

the Nandsa inscription explicitly shows that in the third century A.D. the

M¢lavas were in a flourishing stage as a republican tribe, their country

being referred to as M¢lava-ga¥a-vishaya. Further, the performance of a

Vedic sacrifice like the Ekashash∞h§r¢tra intended for the prosperity of

the country shows that the M¢lavas were at the time in no difficulty to

issue copper coins. In other words, there is no reason to believe that in

the second-third century A.D. the M¢lavas were not in a position to issue

their own coins. Not only that, it is also not certain whether these coins

were "imitation' of the "genuine' M¢lava money.28 We, therefore, feel

that in the present state of our knowledge it is not easy to solve the

problem of the M¢lava coins.

References:1. Cf. The Age of Imperial Unity, Bombay, 1953, p. 164; EI, XXVII, pp. 252

ff. For the advent and expansion of the M¢lava tribe in the land lying to

24


the north of the confluence of the Ravi and the Chenab in the fourthcentury B.C. to the Ajmer-Tonk-Mewar region of Rajasthan later on inthe fourth century A.D. see relevant chapters of S.R. Goyal's Pr¢ch§naBh¢rata k¢ Itih¢sa, three volumes, Meerut, 1988.

2. A New History of the Indian People, Vol. VI: The V¢k¢∞aka-Gupta Age,Lahore, 1944, p. 34; Sharma, Dasharatha, Rajasthan Through the Ages,Vol. I, Bikaner, 1966, p. 52.

3. Goyal, S. R., in Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress (PRHC ),Vol. VI, Beawar Session, 1973, p. 15.

4. Cf. Shukla, D.C., Early History of Rajasthan, Delhi, 1978, pp. 71-72.5. Goyal, op. cit., p. 16.6. Fleet, J. F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III, Calcutta, 1888

(repr., Varanasi, 1963), p. 223; Goyal, S.R., Pr¢ch§na Bh¢rat§ya AbhilekhaSaºgraha, Vol.III, Meerut, 1987, p. 48.

7. Ibid., p. 227; Goyal, Abhilekha Saºgraha, p. 49.8. Pires, E.A., The Maukharis, Madras, 1934, pp. 11-12.9. Cf. Devahuti, D., Harsha, Oxford, 1970, pp. 58, 72 n., 109; Goyal,

Shankar, Harsha; A Multidisciplinary Political Study, Jodhpur, 2006,Ch. 4.

10. Goyal, S.R., in PRHC, Vol. V, Ajmer Session, 1972, p. 18.11. gwV eVß b^ Z•[m@Ìd[oVÏddÒdVm⁄X≤ JwUmoXV_≤$&

VÀ‡gyVm XwnaV-d•oŒm ÈYm _wIam: ojVrem: jVma`:$&&3 &&2 Sircar, D.C., Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1965, p. 386;

Goyal, Abhilekha Saºgraha, pp. 56 ff.12. o[VwÌM V [wÃeVß ^odVm Vd _mVna$&

_mbÏ`mß _mbdm Zm_ emÌdVm: [wÃ[m°oÃU:$&& Mah¢bh¢rata, BORI, III, 281.58.13. Indian Culture, Vol. I, p. 299.14. Ibid., p. 683.15. Sircar, op.cit., p. 386, fn. 1.16. Fleet, op.cit., p. 251.17. Goyal, in PRHC, VI, op. cit.18. Sircar, op.cit., p. 6.19. Ibid.20. On M¢lava coins see, e.g., Smith, V.A., Catalogue of the Coins in the

Indian Museum, Calcutta, Oxford, 1906, pp. 161-64; Allan, J., Catalogueof the Indian Coins in the British Museum, Ancient India, London, 1936,pp. civ-cviii; Sharan, M. K., Tribal Coins : A Study, New Delhi, 1972,pp. 148-214; Chakrabarti, Manika, Malwa in Post-Maurya Period : ACritical Study with Special Emphasis on Numismatic Evidences, Calcutta,1981, pp. 190-210; Goyal, S.R., Indigenous Coins of Early India,

Jodhpur, 1994; pp. 169-74; Goyal, Shankar, Ancient Indian Numismatics:A Historiographical Study, Jodhpur, 1998, Ch. 3; Bakker, Hans T. (ed.),The V¢k¢∞aka Heritage : Indian Culture at the Crossroads, Groningen,2004, pp. 26-27.

21. Carlleyle and Cunningham ascribed the M¢lava Coins to the period between250 B.C. and 250 A.D. However, Rapson and Smith believed that theinitial date is not earlier than 150 B.C. Allan and, following him, Sircarsuggest that the letter ma in the legend on the M¢lava coins shows an"Early Gupta' form; consequently, they should be dated to the periodbetween the second century A.D. and the earlier part of the fourth centuryA.D. See Goyal, S.R., op.cit., p. 170.

22. Cf. Sircar, D.C., Ancient Malwa and the Vikram¢ditya Tradition, Delhi,1969, p. 9.

23. Ibid.24. Jayaswal, K. P., Hindu Polity, Bangalore, 1955, p. 218.25. Cf. Bandarkar, ABORI, XXIII, p. 224.26. Allan, op.cit., pp. civ ff.27. Sircar, op. cit., p. 11.28. Dasgupta, K.K., JNSI, XXVIII, i, pp. 52-54.

25


The Institution of Panchkula in EarlyMedieval Rajasthan

Rashmi Upadhyaya

The panchkula had a definite place in rural-urban spectrumof the early medieval period. The Pratihara records mention a localbody called by different names such as uttarsabha, gosthi andpanchkula. Siyadoni inscription mentions the term five times in thesame sense suggesting that the five members of the assembly wereappointed by the provincial head and they had their deliberations inthe town hall called mandapika. The panchkula indirectlyrepresented the state, being described as tadasthita (supervised bythe ruler) and tanniyukta (appointed by the ruler) in the records ofthe Pratihara and post Pratihara periods respectively. In Anavadainscription the panchkulas are referred as directly appointed bythe king. Bhinmala stone inscription of Udaisimha (VS.1306) alsorefers them as appointed by the ruler. Under the Chauhans thepanchkula weilded enormous influence. According to Sanchorinscription of VS.1345/AD.1288 the panchkula being directlyappointed by Maharajakula Samantasimhadeva exercised a greatdeal of local authority. The State official selahatha is also referredin the inscription to have supervised the amount of land revenuefixed in kind in association with the panchkula.

It may not be altogether ignored that the members ofpanchkula committee were elected by the residents of a town orvillage for the management of certain departments. Sometimes thetown-elders known as nagarmahallakas, who were therepresentatives of the people, maintained public peace being closelyassociated with judicial proceedings under the panchkula. D.C.Sircar equates panchkula with the institution of chaturjataka,which was the administrative board of four under the Paramarasand Chaulukyas like chauthiya of Rajasthan. In his view theexpressions l ike astakul-adhiharana, gram-astakul-adikarana,mahattarady-astakul-adhikarana mentioned in eastIndian inscriptions of Gupta and post Gupta period also equate with

the panchkula. Under the Kalachuris the panchkulas decided civiland criminal cases and also imposed fines. In some cases the rulesfor their guidance were laid down by the state. Similar role wasplayed by the panchkulas in Rajasthan as evident from the foregoingdetails.

As a local body managing administrative functions, the internalorganisation of the panchkula committee was closely supervisedby the state administrative officials in association with themahamatyas who in turn were ministers of the department knownas srikarna, along with samastamudravyapar (entire business ofthe seal). In some of the medieval inscriptions of Rajasthan thepanchkulas are mentioned along with the mukhyamatyas of therulers. Another officer designated as baladhikrita also issued ordersto the officers of lower rank in consultation with the panchkulas.The panchkula had also been in close connection with the officialslike kottapala and the feudal dignitaries like samantas and generallyguided them in matters of administration. Sometimes, they appearto be working under mahamandalesvar.

It appears that in both towns and villages the administrativesystem was managed by the royal officials with the assistance ofthe panchkulas. Sometimes, the highest administrative officers suchas mahamatyas,baladhipas,rajaputras,mahamtakas etc. wereconstituted as its members besides the selected persons of townsand villages. Under the Kalachuris the elected mahattaras werethe members of panchkula committee and the head or president ofcommittee was known as mahattama. Sometimes the mahattamasare also called panchkulikas and the chief member of the committeewas known as mahapanchkulika as mentioned in Kahla plate ofSodhdeva Kalachuri of VS. 1135. An inscription in Isvara temple atPositara in Sirohi district belonging to the reign of MaharajkulaSamantasimha, the Sonigara Chahamana of Jalor thoughfragmentary, refers to the mahamtaka and another one as membersof the panchkula. It appears that the members of the panchkulacommittee were certainly some selected persons consisting of villageelders and sometimes the administrative officers such asmahamatyas and mahamtakas etc.

The panchkulas were also known as the in-charge ofdevakarna (department looking after temples) and dharma-dhikarana (judicial department). They are often mentioned as

26


directly holding the charge of devakarna and granting certificatesof sale and concession to the traders. The management of otherdepartments might have had also been in the hands of thepanchkulas, especially elected for their administration. That themanagement of the temples was also in the hands of the panchkulasis evident from the Veraval inscription of Kumarapala which reportsto have entrusted the management of Somanath temple to thepanchkula. Such instances were also not wanting in Rajasthanduring early medieval period. Sometimes the members of a certaincommittee known as gausthika was also governed by thepanchkulas. According to Sevadi inscription (VS.1192) gausthikaswere entrusted with the management of the temples. Anotherinstitution known as bhataka, associated with the temples alsoworked under the panchkulas. The bhataka used to look afterwages of the members of workers in the temple. Such referencesare available in the inscriptions of Ghatiala and Ratanpur. Thepanchkulas are often mentioned to have entrusted with the task ofrestoring the temple etc. in a particular locality.Prabandhacintamani refers that king Kumarapala conveyed thenews of building of the temple of Somnath to his teacherHemachandra by showing the letter of panchkula which containedthe declaration to its restoration.

Five was the usual number of the members of the panchkulacommittee, on account of which they were known as panchkulas.However in special circumstances their number was likely to bedecreased or increased. Siyadoni inscription refers that during thereign of Maharaja Durbhata and Maharaja Niskalanka, the affairsof town were managed by panchkula committee, which consistedof two members. The Nadol inscription of MaharajadhirajaRayapala (VS.1198), refers that the eight wards of Dhalop villagesent two representatives each and appointed one of them asmadhyaka ie. their chief. The signatures of these sixteen, whoundertook to police the territory within their jurisdiction, were to beregarded as the signatures of all people (sarvaloka). Such arepresentative body provided sanction to some new deed or impost.The inscription thus reveals that the term pancha in words likepanchakula or panchamandali had no exact numerical significance.The strength of the town committee was sixteen at Dhalop. It seemsto have varied according to the size of the town. The usual

administrative work in most cases was carried on by panchkula orcommittee of five.

Important deeds were usually written in the presence of thepanchkulas. Larlai stone inscription, dated VS.1233/AD.1176 refersthat during the reign of Maharajadhirja Kelhanadeva, his brotherKirtipala’s sons named Rajaputra Lakhanapala and Abhayapala, whowere the bhoktri (proprietors) of Sinanava grama in conjunctionof queen Mahibaladevi, for the purpose of devyatra of Sri Shantinathgranted one haraka of barley mixed wheat out of his own share ofrevenue at Bhadiyauva in the presence of the panchkulas of villagefor attaining spiritual merit. The Mangalana stone inscription ofJayatrasimha (VS. 1272) refers that while Shamsuddin of Ghurfamily was ruling over Joginipur (Delhi),Vallanadeva held sway overRanthambhor. Under him Maharajputra mahamandalesvaraJayatrasimhadeva caused a step well to be built near Mangalana atHari Durjjodhan (a village four miles for Mangalna in Jodhpurdistrict). He levied some cesses (1 sei of korada corn on eachplough, 1 karsha of oil on each oil mill ( sei karsha were measuresof weight equivalent to nearly 15 seers and 1 tola respectively) forthe purpose of providing food in charity (sadavrat) to the hungrypassersby and light to the wayfarers. With a view to the continuityof these donations, the responsibility was placed in the hands ofpanch or trustees of the village. The names of the trustees aregiven as Jajaya, Lohara,Alhana, Bhopatiya,Devadhara.

Besides the registration of grants, the administration of justicewas the chief purview of the panchkulas. The judicial office headedby the panchkula was managed by the mahamtakas ,who tookactive part in administrative activities being the direct representativesof state as high officials, probably for keeping a vigil on the activitiesof panchkulas. Samaraicchakaha accounts, while kings treasurywas looted the judicial investigations were carried out by a jointcommittee of the karanikas and panchkula. The panchkulas inthis committee represented the popular elements while the karnikasacted as the officials of the state probably as supervising thefunctions of the panchkula. The same work also enumerates thatonce in a case of dispute regarding the ownership of certain goldingots between the two parties, the members of panchkulacommittee were sent forth to fetch a sample of ingots in question.

27


The identity of the owner was established by them. Then the kingaccompanied by the panchkula proceeded to the spot in order tohand over the ingots to the rightful owner, after being duly countedby the panchkulas. Similarly Brihatkathakosha narrates anincident according to which a buffalo being suspected of stealinggrass brought before the panchkula, which decided that she shouldundergo the ordeal of carrying a red hot ball of iron. In towns alsothe administration of justice was under the jurisdiction of thepanchkula committee, which took decisions after investigating intothe matter. After the confirmation of crime the reports weresubmitted to the ruler by the karanikas. Dhuretti plates ofTriokyamalla of KE 963 mentions a panchkula-dharmadhikarana,which meant as the judicial department managed by a panchkula.

The panchkula used to collect taxes also. Nitivakyamritaof Somadeva Suri refers them as the holders of revenue department,each member as having different tasks or assignments such as onereceiving the offered amount, the second recording it in register,the third sealing it, the fourth depositing it in treasury and the fifthexercising general supervision. Lekhapaddhati documents mentionthe panchkula as an administrative institution representing fiveheadmen of notable families in villages while in cities and towns itincorporated panchmukhnagar (five town headmen),who wereusually informed out regarding important events and took inititiativesin solving out criminal matters of a particular town. The work ofcollection of taxes was executed through the mandapikas. Thepanchkulas in Gujarat and western Marwar regions in some casesalso collected the amount of road tax and other cesses imposed onthe merchants. In one case as mentioned in a document ofLekhpaddhati of VS. 1533 the panchkulas also acted as in-chargeof custom house (mandapika) and gave transit clearance to amerchant with his goods and carriages. Prabandhacintamaninarrates the case of a panchkula who came from Kanyakubja(Kanauj) for drawing tribute from the land of Gujarat, which hadbeen given by the king of that country to his daughter in marriage asgift .The said panchkula had collected wealth from that countryfor six months and after completing the task returned to his owncountry with 24 lakh of silver drammas and four thousand well bredhorses. The text also narrates that the said panchkula was murdered

by one person named yuvaraj, an arrow bearer of panchkula at aghat named Saurashtra. A panchkula is also referred herein tohave collected tax from the persons going on a pilgrimage forSomnath. He is said to have tormented the pilgrims on account ofhis not having received the tax due to the king and the pilgrims weremade to return weeping. Later, on the request of Mynalladevi thetax was remitted. The king Siddharaja by summoning the panchkulamade a declaration of giving up tax, the annual income from whichwas 72 lakh drammas, for the spiritual welfare of his mother. Themembers of panchkula committee were often provided a specificamount of money as perquisite for their duties performed to thestate. According to a document in Lekhpaddhati the panchakulaswere provided 216 drammas as perquisite together with 3000drammas as the main head of revenue by a rajputra, who was asub-assignee of ranaka’s villages in a certain locality.

The panchkula also acted as witness in case of the grantsof land etc. The Larlai stone inscription of Kelhanadeva (VS. 1233)records a grant made in presence of the village panchkula. Theinscriptions from some temples refer that the donor at times madegifts by addressing the officers and the panchkula. Another Bhinmalinscription of Chachigadeva dated VS. 1328 refers thatMaharajkula Chachigadeva of Jalor, a Sonigara Chahamana rulerdonated some amount of money for the daily service(anga,bhoga,puja,naivedya) of God in the temple of Ahudesvarain the presence of the panchkulas. The exact amount of donationis not revealed owing to the fragmentary portion of the inscription.Another inscription at Bhinmal of the same ruler inscribed in VS.1316 refers that during the victorious reign of Chachigadeva thisinscription was codified under the supervision of Siha etc.panchkulas, appointed by him. The inscription refers to a donationof 20 drammas made by the residents of village Jajadauligrama inSrimaldesha and provides direction for the maintenance of thiscustom in future also. Two other inscriptions belonging to the reignof Maharajkula Chachigadeva from Tua in Sirohi district havebeen recovered. The first dated in VS. 1324 (AD.1267) refers tothe carving of a figure in Maheshvara grama by a person with theapproval of mahamtaka Jaka. The next inscription dated VS. 1326/AD. 1269 seem to record some grant in the same village with theapproval of panchkula headed by mahamtaka Jakha .The village

28


Mahesvara may best be identified with Mer, an uninhabited placenear Tua. Another inscription dated VS. 1333,asvin vadi 14 refersthat during the victorious reign of Maharajakula Chachigadeva,kayastha Subhata and Chattaka Karmasingh in the presence ofGajsingh etc. made a cash endowment for offerings to GodMahavira. The present persons selahatha and panchkulas orderedthat this donated amount of money should not be misused. Nadlaistone inscription of Rayapala (VS.1189), speaks of a religiousbenefaction made by Rudrapala and Amritpala, sons ofMaharajadhiraja Rayapala of Chahamana dynasty, in conjunctionwith their queen mother Manaladevi consisting of two palikas fromoil machine (ghanaka) for the Jaina saints in and outside of Nadlai;for which the five persons, including a rauta, named Ttimata, aVanik named Posari, Lakshmana headed Nagasiva, a bhandari,and one unreadable name, and graminakas are referred aswitnesses. The five persons mentioned therein were apparently thepancha of the village. Sanchor Stone inscription of Samantasimhaof VS.1345 refers while the pancha consisting of Mahamta Hiraetc of merchant community, who were appointed by Samantasimhahimself were exercising local authority, some local people of thetown made a perpetual endowment consisting of 8 visalpriyadrammas. For it the villagers indulged in agriculture agreed to give1½ kalasas of munga annually. Selahatha, an official wasrequested to look after this matter. The token of approval was givenby the sign manuals of at least four Meharas, of whom three werethe donors and fourth was Selahatha. The Meharas, who made theendowment and Selahatha, one of the officials were mainlyconsisting of these panchas.

Sometimes the functions of the panchkula were taken in tothe hands of the mahajanas or village elders. That the mahajanasdelegated their functions to the panchkula as their representativeis clear from Nadlai stone inscription of Rayapala VS.1200, whichrefers that rauta Rajadeva made some kind of religious benefactionon the occasion of the rathyatra, for the sake of his mother not inthe presence of the panchas (five leading members) but in thepresence of mahajanas, villagers and people of the province.

In some cases the panchkula committee itself issued grants.An inscription dated VS. 1223 from Sirohi describes Ranasimha as

the king of Chandravati, the capital of the Paramara kingdom ofAbu and records some grants of arahattas and drammas made tothe god Kaleshvara in Ajari by the pancha (panchkula ) consistingof Jagaddeva and others. In the Juna stone inscription of MaharajaSamantasimhadeva VS.1302 Mahamta Chirasela, Velaula, theBhandari Migala and others are referred as directly appointed bythe king to draw up documents, were probably the members ofpanchkula committee. These members made a rel igiousendowment at Bahadameru to God in the temple of Adinath. Thegrant consisting of a paila from every incoming or outgoing caravanexceeding ten camels and twenty bullocks was to be distributedbetween the two gods. The panchkulas or the five personsmentioned above imposed ten bhimapriya vimsopakas as fine whichwas to be charged from the caravans. The approval to this orderwas given by mahajanas or the leading members of that place.Here mahajanas were referred generally and not under the directadministration of the king. Hathundi inscription (Nadolmandal,Jodhpur district) (VS. 1335) refers that the members of thepanchkula including Mahamta Sajan ,Mahamta Udhan singh andDevasimha etc. donated 24 drammas every year to the temple ofGod Mahavira from the income of mandapika of Sevadi. Theinscription does not mention the name of any ruler. Anotherinscription in the same location dated VS. 1336 records a furthergrant of 12 drammas by a shresthika and stipulates that the grantof total 36 drammas including the 24 drammas mentioned in earlierinscription should be made every year by the panchkulas of Sevadito God Mahavira. Similarly Hathundi inscription dated VS. 1356,chaitravadi 4 refers that during the reign of Maharajakula SriSamantadeva, Sri Karnadeva appointed by him made a grant of 40drammas to Mahavia temple. The panchkulas ordered for themaintenance of this practice regularly in future. Another inscriptionat Hathundi dated VS. 1345, bhadva badi 9 refers that during thereign of maharajkula Sri Samantasimhadeva in the Nadol mandalSri Lal who was appointed as sri karana (clerk) by the king andthe other panchkulas made donation of some land. The inscriptionthus refers that Sri karana , a direct nominee of the state was alsoa member of panchkula committee. A Jain inscription ofChichigadeva dated VS. 1333, magh sudi 1, refers that during thereign of victorious reign of Mahamandalesvara Chachigadeva the

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panchkulas granted a piece of cultivable land measuring 2 halasfor the service of God Parshvanath at Ranapur. The witness wasmahamatya Sri Jakha, who was himself a panchkula other thanthe panchkula donors mentioned in the inscription. The mahamatyawas probably appointed by Chachigadeva for this purpose. Heperhaps presided over the meetings of the committee. The inclusionof the names of mahamatyas amongst the members of panchkulacommittee leads to the conclusion that this institution was directlyassociated with central administration.

The above survey reveals that the institution of panchkularepresented a semi democratic government wherein the subjectscan be said to have enjoyed a substantial amount of self-governmentas the local body. It had an effective voice in the management ofaffairs of state being a coherent organism represented by the peopleand governed by the state.

References:1 B.N.Puri ,The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas,Bombay,1975,p.113.2 Ibid.3 Dashrath Sharma, Rajasthan Through The Ages,Vol.I (Hereafter RTA ),

Bikaner, 1966, p.351.4 Indian Antiquary,Vol.XLI,pp.20-21.5 Epigraphia Indica ( Hereafter E I ), Vol. XI , pp.55-57.6 Ibid.,pp.,58-59.7 S.R.Sharma, Society and Culture in Rajasthan, (c.AD.700-900), Delhi,

1996, p.218.8 D.C.Sircar, Studies in the Political and Economic Systems in Ancient

and Medieval India, Delhi,1974,pp.80-839 Corpus Inscription Indecorum, Vol. IV.(Hereafter CII)10 P.Prasad, Lekhapaddhati, Documents of State and Every Day Life from

Ancient and Early Medieval Gujarat, New Delhi, 2007, p.10.11 Proceedings of Seminar on Medieval Inscriptions ,Deptt.of

History,AMU,Aligarh,1974,p.37.12 Ibid., p.11.13 RTA ,p. 354.14 P.Prasad.op.cit.,p.11.15 CII, Vol.IV,Cxlv,also see.nos.74,134.16 Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy, (Hereafter ARIE), 1964-65,B-591.17 P.Prasad, op.cit.,p.12.18 Proceedings,o p.cit.,p.38.19 Ibid.

20 Prabandhacintamani of Merutunga, tr. C.H. Tawney, New Delhi, 1982,p.126.

21 Ibid.p.129.22 CII, Vol, IV, cxlv.23 E I,Vol.I,pp.162ff.24 EI Vol.,XI, pp.39-41.25 Ibid.,pp.49-50.26 Indian Antiquary,Vol. XlI,1872-1933,pp 86-87.27 P.Prasad.,p.13.28 S.R.Sharma,op.cit.,p.216.29 Ibid.30 P.Bhatia,op.cit.,p.237,fn.5.31 Ibid.,p.235.32 CII,Vol.,cxlv,no.72,L.9.33 Ibid.,cxliv,fn.15.34 P.Prasad,op.cit.,12-13,50.35 Ibid.,p.21.36 Ibid.37 Prabandhacintamani,Op.cit.,p.18.38 Ibid.,p.84.39 P.Prasad.,Op.cit.,.p.14.40 Ibid.41 EI,Vol.,XI,p.49.42 G.L .Shrimali,Rajasthan Ke Abhilekh(Marwar Ke Sandarbh Mei),Vol.I,

Jodhpur,2000,pp.234-35.43 Ibid.,pp.317-18.44 ARIE,1963-64,B.447.Jakha was also serving as mahamatya.See.p.10.45 Ibid,B.448.46 Shrimali.,op.cit.,pp.238-39.47 EI,Vol., XI, 3548 Ibid.,pp.58-9,61-2.49 Ibid.,p.4150 P.Bhatia,Op.cit.,p.174.51 EI, Vol.,XI.,pp.59-60.52 ARIE,1976-77,c4256,also see, Proceedings , op.cit,p.38.53 ARIE,1976-77,c.4257.54 Shimali,op.cit.,p.253.55 Proceedings,op.cit.,p.38.56 Shrimali,op.cit.,p.238.

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Epigraphic Evidences for Tughlaqid Noblesand their Constructional Activities in

Rajasthan and GujaratFazeela Shahnawaz

Epigraphs as a valuable and authentic source supported muchin reconstruction of various aspects of history. The inscription notonly collaborate the historical works rather it adds some more newinformation. Much information has been preserved in the epigraphsabout the state officials, both of high and low ranks, who haveremained obscure in the contemporary historical works.

The fourteenth Century epigraphs found both in Persian andArabic languages, mentions the purport of the record, constructionof a structure, name of the patron with particular date and year.The reference of the reigning Sultan, the provincial governors andlocal officials find prominent place. Thus, these records furnishvaluable data regarding the administrative machinery headed by thenobles. However, this paper seeks to highlight the contribution ofthe Tughlaqid nobles and other officials of Rajasthan and Gujarat,especially in the field of building constructions.

Epigraphic evidences show that the Tughlaqid noblesaccelerated the constructional activities on a large scale. As a result,both kinds of buildings, religious and secular, were constructed bythem. Contemporary accounts referred to a well organized buildingdepartment under the Tughlaq Sultans. The chief architect wasdesignated as Shahna-i-Imarat and Mir-i-Imarat . The chiefarchitect, with support of the other officials and skilled workerswas responsible to look after the civil engineering works. However,the building department was probably headed by Malikzadah Ahmadbin Ayaz1 as Shahna-i-Imarat (the Chief Architect) and Malik GhaziShahna as Mir -i-Imarat (Chief Architect) during the Tughlaqidperiod. Considering their skilled efforts, they were awarded with agolden staff. 2 The deputies of Mir-i-Imarat were also awarded agolden mace.3 Technical branch of the building department, such as

masonry, carpentry and stone cutting was headed by a skilledsuperintendent. Plans of buildings prepared by the buildingdepartment were examined by the finance department (Diwan-i-Wazarat), and then adequate funds were allotted to the architects.4

Another architect of the Tughlaq period was Malik Zahir-ul-Juyush,5 who was the main architect of Khurramabad, though notrace of this palace has survived.6 He was an architect of greatskill who introduced four-iw?n plan for Sultan’s Jami Mosque. Itseems that he was an Iranian architect employed by the Sultan.7

Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul8 and his son Junan Shah,9 Wazirs of SultanFiruz Shah were also responsible for the construction of large numberof mosques, some of which have survived.10

Since the Sultans themselves were involved in the constructionactivities, the Tughlaqid nobles and officials also followed the royalpractice and constructed buildings at a large scale at different places.Thus, the Jami Masjid Epigraph of Broach records that it wasconstructed by Daulat Shah Muhammad Butmari during the time ofSultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah.11 He was variously mentioned inGhaznavi Masjid (Broach) inscription as Daulat Shah MuhammadButmari.12 and in Jami Mosque (Cambay) Epigraph as Dawlat ShahMuhammad al-Butahari.13 The third inscription from Broach recordsthe construction of Idgah out of his personal property.14 The epigraphalso records his title Malik u’sh Sharq, thus it appears that he wasat that time the Governor of Gujarat. However, Daulat ShahMuhammad Butmari was an important noble mentioned by Zia Baranias Malik Fakhr’ud Din Dawlat Shah Busahari/ Dastari attached tothe court of both Sultans Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his successorMuhammad bin Tughlaq.15 Isami also records that he served SultanGhiyasuddin and Muhammad bin Tughlaq successively,accompanying the former in his Lakhnauti expedition and the latterin Multan expedition.16

Epigraph from Topkhana Mosque, Jalor (Rajasthan) recordsits construction by Shaban Hasan Qizilbash who was the Muharrir(revenue officer) and Gumashta (Commissionary) at Jalor.17

Contemporary sources are silent about him. Construction of amosque is recorded by Hamid Ahmad when Malik Taju’d DuwalAhmad Ayaz was the governor.18 The name of Hamid Ahmad is nottraceable in historical texts, but Barani mentions one Taj u’d Din

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with the name Ahmad in the list of notable grandees of the reign ofQutbuddin Mubarak Khalji.19 A Jami mosque and a Sarai (Inn) atBhadgaon (Baroda district) were constructed by Mihtar-i-Sarai(Inn keeper) Malik Sumbul.20 Another official Salih Sultani who wasBuqchadar21 (Knapsack-bearer) is recorded for the constructionof a mosque in Veraval (Patan District).22 Official ranks of Salihfind no mention in the chronicles. Ibn Battuta referred Buqchadaras a servant holding charge of a silk stuffs and a box containingornaments.23 A mosque at Dholka was constructed by Mafkharu’lUmara Muqarrab-u’d Daulat wa’d Din Hilal Maliki during thegovernorship of Malik Maliku sh-sharq Ruknuddin Daulat wa’d DinQutlugh Sardaidar-i-Khass.24 It is difficult to trace the identity ofthese persons from the chronicles, but from the name and titles itappears that he was the Governor of the province of Gujarat.

An interesting epigraph from Karakhari (in Baroda) statesthat an order was issued to Malik Muzaffar by the Sultan Muhammadbin Tughlaq for the construction of a mosque.25 The construction ofa mosque by Kotwal of Khambayat (Cambay) whose name is lostbut the title Quran Khwan is clearly mentioned in an epigraph fromCambay.26 Contemporary chronicler Barani, in his list of Firuz ShahTughlaq’s nobles mentions Malik Qabul Amir-i-Majlis with the titleQuran Khwan, but does not give any detail.27 Afif added Barani’sinformation that Malik Qabul (Quran Khwan Amir-i-Majlis) wasthe Muqti of Samana.28 Yahya Sirhindi further elaborates that MalikQabul bore the designation of Sarpardadar and was dispatchedagainst the Mongols by Firuz Shah Tughlaq.29

There is an epigraph from Patan recording the constructionof a mosque by Husain.30 It is difficult to establish the identity ofthis person, but the second epigraph dated in the following year,mention Husain son of Amir-i-Miran Balkhi, who constructed a Jamimosque at Patan.31 This Husain is identical with Malik u’sh SharqNizam ul Mulk Husain32 who was the son of Amir-i-Miran Balkhi,the celebrated minister of Firuz Shah. Further Barani and Yahyamentions that he was among the nobles who declared their loyaltyto Firuz Shah when Khwaja Jahan set up a rival to the throne ofDelhi on the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and became Mustaufi-i-mamalik.33 Afif elaborates that he was appointed Governor ofGujarat but later he was removed from the post on account of his

failure in arranging supplies for the Sultan.34 But soon after, he wasappointed Naib-Wazir (Deputy Prime Minister). Since he wasmarried to the sister of the Sultan, thus he enjoyed high privilege oftaking a seat alongside the Wazir in the audience hall.35

Inscription from Jami mosque at Dholka commonly known asTanka Masjid records the construction of the said edifice during thereign of Firuz Shah by great Malik Ikhtiyar u’d Daulat wa’d DinMufarrah Sultani, the royal Dawidar (Royal Ink Stand Bearer) outof his personal money.36 Second inscription from the same mosquerecords that he held the post of Naib-i-Iqta of Khambayat(Cambay).37 Further, the content of the third inscription are sameas those of previous two inscriptions with the difference of thepoetical description of the material of its construction i.e. clay, mortarand bricks.38 Epigraph from the Idgah (Cambay) also records itsconstruction by Malik Mufarrah Sultani. It also mentions his titleand post.39 According to Yahya Sirhindi he was the Deputy Governorof Gujarat consequent to the death of Shamsuddin Damghani. Afterthe death of Mailk Yaqub Sikandar Khan, the newly appointedgovernor, he was confirmed in the governorship and continued tohold that high office until his death in the battle with Zafar Khan.Yahya also mentions him as the Amir of Cambay.40

However, Malik Mufarrah Sultani, the Royal Ink-Stand Bearerhas been mentioned as the governor of Gujrat in an inscription whosesub-ordinate official by Haji Muslih Shirazi,41 not recorded in thechronicles, had constructed a mosque. Another epigraph fromCambay stating the construction of a mosque by Abdullah son ofJamaluddin son of Sad-ud Din Hariri, also mentions Malik MufarrahSultani entiled Ikhtiyar-ud Daulat wa’d Din, holding the post ofDawidar-i-Khass as the Muqti of Cambay.42 Similarly he ismentioned as the Governor of Gujarat in an epigraph stating itsconstruction by Ahmad son of Wajih son of Hasan al-Quraishi.43

At Patan also a noble Malik-i-Azam Muazzam Fakhr-udDaulat wa’d Din son of Khan-i-Azam Sher Khan Mahmud Bek isrecorded for the construction of a mosque.44 Malik’s father SherKhan Mahmud Bek was an eminent noble of Firuz Shah.45 Anothercelebrated Governor of Gujarat under Firuz Shah, Zafar Khan Farsihas been recorded in an epigraph in connection of the constructionof a Jami mosque in Una village (Junagarh district). Epigraph

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recorded him as Muhammad entitled Taj, a native of Persia, whoreceived the title of Zafar Khan.46 The name of this noble is findmention in the works of Barani, Afif and Yahya Sirhindi.47 Anotherepigraph from Kapadwanj (Kaira district, Gujarat) states that a Jamimosque was constructed during the reign of Firuz Shah by greatnoble Zafar khan, when he was the Governor of that place.48

The name of the Commander-in-Chief (Sipahsalar)Muhammad Firuz of Dhansur under Firuz Shah appers in the Ladnun(Rajasthan) inscription. At Ladnun a Jami mosque was constructedby him while Malik Dailan was the Deputy Administrative Officer.49

According to Afif, Malik Dailan was an important commander inthe army of Firuz Shah and had accompanied the Sultan in hisexpedition against Shamsu’d Din of Bengal.50 He was later appointedthe Shiqdar (governor) of Hisar Firuza, a city which was designedand its construction was supervised by Firuz Shah himself.51 Baraniand Afif both mentioned him as the Amir-i-Shikar.52

Epigraph from Khirni Masjid (Dholka) states that MalikSharfu’d Daulat wa’d Din Suhrab Zafar Khani entitled MalikMafkhar ul Khawas who was Sarpardadar (chief curtain bearer)constructed the mosque.53 This epigraph, unfortunately, does notprovide further information about the exact post held by MalikSuhrab. His soubriquet Zafar Khani tends to indicate that he was asenior official under Zafar Khan or his son Dariya Khan, also entitledZafar Khan, who was appointed to the Governorship of Gujarat onhis father’s death.54 Another epigraph found from the Idgah inMosampura (Gogha district, Gujarat) referred to its construction byKamal Hamid during the Governorship of Khan-i-Azam Zafar Khan,son of Wajih-ul-Mulk during the reign of Nusrat Shah.55

A prominent noble of Firuz Shah, Shamsu’d Din Damghanihas been recorded for the construction of a mosque in Baroda.Epigraph mentions his title as Maliku’sh Sharq.56 Afif mentions thisShamsu’d Din Damghani, Governor of Gujarat, who revolted duringthe reign of Firuz Shan.57 Yahya Sirhindi, Nizamuddin Ahmad andFerishta further informed that he offered Sultan Firuz Shah fortylakhs of tankas per year along with hundred elephants, two hundredArab horses and four hundred slaves against the tax of Gujarat. Onthis condition he was appointed as the Governor of Gujarat in placeof Zafar Khan but when he was unable to fulfill all conditions he

revolted.58 A fragmentary inscription from Chatsu (Jaipur district)refers to a free slave (‘Atiq) of Khwaja Jahan for the constructionof a mosque.59 The latter can be none other than the well knownprime minister of Firuz Shah, Khwaja Hasan Ahmad Ayaz.60 As tothe former, it may be inferred from the phrase ‘on behalf of theMalik u’sh Sharq’ that he was in charge of pargana.

According to the epigraph from Mangrol the construction ofa mosque was started and completed during the reign of Firuz Shahthrough the efforts of Izzuddin son of Aram Shah.61 The identity ofthis person official is unknown. His name finds no mention in thecontemporary and later chronicles. However Barani mention oneIzzudin Haji as Dabir (secretary) in his list of nobles of SultanMuhammad and Firuz Shah.62 Yet it is difficult to ascertain thatIzzuddin referred with inscription was the same as mentioned byBarani. It seems probable that he was the local Governor or officialduring that period. Similarly nothing is found in the contemporaryrecords about Kabir son of Khwajgi son of Minhaj-an-Nasihi, whois mentioned in an epigraph of Didwana (Jodhpur district) as abuilder of a mosque.63

Another epigraph from Mangrol mentions that a mosque wascaused to be built by a noble, Makhdumzada Malik Abdul Malik sonof Husan in the reign of Firuz Shah.64 Nothing is known about thisofficial except that he was posted at Mangrol in some officialcapacity. Epigraph from Ladnun records the construction of a mosquelocally called Hazirawali Masjid by Alauddin Mubarak alias Jai Singhson of Bhoja Mohil during the governorship of Malik Ikhtiyar’udDin Chupan son of Usman.65 Historical accounts neither mentionthe name of Ladnun, its officials nor Malik Ikhtiyar’ud Din Chupan(Malik’ush Sharq) and the builder of the mosque Alauddin aliasJai Singh. However, both these nobles find place in the memoir of asaint Shaikh Ahmad Khattu of Sarkhej in Gujarat.66 One moreepigraph from Rajasthan corresponding the reign of Mahmud Tughlaqrefers to the chaos and hardships created by the invasion of Timurand to the desertion of the place by people who fled to Thangarhfor refuge. It further states that after the establishment of peacethrough the efforts of Iqbal Khan, mosques were reconstructed andthe fort rehabitated.67

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Besides the religious structures, construction of secularstructures like forts, wells, step-wells, sarai (inns) by the Tughlaqnobles and officials have been recorded in the epigraphs. A numberof inscriptions record the construction of forts by these nobles.Inscription from Navsari (Baroda) states the erection of a fort byMalik Ibrahim during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.68 Anotherepigraph from Mangrol records that Zafar Khan son of Wajih ulMulk was muqti of Gujarat on behalf of Sultan. He had appointedMalik Badr-i-Banjhal as his deputy in Sorath. In turn his deputy atMangrol was Malik Shaikh son of Taj, who constructed there astrong fort (Hisar) in 1400-1401 A.D.69 Nothing is known aboutboth Malik Badr-i-Banjhal Governor under Zafar Khan and hisdeputy at Mangrol Malik Shaikh son of Taj.

The epigraphical gallery of Victoria Hall Museum at Udaipurcontains only one Persian inscription which was found from fort ofChittor. The epigraph mentions Asadu’d Din Arsalan as the builderof some construction, the nature of which is not known.70 One moreepigraph from Chittorgarh (Chittor) refers the construction of aSultan Sarai (Inn) of pleasing appearance built by Malik Asadu’dDin Governor of Khizrabad (Chitor).71 Malik Asadu’d Din Arsalanwas apparently the nephew of the Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq whohad appointed him to the post of naib-i-barbak in 1320 A.D.72 Thehistorical works do not furnish much detail of his career although hemust have held an important position. Another Sarai (Inn) atBhadgaon (Baroda district) was constructed by Malik Sumbul whowas Mihtar-i-Sarai (Inn keeper).73

Another inscription from Bari Khatu (Rajasthan) does notprovide any clue to the nature of building. It simply states that a‘building’ was constructed and this could mean any edifice, includingthe Dargah of Saint Muhammad Qattal, during the governorship ofMalik ul Umara Saifu’d Daulat wa’d Din Nanak Sultani, theakhurbek-i-maisara and the muqti of the ma’mura (district) ofAjmer. The work was carried out under the supervision of Muayyadson of Siraj son of Fakhr, who was the secretary or accountant(muharrir) of the same district.74 The official is evidently identicalwith Malik Nanak Sultani who held the post of akhurbek-i-maisaraunder Alauddin Khalji.75 We have one more reference that statesthat during the reign of Nusrat Shah, Zafar Khan the great minister

held the governorship of Gujarat. Malik Yaqub (of Tamim origin)who administered the Shiqq of Sorath on behalf of the latter laid anew foundation. There was a strong city wall at Mangrol but thehalaqa (chains) of the doors were not of iron. Consequently Malikgot them made of steel and covered these gates with iron of whichtwo hundred mans per panel were utilized. This work was carriedout under the direct charge of Malik Yaqub’s brother Malik Musa,Kotwal of the town.76 About these two officials we do not find anymention in historical records.

A number of inscriptions record the construction of tanks,wells and step wells. A fragmentary record states that the excavationand construction of a tank called Firuz Sagar was done during thegovernorship of Malik ul Umara Firuz, son of Muhammad, Shahna-i-bek (Chief Superintendent) of the paigah-i-khaas (royal stables)and muqti of the region by Taj ud Daulat wa’d Din entitled Khalafu’l Mulk.77 Malik ul Umara Firuz is untraceable, but he may be ahigh ranking noble under the Tughlaqs. Another bilingual epigraphfrom Sambhar (Jaipur district) records the construction of a stepwell by Bam Dev son of Nathu son of Ganga Dev during thegovernorship of Malik Kamal ud Daulat wa’d Din AhmadKhurram.78 The personages referred in the inscription deservemention. Malik Kamalu’d Din Ahmad is mentioned as the Governorof the region, but contemporary historical records are silent. Epigraphfrom Petlad (Cambay) records the construction of a well in thetown of Petlawadar (Petlad) by Haji Ismail son of Usman Shirazifor public use. The builder also obtained a grant of twenty khumbasof land from Sayyid-ul-umara, Badrud Din Abu Bakr, Amir-i-Kuh,Muqti of Petlwadar for its upkeep so that the public, local or outsidermay drive comfort and rest therefrom. Also enjoins upon the futureAmirs, Maliks and Hakims (governors) to continue the grant of thesaid land.79 One Malik Muzaffar ordered for the construction of awell in the village Karakhari (Baroda district) which was constructedby Moka Mehta.80

Conclusively, the epigraphs record much valuable informationrelated with the Tughlaqid nobles and their sub-ordinate officialsposted in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The inscriptions further highlightthe interest of these nobles in construction of various monuments,religious as well as secular, in the provinces of Rajasthan and Gujaratin the reign of the Tughlaq Sultans of Delhi.

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References:1. Zia Barani, Tarikh-firuzshahi, ed. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh, 2005,

pp. 454, 424, 527; Ibn Battuta, Rehla, Eng. tr. H. A. R. Gibb, The Travelsof Ibn Battuta (1325-1354), Vol. III, pp. 654-655; Isami, Futuh-us-Salatin,ed. A. S. Usha, Madras, 1948, pp. 386, 412, 413, 420; Badaoni,Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, ed. Maulvi Ahmad Ali, Calcutta, 1868, pp.227, 237; Abha Rani, Tughluq Architecture, Varanasi, 1991, pp. 87-88.

2. Afif, Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi, ed. Maulavi Ahmad Ali, Calcutta, 1891, p.331; Eng. tr., R. C. Jauhri, Medieval India in Transition, Delhi, 2001, p.188; Abha, Tughluq Architecture, pp. 88-89, 98; R. Nath, History ofSultanate Architecture, Delhi, 1978, p. 60; R. C. Jauhri, Firuz ShahTughluq, Agra, 1968, pp. 160-161.

3. Ibid., p. 331; Eng. tr. p. 188.4. Ibid., p. 331; Eng. tr., p. 188; Jauhri, Firuz Tughluq, pp. 160-161.5. Barani, Tarikh, p. 454.6. Nath, Sultanate Architecture, p. 55-56; Abha, Tughluq Architecture, p.

54.7. Abha, Tughluq Architecture, p. 88.8. Afif, Tarikh, pp. 397, 405, 422.9. Ibid., p. 426.10. Abha, Tughluq Architecture, pp. 22, 25. These mosques are Jami Masjid

at Kotla Firuzabad (1354), Kali Masjid (1370) at Nizamuddin, KalanMasjid (1375) in Shahjahanabad, Khirki Masjid and Begumpuri Masjid(1387).

11. Dr. M. Nazim, Inscriptions from Bombay Presidency, in Epigraphia Indica(Arabic and Persian Supplement), 1933-34, pp. 25-26.

12. EIAPS, 1933-34, p. 2613. Ibid., 1957-58, pp. 29-34; Annual Reports on Indian Epigraphy,

Hyderabad, Government of Adhra Pradesh, 1956-57, D-42, p. 11414. Ibid., 1933-34, p. 27.15. Barani, Tarikh, pp. 424, 454.16. Isami, Futuh-us-Salatin, pp 412, 435.17. EIAPS, 1949-50, p. 32; Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Vol. 49,

Rajasthan, ed. International Committee, London, p 46.18. Ibid., 1955-56, p. 89; ARIE, 195-53, C-138; Corpus Inscriptionum

Bhavnagari, Antiquarian Department, Bhavnagar State, Bombay, 1889,pp.4-5

19. Barani, Tarikh, p. 37920. Q. M. Moneer, Two Unpublished Inscriptions of the Time of Muhammad

bin Tughlaq, EIAPS, 1939-40, pp. 23-2621. Officer incharge with directing some domestic duty in royal household.22. EIAPS, 1957-58, pp. 38-39; ARIE, 1954-55, C-170, p. 92; Corp. Insp.

Bhavnagari, pp. 5-6.

23. Ibn Battuta, Rehla, p. 208.24. EIAPS, 1957-58, pp. 40-42; ARIE, 1954-55, C-7, p. 76.25. ARIE, 1963-64, D-85, p. 12526. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 5-7; ARIE, 1956-57, D-36, p.11327. Barani, Tarikh, p. 52728. Afif, Tarikh, pp. 454-5529. Yahya Sirhindi, Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi, ed. Hidayat Husain, Calcutta,

1931, p. 12730. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 7-8; ARIE, 1954-55, C-8131. Ibid., 1962, 8-9; ARIE, 1954-55, C-77, p. 8232. Yahya, Tarikh, p. 120, 13133. Barani, Tarikh, p. 582; Yahya, Tarikh, pp. 120, 124.34. Afif, Tarikh, p. 219-220; Yahya, Tarikh, p. 131; Nizamuddin Ahmad,

Tabaqat-i-Akbari, Nawal Kishore edition, Lucknow, 1875, p. 11735. Ibid., pp. 280, 41936. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 9-10; ARIE, 1954-55, C-8, p. 7737. Ibid., pp. 10-12; ARIE, 1954-55, C-938. Ibid, pp. 12-14; ARIE, 1954-55, C-1039. Ibid., pp. 20-21; ARIE, 1959-60, D-134, p. 14840. Yahya, Tarikh, pp. 133, 13841. ARIE, 1973-74, D-6, p. 12842. EIAPS, 1962, PP. 19-20; ARIE, 1956-57, D-50, p. 11543. Ibid., 1962, pp. 26-27; ARIE, 1956-57, D-56, p. 11644. Ibid., 1962, pp. 14-15; ARIE, 1956-57, D-98, p. 12045. Barani, Tarikh, pp. 583, 545; Afif, Tarikh, pp. 86-87; Yahya, Tarikh, pp.

119, 120-12246. EIAPS, 1962, pp.15-17; ARIE, 1954-55, C-160, p. 91; Corp. Insp.

Bhavnagari, pp. 3-4; Major J. W.Watson, Indian Antiquary, A Journal ofOriental Research, Delhi, Vol. VIII, 1879, p. 182

47. Baran, Tarikh, p. 583; Afif, Tarikh, pp. 137-142, 156, 158, 162, 206-07,225, 133-135; Yahya, Tarikh, pp. 126, 131.

48. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 17-18; ARIE, 1954-55, C-47, p. 8049. Ibid., 1949-50, pp. 18-19; Corp. Insp. Iranicarum, Rajasthan, p. 6250. Afif, Tarikh, pp. 11751. Ibid., p. 12852. Barani, Tarikh, p. 527; Afif, Tarikh, 31853. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 18-19; ARIE, 1954-55, C-11, p. 7754. Afif, Tarikh, pp. 225, 499; Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat, p. 11755. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 37-38; Corp. Insp. Bhavnagari, pp. 7-8; ARIE, 1954-

55, C-2356. Ibid, 1939-40, pp. 1-257. Afif, Tarikh, pp. 493-501

35


58. Yahya, Tarikh, p. 132; Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat, p. 117; John Briggs,History of the Rise of Muhammadan Power in India, Calcutta, 1929, Vol.I, pp. 455-56

59. EIAPS, 1967, pp. 20-2260. Barani, Tarikh, pp. 538-542; Afif, Tarikh, pp. 50-55; Yahya, Tarikh, p.

12061. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 24-26; Corp. Insp. Bhavnagari, p. 11; ARIE, 1954-55,

C-151, p. 9062. Barani, Tarikh, pp. 455, 52863. EIAPS, 1949-50, pp. 20-21; ARIE, 1969-70, D-134, p. 91; Z. A. Desai,

Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, p. 59.64. Ibid., 1962, pp. 30-32; ARIE, 1954-55, C-135; Corp. Insp. Bhavnagar,

pp. 13-1465. Ibid., 1972, pp. 23-31; ARIE, 1969-70, D-161, p. 93; Corp. Insp.

Iranicarum, Rajasthan, p. 63; Desai, Pub. Mus. Insp. of Raj., pp. 100-101, no. 318

66. Memoir of Shaikh Ahmad Khattu entitled Mirqat’ul Wasul ila’allahiwa’r rasul, cf. Z. A. Desai, EIAPS, 1972, pp. 23-31. Shaikh states that itwas in the course of one such visit that he had met Malik Chupan atNagaur. He further states that when he once accompanied Baba Ishaq toLadnun, Baba was entertained by Malik Alauddin, the newly convertedmuslim whose previous name was Jai Singh and who was the chief(muqaddam) of the said town.

67. ARIE, 1963-64, D-309, p. 14968. EIAPS, 1939-40, pp. 23-2669. Ibid., 1962, pp. 38-4070. Ibid., 1955-56, pp. 67-68.71. Ibid., 1955-56, pp. 68-70; ARIE, 1955-56, D-127, p. 7172. Barani, Tarikh, p. 42873. EIAPS, 1939-40, pp. 23-2674. Ibid., 1967, pp. 11-17; ARIE, 1962-63, D-198, p. 193; Corp. Insp.

Iranicarum, Rajasthan, p. 58.75. Isami, Futuh-us-salatin, pp. 301-302, 303.76. EIAPS, 1962, pp. 32-37; ARIE, 1954-55, B-513, C-136.77. Ibid., 1967, pp. 8-10; ARIE, 1962-63, D-194, p. 19378. Ibid., 1955-56, pp. 57-60; ARIE, 1955-56, D-137, p. 7279. ARIE, 1975-76, D-114, p. 145; Epigraphia Indo Moslemica, 1915-16, p.

1780. Ibid., 1963-64, D-85, p. 125.

Jijhri AT BAYANA : A STUDY INMUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

Dr. M. K. Pundhir

Jijhri , a medieval tomb building is existing on the southernperiphery of the town of Bayana. Bayana is situated between 26O55'

north of latitude and 77O18' east of longitude at 45 milometres to thesouth west of Bharatpur District of Rajasthan and its distance fromAgra is 76 kilometres. It can be located on the left bank of Gambhiriwhich is a seasonal River. Presently Bayana is a sub division andtehsil headquarter of District Bharatpur.

Epigraphs have established the antiquity and historicity ofBayana. Inscription dating back to the period preceding the GhorianConquest referred the Bayana as 'Sripatha' but during medievalperiod Persian chronicles renamed as Bayana. Sripatha’sidentification as Bayana could be possible because of the Lodibilingual inscription found in the vicinity of Bayana. During the earlyMedieval period, before the foundation of Agra, Bayana held verystrategic position and was an important administrative unit. But afterthe foundation and later establishment of Mughal capital at Agra,Bayana started to lose not its strategic significance but itsadministrative status had shifted to Agra. Furthermore in theadministrative reorganization done by Akbar in 1580 A.D., sarkarof Agra was formed after taking many parganas from the sarkar ofBayana. After the conquest and consolidation of Mughal empire inRajputana and Malwa, Bayana lost further its strategic importanceand it was reduced to a status of pargana and brought under thesarkar of Agra. Though, its economic significance to some extentremained intact, as internal trade routes were passing throughBayana.

In the course of time a large number of monuments werebuilt by rulers of different dynasties and Bayana grow up as aflourishing town. These monuments are mainly composed of fortifiedtownships, mosques, gateways, sarais, waterworks, residential

36


palaces, tomb buildings, etc. Baring few, most of the monumentsare in dilapidated condition and desperately need preservation andconservation.

Present Paper ventures to study a Tomb Building locallyknown as Jhajri in art historical perspective. Further the object is toanalyze the characteristic features of its architecture and buildingtechnology used in this tomb building and draws some conclusion.

The structure of Jhajri is aligned on north south axis and isexisted on a square platform with a raised plinth. It is composed ofsquare chamber with an entrance porch on southern side. Thechamber is a square measuring 9 by 9 metres and built on the pillarsforming a perfect Baradari i.e. a pillared pavilion with twelveopenings having three openings on each side.

All the facades are same in dimensions and decoration. Eachfaçade consists of three openings which are topped with droppingbroad leaves and parapets above. Corners of the building were builtin the form of piers which are square on plan. Its each side is of 1.2metres. To form three openings on each side two rectangular pillarswere used. Central inter columnar space measures 2.15 metres whilethe span of flanking openings are of 1.5 metres span. These pillarsare rectangular on plan with .35 metre by 1.20 metres where shortside forms the façade and longer side forms the thickness of thewall containing three openings. Exteriorly all sides containing threeopenings were built of the trabeate principle, by using pillars, bracketsand lintels where the brackets are typically Akbari corbelled ones.The pillars are composed of base inscribed with gavaksh motif, sqareshaft in middle and cushion type abacus above.

Interiorly the tomb building was provided arcuate construction.Meaning by in the same wall exteriorly trabeated three openingswere built while inside these three openings were provided archedopenings. These arched openings in thickness cover the part of thewall equal to .30 metre and remaining .90 metre used for makingexterior trabeated openings. Interior arched opening are .20 metresless than that of exterior trabeated openings. The whole structurehas been surmounted by a bigger dome. Inside in the phase oftransition squinch arches were used for converting square into anoctagon and then octagon into sixteen sided to bear the circular

dome. All the arches used inner side, are pointed and four centred.Inside the corner space has been converted into a bigger alcove byplacing arch diagonally on the quoins of the central arch of the side.Thus with these corner alcoves, mortuary chamber becameoctagonal inside. These corner alcoves have three openings onewider towards inner side of the chamber and two smaller one onthe two sides of the structure of the building. Inner side octagonthus has eight arched openings fixed in rectangular frame of samesize and dimensions. The sprendrils of the arches were embellishedwith floral motifs fixed in sockets. With this type construction thetomb building is square on plan exteriorly while it is octagonal onplan inside. All the openings are closed with stone lattice work whichwas fixed at the outer side. Only entrance has been provided on thesouthern side in the centre which opens in a porch.

An entrance porch was built on the raised plinth equal to thatof the main mortuary chamber. The porch has been supported onthe southern side on two square pillars which are surmounted bycorbelled brackets which in turn supported the lintels. The outersides brackets are meant to support the brad dropping eaves provideon three sides i.e. south, east and west. The porch is flat roofed.

The tomb building was surmounted by a broad dome whichwas based on raised octagonal drum. The octagonal drum providesthe elevation to the dome on one hand and inner side accommodatesthe different phases of transition. The dome has crowned withinverted lotus petals and its finial is composed of kalash pots ofdifferent size arranged in ascending order from the top.

There exists a crypt under the tomb building. It was squareon plan measuring 6.2 metres on each side exactly following thedimension of the building existing above. It has oblong niches in theentire four walls where southern side niche facilitate the entranceand it opened into a small oblong chamber which was built exactlyunder the entrance porch of the Tomb building following the samemeasurement. The side niches exist in the centre of each wall with2.15 metres of span and .80 metre in depth. These niches built exactlybelow the central arched openings of the Tomb building existingabove. There built four square pillars forming a square bay in the

37


centre of the underground crypt. Each side measures 2.15 metreswhere pillars forming the bay placed at the distance of 2.15 metresfrom each other. These pillars were constructed to bear the burdenof the flat roof of the crypt. In this pillared central bay once existedthe grave which was erased out some time later? But still evidencein the form of a rectangular sunken place is existed there. Theheight of the roof of the crypt from the floor is 2.5 metres. Thewhole crypt was made underground except .65 metre which wasthe plinth of the structure of Tomb building emerges from theplatform. Entrance to this crypt has been constructed in the form ofcovered passage on the south side. The length of the covered passageis 10.80 metres and its width is 2.15 metres with a height of 1.90metres. The passage then opens into an oblong chamber measuring2.15 by 1.62 metres. This chamber has been provided approachedfrom western side. An approach was in the form of eight stepsdescending from the platform on which the main structure of TombBuilding was built. The riser and tread of the steps are .25 metreand .30 metre respectively. The underground crypt has no suffocationas ventilators are provided in the upper part of the walls which havebeen exposed in the centre of the plinth of the eastern, western andnorthern side while on the southern side a ventilator was given inthe plinth of the entrance porch which in turn providing light andremove suffocation of the entrance chamber of the crypt builtbeneath the entrance porch of the Tomb Building.

From the decoration point of view the building can beconsidered built on the Principle of Austerity. Whatever decorationfound in this building is in the form of lattice work and corbelledbrackets and the crowning elements of the dome. Stone Lattice orjail was used on large scale to close the openings of the TombBuilding. These jali has been hewn out in different geometrical andfloral designs. Such type of Stone 'jali' perforated with differentdesigns have been fixed in the ventilators built in the plinth of theTomb Building to provide light and relieve the suffocation of theunderground crypt. Another type of decoration existing in this buildingwas found in the form of calligraphy on the stucco. It was found onthe squinch arches in the phase of transition.

0 3 6

metres

N

N

0 3 6

m e tr e s

FIGURE-I

References:1. Locally it is known as Jijhri or Jhajri.2. Joshi, J.P., Krishna Deva and B.R.Meena, Inventory of Monuments and

Sites of National Importance: Jaipur Circle, Vol. II, Part 1, New Dehli,2006, p.37.

3. K.K.Sehgal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bharatpur, Jaipur, 1971, p.476.

4. Inventory of Monuments and Sites of National Importance, p.37.5. K.K.Sehgal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bharatpur, Jaipur, p. 475.6. Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscripyion of Early Gupta Kings,

Vol. III, Varanasi, 1963P.27 and PP. 253-54.7. Ibid.8. Hasan Nizami, Taj-ul-Maasir, tr. By Elliot and Dowson in History of

India as told by its own Historians, Vol. II, Allahbad, 1964, p. 226. Cf.Minhaj us Siraj, Tabaqat –I Nasiri, Vol. I, ed by A.H. Habib, Kabul, 1864,p. 311.

9. Abul Fazl, Ain –i Akbari, trans. By H.S.Jarrett and revised by J.N.Sarkar,Vol.-II, third edition, reprint, New Delhi, pp. 191-93,cf. Rajeev Bargoti,

38


Bayana: A Concept of Historical Archaeology, Jaipur, 2003, PP. 138-139.

10. Ibid.11. K.K.Sehgal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bharatpur, Jaipur, p. 58.12. Ibid.13. See Figure- I.14. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a).15. See Figure- I and Plate- I, (c) along with Plate-II, (a).16. See Figure- I.17. Ibid.18. Ibid. also see Plate- I, (a) & (b).19. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c).20. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a) & (c).21. See Figure- I and Plate-I, (b) and Plate- II, (c).22. See Figure- I and Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c).23. See Figure- I and Plate- I, (b).24. See Figure- I.25. See Plate- I, (a), (b) & (c).26. See Plate-I, (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (b) & (d).27. See Plate- III, (a) & (b) and Plate- IV, (a) & (b).28. See Figure- I and Plate- III, (a) & (b).29. Ibid.30. See Figure- I.31. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a).32. See Plate-II, (a) & (b) and Plate- IV, (a).33. Ibid.34. See Figure- I and Plate- III, (a) and Plate- IV, (b).35. See Figure- I.36. See Figure- II and Plate- III, (a).37. See Figure- II. Also see Plate- III, (a) & (b) and Plate- IV, (a).38. Ibid.39. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a).40. See Figure- II and Plate-I,(c) and Plate- II, (a).41. See Plate-I, (c) and Plate- II, (a).42. See Plate-II, (a), (b) & (d).43. See Plate- II, (b).44. See Plate-I, (c) and Plate- II, (a).45. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c).46. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- III, (a) & (b).47. See Plate-I, (a), & (c) and Plate- II, (a).48. See Figure- II.

49. Ibid.50. See Figure- II.51. See Figure- II along with Figure- I.52. See Figure- II.53. Ibid.54. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a).55. See Figure- II.56. Ibid.57. Ibid.58. Ibid.59. Ibid.60. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a) & (b).61. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a) & (b).62. See Plate- II, (a) & (b).63. See Plate-I, (a), (b) & (c) and Plate- II, (a) & (b).

39


Traditional Irrigation System inPre-Medieval Period

Mrs. Bindu Tiwari & Dr. M. L. Sharma

The history of human civilization marked by a series of landmarks innovations from time to time. Some of these have acted asprimary factor in moulding the path of human evolution, access tothe knowledge and know now of producing food, that is, agricultureis the most prominent among these, it is well known fact that mankind, owing to its basic instinct of getting a sure and secured supplyof food invented agriculture.

In course of time, a societal form of living began among theseprimitive group of people and thus came the need for growing largerquantity of food crops from a limited land area. Thus irrigatedagriculture was invented.

The Harappans seem to have built an efficient irrigation systemin the outer areas of their influence, whereas there is no evidenceof such a system of core area because archaeologists haveconcentrated more on prosperous, urban centres like Mohanjodaroand Harappa and have neglected small rural settlements. In theMesopotamian civilisation and bank of the Tigris and Euphrates stillhave evidence of the initial attempt of irrigated agriculture, practicedby the races settled there.1

Evidance of irrigated agriculture in the Indian subcontinentdate back to the chalcolithic period Inamgaon area of the westernstate of Maharashtra has an interesting pre-historic mudembankment structure with a stone foundation.2

In the Rigveda we get reference like these the chief of theAryans, Indra was employing some Ribhu’s – (Master craftmen orirrigation engineers) to dig out canals on all the four side irrigatingcrops from the nearest river.3

Rigveda mention about Ghatachakra and Asmachakrawhich is commonly known as the persian wheel, which minimizedhuman labour and increased efficiency through mechanical irrigation

we also find mention about irrigation from well, known as Avat andUths4 and water carries to field through small canals called Sushira.5

From the Arthashastra of Kautiliya, the advisor of thelegendary ruler Chandra Gupta we get a vivid description about thepolices, administration, people, low and such. In those days irrigationfacilities mostly state owned though private irrigation facilities toowere not uncommon. The chapter entitled the activity of heads ofdepartments Kautiliya says : “He should build irrigation system withnatural sources or with water to be brought in from elsewhere. Toothers who are building these, he should render aid with land, roads,trees and implements and also give aid to the building of holy placesand park, if one does not participate in the joint building of anirrigation work, his labourers and bullocks should be made to do hisshare of work and he should share the expenses but will not receiveany benefits from it. The ownership of the fish, duck and greenvegetables in the irrigation works should go to the king.6

In another chapter concerning judges, he says:“In case of damage to the ploughing or seeds in another field

by the use of reservioir, channels or a field under water, they shallpay compansation in accordance with the damage. In case of mutualdamage to fields under water parks and embakments, the fine shallbe double the damage”.7

The terms used in the original text relating to water harvestingsystem are several – Setu for embakment or dam for storing water;parevaha for channel; tataky for tanks; nadyayatana for waterfrom a river; nadinibandhayatana for a structure dependent on ariver such as a dam; Khata for well Kautiliya mention two types aof Setu – the sahodaka, where there is a natural spring or flow ofwater, and the aharyodaka which is a sort of storage tank withwater brought in to it through channels.8

It shows that in Mauryan period irrigation system was plannedand very well developed.

Kushan King Kanishka (78 A.D. – 107 A.D.) was the mostwell known ruler of this dynasty, the whole of north west India anda large part of the middle gangetic plain was part of kingdomagriculture was extensively practised here and brick lined wellswere the common mode of irrigation during this period.9

The Sangam Litrature (300-600 A.D.) gives detaileddescription of the Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chera Chola, Pallava,

40


Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and their contribution to their subject. Kingof all these dynasties took a great deal of interest in promotingagriculture. The Kadambas and Gangaking ruled Mysore state hastaken keen interest to develop water reservoirs.10

Chola kings known for their enormous contribution to publicworks. Irrigated agriculture got such a great boost during this period.Raj Raja Chola, founder emperor of the Chola Kingdom and hissuccessors promoted extensive building of anicuts across theprincipal rivers to harness water for irrigation purpose. This wasthe revolutionary approach to augment agricultural production intheir kingdom.11

We found the chain tanks in Andhra Prdesh and Karnatka,large storge reservoirs were constructed in continuous series likelinks of an imaginary chain in the large river valley regions.12

In the arid region of Rajasthan, water harvesting is deeplyrooted in its social fabric. In Rajasthan the state, the Jagirdar didnot creat any water body for the people. All water bodies made bythe erstwhile kings, Jagirdar, Chiefs and chieftains were reservedfor their personal use. The local people have also created numerouswater bodies.

In Rajasthan, there are various traditional water resourcesystem – Nadi, Talab, Johad, Sagar, Bera, Toba, Dehriya,Sarovar just to name a few. But each of these is a definite system.So when an average villagers talk about Nadi he has a clear idea ofwhat is being referred to, how water is collected in Nadi, How thearea was selected how agor was prepared and water are the groundrules which govern the Agore. The people of Rajasthan have fairknowledge of geological parameters of the area.13

The arid part of Rajasthan are a near rainless desert, in someareas, rainfall scarcely averages more than 120 mm. the mostimportant sources of irrigation was well and Talab (tanks). Most ofthe small tanks were useful for the production of wheat crops intheir beds. Another method of rain water harvesting for irrigationalpurpose practised in the Jaislmer region was knows as Khadeen. Itis generally believed that Paliwal Branmins who settled in Jaislmerduring the early medieval times developed Khadeens were basicallybunds created in the path of nullah or seasonal stream. The heightof the bund was kept low so as to retain only limited water whichcould dry up on two of three months. The bund also led to the

deposition of silt which ultimately formed the bed of the tank. Thisdried tank bed was used to produce rabi crop. Another advantageof keeping the height of the bundh low was that the overflowedwater could be utilized for another Khadeen down stream, whichwould enhance land available for cultivation.14

We examined that in pre medieval period every where Indianshad a planned and maintained irrigation system. In ancient periodruling elites actively supported to development of water reservoirfor irrigation purpose but it is also true without the active participationof various section of society it would have been a difficult task. Thecommoners played an important role in water conservation. In Vedas,Smriti, Arthasastra damage to irrigation works was considered aheinous crime. The villagers themselves were also aware of theneed of protecting irrigation work. The village community weremanaging irrigation system of their village and were not dependenton central govt.

References :1. Agrwal Anil and Sunita Narayan : Dying Wisdom Centre for Science and

Environment 1999, Page 2072. Bagchi, K.S. : Irrigation in Indian History of Potentials of Social

Management, Page 63. Rigved R iv 4,1,74. Rigved 10, 10, 175. Rigved 8.69.126. Gairola, Vachaspathi : Arthasastram Chokhmbha Vidhyabhwan Varanasi,

Page 187. Gairola, Vachaspathi : Arthasastram Chokhmbha Vidhyabhwan Varanasi,

Page 79. 818. Kangle, R.P. : The Kautiliya Arthasastra, University of Mumbai, 1963,

Part I, II9. Sarkar, D.C. : E.V.I., Page 154, 15510. Bagchi, K.S. : Irrigation in Indian History of Potentials of Social

Management, Page 911. Ibid, Page 1112. Ibid, Page 11, 1313. Mishr Anupam : Aaj Bhi Khrai Hai Talab, Gandhi Shanthi Prathisthan,

New Delhi 200, Page 12-1614. Mishr Anupam : Rajat Ki Bundai, Rajasthani Granthagar, Jodhpur 200,

Page 65,66

41


Man Singh as a Mughal Representative &State Ruler – A Brief Study

Deepak Choudhary

Man Singh a mighty ruler & a brave general of Amer wasborn on 21st December, 1550 A.D. at Mozamabad(1). He was theeldest son(2) of Raja Bhagwant Das and his senior most Queen RaniBhagmati Panwar. Bhagwant Das send his son Man Singh in mughalservice on 13th February, 1562 A.D.(3) Man Singh gave 52 years ofhis life to mughal empire and died at Elichpur on 6th July, 1614 A.D.During his time period he served as the Governor of three provinces– Kabul, Bihar & Bengal. Kachhawas & Amer State expandedgeometrically under his rule.

Man Singh participated & fought in many battles from mughalside. Man Singh also participated in the siege of Ranthambhor inFebruary, 1569 & ruler Surjan Hada made overtures for peacethrough Bhagwant Das & Man Singh(4). Man Singh also participatedin Gujarat Campaign in November, 1572 and showed his presenceat the battle of Surat in February, 1573(5). States of Idar & Dungarpurwere also conquered by Man Singh for Akbar. During his way backhe also met Rana Pratap in June, 1573 on Bank of Udai Sagarwhere he was warmly received but curtly treated by Rana. Hemade an unsuccessful attempt to persuade him to accompany theMughal Court(6).

Abul Fazal gives us the list of generals send by Akbar inEastern provinces to suppress the rebellion of Daud Khan & ManSingh stands second after Bhagwant Das in that list. Daud Khansoon fled to Bengal. Man Singh stayed in Bihar & returned to thecapital with Akbar in January 18, 1575(7). Akbar when failed to makevictory over Maharana Pratap by peaceful means then he appointedMan Singh Commander in Chief of the Mughal Army(8) againstMaharana Pratap. However appointing Man Singh on this post wasnot liked by few Muslim Nobles at the Court(9).

In battle of Haldighati yet Man Singh fought with braveryagainst Rana Pratap but he could only gain the town of Gogunda forAkbar on the cost of heavy loss of life’s(10). Man Singh was atGogunda till the end of September, 1576 after his hard won victoryat Haldighati. He failed to capture or kill the Rana and his armycould not get sufficient provisions & the supply line between Gogunda& Ajmer was blocked(11). In September, 1576 Akbar reached Ajmerto direct & supervise campaigns against Pratap, soon Man Singhwas called back and on reaching Mughal Court at Ajmer he & AsafKhan was forbidden to enter the Royal Court for some time(12). Itshows that failure of Man Singh at Haldighati filled Akbar with warth.

But after some time Akbar realised that Man Singh was notat fault against Rana Pratap at Haldighati. There were somecircumstances & geographical conditions responsible for his failure.Within few days he took Man Singh & Asaf Khan to favour(13).Man Singh was soon deputed to the Mughal Army sent against RanaPratap in October, 1577. In 1581 Akbar marched towards Kabul &Man Singh was appointed Commander of the Vanguard MughalArmy. Many Kachhawas & other Rajput rulers & leaders alsoparticipated in the battle but they were not merely personalattendants of Emperor but were real leaders with their independentmilitary ranks(14). Man Singh fought bravely & got success.

On 22nd September, 1581 Man Singh was appointed as theCommander of the Indus Region(15) & soon he was directed toproceed towards Kabul in August, 1585, to reassure people ofAkbar’s Justice & comfort Mirza Hakim’s Survivors. Man Singhentered Peshawar and moved towards Khyber Pass (which wasclosed by Raushaniya fanatics) & reached Kabul in November, 1585.Shah Begh fled from the city. Man Singh gave charge of city to hisson Jagat Singh & returned to meet Akbar and accompanied him atAttock(16) in December, 1585. In December, 1585 Man Singh wasagain sent to Kabul & was entrusted with task of suppressing theRaushaniya sect to make road through Khyber Pass safe & he didthe work with efficiency, he also hastened to defend the fort of AliMasjid & Raushaniyas were driven out with heavy slaughter. Itwas a wonderful & glorious victory for Kachhawas(17).

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As a reward he was appointed Governor of Kabul in April,1586 & was given the task of suppressing and punishingRaushaniyas(18). Yusufzais & Raushaniyas were suppressed andKabul was annexed to Mughal Empire Man Singh was transferredto Bihar in March, 1587 and was given task to defeat Tarikis, Afridis& Orakzais. Soon Tarikis were defeated by Man Singh at DarSamand and they fled towards Bangash in August, 1587(19). All thetime during his posting in North West Frontier (1585-87) it was fullof difficulties & challenges. He proved himself as a successfulgeneral(20).

When Man Singh was appointed Governor of Bihar fromDecember, 1587 to March, 1594 A.D.(21) During this time he dealwith recalcitrant petty chiefs, as well as Pathans and Afghans whorose in revolt against mughals. At that time there were threeimportant Zamindars in North Bihar (1. Raja Gajpat of Hajipur, 2.Raja Puranmal of Gidhaur, 3. Raja Singram of Kharagpur) & besidesone in Shahabad, Chotanagpur & areas of South Bihar(22). Soon theZamindars of North Bihar surrendered before him & returned toPatna in March, 1590 A.D., while Man Singh was busy & engagedwith Ruler of Hajipur & forcing him to relinquish his Chieftainshipthe rebels of Bengal conquered Patna but Man Singh’s son JagatSingh defended Patna & was able to establish peace & order inBihar. At this time Akbar was at Lahore & he received portion ofrich booty & comprehensive report send by Man Singh in April,1590(23).

After getting a heavy success in Bihar Man Singh turnedtowards Orissa in 1590. It was a major political decision made byAkbar. At this time Sayeed Khan was Governor of Bengal and ManSingh has also worked under him as a junior officer not very longago(24). Orissa was the adjoining province of Bihar which also hadbeen the abode of the rebellious Afghans. Man Singh was entrustedthis task because he had a sound experience of the rebel Afghansof North West Frontier region. Within a short time period Man Singhsucceeded in rooting out the rebellious Afghans of Orissa, but assoon as he returned to Bihar, the treaty between him & Nasir Khan(Ruler of Orissa) did not lasted long and after the death of Isa Khan(the Vakil of late Qutlu Khan) his sons Violated the treaty.

On 3rd November, 1591 Man Singh marched towards Orissato chastise the rebels & force them to sue for peace & the Afghanswere defeated. Some time after this event Usman Khan surrenderedand it was followed by Raja Ram Chandra of Khurda in June, 1592A.D.(25), but this victory did not bring peace to the Mughals in EasternProvinces because now Afghans had established their power inEastern part beyond Brahmaputra River(26).

Man Singh proved himself at Orissa & he presented Akbarthree sons of the rebel chiefs of Orissa and two great nobles, namelyKashi Parida & Purushottam. His dedication & bravery led him tothe reward of governorship of Bengal in March, 1594 & SaeedKhan (Governor of Bengal) was transferred to Bihar. Man Singhand other Kachhawas received their fiefs in Bengal(27). Man Singh’sappointment in Bihar & Bengal was the beginning of the longest &most glorious chapter in his l ife & records of Kachhawaachievements. From this time Amer became one of the best known& most prosperous among the semi autonomous states of thecountry. Man Singh united ability with courage & genius withstrenuous action. He administrated the provinces excellently andthe refractory became obedient(28).

During the time of Man Singh as Governor of Bengal theMughal Suzerainty in the region was very shaky & the situationdemanded the presence of a man of sterling qualities & greatabilities. A large number of military personnel was placed under thecharge of Man Singh and many of them were given Jagirs in Bengal.He was also made Ataliq (guardian) of prince Salim. Jagirmaintenance was allotted to him in Bengal(29).

During his five years stay in Bengal he dealt heavy blows onrecalcitrant Zamindars. His son Durjan Singh was killed fightingagainst opponents(30) (Isa Khan), (whereas his sons Himmat Singhand Jagat Singh died of diarrhea & cholera in March, 1597 andOctober, 1599 respectively). Two of his opponents Masoom KhanKabuli & Isa Khan died in May & September, 1599, both of themwere the architects of opposition of Mughal Rule in Bengal(31). ManSingh established Law & order in Bengal by extirpating therefractory Afghans & by bringing Cooch Behar(32) under mughalinfluence (He married Abla Devi sister of Laxmi Narayan Ruler of

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Cooch Behar). Man Singh left for Ajmer in June, 1599(33) on Akbar’sorder to keep an eye on Salim & during this time his grand sonMaha Singh worked in Bengal as his Deputy(34).

As soon as Man Singh left Bengal, Afghan rebellions startedraising their leads so he came back to suppress the refractoryAfghans under the leadership of Usman and Sajawal. Soon ManSingh started a campaign near Sherpur Atai, he routed Afghans inFebruary, 1601 & pursued them till Shuja & Saeed (Sons of MasumKhan Kabuli & Lachim Qanshal) surrendered and Bengal rebellioncame to an end(35). Man Singh also reduced Dacca’s ruler KedarRai to submission & made Dacca his headquarters. He marchedtowards the rebels till they were finally defeated by the year 1604A.D. (36)

In August, 1604 Akbar called Man Singh from Bengal & hereached Royal Court of Emperor in March, 1605. Akbarcongratulated him for his work at Bengal & he was very pleasedwith Man Singh. He was rewarded with a Mansab of 7000 Zat &6000 Sawar(37). At this time he was at the height of glory & power.He became one of the most dominant & powerful grandee of theImperial Court in 1605(38) (He was given the title of Mirza Raja).After the death of Akbar he was started pushing back and as aresult he became a second rate Commander during the time ofJahangir. He was sent back to Bengal as a Subedar & was giventhe rank of Pancha Sawar(39).

Man Singh’s this period at Bengal was not very satisfactoryfor him. In year 1607 he married his grand daughter (daughter ofJagat Singh) to Jahangir. In some years the Jagir’s of Man Singh atRohtas were terminated(40). In 1609 Man Singh was ordered toproceed to Deccan(41) but he was not given effective powers & hisrole as a general was insignificant. “Left to his own sources and insupreme command Raja Man Singh might have been able to achievemore”(42) & he died at Elichpur on 6th July, 1614 A.D. Man Singhwas a brave warrior, successful Commander of the Army. The Stampof his Chivalry was established from Attock to Cuttack(43).

References:1. Madhya Kalin Rajasthan Ka Itihas – Dr. V.S. Bhargava, P. 1722. Nensi Ki Khayat-I, P. 291

3. Akbarnama-II, P. 2444. Akbar the Great by Dr. A.L. Srivastava-I, P. 1245. Raja Man Singh of Amer by Dr. R.N. Prasad, PP. 30-316. Raja Man Singh of Amer by Dr. R.N. Prasad, P. 327. Akbarnama-III, P. 1578. Akbar by Von Noer-II, PP. 244-459. Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh-II, P. 23310. The Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, P. 3511. Mewar & Mughal Emperors by Dr. G.N. Sharma, PP. 106-10712. Akbar the Great by Dr. A.L. Shrivastava-I, P. 21313. Akbarnama-III, P. 17514. The Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, P. 4315. Akbarnama-III, P. 37216. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 6617. Vanshavalli of Jaipur Archives, P. 4018. Maasir-ul-umara-II, P. 4919. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 69-7020. Akbarnama-III, P. 520-52121. Akbarnama-III, PP. 801-999, 1211 & 125122. Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, P. 30623. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, PP. 72-7324. The Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, P. 10325. Kachhawas Vanshavalli, F. 46 b26. The Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, P. 10627. Akbarnama-III, PP. 997 & 999 (Eng. Trans.)28. Akbarnama-III, P. 87229. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 7630. Akbarnama-III, P. 109331. The Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, PP. 108-10932. Raja Man Singh of Amer by Dr. R.N. Prasad, P. 9433. Kachhawas under Akbar & Jahangir by Kr. Refaqat Ali, PP. 109-11034. Akbarnama-III, P. 76335. Akbarnama-III, PP. 756-58, 763-7036. Akbarnama-III, PP. 808-809, 821, 824 & 82737. Akbarnama-III, PP. 1256-5738. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 8239. Masir-i-Jahangiri-II, P. 3640. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, P. 16 (Eng. Trans.)41. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 8442. History of Jaipur State by Dr. M.L. Sharma, P. 8543. Ishwari Vilas Cantos-23 & 25

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Institution’s Making, Students and MassMobilisation in Eastern U.P. before 1942

Dr. Umashanker Singh

When people cutting across different strata participate in amovement, we call it a mass movement. A movement acquires amass character only when it expresses the creative genius andenergies of the people. According to E.J. Hobsbawm; the Historyof the common people as a special field of study begins with thehistory of mass movements in the eighteenth century. He believesthat Michelet is the first great practitioner of grassroots history: thegreat French Revolution is at the core of his writing.

This paper deals how institutions and students were helpfulin mobilizing the masses in Eastern U.P. before the commencementof Quit India Movement of 1942. The genesis of modern institutionin Eastern UP could be traced back with the establishment of theSanskrit college at Benares in 1792. This college was started totrain legal advisors for the British. The Orientalists versus Anglicistsdebate between 1782 and 1835 was significant. The controversyended in favour of anglicists who were in favour of English education.The years that followed 1854 found the establishment of theDepartment of Public instruction in all provinces, universities inCalcutta, Bombay and Madras and steady increase in the numberof schools and colleges all over India. Allahabad, Benares andLucknow developed as an educational centre in Eastern UP. Theinstitutions grew in number and strength with the new territorialacquisitions in U.P. Shifting of capital from Agra to Allahabad in1857 forced government to start new institution to train additionalIndia personnel needed for administration. In 1872, a college wasstarted in Allahabad and in 1887, Allahabad University was approved.Joseph E. Dibona describes the stages of growth of someeducational institution in U.P. The foundation-stone of BanarasHindu University was led on February 4, 1916 by Charles BaronHardinge of Penshurst who was Viceroy and Governor–General of

India. This historical event took place in presence of Sir JamesMeston, Lieutenant Governor of UP and the office bearers of HinduUniversity Society. Many great people gave lecture on this occasion.Gandhi spoke on anarchical methods and repressive administrativemeasures adopted by British ruler. The audience appreciated hislecture very much. Mrs. Annie Besant, Mr. J. Krishnamurti, Dr.Bhagwan Das and Madan Mohan Malaviya were instrumental forBanares Hindu University. Earlier they had worked together to buildup the Central Hindu College. Mrs. Besant’s dictum was, “touchnot the king’s penny, for it is always very dangerous to do so,” andshe refused to take any financial assistance from the governmentfor her school and college although Lt. Governor after Lt. Governorasked to accept government assistance. Mrs. Besant purpose infounding this school and college was to instill in the minds of theyouth of the land, pride in their past, love for their religion and torouse their self-respect, so that they may be a free people. In 1916Central Hindu College was transferred to the Banaras HinduUniversity.

This was the time when Mahatma Gandhi with South Africanexperience (1893-1914) was trying to make a place for himself inthe Indian politics. He was acting as a greatest risk manager of the20th century with his tools eg. Non-violence or ahimsa andsatyagraha. It was personally constituted, deeply-felt and worked-out philosophy owing something to Emerson, Thoreau and Tolstoy.In 1916 Central Hindu College was transferred to the Banaras HinduUniversity.

Indian politicians before Gandhi had tended to oscillatebetween moderate ‘mendicancy’ and individual terrorism basicallybecause of their social inhibitions about uncontrolled massmovements. Gandhiji was evolving such as a model so that it couldbe acceptable to all including business groups as well as to the locallydominant sections of the peasantry. The doctrine of ahimsa lay atthe heart of the essentially unifying, ‘umbrella-type’ role assumedby Gandhi and the Gandhian congress, mediating internal socialconflicts, contributing greatly to joint national struggle against foreignrule. He wrote ‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909 and had propagated his viewsthat the real enemy was not British political domination but the wholeof modern industrial civilization. Thus he became favourite for allof them who were affected by the growth of capitalism.

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Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat and non-cooperation movementgave opportunity to Mahatma Gandhi to become father – figureovernight. According to Manmath Nath Gupta, he was very astute,clever and knew his job very well. He had a very good knowledgeof popular psychology. In 1920 he visited Benares quite a few times.A meeting of thirty thousand people took place in Town Hall. Theaudience included doctors, teachers, girls, women and other Hindusand Muslims. They were from petty bourgeois and proletariatclasses. Rich men like Shiv Prasad Gupta, the owner of Aaj and thefamous writer Babu Bhagwan Das were presents in the meeting.Gandhiji asked students to leave government schools and collegesto take part in non-cooperation movement. He asked every one notto cooperate with the government. Later Maulana Mohammad Ali,Shaukat Ali, Swami Satyadev, Motilal Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehrualso visited Benares and encouraged the people to take part in thefreedom movement. In leadership of Acharya Kripalani first batchof 40-50 students left B.H.U. and started Gandhi Ashrama topropagate the freedom movement in Eastern U.P. Taking inspirationfrom Gandhiji, Shiv Prasad Gupta and Dr. Bhagwan Das startedKashi Vidyapith on 10th Feb 1921. The main aim of this institutionwas to train the students for political freedom of India. To producegood literature Shiv Prasad Gupta started the Jnana Mandal whichissues the daily Hindi paper Aaj from Benares. This paper helped inpropagating the freedom movement among the masses. Later BirbalSingh left B.H.U. with 70-80 students to join the Kashi Vidhyapith.National schools on the pattern of Vidyapith were also started inAhemdabad, Bihar, Pune, Calcutta and Lahore. National schoolswere started in each districts of U.P. Kashi Vidyapith in Benaresbecame the fulcrum of freedom movement in Eastern U.P. ShivaPrasad Gupta, Dr. Bhagwan Das, Sri Prakasa, Acharya kripalini,Shri Birbal Singh, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Tribhwan Narain Singh,Kamalapathi Tripathi, B.V. Keskar, Acharya Narendradeva, Dr.Sampurnanand, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Yagya Narayan Upadhyaya,Shiv Vinayak Mishra, Krishna Chandra Sharma, YogeshwarBhattacharya, Rajaram Shastri, Algu Rai Shastri, ChandrashekharPandey, Ramnath Lal Suman, Vishwanath Sharma, BajrangbaliGupta, and Vichitra Narain Sharma were prominent leaders, teachersand students of Kashi Vidyapith movement in Eastern U.P. They

frequently visited the villages and tried to up rise the masses aboutthe congress programme under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Prior to the passing of the Charter Act of 1853, few Indianswere interested in politics. They started the earliest political bodyon October 31st and called it the British Indian Association. TheIndia League was started by Mahatma Shishir Kumar Ghosh in1875. Anand Mohan Bose established the “student association”.Surendranath Banerjee was of the opinion that the seed of politicsmust be sown among the students community in the interest of thecountry. Later students were actively associated with the freedommovements and their services were utilized by the Indian NationalCongress and other parties. The object of attaining independencefrom an alien rule was so predominant in the minds of those studentswho came forward to join the National Movement with all theirenergies, some even at the cost of their studies, career and lives.

Although students had started taking part in national politicssince 1905 but Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement in 1920-21 re-inspired them on large scale. Thus the student movement receiveda new lease of life. For an important section of the students therewas no going back to the old life of stagnation. Political struggle,they realized was a whole time occupations. This period, thereforesaw the birth of many students’ organisation in different parts ofthe country. In the Punjab, Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha wasestablished by Bhagat Singh and his friends, in Bengal there grewup two organizations: The All Bengal Students’ Association (ABSA)pioneered by the Anushilan party and Bengal Provincial StudentsAssociation (BPSA) set up by the Jugantar party.

Years rolled away with increasing number of students forattaching themselves to one party or the other in all provinces. AllIndia congress of students was organized to coincide with LahoreCongress of December 1929. After that close contacts developedbetween congress – sponsored youth leagues and non-congressgroups eg. Naujawan Bharath Sabha (hereafter NBS) or YoungIndia Party. The NBS was founded in 1926 as a revolutionarynationalist youth organisation by Bhagat Singh, leader of theHindustan Socialist Republican Army (hereafter HSRA), and MunshiAhmed Din, future leader of Punjab CSP.

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Starting in 1928, recruitment to the new-formed congressvolunteer corps or Hindustani Seva Dal (hereafter HSD) resultedin the entry of large numbers of radical youth cadres into thecongress. Later the HSD was organized on a national scale underthe supervision of Bose and J. Nehru, then general secretary of theAICC. Its purpose was to provide the congress with a disciplinedmass cadre in anticipation of an anti-government agitation such asthe congress left desired. Its composition reflected both theradicalization of congress youth and the growing politicisation ofthe educated lower middle classes. Swami Sampurnanand, who hada background of close contact with prominent communist andradicalist, acted simultaneously as the chief provincial organizer ofthe U.P. youth league, NBS and HSD, and was later a founder-leader of the UP CSP.

The civil disobedience movement of 1930s made another callon the service and sacrifice of the students. They gave a goodaccount of themselves in this struggle also. This period marked animportant stage in the history of the student movement. So long thestudents depended solely on the political leaders for advice andguidance. When the leaders were clapped behind prison bars, thestudents found themselves in the wilderness. This underlined theimportance of an all India body for the students. Accordingly AllIndia Students Federation was set up in 1936 and its first conferencewas held at Lucknow under the presidentship of Mr. Jinnah, PanditNehru inaugurated the conference. It is interesting to note that itwas at this conference that besides political activities, a programmefor the welfare of the students was chalked out. The differentprovincial students’ organisations were directed by the AISF to setup college and school unions for the first time. Problems like massliteracy, reduction of fees etc. also received attention. All theseactivities helped in enhancing the political consciousness among themasses and prepared them for the final upsurge of 1942.

References:1. E.J. Hobsbawm, On History, (London, 1997), p. 203.2. Anil Rajmwale, History of Student Movement in India, (Delhi, 2001),

p.6.3. V. Sankaran Nair, Role of Students in Freedom Movement, (Delhi, 1990),

p. 1.

4. Op. cit.5. Joseph Dibona , Change and Conflict in the Indian University, (Bombay,

1973), p. 21.6. S.L. Dar, and S. Somaskandan, History of the Banaras Hindu University,

(Varanasi, 1966), p. 350.7. Shri. Prakasa, Oral History Transcript, Acc No. 103, Nehru Memorial

Museum and Library (hereafter NMML, pp. 9-10).8. Op. cit9. Ibid. p. 6.10. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India (1885-1947), (Delhi 1983), p. 179.11. Ibid, p. 180.12. NMML, Manmathnath Gupta,, oral history tanscript, acc. No. 174, p. 8.13. Ibid. pp. 10-11.14. NMML, Bribal Singh (Acharya), Oral History transcript, Acc. No. 149, p-

1.15. Sri Prakasa, op.cit., p. 29.16. Birbal Singh, op.cit., p. 5.17. S. K. Ghosh, The Student Challenge around the World, (Calcutta, 1969),

p.27.18. Surendranath Banerjee, A Nation in Making: Being the reminiscences of

fifty years of public life, Calcutta, 1963.19. The Dynamics of Student Agitation, Vishwa Yuwak Kendra, (Delhi,

1973).20. NMML, J.P. Papers, 1st Installment, File No. 154, p. 183.21. V. Karnani & P. Xes Ozha: What is wrong with the student movement in

India, J P Papers, 1st Installment, File No. 154, NMML, p.184.22. S.C. Bose, The Indian Struggle, 120-42, (London, 1964) pp. 164-5.23. Zareer Masani, Radical Nationalism in India, 1930-42: The Role of the

All India Congress Socialist Party, Unpublished thesis, University ofOxford, Microfilm, Acc No. 2355, NMML, p. 13.

24. P. Sitaramayya, The History of the Indian National Congress, Vol. I,(Bombay, 1935) p. 359.

25. U.P. Police, Political who’s who (Lucknow, 1936) on the following:Kedarnath, N.K.D. Vashishta, K.D. Malaviya, K.N. Ramanna, G.S. Chaube,P.Y. Deshpande, R.P. Gupta, Thakur Malkhan Singh, Gopinath Sinha,Ranvir Singh, Surendranath Pande, C.B. Kantak, Chandrashekhar andSampurnanand.

26. J.P. Papers (1st Instalment), op.cit., p. 184.27. Ibid. p. 184.

47


Role of Women in Water ConservationDr. D. P. Goswami

Women along with men from times immemorial have formedan integral part of social structure. Her role in the various walks oflife has contributed to the evolution of values which have countedfor, what may be described, all round progress. In the ancient periodwomen wielded considerable influence in society and playedsignificant role in various walk of life. They helped their husbandswith their wise counsel in moments of crises; they did not hesitateeven to take up arms to protect the life of their family and honour oftheir country.

Since the ancient times there are instances of dowager queenssuccessfully ruling their kingdom.1

Even in the Rajput period administrative training was impartedto promising girls of ruling families.2 Women took keen interest inthe construction and supervision of buildings.

Many medieval texts and inscriptions mention that a personwho constructs a pond well or step well attains a high merit thanone performing a sacrifice where offerings to gods only benefit thepriests a well or step well bestows benefits to all thirsty creatures.3

Women played important role in digging wells and step wells.They were not behind the man in co-operating to fulfill the needs ofthe society. Some of the royal and common ladies who were kind,generous, religious and benevolent spent a considerable portion oftheir personal allowance in charity. We have many examples ofladies who contributed for society's needs no matter they were richor poor.

From times immemorial water has played an important roleto sustain life on this planet.

In Indian culture and civilization, right from the times of Vedasto the Epic Age of Ramayana and Mahabharata, water has beencorrelated to God the almighty and has been reverred so much so

that we address own rivers as "Maa" e.g. "Ganga Maiya" etc. WeIndian regard rivers so pious because they are the main source oflife be it for drinking, irrigation purposes and also for performingholy rites.

Construction of well included under Purtadharma:Women (and widows) were entitled to spent on purta objects,

though they were not authorised to perform ista dharma, moderndecision have gone so far that a Hindu widow whose power ofalienating for secular purposes property inherited from her husbandare very limited, has been held to possess greater power of alienationif the alienation be made for the spiritual benefit of her deceasedhusband and dedications by her of a small fraction of the propertyfor the continuous benefit of the soul of the deceased owner havebeen upheld.4

Such work of public utility has been highly recommended fromvery ancient time. Refers to the smirti rules about charitable objectwhich are based on such sruti passages 'O Agni who art ancientand king thou art to the man who desires to offer a sacrifice likeprapa a puskarni is mentioned'.5

According to our ancient scriptures one who digs a well (forthe public) has (the rewards of) half his sins being destroyed whenthe water begins to flow forth one who dedicates a pond is for everhappy (free from thirst) and allains the world of varuna.6

From very ancient times the procedure of dedicating a wellor tank to the public has been settled in Sankhyayana it is mentioned.7

The importance of water was felt in the ancient times equallythis fact be realised by the data available in our scriptures whichenumerates innumerable such incidents where not only the affluentmembers of the society but also the common man was zealouslykeen to built tanks and reservoirs and dig wells. The women in thisfield were more enthusiastic then the men. The reason behind itcan be one, that the lighter sex is always more religious and godfearing in their nature. Second in Indian culture and civilization, ithas always been considered that one who exerts and arranges thefacility of providing water to humans as well as animals, definitelydoes the most pious act, which is levelled at the peak of all religiousand holy acts.

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These are the reasons why we have many such examples ofnot only important ladies of the society but also poor and commonerswho though lacked huge finances but had the faith, belief and zealto do something for the society and they contributed in building tanks,wells, step wells, water huts, resevoirs.

These acts of social welfare were conducted by women fromall walks of life, belonging to all communities.

For example Marriam-uz-Zamani Jehangir's mother, built a"Baodi" (step well) in Jasul Pargana costing about twenty thousandrupees in those times.8

Noorzehan's charity was well known throughout the MughalEmpire she built many Sarais (rest house) and wells nearSikandrabad.9

Jahanara Begum, was not in any manner behind in her charityworks. She was also a noted builder of fairly high esteem. She isknown to have built a huge caravan sarai along with a beautifulreservoir to provide rest and solace to the merchants on their businesstrips.10

The chalukya queens were not only academically highlyeducated, but were skilled in martial arts administrative ethics andsocial work also, that's why chalukyas built temples, lakes, tanks,inns etc. through out their kingdom to uplift the lives of thecommoners.11

Rajathan a desert land has always felt the need and scarcityof water from times immemorial. Therefore women here havecontributed in saving and conserving every single drop of rain water.To attain their purpose, ladies of high and low birth, have alwaysgiven their whole in building such bodies, tanks kunds, nadi's, zohadskinds etc. where water could be preserved and stocked (stored)easily.

The society in Rajasthan has also reciprocated these deedsof social welfare by giving honour to these ladies.

Some of such prominent ladies of Rajasthan can beenumerated as such - Rani Ummed wife of Raoganga of Jodhpurwho built the Padamsagar.12

Ramrasedai wife of Maharana Rajsingh got the "TrimukhiBaodi" built in 1675 in Debari Udaipur. Like wise Rajsingh's daughter,

Baiji Raj constructed the huge reservoir which is famous as "BaijiKa Kund".13

Similarly Bund's Maharani Bhawal Devi wife of Bhavsinghis credited to have constructed a very artistic Baodi14 likewiseMajisa's Baodi in Banswara was also constructed by a lady of highesteem of royal family. There is a beautiful tank adjacent to Chomubus stand built by the women folk of royal family.15 The ChouhanRani of Dausa built a three storyed Baodi about 7 km. from themain road at Alloda village.16 Similarly a Triple storyed Baodi atAchroal, Jaipur also has a scripted monument accrediting the buildingof the Baodi to the royal Kachawa womenfolk.17

Besides the royal and affluent womenfolk the commonerladies also did not lag behind in giving their contribution in conservingwater and building wells, bodies, tanks etc. the Bandi Kui of Jaipurwas built by a "Bandi" (Lady attendant).18

Similarly the Kotan Ki Baodi constructed by a lady weaver,Chamna Baodi of Shahpura was built by a protege of Raja UmmedSingh of Shahpura.19 Like wise the beautiful carved entrance doorof Gadissar Talab Jaislmer was also built by one such protege.

It is said that water is life. Humanity can survive on this planetonly if we leave ample quantity of water for our generations tocome. Women being the axis of not only the family but also of thesociety. Therefore if can be concluded that women should play anactive and dominating role in saving every single drop of water. Weshould also motivate all the people of this world men and women allto build and promote means of water preservation.

References :1. Mishra Rekha, Women in Mughal India Mushiram Manoharlal, Oriental

Publishers Delhi, 1965, p. 4, 56.2. Arora Sashi, Rajasthan Mai Nari Ki Sthithi , Tarun Publisher, Bikaner -

1981, p. 3.3. Agarwal Anil, Agarwal Sunita, Dying Wisdom Centre of Science and

Environment, Delhi - 1999, p. 144.4. Kane Dr. P.V., History of Dharmasastra, Bhandarkar oriental Research

Poona - 1974, Vol. II, Part II, Chapter 26, p. 112.5. Rigved, X. 107, 10.6. Vishnu Dh.s (Chapter 91. 1-2), P.V. Kane, p. 890.7. V.Z. (S.B.E. Vol. 29, page 134-135), P.V. Kane, p. 890.

49


8. Rogers and Beveridge Tuzuk-e-Babri, Vol. II, p. 117.9. Francisco Pelsaert, Jahangir's India (Translated by W.H. More Land),

Cambridge - 1925, p. 225.10. Tavernier, Vol. I, p. 49.11. Roy Kum Kum, Women in Early India Societies, Manhor Publication,

Delhi - 1999, p. 287.12. Vyas Gopal, Rajasthan Ke Itihas Ki Shodh Vividhtha or Vivechna, Ankur

Publication, Udaipur - 2008, p. 140.13. Vyas Gopal, Rajasthan Ke Itihas Ki Shodh Vividhtha or Vivechna, Ankur

Publication, Udaipur - 2008, p. 141.14. Puravaibhav Hadoti, Javahar Kla Kendra, 2011, Rajathan Sarkar, p. 52.15. Singh Dr. Ragnevendra, Jaipur Kai Athihasik Smarak Aur Shilalekh, Tara

Prakashan, Jaipur - 1994, p. 5.16. Singh Dr. Ragnevendra, Jaipur Kai Athihasik Smarak Aur Shilalekh, Tara

Prakashan, Jaipur - 1994, p. 56.17. Singh Dr. Ragnevendra, Jaipur Ke Athihasik Smarak Aur Shilalekh, Tara

Prakashan, Jaipur - 1994, p. 69.18. Kavi Raj Shyamal Das, Vir Vinod, Rajyantrlya Udaipur, History of Mewar,

Part II, p. 1261.19. Gupta Mohan Lal, Ajmer Zile Ka Sanskritik Aur Athihashik Adhiyan,

Rajathani Granthagar - 2004, p. 150.20. Mishr Anupam, Aaj Bhi Khre Hai Talab, Gandhi Shanthi Prathishthan,

2000, Delhi, p. 34.

Tradition of pre-census estimation ofpopulation in Rajasthan

Dr. Jibraeil

The development of Rajasthan Historiography is an interestingtheme in various traditions and it attracts the scholars who areaffianced to investigate the regional documents. In this connection,an attempt is made to have a close look on the nature and characterof the principal sources which provide scanty direct as well asindirect information about population in historical perspective andsocio-economical structure in Rajasthan from seventeenth centuryonwards.

It is interesting to note that the demographic history is definedas the statistical study of the human population. In some respect, ofcourse, the demographic regime associated with the size of India’spopulation during the 17th-18th century which increasingly attractedthe attention of historians1. In this context, endeavour to estimatethe population, particularly for the pre-census period, requires carefulscrutiny of the available data. No census of a comprehensive natureseems to have been organized before the British rule2. One cantherefore rely only on the indirect data available in the archivalrecords. The sources on which we are heavily relied are: the Nainsi’sKhyat and Vigat; Arhsatta, Yadidasti, Toji-do-varkhi-bajetalke, Savabahi, James Tod’s Annals and Antiquities and modern worksespecially of S.P. Gupta and B.L.Bhadani.

In this regard, the present study for the pre-census estimationof population is based on the house-plough count, tax collection suchas Jhumpari, Kholadi, and Dhuwan and also count of houses byJames Tod.

( I )

Nainsi, in his Vigat and Khyat offers some very usefulstatistical data which enable us to attempt an estimate of populationof a limited region, namely Marwar by the middle of the 17th century.

50


Two kinds of data are provided by Nainsi for this exercise for theperiod 1654-63: First, the number of ploughs for a number of villages,and Secondly, the total number of houses counted in almost allpargana-headquarters of a number of towns of Marwar, which helpus to know the size of the urban population. Some times he alsorecords the number of houses in a village, but such figures are rareand incomplete, too, since the number of houses recorded generallyseems to have belonged to the superior castes or the rich people.The size of the rural population can, therefore, be estimated only onthe basis of the number of ploughs furnished by Nainsi.

( II )

Arhasatta document provides information about JhumpariTax3. We can work-out the population on the basis of tax collectionfrom the Jhumpari (house/hut). For instance; In pargana Naraina(AD 1730), the total number of Jhumparis on which the tax wasrealized was 823, out of which 14 huts belonged to the begarias(the depressed castes, subject to begar or forced labour)4. If 823huts multiplied by 5 (assumed conventional rate), the total populationcomes to 4114, while the population of begarias comes to 70(14x5).A document Yadidasti haqiqat hal bail jubani patel patwari parganaChatsu also provide a significant data regarding the castes, ploughsand number of peasants and professional groups in the parganawhich help us to work-out the population5.

Another document of Kota is tojido-varkhi-bajetalke whichoffers numerical strength and names of non-agriculturist house holdssuch as artisans and menial castes under Kholadi Tax6. This cessKholadi was realized as fixed rate from the non-agriculturalpopulation of rural as well as urban sector, while peasants paid landrevenue and Bighori7. It was realized from the artisans and menials,living at different areas of Kota8. For the clear understandingfollowing table has been prepared for a qasba Sangod (Kota)9.

Table-IQasba Sangod (VS1798/AD1741)

S.No. Name of the Caste Number of Houses Population X 5*

1 Teli 15 752 Dhobi 12 60

3 Kharol 13 654 Chhinpa 07 355 Kumbhar 12 606 Julaha 53 2657 Chamar 07 358 Kalal 22 1109 Pinjara 12 6010 Sunar 06 30

Grand Total 159 795Source: Based on tojido-varkhi-bajetalke, available in Rajasthan StateArchives, Bikaner.* Population= Number of houses multiplied by 5 (assumedconventional rate).

In table-I, the total number of castes is ten with their totalnumber of houses 159 in AD 1741. It means that if we multiply thenumber of houses (159) by 5 (assumed conventional rate for eachhouseholders), the total population comes to 795. Of these thedominating caste is Julaha (265) followed by Kalal (110), Teli (75),Kharol (65), Dhobi (60), Kumbhar (60), Pinjara (60), Chhinpa (35),Chamar (35) and Sunar (30)10.

The records of Bikaner are available in bahis under differentdesignations such as: Kagad bahis, Haboob bahis, Zagaat bahis,Sava bahis etc. The informations in Sava bahis11 are useful for theestimation of population. The bahi records the number of housesinhabited by members of various castes or groups with their Dhuwantax (house tax)12. Table II (a) and II (b) has been prepared forbetter understanding.

Table-II (a)Baniyas: Qasba Churu (VS1880/AD1823)

S.No. Name of the Caste Number of Houses Population X 5

1 Potdar 09 452 Sarawagi 10 503 Khemaka 12 604 Bajaj 07 355 Mitari 07 356 Parakh 07 35

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7 Goyandak 07 358 Kandoi 05 259 Kothari 04 2010 Miscellaneous 138 690

Grand Total 206 1030Source: Based on Sava Bahi, available in Rajasthan State Archives,Bikaner.

Table-II (b)Non-Baniyas: Qasba Churu (VS1880/AD1823)

S.No. Name of the Caste Number of Houses Population*

1 Chhinpa 05 252 Jat 18 903 Mali 36 1804 Meghwal 14 705 Mochi 15 756 Rangrez 21 1057 Sunar 16 808 Teli 41 2059 Manihar 08 40

Miscellaneous 58 290Grand Total 232 1160

Source: Based on Sava Bahi, available in Rajasthan State Archives,Bikaner.

As above two tables II (a) and II (b) show the evidence ofhouse-count enable us to make an estimation of population of baniasand non-banias in qasba Churu13. Same method (as earlier adopted)applied to get the total population of banias to 1030 (206x5). Ofthese Khemaka has the highest position with 60 (12x5) followed bySarawagi (50), Potdar (45), Bajaj (35), Mitari (35), Parakh (35),Goyandak (35), Kandoi (25) and Kothari (20)14. The total populationof non-banias comes to 1160 (22x5). Of these the dominating positionis of Teli (205) followed by Mali (180), Rangrez (105), Jat (90),Sunar (80), Mochi (75), Meghwal (70), Manihar (40) and Chhinpa(25)15. While in both of the tables, miscellaneous figure of (690)and (290) respectively are dominating ones16.

(III)

James Tod continued the tradition of the estimation of

population and attempts to work-out the population of the area aboutwhich he was writing. He visited different states and districts andprovide us statistical information about the urban population in thefirst quarter of the 19th century17. For the clear perceptive at aglance, the following table is being furnished.

Table-IIIA Comparative Study of Tod’s Estimation of Population:

1820s with Census 1891Towns No. of Houses 1820s Houses x 5

1891Jaisalmer 7,000 35,000 10,509Bikaner 12,000 60,000 50,513Pali 10,000 50,000 17,156Jodhpur NA# 80,000 61,700Udaipur+ 10,000 50,000 46,693Source: Tod’s Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (all three Volumes)# NA-Not Available houses (but population is available)+ No. of house of Udaipur: 3,500 in 1818, while 10,000 in 1822,recorded by Tod.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Jaisalmer Bikaner Pali Jodhpur Udaipur

1820s

1891

Graph: Shows de-urbanization

Source: Based on Table-III

Over all, Tod’s data for pre-census period is extremely usefulwhich enable us to make a comparative study with that of any censusyear i.e.1891 (see tab-III and Graph). The result drawn from this

52


comparison broadly corresponds with the theory of de-urbanizationin India.

(IV)

Among the modern scholars the first serious attempt on thesubject of demography of the different region of Rajasthan wasbegan by Prof. S.P. Gupta18 who in his paper “Evidence for UrbanPopulation and its Composition from 17th-18th Century Rajasthan”has work-out the population pain, strikingly. The trend was furtherenlarged and enriched by Prof. B.L. Bhadani19 who has worked outrural as well as urban population for Marwar in his paper “populationof Marwar in the second half of the 17th Century” and a full chapteron Population is written in his book Peasant, Artisans andEntrepreneur Economy of Marwar in the 17th Century. The studyof S.P.Gupta and B.L.Bhadani is primarily based on the house andplough-count. Their analysis is quite interesting and useful for furtherstudy.

Above study shows that there was a strong tradition of thesystem of enumeration in pre-colonial Rajasthan, which includeshouse and plough count for the purpose of revenue assessment.There was counting of the revenue payers too in rural areas. Similarly,the house-count for the urban centres was also organized for thepurpose of taxation. This strong tradition led James Tod to recordthe house-count and some times absolute human population for hisown period. These data provide a strong basis to study the populationof different regions of Rajasthan in pre-census period which was

officially started in 1881.

Appendices

(sample of Original Documents)

Appendix – a (Sangod)

References1. The pioneer attempt was made many decades ago by W.H. Moreland,

India at the Death of Akbar, reprint, Delhi, 1962, p.21. It is refined byIrfan Habib, Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol.I, edited by TapanRai Chaudhary and Irfan Habib, Delhi, 1982, pp.163-171. A recent cycleof such attempts began with Ashok V. Deshai’s, Population and Standardof Living in Akbar’s Time, IESHR, Vol.IX , No.1, pp.43-62, followed byShireen Moosvi, Production Consumption and Population in Akbar’sTime, IESHR, Vol.X , No.2, 1973, pp.181-95.S.P.Gupta, Evidence of UrbanPopulation And its Composition from the 17th-18th Century Rajasthan,Proceedings of Indian History Congress, Calicut, 1976, pp.179-80 andB.L.Bhadani, Population of Marwar in the second half of the 17th Century,IESHR, Vol. Xvi , No.4, pp.415-27.

2. B.L.Bhadani, Peasants Artisans and Entrepreneurs, Jaipur, 1999, pp.20-33.

3. Tax on cottage/ house/hut. The rate was Annas 10 per Jhupari or hut.This is found in almost all the parganas. But in pargana Naraina the ratevaried from Annas 8 to 12 per hut. While on the jhuparis of the begarias,the rate was Annas 5 only. (See the arhasatta documents for the differentyears and parganas, available in the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner).

4. Arhasatta Pargana Naraina, VS1787/AD 1730.5. Yadidasti haqiqat hal bail jubani patel patwari pargana Chatsu, VS1723/

53


AD1666.6. Literally a Kholadi is a house tax on a professional who was engaged in

production on village or town. See Madhu Tandon Sethia, Rajput polity-Warriors, Peasants and Merchants (1700-1800), Jaipur, 2003, pp. 91-92.Cf. tojido-varkhi-bajetalke qasba Sangod VS 1798/AD 1741.

7. Ibid8. Ibid9. Tojido-varkhi-bajetalke qasba Sangod VS 1798/AD 1741. [Another qasba Mangrol of Kota is also studied by me to estimate the

Population of few castes on the basis of plough-count for the year AD1731.In which I have been highlighted the position of Jats. See Jibraeil,“Population and Position of Jats in Kota Stae: A case study of qasbaMangrol” , published in a seminar proceeding entitled The Jats: TheirRole and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North-West India, edited by Vir Singh, Vol.-3, Year 2007, pp.77-82]

10. Tojido-varkhi-bajetalke qasba Sangod VS 1798/AD 1741.11. Sava bahi qasba Churu, VS 1880/AD 1823.12. Dhuwan cess also called hearth or house tax. James Tod, Annals and

Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol. II, pp.1128-29. [It is also explained indetails by GSL Devra, Rajasthan Ki Prashasanik Vyavastha, Bikaner,1981, p168]. Cf. Sava bahi qasba Churu, VS 1880/AD 1823.

13. Sava bahi qasba Churu, VS 1880/AD 1823.14. Ibid15. Ibid16. Ibid17. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol. I, II and III.18. [S.P. Gupta estimated the population of few centres of western Rajasthan

such as Merta, Jaitaran, Phalodi, Pokaran, and Sojhat (Nainsi’s data basedstudy). He used to make an estimation of the minimum level of populationof each town on the assumptions that each house was the habitation of afamily presided over by one male earner, and that the family consisted of4.5 persons( assumed rate), and then estimate the number of male earnerand the total population]

19. [B.L.Bhadani studied through Nainsi’s Vigat and Khyat. He estimatedthe size of the rural population only on the basis of the number of ploughsfurnished by Nainsi. For this study he selected the villages of fiveparganas; Sojhat, Jaitaran, Siwana, Phalodi and Pokaran. Secondly, heattempted to work-out the relative size of the urban population on thebasis of house-count. For the study of the second category he selectedSojhat, Jaitaran, Phalodi, Siwana and Sanchor. He also adopted the samemethod (house count multiplied by 4.5) following S.P.Gupta].

Tax on Cattle and the Estimation

of Their Population in Jodhpur (A case study of Jodhpur Hukumat ri jamabandi bahi V.S 1850)

Kanchan Lawania

The present article is primarily based on a Rajasthani sourceknown as “Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi V.S. 1850’’. This Bahiis preserved in Jodhpur, the branch of Rajasthan state Archives,Bikaner.

Infect it is an account book, which gives valuable informationin details about the various taxes such as Faijbal, Talbana,Peshkash, Dan, Serino Cattle tax etc. and their estimation andcollection too.

The Bahi is written in Muriya (Marwari) script. There areso many Hukumat Bahis of different princely states in the Jodhpur,branch of Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. But for this paper Ihave consulted only the Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi V.S.1850,which provides us with information regarding the taxtion system ofthe pargana Jodhpur

Pargana Jodhpur was a very important unit of administrationof the legislative under the rule of the Government of Rathor StateMarwar.

During18th century Jodhpur State was composed of nine

54


parganas.out of these, pargana Jodhpur was the Central and largestone. Therefore it occupies an important place in the state.

Geographically the region lies between the Indus and Sutlejbasin on the west and the Aravalli range on the east.

Among the later dynasties which ruled over Marwar in theearly medieval period one was the Rathor dynasty. It's founder wasRao Siha son of Setram the letter: was the grandson of Raja JaichandRathor of Kannauj, who lost his kingdom to s in A.D. 1193

In A.O 1459, Rao Jodha, successors of Rao Siha, laid thefoundation of the famous fort as well as the new city of Jodhpurafter his own name. At this time the Capital of Marwar was shiftedfrom Mandor to Jodhpur and remained the capital of Rathor StateMarwar till the decline of Mughals.

In the Mughal Administration, Pargana Jodhpur was underthe Mughal Sarkar of Jodhpur (Consisted of Sirohi, Nagaur andBikaner), belonging to Suba Ajmer.

The state apparatus was depended on revenue extraction fromthe peasant and non- peasant population. So the State had given theright of various taxes, near about one hundred one, from the villagersunder various denomination; tax on animals, is one of them.

This Bahi provides the data of breeding and grazing rates ofanimals, the number of cattle and an income from these. An attemptis made here to set out a tentative classification of the taxes whichwas imposed on keeping animals. First is to define the taxes, andsecond to work out their population in the pargana.

Evar bab (Tax on Sheep)The state used to realize a tax on sheep which was known as

the evar bab. The term evar means the herd of sheep.

Sheep plays a very important role in the economy of the state.It was a major source of livelihood to a large percentage of thepopulation of the western part of the state. They provided milk,ghee, wool and valuable manure as also meat.

Jaisalmeri, Marwari and Kheri were the most popular breedsof sheep all over the state of Marwar.

In Pargana Jodhpur, Evar bab was levied at one Anna persheep. The following table shows the incidence of this tax in differentTaffa villages of pargana Jodhpur;-

Table-1

S.No. Name of No. of No. of Total Realization

Taffas villages Sheep of the tax (In. Rs)

1. Haveli 49 4029 251.812. Osia 21 1820 113.753. Dunara 10 1127 74.814. Pipad 13 1093 68.315. Kathana 11 533 33.316. Rohath 5 2212 138.257. Aasop 5 1154 72.128. Bhadrajan 5 1116 69.759. Bahelva 2 425 26.5610. Kherva 2 225 14.0611. Gudochra 2 490 31.0012. Gajsinghpura 2 350 21.8713. Sena 1 1o .62

From the table, it is seen that taffa Haveli has maximumnumbers of villages and the sheep. While taffa sena has only onevillage or only ten sheep so the State received maximum income ofthe tax from taffa Haveli and minimum from sena i.e. Rs .252 andRs. 0.62, despite of the same rate of the tax throughout the paragana.

Uoont bab (Tax on camel)The terms Uoont bab consists of two words i.e. Uoont and

bab the former means camel and the later means tax, used to assestaxes on camel.

The Bahi records the assessment of the tax only on the camelsowned by the Bishnois and Mahajans. Besides, these two castesthere were others too, who used to breed camels. Why they arenot mentioned is not clear to me.

The camel, called the ship of desert, was another valuableanimal which played no mean part in the economy of the desert, itwas not only the chief means of transportation in desert area of

55


Jodhpur, but also used in agriculture operation and warfare.

The rate of Uoont bab was uniform but high on the Mahajansand less on the Bishnois. It was levied from Bishnois at the rate ofRs. 2 per camel, and Rs. 3 for Mahajans. It means that the Bishnoiswere assessed at concessional rates while Mahajans were chargedat higher rates.

In the following table we described about the tax income ofUoont bab at different villages of all Taffas of Jodhpur Pargana.

Table-2S. Name of No. of Total Number Amount ofNo. Taffas Villages of Camel tax in Rs.

VishnoisMahajans1. Haveli 15 26 91 117 3252. Pipar 6 10 16 26 623. Lavaire 8 2 30.5 32.5 95.54. Osia 27 27.5 287 341.5 12265. Kothana 7 31 28 59 1466. Baihelva 5 - 11 11 18337. Aasop 3 1 7 8 238. Setra 4 8.5 18 26.5 8179. Bhadrajan 2 3 2 5 1210. Kaitu 2 * 950

11. Daichhu 1 * 240

*The number of camels is not given in the s for Taffa Kaitu andDaichhu.

As we see from the table that the highest amount of Uoontbabwas received from Taffa Baihalva while it has only 11 uoont ofMahajans, the reason was that the state had fixed the amount oftax for the Taffa i.e. called Alal Hisab including the number ofcamels too. Taffa Kaitu and Daichhu also paid Alal Hisab ofUoont bab to the state without having sufficient number of camels.There was a quite relaxation for Bishnoi Sect in paying the tax i.e.one rupee less than Mahajans and Lokas.

Balad bab (Tax on Bullocks)The term Balad means bullocks or male cows. The state

used to realized a tax on a pair of bullocks from the owners, who

breeds bullocks for plough-driving as well as water lifting i.e. knownBalad bab. It was charged at one rupee on per head of bullock inthe Pargana Jodhpur.

Table-3In the following table the amount of Balad bab is given for

Pargana Jodhpur in V.S. 1850.

S. Name of No. of No. of Amount ofNo. Taffas villages Bullocks the tax (In Rs.)1. Haveli 58 2045 20452. Kothana 19 494 4943. Bhadrajan 7 475 4754. Pipar 15 394 3945. Aasop 8 261 2616. Pali 8 230 2307. Khairva 4 178 1788. Bhaihelva 3 107 1079. Kheevsar 5 79 7910. Gudochara 3 78 7811. Osia 30 1221 1221

As we see the table, that the number of bullocks is equivalentto the amount of the tax. In Taffa Haveli, the number of bullockswas highest while it was lowest in the Taffa Gudochara. It meansthe state received the highest amount of the tax from Taffa Haveliand lowest from Gudochara, i.e. Rs.2045 and Rs.78.

Bhains bab (Tax on Buffalo)The term Bhains means buffalo, the people, who breeded

buffaloes for milk and other dairy products, had to pay Bhains babin the Rathor State of Marwar. The Pastoral community of the Statesearned their livelihood by selling of Buffalo’s milk and the Ghee. Itwas levied at the rate of Rs.2 per Dujani and Rs. 1 per Aahinibuffalo in the Pargana. The Dujani was more milchy than Aahini.So the people, who had kept this kind of buffalo, paid one rupeemore than Aahini.

The following table shows the number of villages of eachTaffas of Pargana Jodhpur, total number of buffaloes included

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Dujani and Aahini and the amount of the tax, which received bythe state of Marwar.

Table-4S. Name No. of Total Number of Dujani AmountNo. Taffas Villages Buffaloes Aahini of the tax in Rs)1. Haveli 47 99 126 225 3242. Oria 24 35 64 99 1343. Kothana 15 22 54 76 984. Pipar 11 16 16 32 485. Aasop 8 33 39 72 1056. Bhadrajan 7 37 30 67 1047. Pali 6 15 19 34 498. Kheevsar 3 3 6 9 129. Khairva 3 5 7 12 1710. Bhaihelva 2 7 3 10 1711. Gudochara 2 10 4 14 24

The table shows that the highest amount was received fromTaffa Haveli among the all Taffas of Pargana Jodhpur due to themaximum number of buffaloes. The number of Dujani buffaloeswas less than Aahini in the Pargana Taffa Haveli has themaxmimum number of Dujani white it was minimum in TaffaKheevser, Taffa Bhaihelva has minimum number of Aahinibuffaloes.

Bartho bab (Tax on male buffalo)The team Bartho means male buffalo. So the bartho bab

was a tax on the male buffalo. There was a big demand of Barthosfor carrying goods and heavy loaded to far off places in Marwarduring the 18th century. The people of the pargana, who used tokeep Bartho, had to pay Bartho bab to the state. It was charged atthe rate of eight Annas. Per head in V.S. 1850 in pargana Jodhpur.Mura was the main breed of male buffalo in all over the state.

Following table shows the number of male buffalo and theincome from it.

Table-5S. Name of No. of No. of Amount ofNo. Taffas Villages the tax (in Rs.)1. Haveli 19 69 34.502. Pilar 3 10 5.00

3. Aasop 2 14 7.004. Kheevsar 3 5 2.505. Kathana 2 8 4.006. Pali 3 5 2.507. Khairva 2 4 2.008. Bhadrajan 4 8 4.009. Osia 11 171 85.50

Above table shows that Taffa Osia has maximum number ofmale buffalo in comparison of other Taffa i.e. 171 and the tax incomefrom this was Rs.85.50.

On the basis of above information provided in our sources,we attempted to calculate the number of each cattle per village ofevery Taffas. It is further multiplied by the total number of AavadanBasta villages of all Taffas of Pargana Jodhpur. As per estimationthe average sheep per village of Taffa Haveli was 82, similarly itwas 87 per village of Taffa Osia, 119 for Dunara, 84 for Pipar.48 for Kothana, 442 for Rohath, 230 for Aasop, 223 for Bhadrajan,212 for Bahelva and 112 for Kherva.

The following table indicates the estimation of the total numberof cattle separately.

Table-6S. Name of Total Total no.Total no. Total no.Total no.No. Taffas/Tappas Villages Populated of sheep Camel Bullock Buffalo

Total no. of Male Buffalo

1 Haveli 207 16974 1656 7245 1835 6212 Osia 79 6873 1027 3160 316 12643 Dunara 33 3927 # # # #4 Pipar 69 5796 276 1794 138 2075 Kothana 52 2496 416 1352 260 2086 Rohath 19 8398 # # # #7 Aasop 16 3680 48 231 63 498 Bhadrajan 56 12488 168 3808 560 1129 Bahelva 35 7420 70 1260 175 #10 Kherva 7 784 # 308 28 1411 Lavaire 51 # 255 # # #12 Setra 5 # 35 # # #13 Pali 28 # # 812 168 56

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14 Kheevsar 19 # # 285 57 3815 Gundochara 5 # # 130 35 #16 Kaitu 15 # # # # #17 Daichhu 7 # # # # #

Total 703 68836 3951 20385 3635 2569

# mark indicates the not availability of the cattle.

From the analysis of above table it could be concluded thatamong all the cattle, population of sheep came very large whichindicates that sheep was considered the sound wealth of Jodhpurtowards the end of 18th Century. There were also some Taffas,where the number of particular cattle was not mentioned such as inTaffa Lavaire and Setra, no statistics except camel was mentionedwhile for Taffa Pali, Kheersar and Gundochara, statisticsrelatively to bullock, buffalo and male buffalo are given.

Table-7Comparison of cattle population in Pargana Jodhpur

S.No. Name of % age ofanimals Population in

A.D. 1773 A.D.19111 Sheep 69.26 81.022 Camel 3.97 1.573 Bullock 20.51 13.784 Buffalo 3.65 2.615 Male buffalo 2.58 1.01

In the above table, an attempt is made to compare theproportion of the cattle population of 1793 (as calculated before)with the Cattle Census of Marwar for A.D.1911. In this analysisthe population of all cattle except sheep declined by the starting of20th century.

The population of sheep increased from 69.26 in 1793 A.D.to 81.02 in A.D. 1911. It may be due to deliberate efforts towardsthe rearing of sheep.

The objective of the present paper is to explain and interpretthe different taxes and their nature with extent especially pertainingto animals. Moreover it provides in depth insight in the taxationsystem prevailing in Jodhpur State. This is not an exhaustive study

but a selective. At last it can be said that pastoral remained animportant sector in the economy of Jodhpur at the closing of 18th

century.

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Role of Untouchables in the FreedomMovement: A Case Study of the

Bairawas in RajasthanPradeep Kumar Yadav

In terms of area the largest state of India, but scarcelypopulated, the state of Rajasthan lies to the west of India. Perhapsdue to the paramountcy of the Rajputs in this part of the country,the British called it ‘Rajputana’ just as the provinces dominated bythe ‘Gonds’ and ‘Telangas’ were given the name of Gondwana andTelangana. Mr. George Thomas in 1800 A.D. was the first to callthis tract of the country as ‘Rajputana’ for it was a stronghold ofthe Rajput rulers. Of twenty-two princely states, nineteen were ruledby Rajputs, only two were Jat states, and one was ruled by Muslims.

Rajasthan has its own unique geographical, social and culturalfeatures that impact the lives of Dalits within the province. It’sadverse climatic conditions, where livelihoods are intimatelyconnected with the pattern of landholding and water sources, andits [decadent] feudal history, which increases the caste system’sstranglehold over the society, has deep seated implications for Dalitsand the discriminatory practices against them.

There is a general academic and popular perception that theUntouchables or the Scheduled Castes had not participated much inthe freedom movement. Such impression happens to be derivativeof the ancient or traditional notion of the Untouchables being merelyan object rather than subject in the socio-economic and politicalactivities of that time, which is still visible in the contemporary period.Contrary to such impressions, however, there are ample empiricalevidences, which suggest that the Untouchables have all along beensubject or active players in the multiple trends of the freedommovement, which happened to be one such context in which theUntouchables have actively participated in various forms likeorganizing agitations and protests, sitting on dharanas (silent agitationssimply by sitting at one place), Satyagrah and so on. But what is

missing is their cognizance in the mainstream historical accounts ofthe freedom movement.

The Indian historians, by and large, do not acknowledge thepositive role of the Dalits either in their own movements or in anti-colonial struggles. The only paragraph that Mazumdar devoted toDalits, describe them as objects of philanthropic and social workconducted by others. In his later work Mazumdar refers to Ambedkarand Dalits as mere political bargainers of the 1930s and 40s struggleswhich ultimately led to independence. However, his long depictionof Dalits, portrayed social reformers, Congress and Gandhi as theprimer movers, while Ambedkar is cast in the role of perceptivecritic. R. R. Sethi refers to the Dalits only in connection with theCommunal Award of 1932 and as objects of ‘uplift’ work. BipanChandra confines his treatment of Dalits to a three page section on‘the struggle against caste’ in his textbook, but he gives them amore activist role his predecessors. However, this cannot be said ofhis recent work, which is concerned only with Gandhi’s “Harijanuplift movement”. Finally, Sumit Sarkar reluctantly includes a brieftreatment of the Mahar movement, but in his discussion of the 1930sonly the Gandhian Harijan campaign is highlighted.

At the national level, the leadership of the untouchable castes,in this phase, was in the hands of Ambedkar (1891-1956), who hadbeen fighting for the upliftment and emancipation of these castes.Mahatma Gandhi also continued to play an important role in theCongress Party. Mahatma Gandhi’s advent in the freedom movementof India brought new dynamism and vitality. He gave a new directionto the national movement. The novel methods which he adopted forthe attainment of his political goals well suited the situation. Hisnon-violent non-co-operation proved very successful. His newmethods not only converted the national movement confined to urbanintelligentsia to a mass movement but also emboldened the commonmasses. He instilled in them confidence and broke the charm ofBritish invincibility. In this regard, it is pertinent to highlight that inGandhi’s heroic effort to break the vicious circle of repression andnon-violence, during the Quit India Movement, the governmentsucceeded in crushing the 1942 Movement or the August Revolution.Of course, it was only a question of time and determining the actualmechanics of the transfer of and the pattern of government that the

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country was to have after independence. In fact, it was an openwar against the British for India’s independence and the wholecountry was electrified and the government machinery wassuccessfully paralyzed.

It is necessary to mention, the social and political awakeningof the Untouchables from 1942 to 1947 in order to understand thecontribution made by them and the participation of their grass-rootworkers-leaders from northern India in the freedom struggle. It wouldbe quite relevant to recall the consciousness of the DepressedClasses or the Untouchables or Scheduled Castes or the Dalits thathad been gaining momentum from the time of Mahatma Jyoti RaoPhule (1827-1890) in Maharashtra. In the later period, Dr. Ambedkarprovided a definite impetus to this consciousness and heightened itto the then ongoing all India movement of the Untouchables. Weanalyse in this paper, the role of Bairwas in the freedom struggle inRajasthan.

Dalit communities comprise roughly one fifth of the totalpopulation of Rajasthan. Meghwals, Jatavs, Bairawas, Chamar,Bunkar, Raigars, Balais, Khatik, Jatias, and Gingar are the majorcommunities. Yet, only a few Dalits were in administration,bureaucracy and the legislature. Leatherwork has been the traditionaloccupation of the dominant Dalit castes. However, this has beenchanging and today Dalits are found doing “menial” work of otherkinds too.

Bairwas are mainly found in Alwar, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur,Dausa, Karauli, Kota, Ajmer, Bhilwara and Tonk districts. It is notclear whether the Berwa and Berwar (or Birwar) are one and thesame. Crooke (1896) mentions Berwar or Birwar as a Rajput setfound in the UP districts of Ghazipur, Azamgarh and Faizabad, whoare ‘supposed to have come under the auspices of the Narauliyas,whom they assisted to expel the Cheros. In Azamgarh they are saidto be both Rajputs and Bhuinhars, and not rank high among either.Bairwas are economically better off than many other Dalits ofRajasthan. In urban areas they engage in petty business and providelabour, and in rural areas they are mainly marginal farmers andagricultural workers. The Berwa are a landowing community. Theirtraditional occupation is shoe-making but now their primary

occupation is agriculture. They are also engaged in labour activitiesand petty trade. Berwa society is divided into different exogamousclans, namely Mehar, Jatwa, Marmat and Tatwara. They considerthemselves lower castes in the social hierarchy and place themselvesin the Sudra category of the chaturvarna system.

The first occasion was in the mid-1930s, when the Bairwas,a Dalit caste, defied the savarnas of the village by cooking desighee(clarified butter), which the casteist tradition forbids them fromdoing. The substance is not only a “ luxury” associatedwith savarna consumption; it involves the cow, with its special statusin the Hindu sacred order.

Bairawa leadership organized several campaigns for equalrights for them. It enabled its community people to achieve the social,cultural, educational, political consciousness among its communitymembers. The feeling of self-respect and intrinsic dignity had beenresorted to the community through the organisation.

Shyam Lal analysed a self-reform organisation formed amongthe Bairawa caste in Rajasthan. It urged its fellow community toeducate themselves. It is very significant to mention here that theseself reform organizations emphasized the need for internal reformof the community which led to establish its importance of its standingin the Hindu society. These mass actions were intended to secureaccess to schools as well as non-traditional occupations, and weredesigned to mobilize the Bairawa community. He also discusses thehistory of the Bairwa movement from its early days of self-reformthrough social and cultural activities, formation of all Indiaorganisation, “Akhil Bharatiya Bairwa Mahasabha”, their gains andfailures, the guest for the new identity, their interaction both withIndian National Congress and other political parties.

It was not until the early twentieth century that the CongressParty’s nationalist movement took root in the then princely states ofRajputana, though some of the educated and nationalists gotmomentum through the Swadeshi movement and through theintroduction of the activities of the press. In Ajmer, the first issue ofthe Rajasthan Times, an English weekly, was published on Thursday,the 8th August, 1885. Alongwith these activities, the Swadeshimovement was also endeavouring to awaken the masses in the last

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quarter of the 19th century. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was thefirst social worker who, long before, had stressed on assumption ofthe Swadeshi. But Rajputana became politicized, only after 1938,because of the Prajamandal a form of political organisationestablished in its various Rajputana states – Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur,Kotah and Udaipur and in several of the smaller states, notablyAlwar, Bharatpur and Sirohi all of which bordered British India. By1946 organizations had been established in the others.

In the year 1934, the political atmosphere in Udaipur (Mewar)was also very much suffocating. The people were demanding rightto speech, liberty, formation of association, etc. but the stateadministration was not prepared to accede to these demands. Assuch, in the year 1937-38, a satyagrah movement was launchedunder the dynamic leadership of Maniklal Verma (1888-1969), astaunch follower of Gandhi and a leader of the Congress Party.Manikyalal Verma and his associates established the “MewarPrajamandal” in April 1938. Balwant Singh Mehta and BhuralalBaya were elected as President and Vice-Presdient respectivelyand Verma as Mahamantri (General Secretary) of the Prajamandal.On 4th October 1938, the Prajamandal launched a civil disobediencemovement which immediately spread all over the state. TheSatyagrah Movement also started in Nathdwara, Chhittorgarh andBhilwara and a large number of satyagrahis, including Bhuralal Baya,Balwant Singh Mehta, Ambalal Joshi, Amratlal Yadav (Chamar),Jaichand (Raigar) and others were arrested. All these satyagrahiswere sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.

In 1942, Harishankar Sidharth Shastri, a Bairwa from Jaipur,became member of the Jaipur Prajamandal and took active part inthe agitation. This provided an opportunity to the members of theBairwas community to involve themselves, in more numbers, in thenational struggle. The Bairwa youth, along with those of the uppercastes, marched into the main Bazars (market areas), holdingnational flag, and demonstrated, under the leadership of ChiranjilalAgarwal, Shiv Bihari Tiwari, Hiralal Shastri, Tika Ram Paliwal andDesh Pande, against the repressive policy of the state government.A number of demonstrators, including Ramchand, Bhura Lal Patel,Nathu Patel all from Top-Khana; Banwari Lal Patel, Govind Pujari,

Rewas Ram all from Babu-ka-Tiba and Shankar Lal NarainZhandewala were arrested and tortured. Besides the Bairwas, afew kolis and Bhangis also took active part in the movement. Theywere Mewa Ram and Mangilal from the Kolion-ki-Bustee, KaluRam Pradhan from the Purani Bhangi Bustee; Master Ram Narainfrom Gandhi Mori; Master Motilal from Chaura-Rasta BhangiBustee and Ram Chandra from Raigaro-ki-Bustee. The Bairwas’enthusiasm of participation in the nationalist movement was at itspeak during this period.

To sum it up, the activities of the Untouchables during FreedomMovement in the princely states of Rajputana, with enthusiasm andconfidence, succeeded at least in creating a feeling of resentmentamong the lower castes (Untouchables communities) against thelocal rulers. The participation of the Dalits like Shiv Prasad Marmat,Harishankar Sidharth Shastri, Bhuralal Patel, Kalu Ram Pradhan,Mewa Ram, Mangilal etc. produced a lot of socio-political awakeningand ardour, and the cause of the ‘Swaraj’ (sef-rule) grew stronger.Similarly, during the movement, it was also noticed that the views ofGandhi encouraged the Ambedkarities to adopt the various patternsof opposition to the attitude adopted by him, thus, resulting into aconflagration. Another important factor, which came to light duringthe freedom movement, in a way, helped in emergence of nationalconsciousness by opposing an alien government at different timesand at different places.

In Persian the plural of Rajput is ‘Rajputan’. It is mostprobable that Rajputana was derived from ‘Rajputan’. The districtderives its name from the headquarters town of Ajmer. Beforeindependence, Ajmer-Merwara was an isolated province of BritishIndia in Rajputana. It comprised two districts, viz., Ajmer andMerwara.

References:1. B.N. Dhoundeyal, District Gazetteer, Ajmer, Sharma Brother Electromatic

Press, Alwar (Raj.) 1966, p. 1.2. Franklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, London,

1805, p. 347,3. Tod, James, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, 3 Volumes, 1990, Delhi,

Lower castes Price Pub., A. Vadivevelu, The Ruling chiefs, Nobles andZamindars of India, Vol. 1, Madras, G.C. Lonanadhan Bros, 1915,

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Vadivelu provides sketches of 240 Ruling chiefs and 60 Notabilities;A.C. Banerjee, The Rajput States and the East India Company, Calcutta,1951; A. Mukherjee, Rajputana Gazetteer, Calcutta; Superindendent ofGovernment Printing, 1879; The Ruling Princes, Chiefs and LeadingPersonages of Rajasthan and Ajmer, Calcutta, Government Pub., 1924

4. Bhalla, L.R., Geography of Rajasthan, Kuldeep Pub. House, Jaipur, 20075. See Introduction of Daroka, Priiti, Dalit Women in Rajasthan: Status of

Economic, Social & Cultural Rights, Programme on Women’s EconomicSocial and Cultural Rights, Fact-Finding Mission Report- 1

6. Untouchability is the criterion and it being peculiar to the Hindus, thoseHindu castes that were regarded as untouchables by a society were includedunder the Government of India (Scheduled Caste) order, 1936 made underthe Government of India Act 1935. Under Article 46 of the IndianConstitution it was made compulsory for the State to take special interestin the fate of the weaker sections of our society and to promote theirgoodwill and welfare. And so much castes were described as beingscheduled because detailed provisions as to such castes is made is a madein a schedule (Fifth Schedule) to the Constitution.

7. Mazumdar, R.C., ed., An Advanced History of India: Modern India, partIII, London, 1958, pp. 959-960

8. Mazumdar, R.C., The History and Culture of the Indian People: Strugglefor Freedom, Bombay, 1969, pp. 479, 494, 521, 696, 731

9. Ibid., pp. 523-525 and 1000-101210. Sethi, R.R., “The Last Phase: 1919-1947” in H.H. Dodwell, The Indian

Empire, 1858-1918, vol. VI, Delhi, 1958, pp. 630-32, 685-686.11. Chandra, Bipan, Modern India: A Text book of History for Secondary

Schools, NCERT, New Delhi, 1971, pp. 231-233.12. Chandra, Bipan, et al., India’s Struggle for Independence1857-1947,

Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1988.13. Sarkar, Sumit, Modern India, 1885-1947, Delhi, 1983, pp. 56, 243, 328-

33014. Gangte, P.M., Netaji Subash Chandra Bose and National Freedom

Movement, Imphal Free Press, 200615. Chandra, Bipan, Amales Tripthi and Barun De, The Freedom Struggle,

National Book Trust, 1992,p. 22216. Bhattacharjee, J.B., Cachar under British Rule in North East India,

Radiant Publishers, Delhi, 1977, p. 28617. Keer, Dhananjay, Mahatma Joti Rao Phule: The Father of Indian Social

Revolution, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 197418. Dhananjay, Keer, Dr. Ambedkar; Life and Mission, Popoular Prakashan,

Mumbai, 199519. Crook, The Tribes and Castes and Oudh, Part II, 1896, p. 64

20. Bidwai, Praful, Costly Retreat from Social Reform, Frontline, Vol 19,Issue 21, October 12-25, 2002

21. Shyamlal, Untouchable Movement in India, Sublime Pub., Jaipur, 2002,pp. 147-149

22. Sindhe, Jaganath R., Organisations of Scheduled Castes and Social, p.54

23. Shyamlal, Op.cit.There were two major types of movements which developed in theRajasthan states and each was distinct as to its origins, ultimate objectives,political activity and style, elite structure, and base of political support.The first were the Praja Mandals-movement which was restricted almostentirely to urban centres, although in some areas they attracted limitedsupport from rural leaders. The urban movements did not all have commonnames. In Jodhpur (Marwar) state, this movement was called the LokParishad while in Bharatpur and Bikaner it was termed Praja Parishad.

24. All India States ‘Peoples’ Congress, Rajasthan Regional Council,“Annual Report: 1946-47” (Manuscript)

25. Saxena, K.S., The Political Movement and Awakening in Rajasthan-1857-1947, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi, 1971, p. 216

26. Pangadia, B.L., Freedom Movement in Rajasthan (in Hindi), RajasthanHindi Granth Academy, Jaipur, 1988, p. 50

27. Ibid.28. Rajasthan, Annual Number (in Hindi), Jaipur, 1995, p. 6029. Pangadia, B.L., Freedom Movement in Rajasthan (in Hindi), Rajasthan

Hindi Granth Academy, Jaipur, 1988, p. 5030. Ibid.31. The first popular government in Rajasthan was formed in 1949 under the

leadership of Hiralal Shastri, cited from www.wikipedia.com, access on27.12.2011

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Revenue Statistics of Jaipur Stateduring the 18th Century :

A Case Study of Pargana NarainaPushpendra Singh

Presently an attempt has been made to reconstruct theeconomy of Jaipur State during the 18th century on the basis of themicro study of Pargana Naraina. It too provide the economicglimpses at ground level i.e. at pargana level. The study could bepossible because of the revenue documents entitled Arhsatta whichare available in the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.

Pargana Naraina has been preferred for this analysis andconcentration is only on a single year since the Rajasthani documentsi. e. arhsattas for this year i.e. 1730 A.D. are available in itscompleteness. Pargana Naraina can be located at south westperiphery of Jaipur state and surrounded by Sambhar salt lake onnorth, Jaipur on north and north east, Pargana Bhairan andMozamabad on eastern, River Mashi on south and Kishangarh onwestern side.

The Kachhwaha rulers held this pargana much earlier forwhich the references and records are available to us. Moreover insome of chitthis, parganas Naraina has been mentioned as one ofthe parganas in the watan of Raja. My document would howeverspeak otherwise. The document reveals that it was held in tankhwahJagir by Sawai Jai Singh comprising 85 villages worth 59,04,400dams. Out of 85, eleven villages were assigned to other mansabdarswhose names are Dev Singh, Brandavan Das, Mukut Singh andHatti Singh.

The remaining 74 villages were assigned to Sawai Jai Singhfor the amount of 48,69,400 dams, out of which 58 ½ villages wereheld in Khalisa where state revenue was received by Maharaja’srevenue exchequer. Interestingly enough, the Padshahi mansabdarsbelonged to Khangarwat clan that is to say, they were Maharaja’sown clannish people.

Now we pass on to revenue statistics of pargana Narainawhich have been given into two main headings viz. Mal-o-jihatand sair-jihat. Further mal-o-jihat is divided into Zabti and Bataijinis. The list of the crops under these two heads are given belowseparately. We have converted the fractions in to the round figures.

TABLE-IZABTI (KHARIF)

Crop Area(Bigha) Rate (Rupees Amount Rs.per bigha) (Range)

Van (cotton) 2608.19 0.97 to 1.50 2811.50Maka (maize) 2097,50 1.12 to 1.62 3326.87Madhwah 0137.50 1.00 to 1.62 0219.62Kodon 0919.30 .99 0911.37Sugar cane 0008.20 8.37 to 8.50 0068.40Gunwar 1454.19 0.37 to 0.75 0766.31Vegetable 0005.70 1.97 0009.22Ralo 0000.10 0.50 0000.50Chola 0005.30 0.78 to 1.00 0004.78Sakarkand 0077.12 1.87 to 2.00 0152.97Tobacco 0070.10 2.00 to 2.37 0175.37

Zabti: method of land revenue assessment involving themeasurement of land and payment of revenue in cash.

The above table reveals the dominance of cotton followed byMaka,Madhwah, Gunwar, and Kodon respectively. These cropswere sown in the larger area and fetched bulk of the revenue to theState. The rates of sugarcane although very high nevertheless itwas cultivated only in a limited area.

As far as Jinsi crops are concerned, its details are arrangedin the table given below along with its productivity and prices.

TABLE – IIJINSI (KHARIF)

Crop Quantity Average Price Amount Rs.(mans) (rupee per man)Bajra 11687.33 1.04 12162.25Jowar 05009.65 1.02 05087.28Moth 02019.45 1.06 02150.37

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Mung 00181.67 1.17 00212.75Til 00313.80 2.29 00718.81Sali (Rice) 00053.95 1.29 00069.62Jinsi: crop sharing

Above mentioned table reveals the prices of til was very high.It is obvious being a cash crop. It is followed by Sali. The othercrops and pulses however remained more or less closer to eachother. In the arhsattas different prices are given based on the villagesand the town. While comparing the prices of different villages, wefound not much difference. This would thus prove that there was atendency of unified market. If one goes further beyond the onepargana, it would be discerned that the unified market extendedfrom the limits of single pargana.

Unfortunately the movement of the prices cannot be workedout only on the basis of single year.TABLE – IIIZABTI(Rabi)Crop Area(Bigha) Rate (Rupees per bigha) (Range) Amount Rs.Opium (dodi) 158.14 1.87 to 2.00 314.87Tobacco 024.50 2.50 060.62Kadakaku 109.18 1.87 to 2.00 218.94Vegetable 007.00 1.75 012.25Brinjal & Water melon019.16 1.75 to 2.00 037.62TABLE – IVBATAI JINSI(Rabi)Crop Quantity (rupee/man) Price (rupee/man) Amount Rs.Barley 24478.65 0.95 23155.15Gram 13106.25 1.00 13106.75Wheat 02701.80 1.40 03778.37Baijhri 03542.80 0.97 03424.57Gojai(Wheat & Barley) 01053.95 1.05 01109.47Gochani(Wheat & Gram) 00216.27 1.11 00240.37Sarso 00024.42 1.32 00032.32Dhan 00000.20 1.82 00000.36

Our evidence suggests that this pargana had given sufficientimportance to rabi crops. Under Jinsi, barley occupies significantpart followed by gram. These are rich food grains. It appears thatbesides rains, artificial irrigation facilities were available here. Thisis further endorsed when we compared the value in the amount ofrevenue in Kharif and rabi. The revenue received in rabi comesto 60% while in kharif it is 40%. Since rabi crops requires capitalinput, it means that sufficient capital was available in this pargana.When we examine the revenue statistics of the villages we do notget any desolated villages in rabi.

While comparing the percentage of mal-o-jihat and sair-jihat we see the mal-o-jihat occupies 91.6% leaving sair-jihatonly 8.4% which is natural since earlier studies have proved thatthe bulk of revenue was realized from mal-o-jihat and the sair-jihat. The main item under sair-jihat in this pargana were Jhupri,garhi, bhent, topdar, tulai and jinsi ganj.

Another interesting information from this document whichcomes to us shed light on the system of taxation. There was nouniform taxation in this region, its percentage ranged between25,29,33,40 and 50. So the revenue demand in crop sharing was 25percent as minimum and 50 percent as maximum, which suggeststhat there was an economic stratification among peasantry. It isstriking to note as revealed from the following Table (V) that themaximum revenue collected was under 50% followed by 40%. Inrest of the categories, the collection of revenue is not significant.The following table represents the absolute figures.

TABLE – VMagnitude of Land Revenue Demand (in kind)

Percentage of State Demand to total Production Total ProductionRabi State (Diwan)50% 22626.85 11312.42 11312.4340% 13090.32 7853.02 5237.3033% 04285.15 2855.47 1429.6829% 68.27 48.70 19.5725% 489.72 367.20 122.52

In addition to this 2.81 percent was charged as Farah (Jihat).The details of Farah is given under the heading (seri which ranged

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between 1.62 Sers and 2.62 Sers at the pargana level. This isconfirmed when compared with Destur al Amal, pargana Amarsar,Sarkar Nagaur, Suba Ajmer 1726.

References:1. Arhsatta Mujmil pargana Naraina V.S. 1787/1730, R.S.A. , Bikaner.2. In Mughal revenue departments Jama was always fixed in dams which

could be converted into rupees by the Ratio of 1:40. (40 dams to onerupee).

3. Mal-o jihat is comprised of mal and jihat taxes where mal was a tax oncrop and jihat consisted of taxes levied in order to meet expenses inconnection of Mal.

4. Sair-jihat includes taxes other than mal or land revenue.5. Prof. S.P. Gupta, Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan c. 1650-1750,

1986, Delhi, p.104.6. Arhsatta 1730, op.cit.7. Ibid.8. Ibid.9. Ibid.10. Ibid., The rates are originally given in the arhsattas.11. S.P.Gupta, Agrarian System, op.cit., p.114.

Impact of Aligarh Movement in Rajasthan:A Study of the Contribution of All India

Muslim Educational ConferenceNaiyer Azam & T. Ahmad Sheikh

The All India Muslim Educational Conference has played animportant role in disseminating western knowledge and moderneducation to the Muslims, and equally it had also served in providingIslamic and traditional educational to them throughout the IndianSub-Continent from its inception. The great contribution made bySir Syed and his Aligarh Movement for development of Muslimeducation during 19th century, was carried forward in 20th centuryby his successors and his associates through the platform of AllIndia Muslim Educational Conference. Not many are aware of thefact that the farsighted Sir Syed besides, establishing the M.A.O.College at Aligarh, he established All India Muslim EducationalConference, a more widely educational platform for the IndianMuslims. The sole aim behind its establishment was to provide equaleducational opportunity to the Muslim masses all over India.

The present paper seeks to highlight the contribution of AllIndia Muslim Educational Conference for the development of Muslimeducation in the region of Ajmer and Merwara Province in 20th

century. It is significant note that for the very first time theConference’s annual meeting held after gap of 42 years at Ajmerunder the president ship of Sir Shah Sulaiman. The Ajmer sessionof the Conference is remarkable in the history of Muslim education,because it strongly propagated the idea of providing modern,vocational and traditional education to the Muslims of Rajputana. Itpassed significant resolutions for the development of modern andtraditional education not only the Muslim males but also to the Muslimwomen. It also created awareness about western and scientificlearning among Muslims. This paper also analyses to study the variousresolutions of Ajmer session of the Conference sought the attention

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of British government as well as princely States of Rajputana andprincely State of Tonk towards the prevalent abysmal condition ofMuslim education in 20th century.

Many changes were brought in the nomenclature of theConference from its establishment on 27 December 1886 by SirSyed at Aligarh. In its inaugural meeting of the Conference waschristened as “Mohammedan Educational Congress”. Later in its5th meeting which held at Allahabad in 1890 under the Presidentshipof Sardar Mohammad Hayat Khan, it accepted an amendment,seconded by Sir Syed to remove the name of “Congress” as it madepeople confuse with the Indian National Congress. The resolutionreads as follows :

“This gathering feels that the name of this national educationalbody of ours, named Mohammedan Educational Congress, createsvarious doubts in the minds of people, some misled by the wordCongress, having something in common with the political party ofthat name, Indian National Congress; others taking it on the otherextreme to be a rival to it; whereas, in fact, it has nothing to do witheither of the two. A change in its name therefore appears imperative,and it should be renamed “Mohammedan Educational Conference”.

During in its 10th meeting held at Shahjahanpur from 27th to30th December, 1895, under the presidentship of Nawab MohsinulMulk, an amendment, moved by Syed Mahmood to add the name ofAnglo-Oriental and in this respect following resolution was moved :

“This Conference feels that in view of further elucidation ofits educational aims and objectives which are before the Conference,the addition of ‘Anglo-Oriental’ be made to the name and from nowon, it be called “Mohammedan Anglo Oriental EducationalConference”.

Again in its meeting at Aligarh in 1923, under the presidentshipof Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan an amendment was moved andpassed to the effect that the word ‘Mohammedan’ be deleted fromthe name of the Conference in favour of the word ‘Muslim’. It wasmoved by Nawab Sadryar Jung Habib-ur-Rehman Khan Sherwani.Till then it is known as All India Muslim Educational Conferenceand the same is used in present paper.

Conference’s annual sessions were to be held at differentplaces in the month of December when the offices were closed forChristmas vacation and date and place for the next meeting were tobe decided by the concluding session. Everyone could become itsmember after the payment of Rs. 5 as it was charged as fee of theConference. Members of the any districts associations, Anjumanswere entitled to take part in the Conference’s annual meeting. Thedelegates were to present before the meeting a statistical report ofthe condition of the Musalmans of their district. The last day of theconference was devoted to the passing of resolutions andsummarizing the proceedings of the last day of session to be followedby a dinner hosted by the Conference to enable the delegates toconverse more feely with the participants.

Conference meeting at various places brought many changesin the educational sphere of Muslim community. Its sessions wereheld at almost in big cities of India. Mention may be made of Aligarh(1886), Lucknow (1887), Delhi (1892), Calcutta (1899), Madras(1901), Bombay (1903), Dacca (1906), Rangoon (1909), Nagpur(1910), Agra (1913), Rawalpindi (1914), Poona (1915), Amroha(1920), Jabalpur (1944), Agra (1945), Meerut (1934). The impactof the conference could be seen in pre-partition days. Apart fromthe establishment of Aligarh Muslim University the foundation ofOsmania and Dacca universities, Anjuman-e-Taraqi Urdu, JamiaMillia Islamia, Darul Uloom Nadwa, Darul Mussanafin, Azamgarhetc. we their growth directly or indirectly to the ceaseless efforts ofthe Conference. It was also interesting note that due to theConference’s Educational Movement, many Islamia schools wereestablished. Some of them were established at Marehra (Aligarh),Aonla Jalali, Jaipur, Bareilly, Etawah, Agra, Banaras etc and someother places. Many of them developed as Intermediate collegesand still at present there are functioning.

The Ajmer session (1928) of the Conference had a distinctplace in the annals of Indian history. The neglected region ofRajputana became centre of annual meeting of the Conference,when the people of Ajmer and Merwer invited the Central StandingCommittee of the Conference to hold its session at Ajmer where asizeable Muslim population inhabited the area. Though the

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Conference’s meeting was primarily called by the prominent memberof the Muslim community and the name of Sahebzadah Abdul WahidKhan comes first who invited the Conference’s meeting. But thename of Rai Bahadur Seth Tikamchand of Ajmer added a glowingline in the history of the Conference, who gave his ancestral housefor the lodging of the guests. Here the Conference’s secularapproach reflects as its members gladly accepted the hospitality ofnot only the Muslims of Ajmer particularly of Mirza Abdul QadirBeg who offered his services for the Conference’s meeting but theservices of Seth Tikamchand was the best example of Hindu-MuslimUnity shown during the Ajmer session of the Conference.

A reception committee of fifteen members was formed atthe house of Mirza Abdul Qadir Beg. Seth Abdul Latifullah, GeneralMerchant elected as its President, Mirza Abdul Qadir Beg asSecretary and Syed Husnain as Assistant Secretary. President ofthe Conference Sir Shah Sulaiman, Moulvi Sir Rahim Baksh andother prominent guests were lodged at the palatial building of SethTikamchand. Rest of the guests was stayed at different places. TheIslamia Moinia High School (Ajmer)’s Osmania Hall made reservedfor the conference’s meeting. Its interior was decorated with leavesand flowers. The upper storey of the Islamia Moinia School wasdecorated for the purpose of educational exhibitions. The articlesof educational exhibition were brought from different twentyfiveplaces to the delegates. In this way a great effort was made for thesuccessful conduct of a Conference’s meeting. The Presidentialaddress of Sir Shah Sulaiman focused for the development of Muslimeducation. His Presidential address is a comprehensive documentwhich guides Muslim education during 20th century. Still it has itsrelevance at 21st century as it incorporates almost every aspect ofeducation and suggested ways for the future education for the Indiancommunity. Though many strong points had been raised byReception Committee to the development of Muslim education inthe Ajmer and Merwar, but equally prominent resolutions were passedby the Conference to the every aspects of Muslim education relatedto vocational, technical, modern and religious aspects of education.And thus steps were taken to enhance the educational opportunityof Muslims of Rajasthan.

The main objectives of the Conference were to popularizeWestern education among the Muslims of India so that they couldtake part in the social and cultural life of their country and couldcontribute to its material and intellectual advancement. Besides this,certain other items were also included in the list of its aims andobjectives, for example concluding research on the traditionaleducation of Muslims; publication of the biographies of reputedscholars and writers and tracing and preserving rare books writtenby the earlier Muslim savants’. It means that Sir Syed was notmerely interested in modern education; he also wanted to reviveand reform the traditional Muslim learning. From the very beginningthe annual session of the Conference were held at various cities ofthe country under the Presidentship of the prominent personality ofthe time, and it helped in expanding the educational horizon for theMuslim community.

One of the important objectives of the Muslim EducationalConference was to organize its annual sessions at different placesof the country to acquaint the Muslims of the problems faced bythem. In this effect a resolution was passed at its Aligarh inauguralsession of the Conference in 1886 – The resolution reads:

“In consideration of the backward condition of educationamong Mohammadans, and with a view to encourage the spread ofeducation among them by the united efforts and aid of Muslimcommunity, it appears expedient that a meeting be held every yearto be called the “Mohammedan Educational Congress” at whichrepresentatives from various districts should meet to discuss andconsider the subject of Muslim education. This Congress will not beconfined to any one place, but will be held every year where theresidents desire to hold up and are willing to undertake to arrangefor its meeting”.

Sir Syed was thus equally concerned with the educationalbackwardness of the community and therefore he focused on it.Drawing the attention of the audience at first session of the MuslimEducational Conference, he said:

“Our condition has become so pathetic that other communitiesalso shed tears on us and are trying their efforts to raise money forthe education of our children. Undoubtedly we must thank our

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brethren of our country who in the province of Deccan took such astep”.

Significant resolutions can be traced from the records of theUrdu proceedings of the Conference during Ajmer session whostrongly sought the government attention over the problem faced byMuslims regarding their educational needs. Various resolutions whichwere passed had a direct bearing on the problems of Muslimeducation, which required its solutions from the British governmentas well as from princely States of the Rajasthan. Hence significantresolutions of Ajmer session of the Conference which not only throwslight on the educational needs of the Muslims of India but it alsohighlighted the Muslim grievances and also to develop the variousaspects of Muslim education in Rajasthan. Some of the importantresolutions are as follows :

Protection of Educational Rights of Muslims : Followingsuggestions and ways were sought to protect the educational rightsof the Muslims of India –

(a) Muslim representatives should be appointed atAcademic Institutions of Government.

(b) Sufficient vacancies should be created for Muslimstudents in Academic Institutions of the Government.

(c) Representation of Muslims be made in the Committeesof Government Inspectors of Education.

(d) Representative of Muslim be made in Senates andSyndicate of Universities, and in the Educational Boardsof Middle & Secondary Education.

(e) Muslim students should have a sphere in governmentscholarships meant for foreign studies.

(f) Religious and Urdu education should be given in primaryand secondary schools of Government.

Military Education : Conference also sought governmentattention on the issue of military education which should be providedin government’s school.

Conference also appeals about the representation of Muslimsin the centrally governed Educational Committees of the Governmentat block level.

Female Education : Keeping the needs of female educationin the country Conference invited the attention of the governmenton the following suggestions :

(a) Girl’ s education should be based on their requirementsand curriculum of their education should be based onits utility.

(b) Trained Women Teachers should be provided to theGirl’ s Schools from the government.

(c) For the primary and secondary education of girls, itsmedium of instruction should not be English and evenit should not be made compulsory subject.

Vocational Education : Vocational education also found a placein the resolutions of the Conference which demanded theintroduction of vocational education in Madarsas’s. Besides, theseparate schools for vocational education which had the provisionof education of small scale industries and handicrafts.

Establishment of Central Library for the Posterity of UrduLanguage

For the posterity of Urdu language and its development, aproposal was mooted out to establish a Central Library. In this respectfollowing resolution was passed:

“This Conference considers it necessity to establish a CentralLibrary for the preservation of Urdu books, translated or compiledon different subjects so that development of Urdu language and forits posterity could be arranged …. Since the infrastructures areavailable at Aligarh in AMU and sufficient staffs are also presentthere, therefore the Central Library must be established in theprimises of Aligarh Muslim University. Muslims authors, writers andprominent personalities are requested to donate their written worksin Urdu language to the proposed library”.

Need of Inspectors for Islamia SchoolsIt was considered necessary to seek the help of government

in the province of Ajmer and Merwar to appoint an EducationalInspector for Islamia Schools, who should be under the supervisionof highest officer of Department of Education, and should havecertain authority and rights to grant financial aid to Islamia Schools.

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Need of an Educational Board of Control: Provisions werealso made to establish an Education Board of Control in the provinceof Ajmer and Merwar in which adequate representation of Muslimsshould be maintained.

Upgradation of Moinia High School to Intermediate level :Considering the educational importance of Moinia Islamia Schoolof Ajmer which had served since its inception and had rendered itsservices for the cause of spreading education among Muslims,Conference suggested ways to upgrade its position and thus followingproposals were put forward:

(a) Moinia High School should be upgraded to Intermediatelevel where arrangement should be made for theeducation of commerce and other vocational subjectsof utility.

(b) Teaching of Arabic should be given special attention inthe curriculum.

(c) The management of proposed Moinia College shouldbe under the able management of a Muslim headmasterwho also should have able Muslim teaching staffs underhim.

(d) Boarding House should also be built in the proposedMoinia Islamia College, so that the students gettingeducation there might line in these residential hostels.

(e) Manual training of different works should also be giventhere.

Grants for Female Education: Conference also demandedfinancial grants of two lakh of rupees for the establishment of theGirls school in the province of Ajmer and Merwar. In this effectfollowing resolution was passed:

“Considering the present condition of the status of Muslimfemale education, and its increasing necessity in the region of Ajmerand Merwar, Conference feels it necessary to establish a full-fledgedGovernments College and also sought financial grants of two lakhrupees from Central Government local government and with otherprincely States of Rajasthan.

Muslim Education in the Princely states of Rajputana : Stepswere taken to seek the attention of Hindu princely States of Rajputsfor the education of Muslims. In this respect resolutions were passedand following points were discussed in the Conference meeting –

(a) Money should be spent adequately on the education ofMuslim in these princely states of Rajputs and samewas requested with the rulers of Hindu States.

(b) Urdu language should be given the status of secondofficial language in the offices and it should beintroduced in those princely States where it is notavailable.

(c) Urdu should be promoted in different academicinstitutions.

Recruitment of Muslims in Railway Workshop : Demand forthe recruitment of Muslims in the local workshop of Railway asapprenticeship was made through the Conference meeting aftersuitable technical training in the workshop of Railway.

Muslim Education in the Muslim Princely State of Tonk : Inthe Muslim princely State of Tonk, efforts were made to bringexcellence in education for Muslim. In this direction resolution werepassed which suggest the following ways to improve the conditionof Muslim education :

(a) Expenditure on Muslim education should be increasedto 10%.

(b) Trained Teachers should be appointed in the presenthigh schools of the State.

(c) Anglo-Vernacular schools should be established indifferent parganas of the State.

(d) Proper arrangement should be made for the educationof Muslim education.

Besides these resolutions other significant steps were alsotaken to improve the educational standard of Muslims in Rajasthan.Resolutions were passed towards certain demand of local people ofAjmer and other prominent members of the community which areas follows :

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(1) Efforts should be made to revive the Oriental Collegeof Jaipur which once had been the premier educationalinstitutions of Muslims where Arabic and Persian wastaught.

(2) Financial grant was demanded for the development ofMiddle School of Jaipur.

(3) Appeals were made for the grant of Muslim Instituteof Ajmer, which had been serving for the cause ofMuslim. And land was demanded for the constructionof new building for the Institute from Municipality ofJaipur.

(4) Requests were also made to the ruler of Alwar Stateto make the provision of study of Quran and theologyin the private Maktabs of the Alwar State of Rajasthan.

(5) Persian as language of study in the Intermediate Collegeof Udaipur was also put in the demand list of theConference.

The efforts made by All India Muslim Education Conferencein its history from 1886 upto the Pre-partition period, we found thatConference’s annual meeting at Ajmer was more significant thanits earlier sessions held at different places. Comprehensive stepsand resolutions were passed during Conference’s Session at Ajmer.Though Conference held its Ajmer session after a long period inRajasthan but it became historical in nature in respect to itsresolutions pertaining to educational needs and aspiration of thepeople of Rajasthan. Thus Sir Syed Aligarh Movement was notconfined to the regions of northern India and Rajputana did not remaina place of isolation in spreading the message of Sir Syed’sEducational Movement. Therefore we could see the deep impact ofAligarh Movement on Rajasthan.

.Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), the renowned Indo-Muslim reformer was born in Delhi in an aristocratic family. Hewas an eminent educationist and great social reformer of modernIndia. He launched his educational movement for Muslimregeneration from Aligarh town which later came to be known asAligarh Movement in Indian history.

The Aligarh Movement is defined by many scholars in differentways. According to Aziz Ahmad the total complex of Sir Syed’sreligious social, educational and political ideas is called the AligarhMovement after the name of the town where he founded the M.A.O.College. While Yusuf Hussain defines it as a movement for theintellectual and social upliftment of the Indian People, particularlyMuslims through Western education; Paul Bras, Considers it as amovement of the Muslim aristocracy of the U.P. oriented towardsmaintaining their political predominance.

For details see the following :1. Aziz Ahmad and G.E. Von Grunebaum, Muslims Self-Statement in India

and Pakistan, 1857-1968, Wiesbaden: Ho Harrasssowitz, 1970; YusufHussain (ed.), Selected Documents from the Aligarh Archives, Preface,Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1967; R. Paul Brass, Language, Religionand Politics in North India, New Delhi: Vikas, 1975.

2. The district derives its name from the headquarters town of Ajmer. Beforeindependence, Ajmer-Merwara was an isolated province of British Indiain Rajputana. It comprised two districts, viz., Ajmer and Merwara; B.N.Dhoundeyal, District Gazetteer, Ajmer, Sharma Brother ElectromaticPress, Alwar (Raj.) 1966, p. 1.

3. Born at Jaunpur, 1886; educated at Muir Central College Allahabad;stood First Class First in B.A., proceeded to Cambridge, 1908; Called tothe Bar (Middle Temple) 1910; took LL.D., 1911; practiced law atAllahabad High Court; Officiating Judge, Allahabad High Court, 1920-1923, later judge, 1923 and Chief Justice, Allahabad High Court, 1928-1937 with some breaks; judge Federal, Court of India, 1928-1937 withsome breaks; judge Federal, Court of India 1937-41. Vice Chancellor,A.N.U. 1929-30 and 1938; was a famous mathematician and establishednew theories in it; took keen interest in Muslim education and presidedProvincial Mohammadan Educational Conference, U.P. 1924; memberof Courts and Executive Council of Allahabad and Aligarh Universities;Knighted, 1929; died 1941.

4. See 1886 Aligarh Session of All India Muslim Educational Conference,Khutbat-e-Aliya, Part I.

5. See 1895 Session of All India Muslim Educational Conference,Shahjahanpur.

6. See Anwar Ahmad Marharawi (Ed.) Muraqq-e-Conference (Aligarh,1935), p. 2.

7. See the proceedings of Muslim Education Conference of 1888 and 1891.

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8. See the Annual Proceedings of Muslim Educational Conference ofdifferent sessions, Khutbat-e-Aliya, Part II and also see Shan Mohammad,Muslim Educational Conference, APH Publishing Corporation, NewDelhi, 2003..

9. Punjab Sala Tarikh, All India Muslim Educational Conference, p. 14.10. The district is situated in the centre of State between 25o38’ and 26o58’

north latitudes and 73o54’ and 75o22’ east longitudes. Ajmer Gazetteer,p. 2.

11. In terms of area the largest state of India, but scarcely populated, the stateof Rajasthan lies to the west of India. ‘Rajputana’ was a stronghold of theRajput rulers. Of twenty-two princely states, nineteen were ruled byRajputs, only two were Jat states, and one was ruled by Muslims. SeeJames Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, 3 Volumes, 1990, Delhi,Lower castes Price Pub., A. Vadivevelu, The Ruling chiefs, Nobles andZamindars of India, Vol. 1, Madras, G.C. Lonanadhan Bros, 1915,Vadivelu provides sketches of 240 Ruling chiefs and 60 Notabilities;A.C. Banerjee, The Rajput States and the East India Company, Calcutta,1951; A. Mukherjee, Rajputana Gazetteer, Calcutta; Superindendent ofGovernment Printing, 1879; The Ruling Princes, Chiefs and LeadingPersonages of Rajasthan and Ajmer, Calcutta, Government Pub., 1924

12. According to the 1951 Census the total number of Hindu population as5, 99, 524 and the Muslim population of the district was 48,886 whichformed 7% of the total population. See Gazetter of Ajmer, op.cit., p. 104.

13. See the 1928 Session of the Conference, p. 258.14. See the Proceeding of 1928 Session of All India Muslim Education

Conference at Ajmer, Panjahshala Tarikh.15. Born in a family of Zamindar known for their scholarship in Midnapur,

District Bengal, 1867; graduated from the Presidency College, Calcuttawith first class Honours, stood first class first in M.A. English, CalcuttaUniversity; got Begum of Bhopal’s foreign scholarship given for law;joined Middle Temple and was called to the Bar, 1890; practiced Law atCalcutta High Court; Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, 1901-04; TagoreLaw Lecturer on Mohammadan Jurisprudence, 1907; elevated to theBench as puisne Judge, Madras High Court 1908-20; officiated ChiefJustice, 1916 and again 1919; member Public Service Commission, 1912-15. Member Executive Council Bengal for Administration of Justice andJail, 1921-25; member Bengal Legislative Council, 1926-30; wasappointed minister two times but resigned; Independent member CentralLegislative Assembly 1931-35; opposition leader in Assembly 1933-34;President Central Legislature, 1935-45; member Simla Deputation, 1906.Knighted, 1919, opposed the formation of Pakistan; died, 1947.

16. Government Moinia Islamia Multipurpose Higher Secondary School,Ajmer. The school was started in the year 1910 by some prominent Muslimcitizens of the city, who formed a Trust for the education of children oftheir community. The school was, however, provincialized in 1918 andthe admission was opened to all. Teaching of theology however, continuedtill 1947 and the teachers used to be paid their salaries by the DurgahCommittee. The school was brought under the Associated Schools ProjectScheme of UNESCO in the year 1956 and was the first to be selected as aPilot School in 1958. It was raised to the present standard in 1959. This isthe only institution in Ajmer where Urdu and Persian are taught. In the960-61 session, the total number of students was 848 and that of teachers35. The school has a library of 5,461 books.

17. See the Proceeding of 1928 Session of All India Muslim EducationConference at Ajmer, Panjahshala Tarikh, ed. Habibur Rehman KhanSerwani, Aligarh, 1937.

18. See the Presidential Address of Sir Shah Sualiman of Ajmer Session of1928.

19. See the proceeding of 1928 session of Ajmer, Panjahsalah Tarikh, op.cit.,p. 259.

20. See Appendix (H) in Akhtarul Wasey, Education of Indian Muslims: AStudy of All India Muslim Educational Conference, Delhi , 1977, pp. 85-94.

21. See for details, Akhtarul Wasey, also see, Reyazur Rehman Khan Sherwani,Introduction to All India Muslim Educational Conference, in Seminaron Educational Needs of Indian Muslim and the Role of AligarhMovement, ed by Ishrat Ali Qureshi, Duty Society, AMU, Aligarh, 1993,pp. 29-33 (Hereafter , Ishrat Ali Qureshi).

22. See the different sessions of the Conference which were held at differentcities, Khutbat-e-Aliya Part I and II, pp. 51-53.

23. See Resolutions of Educational Conference (1886) also see MuslimEducational Conference Documents, vol. II, p. 37.

24. See Speech of Sir Syed in 1886 – Muslim Educational Conference, seeKhutbat-e-Aliya, Part I (ed.) Anwar Ahmad Zuberi, Aligarh.

25. All India Muslim Education Conference (1928) session Ajmer, see PunjahSalah Tarikh (ed.) Habibur Rehman Khan Sherwani, 1937, Aligarh.

26. In Persian the plural of Rajput is ‘Rajputan’. It is most probable thatRajputana was derived from ‘Rajputan’. Mr. George Thomas in 1800A.D. was the first to call this tract of the country as ‘Rajputana’. SeeFranklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, London,1805, p. 347,

27. See Resolution No. 1, All India Muslim Educational Conference,Panjasalah Tarikh, op.cit.,

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28. See Resolution No. 2, Ibid.29. This resolution was proposed by Moulvi Syed Abdul Jabbar and seconded

by Syed Hamiduddin (see Resolution No. 3), Ibid.30. The above resolution no. 7 was proposed by Prof. Shamshul Ghani,

Training College and seconded by Raza Hussian Khan, see for detailsResolution No. 19, p. 264, Ibid.

31. See Resolution No. 8, Ibid.32. The said resolution was proposed by Mirza Abdul Qadir Beg and seconded

by Moulvi Mohiuddin Ajmer. See Resolution No. 19, p. 269.33. See Resolution a number 20, p. 264, Ibid.34. These resolutions were proposed by Aziz Ahmad Zubair and seconded

by Mirza Abdul Qadir Beg – see for details – Resolution No. 22, p. 265,Ibid.

35. See Resolution No. 23, Ibid.36. See Resolution No. 23, Ibid.37. See resolution no. 24 AIMEC, Ibid.38. See Resolution No. 26, p. 266, Ibid.39. See resolution No. 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36 – AIMEC Proceeding, 1928.

ROLE OF DAMODAR DAS RATHI IN THEFREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA

Peeyush Bhadviya

The partition of Bengal in 1905 led to a country-widecommotion of unprecedented dimensions. It was followed bySwadeshi movement, initially started in Bengal, but very soon itspreaded to other parts of the country The British government in itsturn adopted repressive measures to curb the movement. The waveof nationalism spread throughout the country. The anti-Britishactivity gained strength. The extremists became a force to bereckoned with.1 In spite of all these repressive measures adoptedby the princely states, they failed to check revolutionary activitiesin Rajasthan. At that time in Rajasthan three active revolutionarygroups were functioning one under Arjun Lal Sethi operating fromJaipur, Second, under Kesri Singh Bharhat of Kota and third, underRao Gopal Singh of Kharwa and Damodar Das Rathi from Ajmer.Their ultimate aim was to achieve Swaraj. Arjun lal Sethi, KesariSingh, Gopal Singh and others were found involved in conspiracyagainst the British Government and sentenced to varied terms ofimprisonment. Their activities in collaboration with the knownrevolutionaries of India instilled in the people of Rajasthan a spiritof militant nationalism.2

In the revolutionary activities of the Pre-Gandhian period inAjmer, Rao Gopal Singh of Kharwa was the principal actor andSeth Damodar Das Rathi of Krishana Mills Ltd., Beawar, was theman who f inanced these activit ies, sheltered prominentrevolutionaries and encouraged Swadeshi industires.3

Damodar Das Rathi was born on 8 Feb. 1884 at Pokhran(Jodhpur). His father Shri Khivraj Rathi was a businessman.4 Whenhe was nine years old his father established Krishna Mill in 1893 atBeawar. At the age of 15 he started working for the national causeAt the age of 16 he took over the work of Krishna mill. He managed

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to bring Shyamji Krishna Verma, to Beawar and appointed him tothe post of manager.5

Under the influence of Shyamji Krishna Verma, Damodar DasRathi started working for the revolutionary movement in Rajasthan.Shyamji Krishna Verma was instrumental in collaborating Bengalrevolutionaries with Damodar Das Rathi.6 Damodar Das Rathi beganto cooperate the revolutionaries of Rajasthan through monetarysupport. In this work, he also got inspiration and impetus from AmritLal Chakraborty who was a journalist and also worked in KrishnaMill. Damador Das Rathi also brought renowned journalist Shri GirjaKumar Ghosh to Beawar. He contributed through money to thefamilies of political prisoners and nationalist journalist.7

His political alignment was with Arjun Lal Sethi, Kesari SinghBarhat, Gopal Singh Kharwa and Bhoop Singh. During First WorldWar Ras Bihari Bose and Raja Mahendra Pratap formed a plan forarmed revolt in the country and decided 21 Feb. 1915 as a startingdate. The Prominent persons of Rajasthan involved in thisrevolutionary plan were Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa, Bhoop singh,Damodar Das Rathi etc. The role assigned to Damodar Das Rathiwas to provide funds for this activity.8

Damodar Das Rathi also inspired Rao Gopal Singh of Kharwato render contribution in freedom struggle. In 1907-1908 when ArvindGhosh visited Beawar, Rathi introduced Rao Gopal Singh of Kharwato him. This meeting had a great impact on his mind.

Wherever he went in Rajasthan and outside Rajasthan, hetried to establish school libraries, Gurukuls and organize variousseminars. He also contributed to already established schools, theSanatan Dharma School and college of Beawar. Navbharat Schoolof Marwari, Shiksha Mandal Wardha has existence till today.9 Inorder to uplift the uneducated masses, Rathi opened schools andboarding houses for the Rajput and Charan students.10

Rathi always encouraged non-resident Rajasthani people. Hecontacted with the Rajasthani living in different parts of nation andpromulgated them to work for nation. It was due to his efforts thatRajasthani had opened many schools, colleges, hospitals, libraries,hostels, girls schools and colleges through out India. He requested

Rajasthani to preserve the rich culture of Rajasthan, in the areawherever they live.11

Damodar Das Rathi firmly believed in the use of Swadeshigoods and was attached to swadeshi concept and he himself alwaysdressed in that style. He emphasized regularly on the self relianceof the nation and wanted that all the required needs of the nation besatisfied domestically. In this aspect he worked energetically forpromoting swadeshi goods and also through his mill at Beawar.12

Rathi was the first to recognize that industry would effect arevolution in the society of Rajputana and its real rulers would bescientists and industrialists, not princes and nobles. He was apractical businessman, philanthropist and a reformer. His heart wastouched by poverty, squalor and drunkenness among the poor.Through Krishna Mill he provided employment to the needy andfinancing those who were keen to serve the society.13

Being humanitarian of highest level, Rathi ji served the needywherever there was flood, famine, earth quake in the nation. Forthe welfare of his subjects he rendered financial aid to the faminestricken people.14

Damodar Das Rathi was also supporter of Hindi. In 1914 hedecided to do all his work in Hindi. He established Nagari PrachariniSabha in Beawar and waged a struggle, for the cause of usingNagari script and Hindi language.15

Due to failure of revolt of 1915, Damodar Das received greatset back. He once again became a partner in revolutionary activitywhich was revealed by I.C.S. Charu Dutt in Arvind Ashram "TheSeth of Beawar Damodar Das Rathi gave full support and enoughmoney for the execution of the plan to purchase a part of Goa fromPortugal Government and establish their first revolutionarygovernment, which would be acknowledged by Russia and there bycreate international trouble to Britain. But due to untimely demiseof Rathi Ji the whole plan remained as plan only." He died on 2 Jan.1918 due to illness.16

References:1. Majumdar R.C., Struggle for Freedom, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Bombay,

Vol. XI, P. 26-68.2. Choudhry Ram Narain, Vartman Rajasthan, P. 25-27.

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3. Ibid, P. 29.4. Joshi Sumnesh, Rajasthan me Swatantrata Sangram Ke Senani, P. 33,

Rajasthani Granthagar Publication, Jaipur.5. Ibid, P. 34.6. Ibid, P. 34.7. Ibid, P. 34.8. Ibid, P. 34.9. Ibid, P. 34.10. Ibid, P. 34.11. Ibid, P. 34.12. Ibid, P. 34.13. Sharma G.N., Vashishtha V.K., Political Awakening and Indian Freedom

Movement, P. 100, Centre for Rajasthan Studies, Jaipur, 1993.14. Joshi Sumnesh, Rajasthan me Swatantrata Sangram Ke Senani, P. 35,

Rajasthani Granthagar Publication, Jaipur15. Swatantrata Andolan, Rajasthan Sujas, Pa. 87, Jun-July, 2005, Government

of Rajasthan.16. Sharma Harinarayan, Rajasthan me Swatantrata Sangram Ke Amer

Purodha-Seth Damodar Das Rathi, P. 58, Rajasthan Salna Jayanti SamarohSamiti, Jaipur.

Jaipur Mechanical Transport Company :a Chronological Study

Sucheta Sangwan

Army Organization and military warfare have always playeda very significant part in the making of the history of any state.Military administration and organization of the states have occupiedplenty space in the chronicles from the earliest times. The moderngroundwork of the Jaipur Army began with mild attempt at restoringthe military prestige of Jaipur in 1880. In response to an appeal bythen Viceroy Lord Dufferin, to provide contingents for imperial army,Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh setup his own quota of ImperialService Troops1.

The Jaipur Imperial Service Transport Corps was raisedbetween 1889 to 1891. The Jaipur Imperial Service Transport Corpswas until 1923, when it was joined by the 1st Battalion Jaipur Infantrythe only representative of the Jaipur Army in either the ImperialService Troops or the Indian States Forces. On the 1st January 1922the unit joined the Indian States Forces Scheme and was re-designedthe Jaipur Transport Corps. In 1940 the unit was re-designated asthe Jaipur Pony Company and in late 1946 the Jaipur MechanicalTransport Company, at which time it ceased to be an animal transportcompany2.

The company was merged in to the Rajasthan GeneralTransport Company (vide H.Qs. Raj. Force letter no. 62/17A/G/SDdated 9th March 1950).

Organization: The organization and strength, according to theI.S.F. Army lists were3;1889-1896 8 troops, 1,000 ponies, 500 Carts.1916-1923 1,200 ponies, 570 carts.1925-1926 8 troops, 907 ponies, 400 carts.1926-1928 Company H.Q., 4 sub divisions, 907 ponies, 400 carts.1929-1933 Divisional troops trans, comp. with reserve, 907

ponies, and 300 carts.

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1934-1939 Animal trans. Comp., 4 troops and 4 depots.

The equipment were being alternative and available for useeither in drought or in pack, for, though primarily a cart train it wasalso trained to work under pack. It was always maintained completein every particular with hospitals, vetinary establishment andworkshop, in which its own equipment was manufactured as wellas repairs effected. There were also several folding iron carts,ambulance, tongas and other conveniences.

Class Composition:The Army lists for the various years, showed the composition

as being mixed or Hindus, mostly Rajputs, Jats, Brahmins, Shikhs,Dogras, Pathans, Ahirs, Gujars, Minas etc.; local Muslims andPunjabi Muslims and it can be seen from the Annual Caste Returnthat it was indeed a mixes unit4. Besides, unit was also comprisedwith non state strength like Garhwalis, Pathan,Gurkhas etc.

Services:

Chitral Expedition:It was first employed on service in 1895 and left Jaipur within

48 hours of receiving the warning to mobilize, in six trains, eachtrain containing a troop with its ponies, carts, equipments andworkshop. At first, it was employed as a cart train linking Jallalaand Dargai, but later on during the campaign it was sent up to Dir,90 miles distant, with provisions for the Chitral Garrison, which itput down at Dir in seven days without the loss of a single bag orpony5. From Dir, it returned to Dargai for more train work but againmoved forward into the Swad Valley in July. Towards the end ofSeptember, the corps moved to Nowshera and returned by rail toJaipur.

H.H. the Maharaja was so grateful at the appreciation shownby the Government of India and all concerned at the very successfulservice of the corps in the campaign, that in 1896, he expressed awish to increase the corps by 200 ponies and 100 carts. The greatneed of such efficient transport made the offer a valuable one andit was at once accepted.

1st World War:This corps, a complete Pony Drought Transport Corps, was

mobilized in October 1914 and sailed from Bombay on 7th November

1914 for Mesopotamia. Lt. Col. Dhanpat Rai who had commandedthe corps for many years, pronounced medically unfit and the servicesof Ressaldar Thakur Hukum Singh was kindly lent by H.H. theMaharaja of Udaipur to replace him. Major Webber, 3rd Skinner’sHorse accompanied the transport as a special service officer.

The Jaipur Transport was employed at Basra and subsequentlyin the transport of war material to Shaiba at the battle of whichplace it was employed in carrying wounded of the field. Later theJaipur transport was ordered to fill up the supply dump at Shaibawhere a bridge was in a advanced position. It was just after midwinter at the time when Tigris flooded the lower ground betweenShaiba and Basra. In places the water was two feet deep or moreand stretched for six miles. Every day the carts took up five moundseach through this heavy going and have to return. April 1915 theTurks attacked the position at Shaiba and the battle lastedcontinuously for three days. On last day, the Jaipur transport wassuddenly ordered to send up as many carts as possible to removecasualties. There are no Lorries, motors or other modernconveniences available and a cart to the wounded was a gift fromheaven. They marched off from the left bank on a board front,twenty carts abreast and were trotting along on open ground. Aftergoing for about 7 miles and shortly before reaching the front live,whether casualties had to be picked up, there was a high sand ridgein front. The ridge was in view of the enemy and also partly occupiedby them. It was therefore decided to gallop over it, which was doneand down the other side the pace increased, as a result of which thedust raised by carts increased. The time was critical one in theengagement; both sides were very exhausted and had noexpectations of reinforcements. Neither could move a yard furtherfrom their positions. The enemy suddenly heard the galloping andnoise of the hundred of carts and though that the row and dustthundering down on their flank to join the British line was a largeamount of artillery. Realizing that such a reinforcement of the artillerywas fatal to their chance for success, they left their position andretired. The British followed up and bombarded and pursued themfor miles, capturing huge stocks of all kinds of material and manyprisoners. The transport corps carried out all its duties. Thus it wasthat the Jaipur transport can be said to have won the battle of Shaiba6.

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It also took part in the operation leading up to Ctesiphon andin the subsequent retreat to Kut, its duties included the transport ofrations, ammunition bridging material and sick and wounded. Itaccompanied the further retreat to Sunnaiyat and Aligharbi leavingits office and wounded in Kut. The transport remained part of theArmy of occupation in Mesopotamia until April 1919 when it returnedto H.Q. Jaipur.

3rd Afghan War 1919:Shortly after its return from Mesopotamia, it was again

mobilized for service on the North-west Frontier of India. MajorThakur Hukum Singh having reverted to his original appointmentwith the Udaipur I.S. Lancers, the command was given to MajorThakur Devi Singh at Chitora under whose command it proceededto Rawalpindi where it was employed throughout the period of theAfghan war7.

2nd World War:During the war, the Jaipur Pony Company served in British

India at Kohat, Lahore, Eastern Front, Burma, and Arakan,Coimbatore etc8. According to published order of battle/ lists of theunits, the locations of the units while serving ex- State were asfollows9:

June - February1941 KohatJune 1941– June1942 LahoreNovember – December 1942Dohazari, Eastern CommandJanuary – March 1943 Arakan, Eastern CommandMay – September 1944 Bawli, 14th ArmyJanuary 1945 Shalimar, A.L.F.S.E.A.March – June 1945 Cox’s Bazar, A.L.F.S.E.A.July – December 1945 Dharapuram, Southern Command

Honour and Rewards:Jaipur Mechnical Transport Company accomplished its

responsibility so glowing and also obtained praises and reward.Transports corps achieved many honour and Rewards such as 'Orderof British India', 'Indian Distinguished Service Medal', 'IndiaMeritorious Service Medal', 'Member of the British Empire' etc10.

Conclusion:The Jaipur Mechnical Transport Company earlier it was known

as “Jaipur Imperial Service Transport Corps”; “Jaipur TransportCorps” and “Jaipur Pony Company”. It took part in various battles.Constantly the Jaipur Mechnical Transport Company was wellequipped with modern technique and training. The Jaipur MechnicalTransport Company was not only well trained but they providedtheir best services to the central power. In the beginning the unithelped in supplying the goods to the main armies but while requiredit carried every responsibility. Throughout its field service the corpsmaintained on excellent spirit. In all weathers and at all hours, allrank turned out punctually and cheerfully for convoy work, whichwas always performed in a most excellent manner, bringing themen a great reputation for honestly and regularity, whilst for non-combatant corps the general standard of discipline was distinctlyhigh. This account makes it clear that Jaipur Mechnical TransportCompany displayed a ideal image of their exemplary trainingcombined with natural sharpness in transportation skills and extendingprotection to the war injured personnel and prisoners whileundertaking campaigns in Chital, Tirah, Mesopotamia, Afghan andduring 2nd World War.. They performed their best in these services.\ They achieved much honours and appreciations. Thus the JaipurMechnical Transport Company executed outstanding task in differentmilitary operations.

References:1. Beatson, Stuart, A History of the Imperial Service Troops of Native States,

Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta,1903.

2. Head, Richard W., The Jaipur Army, a History of the Army’s Origin,Composition and Achievements, History Division, Defense Ministry, NewDelhi, Not Published.

3. Jaipur Forces - Army List, 1915-1944.4. Head, Richard W., Opcit.5. Maharaja of Jaipur, Jaipur-its History, Rulers, and Facts upto the Last

1948, Low Price Publication, Delhi, 2002.6. Head, Richard W., Opcit.7. Maharaja of Jaipur, A History of the Indian State Forces, Orient

Longmans, New Delhi, 1967.8. War Diary, File no. 601/5698/WD, 1942-45, Defense Department, National

Archive, New Delhi.9. Jaipur Forces - Army List, 1915-1944.10. Head, Richard W., Opcit.

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Influence of Sufism on the Socio-Cultural lifeof Rajasthan; with Special Reference to

Shaikh Hamiduddin of NagaurDr. Parwez Nazir

With the advent of Islam in India, Sufism also began to spreadthroughout the country. In Rajputana, impact of Sufism was profoundbecause of the presence of the founder of the Chishti order sheikhMoinudddin Chishti, its influence was much more felt in every walkof life there and it significantly contributed in making the provinceculturally and spiritually rich. Rajasthan, besides being a land ofheroes and warriors, who were immortalized in the bardic literatureand folklores for their chivalry, the province was marked by incessantwars, famous for natural beauties and nature made lakes,mountainous range, and heart throbbing deserts, is also known asland of Sufi saints, which abodes many prominent Sufi and Bhaktisaints. The famous Chishti Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti blessed theland of Rajputana, followed by him; a large number of Sufi saintspreached the message of love and communal harmony. The socialand political life of the people is much highlighted, the economy andcultural aspect is also studied extensively but spiritual life andspirituality which altered the life and people of Rajputana, requiresmuch attention in an era of violence and intolerance, which has notyet studied properly.

Rajputana, like its physiological variations and diversities, isalso known for cultural diversities, linguistic multiplicity, tribalcomplexity, cast rigidity, complex social organization, traditionallydeep rooted social set up and religious prejudices with certain degreeof conservatism. It is interesting to note that in spite of all diversitiesat every level, Rajputana has experienced all through the age oneof the best example of living together separately, maintaining theirown identity, culture, language and literature intact, without disturbingand interfering the others social and cultural life. Existence inDiversities amicably made the life of people of Rajputana morefascinating and attracted the foreign travelers to write about the

life of the people, their culture, tradition that has developed fromtime immemorial in Rajputana. Because of the diversities, differentsources like Rajasthani, Persian, and Marathi and in other regionaldialects are available for understanding and writing the history ofthe region. Therefore, the culture that developed in Rajasthan isequally remarkable and presents interesting facets for the study.

Polity and economy kept on changing according to the timeframe work, so the environment and cosmology of the region butthe cultural life grew with all fun and fare. In the cultural life of thepeople of Marwar, festivals, fairs, Urs etc occupies important placeand even today the people of Rajasthan organized the traditionalfestival and fairs with all enthusiasm for cultural regeneration. Therich cultural tradition of Rajputana is preserved for centuries and itssuccessful transmission to the next generation become possiblethrough the oral transmission, folklores and ballads also constitutethe cultural heritage of Rajasthan, is also well known source of oralhistory.

The land of Marwar has been known through the ages bydifferent names like Maru, Medini, Marudesh, Marumandal,Marukantar, Marudhar etc. in the ancient Sanskrit literature whichexplains geo-morphological and physiographical feature of Marwarbeing a desert. Marwar roughly covers an area of 36.071 miles.Nagour is one of the districts of modern Jodhpur. The nomenclatureof the town shows that the city was named after its founder NagaRajputs known by different names like Nagapura ,Nagadurg etc.later held by Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Traditionally speaking, Nagauremerged as an important centre of Muslim political power duringthe sultanate period. The city of Nagaur emerged as a prominentcentre of trade and commerce which was referred by Arab historianslike Abul Fida who described that the city of Nagaur was situatedat a distance of four days journey from Delhi. City of Nagaur wassituated on the trade route from Multan to Ajmer. The city is famousfor Muslim culture, simultaneously known for Jain Tirath, this ishow the city emerged as a centre of multiculturalism and attractingpeople of all faith and religion. Economically, the city occupies apeculiar position in the annals of history of Rajasthan for being acentre of trade & commerce situating on the main trading routeguaranteed the prosperity of the region. Since trading Caravansfrom different parts of the world specially Central Asia, Persia,

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Arab world kept coming regularly in Nagaur or passed from thecity, enriching the cultural life of the city and the cultural synthesispromoted the shared values, broadened the outlook and liberaltradition in the region. Basically the Sufi saints preached in thelanguage and mixed up with people even lowest strata of the societywithout showing any discomfort and hesitation, in this way peoplecame and got integrated with the Khanqah, enjoying equal statusand commanded respect and regards by the Sufi saints and theirfollowers, this was an example of emotional texture of the religionand integration. The emotional integration brought cultural unity foundno where in the society except in the Mahfil of sufis, where therewas no room for orthodoxy and conservatism. Nagaur, an importantSufi Centre of learning promoting and transmitting knowledge andHamiduddin Nagauri preached the ideas of essential unity of mankindto live and die amicably that only ensure the healthy growth of thesociety then much sought after happiness would be achieved.

"The Indian" acknowledge Yaqubi "are men of wisdom andvision and in wisdom are superior to all other nations. Their viewson astronomy are most authentic. Their dictums in medicine arepreferable. When Yaqubi talks about me superiority of vision andwisdom, certainly Rajputana catches the eye were people showedthe wisdom in preserving their culture by which they are beingidentified today. The vision was shown in the architectural heritagenot even comparable in splendour to European architectural ThroughArab traveler it is clear that there was wider cultural contact betweenIndia and Arab world. Many Indian classics were translated intoArabic. Harun-Al Rashed (786-809) was cured from illness byManka, an Indian physician. Men were deputed to gather informationabout Indian drugs and herbs. Rajasthan was popular for indigenousmedicine and it was in the field of medicine Indian excelledthemselves.

The history of Marwar region was very fascinating as thereis a lot of controversy regarding its origin and development as thecentre of polity. According to one opinion Marwar was ruled byRathors who were descendent of the Gahadawala of Kanaujcontrary to this another point of view is that they were the descendentof Rashtrakutas of Badayun. However the historians have not yetreached to any consensus. The period of establishment of Rathorrule was almost coincided with the establishment of the Turkish

Rule in Delhi and beginning of Delhi sultanate. The ancestor of RaoSiha came to Marwar and established their rule. The descendentof Siha remained in perpetual conflict with neighboring rulers fortheir imperialist design; simultaneously they came into conflict withrulers of Multan. After the death of Sultan Firoz Shah in 1388 hisweak successors were not able to proceed toward Rajputana asFiroz Sultan had vigorously done. Chunda, who succeeded Bhimdeoin 1383 persuaded an aggressive policy and brought all the territoriesaround Nagaur and Mandore under his sway with Mandor as hiscapital city. In 1408, Nagaur was again lost to Shams Khan Dandani,brother of Zafar Khan, the founder of the kingdom of Gujarat,Chunda recaptured in 1421 after the death of Shams Khan; Nagaurwas again lost to Shams Khan's son Firoz during Kanha's rule, thesuccessor of Chunda. Minhaj-us Siraj informs that MuhammadBahlim, the Ghaznavaid governor of the Panjab, after a successfulbid captured it from chauhan ruler Ajayaraj. Bahlim fortified thecity for defense purpose. His initial successes against the Rajputrulers emboldened him to repudiate the authority of the SultanBahram of Ghazni, who marched to teach a lesson the rebelliousgovernor, Bahlim was killed in the battle along with his sons. SalarHussain was appointed as the governor of Indian possession informsFarishta. It was Bahlim who was credited for the establishment ofMuslim power in the heart of Rajputana. In this way Nagaur emergedas a permanent seat of Muslim governance.

The Chauhan rulers made unsuccessful bid to capture Nagaur,but Muslims succeeded in retaining their control over Nagaur. Duringthe time of Iltutmish another feather was added to the glory of thecity because it became one of the important mint towns. Thesignificance of the route can be understood from the fact that theemissaries of Caliph of Baghdad reached to the court of Iltutmishto present the letter of investiture in 1228 via Nagaur. Nagaurthroughout the period of Delhi Sultanate remained a hot seat ofgovernance, and assigned as a Khilayat to the important nobles likeBalban, the prospective ruler by Sultan Nasiruddin, when he wasnot in good tune with Balban, who actually wanted him away fromthe proximity to Delhi for his ambitious and domineering nature.Nagaur also remained the part of Tughlaq empire and later capturedby Rao chunda in1408. Again Shams Khan Dandani, brother of ZafarKhan, the founder of the kingdom of Gujrat captured it. Later it

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handed over to Sikandar Lodi. This is how Nagaur became the partof Lodi kingdom.

The best kind of worship as described by the Sufi saints waslending the helping hand to poorest of the poor. The Sufi preachedthat one who aspire to become friend of God he should possessthree qualities; munificence like an ocean, kindness like the sun,humility like the earth. Sufism accommodated and represented thesynthesis of good element of all religions. The Sufi Saints preachedthe humanistic ideals and practically set the example by living a lifeof common people and discarding every kind of religious bigotryand conservatism. Bridging the gulf between people of differentreligion, community and sect, the Sufi saints brought all of themunder the umbrella of spirituality and living in Khanqah with mutualrespect. Sufism thus in a multicultural society like India became aunifying force and taught the people to live together and helped todevelop a new concept of co-existence. The Sufis sowed the seedof love. Speaking on the occasion of inaugurating the SAARCconference the philosopher Prime minister Mr. V.P.Singh said that,"Sufism wo Nagma hai jo Insaniyat ke Saaz par Gaya jata hai." InSufism love for the people was the cardinal principle which gavebirth the idea of co-existence applicable not only in the case ofhuman being alone but living together friendly with all creatures andshowing friendliness and caring aptitudes towards the environmentso that the equilibrium of the universe could not be disturbed. Anystudy of Sufism in Rajasthan would not be complete unless thefounder of Chishti silsilah Shaikh Moinuddin's contributions is takeninto account. Moinuddin Chishti started preaching Islam in a totallydifferent atmosphere not congenial at all but he succeded in hismission by extending helping hand to Hindus.

Liberal ideas of Chishtis like humanism, piety, toleranceattracted Hindus. It is interesting to note that from the income ofthe Dargah a large number of Hindus get benefited and their rozina(daily allowance) was fixed for their livelihood. Holi and Diwaliwere celebrated with all fun and fair for centuries within the dargah'spremises which helped in promoting composite culture. The attitudeof Sufis towards other religion and specially Hinduism was of mutualrespect and adjustment. Even Shaikh Moinuddin entered married tothe daughter of a Hindu raja. Later co-existence became the soul

of Sufism. Hamiduddin Naugauri represents these ideals and becamethe ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity in the 13th century. Hediscarded worldly things and completely withdrew from materiallife and persuaded life of an ascetic. He was of the opinion that onewho submits to the will of Allah needs nothing. To his admires andfollowers, he was known as Sultan-ul-Tarikeen, king of hermits,who abandon the world. He believed and practiced completeausterity, lived in extreme poverty, promoted non-violence anddiscarded adulation and notoriety. He died on 1st November, 1274,succeeded by his grandson Sheikh Faridduddin Mahmud, who gotroyal patronage by Mohammed bin Tughlaq. Khawja Husain wasanother Sufi saint who lived in Nagaur. Khawja Zia Nakhshabi wasa great scholar, who authored Silk-us Suluk /string of Sufism, atreatise on the various aspect of Sufism. He was Famous for hisbook Tuti Nama which was based on the Sanskrit text. The Sufisaints were great believers of humanism. Their aim was to create asociety free from vices like greed, avarice, intolerance, violence,selfishness etc. and truly wanted to build an egalitarian society basedon the principle of truth, love, piety equality etc. These teachingswere not only relevant in those days but growingly it becomes morerelevant for today's world of violence, hate and crime ridden society.Rajasthan occupied important place among the Indian states becauseit witnessed the development of composite culture based on synthesisof good elements of all religions where in Sufi and Bhakti saintsjoined together to develop a distinct culture of shared values. Theypreached tirelessly to give up enmity for love, conflict withcompromise, violence with peace, revenge with forgiveness; theseare the qualities, the Almighty Allah like most. The spirituality is asubject of great interest in the context of Rajasthan because itstrengthened the social bond and integrated the society thoroughlywhich can be seen even today's India, cultural tradition is markedby adaptability, assimilation and synthesis which best reflects in thespirituality and continuity of Sufism despite of the challenges .

The Malfuzat (discourses) Surur-us Sudur of ShaikhHamiduddin Nagauri compiled by one of his disciples "The originaltext of Surur-us Sudur wa Noor-al Budur is reproduced in themanuscript entitled Majmua-e-Surur-us Sudur, which contain thirteendifferent treatise of Sheikh Hamidduddin Nagauri and ShaikhFariduddin Mahmud" informs Maqsud A. Khan.

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Shaikh Hamiddudin Nagauri, althrough his life believed in theprinciple, "rejection of wealth keeps away one from trouble." Forhim it is the wealth which brought miseries and trouble. More wealthmakes the people more greedy and thirst for wealth keep multiplyingwhich puts a man into trouble.

The Shaikh abandoned the worldly life, rejected wealth likean evil but evidence shows that he accepted futuh in case he realizedthat non-acceptance would hurt the feelings and emotion of theman. This shows the degree of love and care for Khalq-e Khuda,the common people.

Khanqah of Nagaur was the great seat of learning where allkinds of Ulum were imparted to the students. The interactive sessionsmade the classes lively because of free discussion and debate overany topic of relevance. High standard was maintained, the teachersalways referred standard book written by reputed scholars. Thetext throw light on every aspect of society which makes it healthyand democratic that is why Mohammad Habib emphasizes for itspublication and expressed his apprehension of loss in case thetreasure was not being taken care of, "it will be criminal to allow awork like this to perish".

Shaikh made his effort to inculcate the social values amongthe people to build society in strong footing. He put much emphasison the respect of elders and tries to convince the people by explainingHadith. He was of the opinion that if elderly people were notproperly cared and nourished then reward in paradise is out ofquestion .In 21st century; our society is confronting this problem ingreat proportion, the teachings of the saints like Hamiduddin Nagauriwill be of great help to tackle the problem.

Shaikh Hamiduddin abandoned the materialistic life and nevershowed inclination towards worldly possession. For him qanaat wasthe best pursuit in life. He was even critical of those people whoshowed any inclination towards worldly possession and power. Hewas of the view that these things were achieved by compromisingone's self and in the process of achieving one suffers humiliationafter humiliation that kills the basic instinct of humanism. To achieveUnion with God, he advocated the purification of heart, essentialingredient, which can be allowed by discarding world. Sheikhrealized the social dynamics of the region and become complete

vegetarian and even promoted vegetarianism. He was against thekilling of animals, for food and did not allow it in any circumstances.He praised Hindu for being vegetarian.

Another issue of great importance addressed by Shaikh wasthe Ihtikar, hoarding of food grains and waiting for the rise in prices.He bitterly criticized the practice of Ihtikar, and people indulged inthe practice, it seems a common trading practice in those days,causing great distress for the people of every class, the practice isdisliked by Allah. Maksud A. Khan tries to explain the phenomenonin economic terms and is of the opinion this process was leadingtowards the development of money economy in the 13th century.Shaikh observed that rainfall increased the fertility of soil and henceincreased production leading to happiness and prosperity of commonpeople. He warned the people to avoid Ihtikar, otherwise they mightsuffer the natural calamities like drought.

Sheikh Hamiduddin was a great visionary, well versed in theregional complexities and socio-economic dynamics of the societyin Rajputana and preached humanism and love as the only way toachieve integration and bring harmony in the society. The visionaryMughal emperor Akbar was perhaps aware about the socialdynamics of the Rajput society and realizing the importance ofmilitary superiority and chivalry the Rajput rulers, he tried to developcordial relation with the Rajput rules through matrimonial alliances.

References1. cf. Abul Fida, Taqwin-ul Buldan, p.353, edited and French translation

was rendered by Reinaud, J. T. & Mac Guckin de Slane, (Paris,1840,alsoreprinted 1848,1883) see also M.Zaki, Arab Accounts Of India (duringthe 14th century) He described that "Taqwin-ul Buldan , is a descriptivegeography supplemented by physical and mathematical data in tabularform completed in 1321. The book also contains information about Indiaand is extensively quoted by Al- Qalqashandi." See also Encyclopedia ofIslam, I/118-19.

2. Yaqubi, Ahmad bin Yaqubn bin Jaafar, popularly known as Yaqubi, anofficer in the Diwan-e-Insha Department of correspondence under theAbbasids widely traveled, came to India, he wrote Kitab-ul-Buldan ongeography and the Universal history known as Tarikh contains a sectionon India both published from Leiden in 1861, 1883 respectively.

3. Siddhant was translated into Arabic by the order of Caliph Mansur (754-75).

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4. Tod, James, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan,Vol.II,PP.933-40,Reu,History of Rashtrakutas,P.130-1

5. Reu, B.N.,Glories of Marwar and Glorious Rathores (Jodhpur, 1943) p.1.6. Tod,James, Op.cit Vol.II, pp.933-40, Reu, History of Rashtrakutas, pp.130-

17. Minhaj-us siraj, Tabqat-I Nasiri, pp.23-25; Farishta, Tarikh-e farishta, trs.

Briggs,vol.I,p.1518. Farishta,op.cit.,vol.I,p.1519. Thomas, Chronicle of the Pathan Kings of Delhi,p.7810. Minhaj-us Siraj, Tabqat-e Nasiri,p.17411. Epigraphia Indio-Muslemica,1949-50,p.3512. Ibid.p.36, fn.613. V.P.Singh inaugurating the conference of SAARC on the theme of Sufism

on 21 March,2005.14. Dayal Das, RanaRaso, dohas.no. 580-582,(Sahitay

Sansthan,RVP,Udaipur)15. Dargah file. No. 579-219, these file contains the long list of the recipients

of rozina i.e. youmiyadaran.A Hindu devotee namely Abhay Ram Bairagiappeared in the list of youmiyadaran, was granted rozina for providingfood and shelter at the Hanuman temple. This was an example of toleranceand mutual understanding.

16. Dargah file no.743-192, see also Waqai-e Abdul Qadir Khan, Abdul QadirKhan,MSis available at Maulan Azad Library,AMU.Aligarh. RajasthanDistrict Gazetteer Ajmer,(Jaipur,1966).p.124

17. Shaikh Abdul Haque Mohaddis Dehlawi,Akhyar-ul Akhyar,pp.29-2318. This text is available in the Habibganj collection of Maulana Azad

Library, AMU, Aligarh, calling No. 21/168 The Majmua-e- Surur-us Sudurwa Noor-ul Budur was copied by Mohammad Anwarul Haque 1883-89.Its competition began 1327 and completed in 1334. Maqsud A. Khaninform that name of compiler is nowhere mentioned in the text. But acareful scrutiny of the text reveals that it was completed by one of thefour great grand sons of Shaikh Hamududdin Nagauri, for detail seeMaqsud A. Khan, Surur-us Sudur wa Noorul Budur, PIHC, 1993.

19. Maqsud A. Khan, Surur-us Sudur wa Nur-al Budur,PIHC,1993 ,p.23120. Surur-us Sudur, MS. F. 86.21. Ibid., ff.6a, 27.22. K.A. Nizami, PIHC, 1950, p.167.23. Surur-us Sudur, ff. 26-27.24. Ibid., ff. 39-41.25. Ibid., Ms. F.20.26. Ibid., f. 927. Surur-us Sudur, f. 48.

The Persona of Sawai Singh of PokhranAbhimanyu Singh Arha

Thakur Sawai Singh of Pokran was one character in the annalsof Marwar who cannot be ignored at any cost and who had rockedthe politics of the desert kingdom throughout the last quarter of theeighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. This paperattempts to look at his persona viz. a viz. the complex inter-relationship between Rajput and Jain nobility as also certain otherfoci of power. On a close inspection of the nature of nobility duringthe chronology of our study, we observe an undercurrent of tensionrising between the Rathore sardars and the mutsaddi class orbureaucratic nobility. This rivalry stemmed from the fact that thenon-Rajput elements of the Marwar nobility began occupyingpositions of immense status and strategic significance.

The Krishna Kumari episode1 marked a turning point in thepower-career of some of the prominent Talukdars (as the non-Rajputnobility of Marwar was called then). The Singhvi faction of theMutsaddis headed by Inderraj was the prime target. This factionhad assumed immense power and authority in Marwar during thelast quarter of the eighteenth century. As has been pointed out above,the Singhvis were omnipresent all across Marwar territory as theywere leading punitive charges against rebel Rathore and other Rajputsardars, functioning as Vakeels2 to the state of Marwar in far offpower-centers, holding Hakimi3 of strategically important andeconomically profitable Parganas and also dominating Diwani ofJodhpur and other state-affairs. The dissatisfaction against theSinghvis had been constantly accumulating. The Rathore sardarswere hell-bent on liquidating their power and their leadership uponnone other than Sawai Singh of Pokran. Actually speaking, SawaiSingh had crossed his swords with the Singhvis since quite sometime now. Looking back we realize that he underwent immeasurablejealousy when Inderraj Singhvi and Gangaram Bhandari succeededin bringing Man Singh from Jalor to Jodhpur and then installing himon the throne of Marwar. Inderraj was cunning enough to be thefirst to hail Man Singh as the new monarch immediately after the

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death of Bhim Singh in spite of commanding the siege of the fort ofJalor. Here he had taken a lead over Sawai Singh who was till thenthe most formidable force to reckon with in the politics of Marwar.Inderraj succeded in securing for himself the post of Mukh-Musahib4

after the coronation of Man Singh and since then he was at thehelm of affairs in Marwar. It was Inderraj who led Man Singh toJodhpur in the role of a king-maker and it was he who introducedeach important Rajput noble to the new king at the camp of Salawas.Even then Sawai Singh's ceremonial supremacy indicated that hisstatus could not be written off.5

Thus, right from the day when Inderraj started dominatingfrom the Mehrangarh fort, Sawai Singh had made up his mind todestroy him.6 His first ploy was to bring disgrace to the reign ofMan Singh by purposefully mishandling the issue of lodging the ladiesof earstwhile Maharaja Bhim Singh. Even before Man Singh arrivedat Jodhpur, Sawai Singh had compelled the royal harem to vacatethe fort of Jodhpur and proceed to Chopasni. When Man Singhlearnt about this issue he expressed his urgent desire to makeamends lest Rathore chivalry would become a preposterousfabrication all across Rajasthan. Sawai Singh tried to threaten theKing with fresh troubles by creating fictitious news of one of thequeens to be expecting a child. He alarmed the King about theinstability which would arise if a son was born to that queen. SawaiSingh's audacity surpassed all decent standards when in oppositionto Man Singh's wishes he made arrangements for the ladies in thepalaces situated at the foothills of Chiriyanath ji ki pahari but notwithin the fort premises. Every single soul in Jodhpur was wellacquainted with the impudent attitude of the Champawat which hadcrossed all limits. The haughty noble made repetitive opendeclarations that "he shall become the King of Marwar as suits theUmraos and not the one chosen by these two 'merchants'.7"

Inderraj Singhvi found himself in a state of grave jeopardy.An attempt was made on his life as one day an assassin8 struck ablow on him with his sword. All efforts to elicit information fromthe assailant went in vain. It was not clear as to who could havesponsored this dastardly act. Meanwhile, Sawai Singh did not leavea single stone unturned in order to thwart Man Singh's reign. Hegeared up to bring back from the cauldron the volatile issue of themarriage of princess Krishna Kumari to the forefront of Rajasthan's

politics. Suffice would be to mention here that Sawai Singh unleasheda ruthless vengeance on the Marwar establishment headed by ManSingh and his Mutsaddi confidantes. Firstly, he succeeded inconvincing Maharaja Jagat Singh of Jaipur to invade Marwar bytreacherously promising the support of all the leading Rathore sardarsof the country. Secondly, he formed an alliance with Maharaja SuratSingh of Bikaner and Mir Khan Pindari. Thus, he was able toneutralise Yahwant rao Holkar who was an avowed ally of Marwar.9

Around the same point of time, Inderraj Singhvi and Gangarambhandari were put behind bars on the orders of Man Singh. The realreason for this is a bit ambiguous but we cannot say that the anti-Mutsaddi feeling among the Rajput nobility alone was responsiblefor this because a few Talukdars were also complicit in this event,namely-Muhnot Gyanmal and Mehta Akhaichand. When the crisisof an impending invasion from Jaipur was looming large, the twoimprisoned Talukdars had nearly lost their lives but for theintervention of Thakur Anarh Singh of Ahore.

The civil war of Marwar of 1806 spread havoc everywhereand caused widespread anarchy. The debacle of Geengoli is toolengthy and voluminous to be repeated here in entirety. One afterthe other, many prominent sardars deserted the Marwar army andmarched up ahead to join the enemy ranks. The Thakur of Pokranwas placing his pawns at the right places on the checkered board.Those who stayed behind were also hand in glove with Sawai. Theysuggested to the King that the best option before them is to retreatto Jodhpur. The despondency of Man Singh could be estimated bythe fact that when in opposition to the counsel he drew his sword tolead the men head-on into the battle, Dhandhal Udairam caughthold of the naked sword not letting him unsheathe it. Sawai Singhhad predicted that Man Singh would be left with no option but torepair to the fort of Jalor which was his most reliable safe havenand in his absence from Jodhpur, the rebels would instate DhonkalSingh on the gaddi. However, Man Singh chose to rather proceed toJodhpur and strengthen the defenses in order to face the invasion.10

One of the most prominent measures thus adopted was the releaseof some talukdars who were imprisoned at Salemkot at theMehrangarh fort. The most important among them were InderrajSinghvi, Gangaram Bhandari and Dyodhidar Nathkaran.11 The twoof the ablest officers of Marwar were given the task to defend it in

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the face of its worst calamity. The first step that they took was boldenough and it proves their mettle. They sought an interview withthe man who was their arch rival. The two Mutsaddis and Pokranchief met at Kaga, halfway between Mandor and Jodhpur. Herealso, Sawai Singh uttered spiteful words and jeeringly remarkedthat the fate of Marwar and its chief is decided by the Rinmals andnot Mahajans.

Sawai Singh continued to be a thorn in the flesh for theMarwar establishment of Man Singh till the former's death. TheThakur was exterminated only after Mir Khan Pindari performed abase act of treachery and deceit. Sawai Singh and his position inthe history of Marwar would remain a hotly debatable contest tillexhaustive research is undertaken upon the subject.

References:1. Bhati, Narayan Singh(ed.), Maharaja Mansingh ri Khyat, Jodhpur,

1997.Pgs 40-45.2. Sanad Parwana Bahi No. 3 F7B, Nagor Kachehri, Rajasthan State Archives,

Bikaner.3. Ohda Bahi No. 2, F46B, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.4. Bhati, Narayan Singh(ed.), Maharaja Mansingh ri Khyat, Jodhpur, 1997.pg

15.5. Ohda Bahi No. 2, F46B, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner6. Ibid. Pg 8. During Man Singh's processional march into Jodhpur, Sawai

Singh was seated at the rear of the king's elephant op perform the ritualJhanwar- a rite of extreme honor and privilege.

7. Tod, James ,Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol. II, New Delhi,2011, Pg 108-110.

8. Though Tod treats Sawai Singh as a menacing character but he holds hisprejudice against Man Singh as the only reason for such an attitude. Hedoes not account for the rivalry between the Singhvis and the Rathores ingeneral or between Inderraj and Sawai Singh in particular. He indulges inhistory writing with an obsession of the grandeur of the Rajput race andso omits the claims to power of other communities within Rajasthan.

9. Bhati, Narayan Singh(ed.), Maharaja Mansingh ri Khyat, Jodhpur, 1997.pg57.

10. Bhati, Narayan Singh(ed.), Maharaja Mansingh ri Khyat, Jodhpur,1997.pgs 44. The assailant is called a 'Pardesi' in the Maharaja ManSingh ri Khyat which alludes to a hired assassin since he was a completeoutsider.

11. Arzi Bahi No. 4, pg 50. A letter from Bhim Singh to Mahadji, 17th July1799, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.

Dayanand and his Concept of ‘Niyoga’Dr. Meghna Sharma

Dayananda’s many meetings with Pandit IshwarchandraVidyasagar must have been among the high points of his visit toCalcutta in 1873. Vidyasagar was appointed the Head Pandit ofthe Bengali Department of Fort William College, at the age of twenty-one and ten years later he had become Principal of Sanskrit College.He had established a string to twenty model schools and no lessthan thirty-five girls’ school, and had just succeeded in having theHindu Metropolitan Institution which he directly affiliated to CalcuttaUniversity.

Against the fierce opposition of the great majority of Hindus,he had successfully carried out a campaign in the fifties to have theWidow-Remarriage Bill passed, and was currently fighting hisfrustrating battle against the polygamy of Kulinism. As early as1847 he had established his own Sanskrit Press; by now he hadpublished no less than twenty books, mostly educational textbooksand edited ten Sanskrit texts.1 His conversations with Dayanandfocused on the problems of women education. Dayanand found inVidyasagar a man after his own heart, stepped in the tradition, andbasing all his projects for reform soundly on the teachings of theShastras. It was with Vidyasagar that for the first time he talkedabout his own concept of Niyoga, which was to become his ownideal solution to the problem of widows.2

Vidyasagar’s arguments, for widow-remarriage, were,strengthened by those of his supporters, whom Dayananda met. In1865 the lawyer Umeshchandra Mitra had written a Bengali dramain support of Widow-remarriage3 and Ramtanu Lahiri had been aconstant supporter of the Pandit4 as was A. K. Dutta.5 Dr.Mahendralal Sarkar, an eminent scientist who was soon to foundthe Scientific Society, wrote impressive articles proving the necessityof later marriage, using arguments from medical science.6

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The Ancient Concept of Niyoga :Niyoga is an ancient Hindu tradition, in which a woman

(whose husband is either incapable of fatherhood or has died withouthaving a child) would request and appoint a person for helping herbear a child. According to this Hindu tradition the man who wasappointed must be or would most likely be a revered person. Therewere various clauses associated with this process, as follows:

1. The woman would agree for this only for the sake of rightfullyhaving a child and not for pleasure.

2. The appointed man would do this for Dharma, considering it ashis duty to help the woman bear a child and not for pleasure.

3. The child thus born would be considered the child of thehusband-wife and not that of the appointed man.

4. The appointed man would not seek any paternal relationship orattachment to this child in the future.

5. To avoid misuse, a man was allowed a maximum of three timesin his lifetime to be appointed in such a way.

6. The act will be seen as that of Dharma and while doing so, theman and the wife will have only Dharma in their mind and notpassion nor lust. The man will do it as a help to the woman inthe name of God, whereas the woman will accept it only tobear the child for herself and her husband.

The most famous examples of Niyoga occurred in theMahabharata. Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidura were the threechildren born by this process when Rishi Vedavyasa was theappointed man. Later Pandu himself was incapable of producingchildren. The five Pandavas, Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakulaand Sahadeva were the offspring born out of Niyoga, the respectivebiological fathers being various Devas.

In the Manusmriti, Niyoga is prescribed in IX.59-63, but thepractice is also condemned in IX.64-68. This text (IX.167) describesthe child born by Niyoga as a Kshetraja child of the husband-wife7

The Differences Between Re-marriage and Niyoga :After marriage the bride leaves her paternal roof, lives with

her husband, and her relations with her relations with her father’sfamily cease to be very close; on the contrary. The widow (in case

she contracts Niyoga) continues to live in her deceased husband’shouse. The children begotten of marriage inherit the property oftheir mother’s husband, whereas, offspring begotten of Niyoga ona widow are not regarded as children of the begetter andconsequently they don’t take his surname, nor can they be claimedby him. They are spoken fo as the children of their mother’sdeceased husband, take his surname, inherit his property and live inhis house.

Married people are required to serve and help each other,while those that contract Niyoga have to abandon all relations (afterthe stipulated period). The relation of marriage is life-long, whilethe contract of Niyoga ceases to be operative after the desiredobject has been attained.8

The radical institution of ‘Niyoga’ meant the temporary unionof widows and widowers and Dayanand was to advocate it till theend of his life. Yet it is the one institution which his followers neverput into practice: there is not one single report of a Niyoga beingcontracted during or after the Swami’s life. In his mind the theoryhad basic starting points: his deep concern for the sorry state ofwidows, and the fact that Vedas allowed in certain cases a widowto contract a temporary union with the brother of her deceasedhusband. The plight of the upper class widow was one of the majorsocial curses of contemporary Hindu society, and one of the veryfirst concerns of Hindu social reform. Dayanand had now becomeacutely aware of the complications of the situation. The problemwas confounded by the prevailing custom of child marriage: manygirls were widowed even before the end of infancy. Some sectionsof the Hindu community like the Kannauj Brahmins had created ahost of unmarried girls by exacting enormous dowries. The dowrysystem of some marital classes had caused the widespread customof female infanticide, and the polygamy associated with Kulinism inBengal had multiplied unsupported wives and unsupported widows.9

The eradication of those practices would drastically reducethe number of widows, but even then there still remained, accordingto the Swami, the basic problem of the widow: unloved andunsupported she was often driven to vice, abortion, and infanticide.He saw the solution in allowing the widow to contract a temporary

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legal union with a widower: however, that decision should be whollyin her hands.10

Apart from this moral argument, Dayanand also uses theargument that ‘Niyoga’ had a basis in the scriptures. Some of themost ancient law books permitted the practice of ‘Niyoga’ in certainvery specific circumstances. The husband, living or dead shouldapprove the union; the partner should either be the husband’s brotheror a close relation of his; the relationship could last till one or twosons were born after which it had to be drastically broken off.11

Dayanand’s concept of Niyoga :Swami Dayananda has defined Niyoga thus: “Niyoga is the

temporary union of a person with another of the opposite sex, bothparties may belong to the same class or the male may belong to aclass higher, for the raising of issue, when marriage has failed tofulfill its legitimate purpose. It is resorted to in extreme cases, eitheron the death of one’s consort, or when protracted disease hasdestroyed reproductive power in the husband or in the wife.”12

Niyoga is also not mandatory. It is done only to get an issue,if some one desires for it, based on the legitimate reasons. If theconcerned person (man or woman) doesn’t wish to have an issue,no one would force him or her to go for Niyoga. Swami Dayanandahas given top priority to Brahmacharya (celibacy). If a person (manor woman) decides to observe Brahmacharya (self-control) and /or to adopt someone’s child and abstain from Niyoga, it is viewedpreferable.

As marriage is regulated by laws so is the case with Niyogaalso. Scientifically we all know the simple fact that for the generationof a new child, union of reproductive elements of a male and afemale is an obligatory requirement. Marriage is the most sociallyacknowledged system to facilitate this. However for any reasons,if the marriage fails to deliver the goods, and a child or more childrenare required to meet the need of an individual or society or nation,there ought to have some viable alternatives available. The Niyogasystem was such a Vedic alternative to cope such crisis andcontingencies. Swami Dayananda thought it essential to mention,explain and redefine it in his books, as he comprehended it, so thatthe social scientists and other sensible persons of the world could

explore its validity and propriety as an alternative means to meetthe demand of the human society during crisis.

It would be a great mistake to suppose that Swami Dayanandawas the originator of this system of Niyoga. He has just presentedit in our times based on the Vedas and Vedic scriptures and ancienttradition of the Aryas.

Dayanand radically changed and extended this ancientinstitution, for him the ‘Niyoga’ contract is between a widow and awidower and must be broken off after the birth of two sons. It is notclearly stated if another ‘Niyoga’ contract may be entered intoafterwards, but that was probable his idea since he later affirmed itclearly. He completely omitted the basic condition of the ancientlaw, that if the first union failed to produce male offspring. And then‘Niyoga’ was extended even further: It is possible for a wife toenter into it while her husband is till alive, for the following reasons:if he is absent for a long time if he becomes impotent or sterile, or ifhe becomes vile and violent.13 Similarly not only may the widowercontract ‘Niyoga’, but also the husband may have strong reasonsto temporarily supersede his living wife; these are long absence,hateful behaviour, drunkenness, disease, barrenness, inability toproduce a son, and acute quarrelsomeness.14

The reasons for ‘Niyoga’, apart from the specific desire foroffspring, are that the widow is left without support, financial andemotional, and consequently engages in vice, abortion and infanticide;the need of the widow is, therefore, most often not offspring, butsupport, companionship and sex.15

Dayanand’s concept of sexual morality was also dominatedby the idea against polygamy as it saps man’s strength, andwomanizing is slated because of that waste of precious vitality leadingto disease and premature death. Long Brahamcharya, meaningprotracted storage of vitality, brings to those married at a matureage, a pleasure in coitus which others cannot even imagine offspringof superior qualities.16

It was Behramji’s Malabari’s Notes on Infant Marriage andEnforced Widowhood that launched Social Reform Action again in1884 by hitting upon a social issue that could effectively unite thesocial reformers of all regions, namely the need for legislative control

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of the age of marriage of Hindu girls. But in that interim of fifteenyears from 1870 onwards, the Bombay reformers showed a muchkeener interest in religious reform and in the study of the sources ofHinduism.17

The one occasion when Dayanand ever returned to his nativeKathiawar was during his visit to Rajkot in January 1875. And itwas there in the land of his birth that the very first Arya Samaj wasestablished apparently it was a wholesale takeover of the localPrarthana Samaj. The secretary of the new Samaj wrote to GopalraoHari Deshmukh that the new Rajkot Aryas had been unable to agreewith the Swami’s ideas on the marriage age and on ‘Niyoga’, butthat their rejection of these points had been quite acceptable to theSwami. This report, confirmed by a note in the Hitecchu of 12th

January 1875, indicates that from the very start Dayanand wasflexible in his expectations.18

According to the rules of Arya Samaj, each Samaj, shouldbe run, by a committee, which was open to males and females. Thecommittee members were responsible for the general running ofthe Samaj and they also had two special duties. They should conducttwo schools, one for boys and one for girls staffed exclusively bymales and females respectively, in which the ancient scripturesshould be studied.19 The best reported lectures are those the Swamigave at Poona. He delivered about fifty lectures in all, some intown, others in the cantonment. In no other statement did Dayanandexpress his attitude to ‘Niyoga’ and widow-remarriage more clearlyand forcefully: “It is not my wish to criticize widow-remarriagein order to give support to those who oppose widow-remarriage…what I am saying is that for the twice born ‘Niyoga’is better…In the olden days ‘Niyoga’ was practiced extensively,and there was little need for remarriage. But in this age both‘Niyoga’ and remarriage have been stopped, and the resultingmiserable wickedness is indescribable…all the sins are on ourheads. Looking at today’s blind adherence to false traditionone has to admit that widow-remarriage is altogether better thanthat.” 20

These words make Dayanand’s stand quite clear: in principle,only ‘Niyoga’ should be practiced by the twice-born: but if ‘Niyoga’

is not acceptable, then let there be widow-remarriage, because it isinfinitely better than the contemporary situation. Although heremained inflexible on the principle, Dayanand was quite amenableto practical compromises. This explains his continuing goodrelationship with reformers and even Aryas who persisted inpromoting widow-remarriage. When the Ajmer Samaj re-convertedto Hinduism a Christian convert, a young widow with two children,the Samaj leaders with two children, the Samaj leaders reported theincident to the Swami and sought his advice on what should bedone.21

When the Swami judged it necessary he voiced his dissent inno uncertain terms. On hearing that the Lahore Samaj wascollaborating with the Brahmos in promoting the cause of widow-remarriage he wrote to Lala Jivandaas as follows: These Brahmosare different inside and outside. They have the idea the Arya Samajshould become like them: reviled because they are similar toChristians for a virgin there is no sin in remarriage, and her who hasbeen with a man there is no fault in ‘Niyoga’. To act against thoseprinciples will produce now or later great distress, because it will bein violation of the Shastras, no doubt outcasting will follow.22

This is a very important and representative example of theexercise of authority by the Swami. Many Punjabi Aryas were infavour of widow-remarriage but did not accept ‘Niyoga’. AllDayanand did was to reaffirm his own opinion, but he did not issuean injunction that the Aryas should follow it and stop theircollaboration with the Bhramos. In fact, we know that the PunjabiAryas actually increased their support for widow-remarriage: theGurudaspur and Peshawar Samajes arranged such marriages.23 Andthe Arya messenger which Dayanand regularly received, even rana ‘matrimonial notice’ inviting widows and men prepared to marrywidows to contact the Arya Samaj of Lahore or Sitapur.24

Dayanand always believed that those in political power couldand should exert their influence for legislating in order to protectwidows. Sajjan Singh also seems to have accepted Dayanand’sdoctrine of strict monogamy, even for kings, for it is reported that atthe time he died declined to go ahead with negotiations to take asecond wife.25

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This same attitude of Daynand’s is also clearly evident in hiscorrespondence with one of the Swami’s closest advisors, whomhe made Vice-President of his trust at the end of his life, Dayanandwanted to put a proposal the Government to pass a regulation ‘bywhich children of widows be entitled to claim and obtain theirrightful share of the property, both movable and immovable, oftheir parents and by which anyone trying to malign a widow inany way be liable to punishment by the Government’. In a letterto Mulraj he stated quite clearly that the regulation should beapplicable to both remarriage and ‘Niyoga’. He asked Mulraj if hewould agree to draft a legal document.26

The Swami’s next letter complained that Mulraj had not usedthe term ‘Niyoga’ in his draft but only the term remarriage and itincluded a draft document of the Swami’s own composition.27 Mulrajdid not agree with the Swami’s theory of ‘Niyoga’ and was notprepared to comply with the Swami’s wishes. Moreover, he musthave realized the absurdity of including in such a legal document, aterm which had no legal standing. The important fact is that nostage of the correspondence was anything like an order issued.

References:1. Ghose, B : ‘Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’,(Delhi, 1965), p.1232. Rishi Dayananda Ke Patra Aur Vigyapanon Ke Parishisht, Edited by-

Y. Mimansak, (Amritsar, 1958), p. 523. Sen, S. K : ‘History of Bengali Literature’, (New Delhi, 1960), p.1964. (A) Lethbridge, Roper (Ed.): ‘A History of the Renaissance in Bengal’,

Ramtanu Lahiri: Brahman and Reformer, from the Bengali of PanditShivnath Shastri, (Calcutta, 1972), p. 85(B) Sen, S. P (Ed.): Dictionary of National Biography, Vol.II, (Calcutta,1973), p. 387-88

5. Bose, N. S : ‘The Indian Awakening and Bengal’, (Calcutta, 1969), p.1866. The articles are published in C. Y. Chintamani’s ‘Indian Social Reform’,

(Madras, 1901), p.255, 2727. Bühler, George (1886). “Chapter IX”. The Laws of Manu. Sacred Books

of the East. 25.8. http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/chapterfour.htm#16

9. Saraswati, Dayanand : Satyarth Prakash, Edition-I, (Banaras, 1875), p.141

10. Ibid, p.141

11. Ibid, pp.143-46, 186.12. Statement of My Beliefs and Disbeliefs, appendix to Satyarth-Prakash,

Sr. no. 47 This definition should be kept in mind while analyzing SwamiDayananda’s thoughts on Niyoga.

13. Jordens, J. T, .F : ‘Dayananda Saraswati- His Life and Ideas’, (Delhi,1978), p.118

14. Saraswati, Dayanand : Satyarth Prakash, Edition-I, (Banaras, 1875), pp..145-46.

15. Ibid, p. 14116. Ibid, pp.140-01, 150-5117. (A) Dobbin, C : ‘Urban Leadership in Western India’,(O.U.P, 1972), pp.

247-49(B) Heimsath, C.M : ‘Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform’,(Princeton, 1964), pp..147-48

18. Jordens, J. T, F : ‘Dayananda Saraswati- His Life and Ideas’, (Delhi,1978), p.133

19. Ibid, p.14320. Puna Pravachana Arthat Upadesh Manjari, Editor-Y.Mimansak,

(Sonepat, 1969), pp.126-2821. (A) Rishi Dayananda Saraswati Ke Patra aur Vijnapan, Edition-II, Ed.-

Y, Mimamsak, (Amritsar,1955), p.462, 466 (B) Munshiram Jijnasu, Ed.-Rishi Dayananda ka patravyavahar, Vol-I,(Gurukul Kangari, 1910), Pp.177-79, 194-95

22. Rishi Dayananda Saraswati Ke Patra aur Vijnapan, Edition-II, Y.Mimansak, (Amritsar, 1955), p.327

23. The Arya Magazine, Ed. R. C. Bary, Lahore, Vol.-I (1882-83). P. 8524. Ibid,. p.8625. Ghasiram: Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati ka Jivan Charit, Vol-II,

(Ajmer, 1957), p.30326. Rishi Dayananda Ke Patra Aur Vijnapan, Edition-II, Y.Mimansak,

(Amritsar, 1955), pp. 211-1227. Ibid, Pp. 224-27.

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The Organisation of Artisans in BuildingConstruction: A Case Study of Jaipur

Farhat Kamal

Babur alludes in his memoirs that Hindustan had unnumberedand endless workmen of every kind, infinite number of artisans indifferent crafts and industries as one of the advantages of Hindustan.There is a fixed caste (jami) for every sort of work and foreverything, which has done that work or that thing from father toson till now. Mulla Sharf in his writing Zafar Nama mentions aboutthe building of the Timur Beg's stone mosque lays stress on the factthat 200 stone- cutters worked on it, came from Azarbaijan, Faras,Hindustan and other countries. But 680 men worked on my buildingsin Agra, Sikri, Bayana, Dulpur, Gwalior and Koil. In the same waythere are numberless artisans and workmen of every sort inHindustan.

The craftsmen engaged in the construction work constituteda significant group of urban population. Thousands of workmen wereemployed in the state owned construction sites.

The illustration of Akbarnama also depicts Akbar's visit to aconstruction site, accompanied by officials and attendants. Akbar isshown observed in conversation with the stone worker and his lefthand stretched towards the latter in a gesture either of instructionor point out some flaw in his works.

Monserrate mentios that Akbar is so devoted that hesometimes quarries stone himself along with other workmen. Nordoes he shrink from watching himself practicing, for the sake ofamusement the craft of any ordinary artisan.

In the present paper an attempt is being made to discuss theartisan organization of Jaipur in the light of Arhsatta Imarti document.These documents are in the nature of statistical data of expenditureincurred on wages of the artisans and buildings of Jaipur. Theavailable document pertains to the period of V.S. 1783, 1784, 1785,

1795 and 1796. This rich category of document is preserved inRajasthan state Archives Bikaner.

The entire staff of building construction could be divided intotwo category: Firstly, we will discuss about the first category whosupervised the constructional activity of royal buildings.

Basically, they were the nobles who were the supremecommander of Mughals building construction. The painting ofAkbarnama depicts that the man, well-dressed and dignified inappearance, sits on a blue carpet with decorative designs. Suchblue carpets appear in Mughal paintings associated with the Mughalelite. Four people attend upon the noble, one serving food, while anumber of building workers outside the enclosure are busy withtheir task. Four horses with grooms outside the enclosure furtherestablish his noble status.

The other painting of also shows that the person inspectingthe construction with his attendant holding a fly-whisk behind him,may be either a very exalted noble or the soverign himself.

Table indicating the terms of the building staff and sourcesPersonnel SourceAmala wafa 'la- imarat, Abul Fazl, Akbarnama, Afif, Tarikh-iUhdadaran-i 'imarat, Feroze Shahi, Arif Qandhari, Tarikh-iSarkardaran-i 'imarat, Qandhari, Lahori, Badshahnama,Mutasaddiyan-i 'imarat, Waris, Badshahnama, MuhammadKaragahan-i 'imarat, Kazim, 'Alamgirnama.Mir Imarat Tarikh-i Feroze Shahi, Iqbalnama-i

Jahangiri, Amal Salih,Qualification and FunctionsHedayatul Bihari, Hedayat-ul Qawa 'id of

the Mir Imarat,Mir Bahar Barr Akbarnama, II, Nizamuddin Ahmad,

Tabaqat-i Akbari,Sara mad-i me 'maran, Salih Kanbu, Amal-i Salih, Munshatmemar Namakin,Mir Saman or Khan samanIbn Hasan, The Central Structure of the

Mughal Empire, Lahori, Badshahnama,Sarbarah Imarat, Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri,Darogha-i- Imarat, Tarikh-i-Qandhari, Kewal Ram,

Tazkirat-al Umara,Other Officers-

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Mushrif 'imarat-i Padshahi Shaikh Farid Bhakkari, Zakhirat-ulKhwanin,

Shahna chalak, Tarikh-i Feroze Shahi

This table shows the terms of officers and master buildersunder whom Mughal building construction carried out. Hedayat-ulQawa 'id mentions the qualification and functions of the mir imarat:First, he must be well versed in accountancy, employ an accountant,he must be able to ascertain the number of bricks (Khist) requiredaccording to the fixed units of measurement, thirdly, he should beaware of the builder's wages (me'mar) for the work to beaccomplished; fourth, he should know the prices of building materials.

Mir saman or Khan saman was the highest officer of thebuyutat and one of his duties to oversee the plans of or expenditureon, lodgings and building belonging to the state. Mir saman occupieda higher status under Jahangir and Shahjahan.

Arif Qandhari Qandhari mentions the term darogha Imaratwith reference to construction work at Agra under Qasim Khan.Apart from the darogha and mir, 'imarat, there were also otherofficers under whom the construction carried out likewise: Mushrif(accountant) and Mustaufi (auditor) etc.

Fortunately, Arhsatta Imarti furnishes the information thatJaipur building construction was under the supervision of daroghaand tahvildar. There were various other officers who are listed inthe document likewise Potdar and Kotwal. They have also noteddown the detail of wages, the number of bricks (Itha) and tiles(thokra), the variety and size of stones and the quantity of othermaterial which was used for particular dimensions for instanceScreens (jali) and raised seating at entrance (gokha) were built ofsang danau in the haveli.

It is interesting to note that tahvildar and darogha had sent allrecords to Diwan of whether it is related to artisan wages and rawmaterial. In the study of document, I found that all records whichare related to wages and buildings construction were sent toVidhyadhar who was the Desh Diwan of Jaipur. Vidhyadhar lookedto the financial side and attended to the needs of expenditure. Thewages were distributed under the supervision of Tahvildar andSuperintendent (daroga) as we have an example, Mohanram

tahvildar who was responsible for wages distribution in 1738 A.Dand Santoshram was in 1739 A.D.

The Superintendent (darogha) took the raw materials and theunfinished articles from the tahvildar and distributed them to theartisans. They kept the records of regular entries of artisans workbesides the articles or building material which provided to the artisansfor the building construction by them. After completion of the workof artisans calculations were made of total number of days for itscompletion and on the basis of their work the wages of artisanswere paid.

Fortunately, document furnish the name of artisans and alsothe name of darogha and tahvildar under whose supervision workhas been done for instance artisans Shah Pratap Singh and SahabBula Ram had worked under the supervision of Vijay Ram daroghaand Vijay Anand Ram and Jagram had worked under Shah SahibRam darogha.

When the construction of building was completed, Tahvildarand darogha kept records of this building expenditure which wasincurred on the wages of artisans and on the raw material used inparticular building for instance Rs 20. 34 was incurred on the wagesand Rs 21.8 on raw material for the renovation of Sawai MahalBarahdari.

Let us discuss about the second category: They consistedartisans and labourers at the construction site. The first category ofbuilding staff supervised to the artisans and labourers. Strict controlwas inevitable at the construction site. This example clearly showsin the paintings of Akbarnama.

The Painting of Akbarnama depicts that a man notingsomething on a ledger, while an ordinary labourer faces him withone hand half-outstretched, in a pleading gesture. Yet another scribeis seen standing near Akbar below him and on the right, holding aroll of paper in his left hand. Besides the site overseers or supervisors,too, are noticed in the painting invariably holding the traditional staff,overseeing workers and artisans.

Arhsatta Imarti document not only noted down the amountpaid in cash to the artisans (karigar) and labourers (majur) by thestate but also furnish the information of building materials such as

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Rajasthan History Congress- 161 Rajasthan History Congress - 162

wood, stones, bricks and mortar etc. The daily (rozinadar) andmonthly wages (mahinadar) in cash paid to the artisans and labourersare recorded in the document either in the names of individual orsometimes are recorded of a group of labourers (majur).

Arhsatta Imarti refers to the wage structure of the varioustypes of artisans (Karigar), carpenters (Khati), labourers (majur),brick layers (beldar) and architect (ustagar) were engaged in theconstruction, repairing, renovations and whitewashing of Jaipurbuildings.

Labourer class were also paid in advance wages (dadni) forinstance, 18 rupees was paid to 29 Nafar (men) for carrying thestone. This amount was given under the supervision of Manohanramdarogha. The document refers that labourer class were paid in thelast date of month. 25 date was fixed for the distribution of wages.

The Mughal Emperor rewarded the skilled workman whosearticle he liked most. The numerous cases of a variety of articlesappreciated and artisans rewarded under Jahangir. Arhsatta Imartialso mention that rewards also given to the artisans according tothe excellence of workmanship for instance reward was given toKushal Ram Rajawat in 1787 V.S.

The document contains rich information of expenditure whichwas incurred on wages for particular buildings. The amount wasfixed (mukarrar) as we have an example about Haveli of KeshavRamji and Sujoghap Mahi Jodhpuri which was repaired and somerenovation was done in this haveli. An amount of Rs.112/- was fixedfor the wages of workers.

I have developed the table of second group (artisans andworkers) who were engaged in the constructional activity.

Following table indicates the personnel and their wages.Personnel Source Wages

Gilkars (workers in Abul Fazl, Ain-i-Akbari, First class workmen 7 dams,

Lime) second class 6 dams, third class

5 dams.

Sang-tarash ,, 6 dams paid for each gaz, 5 dams

(stone-masons) paid to those who did plain work,

22 jital was paid to the labourer

class, employed in quarries for

every man he breaks

Darudgar, Najjar ,, 7 dams for first class, 6 dams for

(Carpenters) second class, 4 dams for third

class, 3 dams for fourth, 2 dams

for fifth class one who did plain

work, A first class carpenter got 1

dam 17 jitals for one gaz, second

class 1 dam 6 jitals and the third

class 21 jitals,

Pinjara-saz (lattice ,, First, when the pieces are joined

worker and wicker (Fastened with strings), and the

worker) interstices to be dedecagonal, 24

dams for every square gaz; when

the interstices from twelve circles,

22 dam when hexagonal, 18 dam

when jaffari (or rhombus-like, one

diagonal being vertical, the other

horizontal), 16 dam when shatranji

(or square fields, as on a chess

board), 12 dam for every square

gaz. Secondly, when the work is

ghayr-wasli (the sticks not being

fastened with strings, but skillfully

and tightly interwoven), for first

class work, 48 dam per square

gaz; for second class 40 dams.

Arra-kash (sawyers) ,, For job work, per square gaz 2

½ dams if sisau wood; 2 dams if

nazhu wood, A labourers

employed for the day 2 dams.

There are three men for every

saw, one above, two below.

Beldars (Brick Layers),,, 3 ½ dams for first class daily, 3

dams for second class, if employed

by the job, for building fortress

walls with battlements, 4 dams per

gaz; 2½ dams for laying

foundation, 2 dams for all other

walls and for digging ditches ½

dam per gaz. The gaz of a

labourer contains 32 tassuj.

Khist-tarash (tile makers) ,, For 100 moulds, smoothened, 8

dams.

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Surkhi-kob (pounders '' 1½ dam for a heap of 8 mans.

of old bricks)

Glass-cutters ,, 100 dam per gaz.

Bamboo-cutters ,, 2 dams per diem.

Chappar-band ,, 3 dams per diem, if done by job,

(thatchers) 24 dams for 100 gaz.

Patal band ,, 1 dams for 4 gaz.

Lakhira (they varnished ,, Wages, 2 dams per diem

reeds etc. with lac)

Abkash (water carriers) ,, 3 dams per diem for f irst

class, second class do, 2

dams. Such water-carriers as

are used for furnishing

house-builders with water for

mortar and quicklime get 2

dams per diem.

This table shows that the wages depended on the specializationof a particular artisan. This table prepared from Ain. Ain distinguishthe wages of artisan for instance high wages was paid to thecarpenter in comparison to Arrakash (one who saws beam).

Ain mentions that some artisans and workers worked by thejob (I jara) for definite task of specif ied dimensions andmeasurements. Ijara workers got slightly higher wages. ArhsattaImarti also mentions the Ijara workers.

Ain only mentions the category of workers and their wages.However Arhsatta Imarti refers to the name of workers and theirwages (ujura) and their domicile also. The constructional activity inthe Jaipur provided employment to a number of artisans and labourerswho came from different areas. Following is a table of artisans,developed from Arhsatta Imarti.

Table of Wages of WorkersS.N. Name Domicile Duration No. of No. of Wages

(per mensum) days days Rs. Taka

employed absented

(naga)

1 Kanhiram Khema March to April 27 - 6,75

(Chaitra to Baisakha) paisa -

June to July 16 - 4 -

(Ashadha to Sravana)

August (Bhadrapada ) 15 - 3 11

September (Asvina) 10 - 2 -

2 Hamid Habib - March to April 27 - 6 10.25

,, - June to July 15 - 3 11

,, - August 15 - 3 11

3 Jagram Dala March 24 - 5 -

,, ,, April 3 - - 10.25

4 Tulcho Dolta March to April 27 - 6 10.25

,, ,, June 25 - 5 10.25

5 Devmani Magho March to April 27 - 6 3.25

6 Magolo ,, ,, 27 1 6 -

7 Jasom - ,, 24 4 6 -

- August to October 34 - 8. 50 -

8 Maniram - March to April 27 1 6 10.25

9 Kishan Kashipur ,, 27 - ,, ,,

10 Megho - ,, 27 - ,, 10.25

11 Gegho - ,, - - 4 29

12 Valo Dayaram - ,, 23 - 5 1.25

,, ,, ,, August (Bhadrapada) - - 7 7.25

13 Imam Hussain - March to April - - 1 11

The table shows the name of the various workers, theirdomicile and the duration of their work. The number of days inwhich they were absent (Naga) and their wages in terms of takaand rupees is also indicated in the table. We have information fromthis table that workers came from other areas for the constructionof Jaipur buildings. The amount was fixed (mukarrar) for wages forexample Rs. 6.75 was paid to Kanhiram, who came from Khema,and this amount was paid for 27 days. Interestingly, the availabledocument shows the absent days of Karigars for example Ramjihad absented for 1 day out of 27 days so the amount Rs.6 and 7taka was paid to him for 26 days. The month in which wages paidwas also mentioned in the document. The workers who wereemployed for 23-27 days were paid 5 rupees to 6 rupees and theworkers who were below these numbers of days were paid 2-4rupees and the workers who worked above these days were paid 8rupees.

The document does not mention artisans specialization butonly alludes that some artisans were engaged in stone works (karigarpatthar ki jail banayo), some artisans were engaged for making thelime mortar (chuno- ko-gara-karo), some were engaged in the workof Kot ki Chunai, some were engaged for digging the clay and theconstruction of burj (raised platform). But sometimes document

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mentioned the specialization of artisans for example, carpernter andBeldars.

Table indicating the wages of Carpenter (Khati)Carpenter (khati) Feb (Phalguna),Fixed days Wages (Ujura)

Year V.S 1795Talabda ka Khati ,, 7 1.25Veerpur ka khati ,, ,, ,,Peeperhetha ka khati ,, ,, ,,Khurai Hari ko Khati ,, 6 1 rupees and

1 takaKosaryama ko Khati ,, ,, ,,Raheravad ko Khati ,, 43 10Devipur ko Khati ,, 7 1Bhopur ko Khati ,, 7 1.25

This table shows that the carpenters (Khati) wages were fixedas we have an example, Rs.1.25 were paid to the carpenter ofVeerpur for 7 days. An amount of Rs.10 was paid to the carpenterof Raheravad for 43 days, but there should be Rs.8.75 paid accordingto the above days. It appears that the carpenter of Raheravadbelonged to the superior category. Ain mentions the amount ofcarpenters and their category, 7 dams were paid to the first class, 6dams for second class and 5 dams were paid to the third category.Khati term was used in our document for carpenter. Ain prefers theterm darudgar for carpenter.

Abul Fazl mentions the beldars (brick-layers) and their wages.Our document mentions the name of beldars as well as their wages.The following table indicates the wages of beldars.

Table Showing the Wages of beldarsName of the beldars Amount paid (Rs.)Kuslo Kharwal Gubadi 4.12Sadwo Viarjwasi 50.28Maharam Virajwasi 1.16Batwo Virajwasi 5.40Megha Virajwasi 10Sheoram Mahajan 20Kesri Singh 6Julpo Gubadi 2.16

Ujura (wages) dadni (advance of money for works or goods)was also paid to the workers. The following table indicates the nameof workers to whom wages were paid in advance.

Table Showing the Dadni Wages in 1737 A.D.Name of the Ujura dadni (wages Fixed daysworker in advance)Sudardas Rs.7 and 10 takka 46Lakshmiram Rs.6 and 7.25 takka 39Ramji Meeno Rs.7 and 21.25 takka 52Niryamu Wakhan Rs.2 and 2 takka 8Nathuram Rs.1and 5 takka 8Harkishan Rs.18.12 91Jamal Rs.7 and 76.25 takka 74Somaram Rs.18.12 and 6.25 takka 141Kanha Ji 11and 15 72Devidas 11 and 20 74Hiramani 5 and 12.25 35

Selection of the site of the buildings was the main concernfor engineers (muhandis), Architect (me'mar) and builders (banna).After the selection of the site, the next step was the design andplanning of the building. The plan or tarah of the proposed buildingwas drawn on paper. Tarah or plan was a general term used both inpainting and Architecture for the traced outline or plan.

The Red fort was carried out according to the tarah ratifiedby Shah Jahan. Before the construction of Khwabgah of ShahJahan in the Lahore fort, Asaf Khan placed a number of tarahsprepared by the master architect before the Emperor, only one wasapproved by Emperor and handed over it to engineers to carry outconstruction accordingly.

Kapad dwara reveals that selection of the sites was the mainconcern of Jaipur ruler. Before the actual construction of Jaipurcity, plans (tarah) were prepared. Kapad- dwara is the collection ofan exceptionally large mass of maps, plans and notes on the planningof the Jaipur city. This document recorded the step by stepdevelopment of Jaipur city.

The term Usta was used for architect in our document. Firstly,Ustagars (architect) were prepared the plans (tarah) of Jaipur

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buildings on the order of Vidhyadhar and than actual constructionstarted according to the tarah (plan). There were number of ustager(architect) which name mentioned in the document like Dayaram,Kushpal Kumar, Udairam, Sumram and Sitaram Kumar etc.

Arhsatta Imarti mentions the name of some ustagar who paidin advance for instance, Rs 107 paid to Dayaram architect, Rs 67paid to Rekho Khati. But there is the mention of only to architectwho were given Rs 76. These wages was distributed under theDevidas Mahajan darogha.

To conclude one can discern from the forgoing discussionthat there was whole hierarchy of personnel involved in buildingconstructional activity which sustained it by their coordinated effort.In Line with the Mughal Emperors the Jaipur Rajas patronized theartisan and craftsmen for carrying on constructional activity. Thecraftsmen from other domicile were enticed so as to achievespecialized Art.

References1. Babur, Zahiruddin Muhammad, Babur Nama, Vol II, p. 520.2. Vanina, Eugenia, Urban Crafts and Craftsmen in Medieval India, New

Delhi, 2004, p. 61.3. Akbarnama, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, No, IS 2-1896, 91/

117. Cf., Building Construction in Mughal India, op. cit.4. The Commentry of Father Monserrate, tr. J. S. Hoyland and annotated by

N. Bannerji, Cuttack, 1922, p. 201.5. Akbarnama, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, no. IS2-1896, 86/

117. Cf., Qaisar, Ahsan Jan, Building Construction in Mughal India,Delhi 1988.

6. Catalogue of Paintings in the Lahore Museum, Lahore, 1976, pl. B. 75,facing p. 30. Cf., Building Construction in Mughal India, op. cit.

7. Hedayatullah Bihari, Hedayat-ul Qawa 'id, Aligarh Collection no. Farsiya108, ff. 39a-40b. See also, Building Construction in Mughal India, op.cit., p. 7.

8. Sarkar, Jadunath, Mughal Administration, III Edition, Calcutta, p.539. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, p. 314. See also, Karkhanas under the Mughals from

Akbar to Aurangzeb, (A Study in Economic Development), op. cit., p. 50.10. Arif Qandhari, Tarikh-i-Qandhari, eds., I. A. Arshi et al., Rampur, 1962,

See also, Building Construction in Mughal India, op. cit., p. 10.11. Karkhanas under the Mughals from Akbar to Aurangzeb, (A Study in

Economic Development), op. cit., pp. 44-53. See also, BuildingConstruction in Mughal India, op. cit., p. 11.

12. Arhsatta Imarti, B. N. 12, pp. 31-33.13. Ibid., B. N. 13.14. Arhsatta Imarti, B.N. 13.15. Arhsatta Imarti, B. N. 6, 8, 12, 13, See also, Karkhanas under the Mughals

from Akbar to Aurangzeb, (A Study in Economic Development), op. cit.,pp. 52-53.

16. Arhsatta Imarti, B. N. 8, p. 24,17. Ibid., B. N. 3, p. 17.18. Akbarnama, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, no. IS 2-1896, 46/

117. . Cf., Building Construction in Mughal India, op. cit.19. Arhsatta Imarti, Bundle No, (Henceforth B.N.) 4, 6, 8, 13.20. Ibid., B.N. 13.21. Verma, Tripta, Karkhanas under the Mughals from Akbar to Aurangzeb,

(A Study in Economic Development), Delhi, 1994. pp. 42-43.22. Arhsatta Imarti, B. N. 8, p. 4.23. Arhsatta Imarti, B.N. 3, p. 48.24. Ain-i-Akbari, op. cit., p. 170.25. Arhsatta Imarti, B.N. 13.26. Ain-i-Akbari, op. cit., p. 117.27. Arhsatta Imarti, B.N. 13.28. Arhsatta Imarti. B.N, 12, pp. 31-32.

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Analysis of Anti-British Ferment and Causesof the Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan

Prof. Brij Kishore Sharma

It is an established fact now that the revolt of 1857 was thefirst Indian war of independence. In the words of Jawaharlal Nehruit was much more than a military mutiny and it spread rapidly andassumed the character of a popular rebellion and a war of Indianindependence.1 The rulers of the princely states of Rajputanaenmasse remained loyal to the British during the Revolt of 1857.They supported the British in the suppression of this popular revolt.Sometimes they played a dubious role during this revolt becausethey were not sure of the victory of either group i.e. the British orthe rebels. Again Nehru has analysed this phenomenon as follows:"This revolt strained British rule to the utmost and it was ultimatelysuppressed with Indian help. It brought out all the inherentweaknesses of the old regime, which was making its last despairingeffort to drive out foreign rule. The feudal chiefs had the sympathyof the masses over large areas, but they were incapable, unorganizedand with no constructive ideal or community of interest. Theyhadalready played their role in history and there was no place for themin the future. Many of their number, in spite of their sympathies,tought discretion the better part of valour, and stood apart waitingto see on which side victory lay. Many played the part of quislings.The Indian princes as a whole kept aloof or helped the British, fearingto risk what they had acquired or managed to retian.2

The role of the princely rulers of Rajputana is well knownwhich was fairly Pro-British but on the other side they were waitingfor the restoration of the old Mughal Empire. The same also beenanalysed in a very recent research on the 1857 revolt in the princelyState of Jaipur is as follows: "It is notable that Maharaja Ram Singhpursued a cautious policy during the revolt. He sided with the Mughalemperor and the rebels in the initial stage of the revolt (May 1857to OCtober 1857) but after hearing the news of the restoration ofthe British power at Delhi and Lucknow, he resolved to side with

the British power and extend to it his unflinching loyalty. This isrevealed by his providing support to the Political Agent, Jaipur inapprehending and punishing the conspirators and rebel sepoys; inintercepting the march of the isurgents under Tantia Tope throughJaipur territory, and in inscribing the image of Queen Victoria onthe coinage of the Jaipu State in place of the Mughal Emperor."3

Thus, it is a difficult task to write and analyse this situation. But itmay be rightly said that the rulers of Rajputana played an anti-national role in this revolt.

Irespective of the role of the rulers some of the Jagirdars,Sepoys of native and British forces, civil servants, poets, peasants,traders and all the sections of the society participated in the revoltthrough various ways and means. The deeds of those whocontributed positively require proper mention in the history of revoltof 1857. The British accounts about the Revolt of 1857 are full ofdefects. It has been a wrong notion that Rajasthan remained alooffrom this revolt. The rulers of Rajputana were instrumental inkeeping the revolt under control and finally in its suppression. Assuch the popular rebellion of the masses in 1857 was confined toDelhi, the United Provinces and some parts of Central India andBihar adjoining U.P. The revolt in Rajasthan was of a different kindbecause its traditional leaders (the rulers) did not play their part andonly the dissatisfied groups and people fought against the Britishrule in their own way. Proximity of Rajputana to Delhi, the Unitedprovinces and Central India it also became an important centre ofrevolt. But the authors could not highlight the facts regarding theheroic struggle of Rajputana in 1857. It was for the first time whenNathu Ram Khadgawat's book "Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of1857" was released on 9th August 1957. The said book is an authenticaccount of the Revolt of 1857 in Rajputana.

The revolt broke out on 10th May 1857 at Meerut and on28th May the sepoys at Naseerabad cantonment in Rajasthan nearAjmer revolted against their British officers. It was followed bysepoy revolts at Neemuch and Erinpura. The revolt of Ahuwa andKota occurred after the restoration of British power in Delhi. Boththerse revolts were unique in nature and surpassed the earlier eventsof Delhi and United provinces. Tantia Tope fought a long strugglewith the Britsh. He got ample support from the jagirdars and theordinary masses. Various Thakurs of Mewar, Marwar and Jaipur

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also expressed their anger against the British and tried their utmostto defeat the British in the revolt. Infact Rajasthan has entirely adifferent history of events in 1857. It has been rightly analysed byDr. Tarachand that when the news of the outbreak at Meerut reachedRajputana, the Indian sepoy regiments in the cantonments, the Rajputsoldiers in the employ of the states, and the jagirdars raised thestandard of revolt. There was much sympathy for them among thegeneral public. The first rising took place at Nasirabad on May 28th,it was followed by one at Neemuch on June 3rd. Then the turmoilspread. Ajmer was threatened, an attack was led upon Abu; inErinpura the sepoys revolted, and Mandsor was seized by ShahzadaFiroz Shah. In Jodhpur the dissatisfaction, prevailing among thepeople was strengthened by the visit of Khaki sadhus who wentfrom place to place and were invited even in the palace. But themain centres of disturbance were Kotah and Auwa, a dependencyof Jodhpur.4

Causes of the Revolt and Anti-British ferment:The causes of the Revolt of 1857 were similar to the British

India, which included social, economic, religious, cultural and militarycauses. The economic devastation was so deep that even before1857 various revolts of general masses had taken place in Bengaland Bihar. Looking to the nature of this study here it is pertinent tooanalyse the Rajputana specific causes of the revolt.

The rulers of Rajputana accepted the paramountcy of theBritish through various treaties broadly by 1818. In fact in theatmosphere of confusion and helplessness, the rulers of Rajputanasought British protection. Since the inception of treaties the Britishviolated the terms and conditions of the treaties. The rulers wereassured of their freedom and autonomy in the internal adiministrationbut in practice they never enjoyed such situation as the Britishregularly interfered in the internal matters of the states. Suchinterferences were not relished by the rulers, jagirdars, nativeofficials, general masses etc. Thus, the British interference in theinternal administration of Rajputana states was one of the maincauses. In the event of any dispute between rulers and Jagirdarsthe British took side with the rulers which annoyed the latter.

There are many instances when the rulers, Jagirdars andgeneral people resented the British rule. Since the inception of the

treaties Jodhpur state did not cooperate with the British in theirpolicy of suppressing the anti-British chiefs and refused to allowthe British to interfere in its internal administration, on being askedno less than by the Governor-General not to give shelter to therefugees. The ruler of Jodhpur even refused to attend the Burbarof Governor-General William Bentic at Ajmer and on variousoccassions came into direct confrontation with the British on theissue of the Nath Sadhus. The initial British interference was alsoresented by the states of Mewar and Kota. The high-handedness,by which the British went on supporting the unreasonable claim ofZalim Singh and his successors against Maharo Kishore Singh ofKotah, bioled the blood of the Hada Rajputs and they all stood up inarms against the British and their protégé, the Jhala. MaharaoKishore Singh fought with the assistance of those Rajputs in anopen engagement with the British near Mangrol, and the ferocityand valour, shown by the followers of Kishore Singh on that occasion,stand as a testimony to the fact that the Rajputs, despite their defeatbeen had not completely enslaved by that time. It is interesting tonote that in this war two British officers died and one was seriouslyinjured.5

Nathuram Khadgawat's argument about the anti-Britishferment says that the solitary instances of the anti-British ferment,narrated above, can be better understood in the light of the contingentfrustration, prevailing among the feudal sector of the Rajasthansociety and also the resulting anti-British trends responsible for quitea large number of sporadic agitations and revolts, engineered by theRajput Jagirdars against the British. The raising of the Kotahcontingent, the Jodhpur legion and the Shekhawati brigade had notbeen done solely with a view to assist the British Government in thesuppression of the lawless bands of dacoits but also to keep theanti-British elements in check.6 The attack on Mr. Ludlow (Politicalagent) at Jodhpur and the murder of captain Blake (Political agent)at Jaipur shows anti-British ferment in Rajasthan since the inceptionof the treaties.

The British military efforts and measures created suspicionamong all the sections of society. The traditional warrior groupslost their military importance. These groups largely included Rajputs,Muslims (Pathans and Kaimkhanis), tribal people etc. The Jagirdarshad theri origin from the military services of the princely states

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concerned. When the external affairs were transferred in the Britishhands the states did not require military services of the Jagirdars.Obviously, the military services began to be converted into cashpayment, which put heavy economic burden upon the Jagirdars andultimately the whole burden fell on the genral masses. The Britishalso created the armies of tribal people to suppress the tribals. Inthis direction Merwara Battalion of Mers was created in 1822 withits headquarter at Beawar.7 The Mewar Bhil Corps came into beingin April 1841 with its headquarter at Kherwara and Kotra.8 In 1855Deoli cantonment was established by the recruitment of the Minatribe in the Deoli irregular forces, which became the 42nd DeoliRegiment or the Mina Battalion.9 Thus, the British encircled thetribal people to bring them under strict administrative control. Suchefforts created uneasiness and dissatisfaction among all the sectionsof Rajasthan society.

The emotional outburst of anti-British ferment in the form ofpoems and popular songs reveals that the British rule in Rajasthanhad, by the year 1857, become unpopular and people at large werein a way dissatisfied. The contemporary bardic writings also createddissatifaction in the general masses. In this direction the writing ofBanki Das (Bikaner) and Suryamal Mishran (Bundi) are well knownwhich infused the spirit of patriotism.10 No doubt the British rulecaused economic miseries and exploitation of people. The Britishhad a upset and changed the centuries old administrative andeconomic set up. The jagirdar were great losers of their rights andprivileges. Previously the rulers were depended on and relied uponthe support and cooperation of the Jagirdars, but with theestablishment of British paramountcy they had to rely and dependupon the cooperation and support tof the British. The British rulecaused enhancement in the land revenue which affected the peasantmasses adversely.

The social reforms of the British hurt the feelings of masses.The abolition of the Sati system was considered an interferencewith the cultural and religious traditions. The settlement of ChristianMissionaries around Ajmer and their activities in the villages duringthe early years of British rule was viewed with suspicion and wasregarded as a deliberate attempt to convert the people of Christianity.The arrogance and pride of the English officers was a clear indicationof their racial superiority. They followed the policy of social and

racial discrimination against the local people. The respectable localpeople considered it a humiliation.

The Jagirdars of Rajasthan hated and feared the Britishbecause the British were tampering with their centuries longprivileges. Their position from war lords became that of land lords.Earlier they were partner of the state concerned, while now werereduced to the position of tax payer of the states. It has beenconcluded by Khadgawat that: with the establishment of Britishcantonments in Rajasthan, the princes no longer required the militaryassistance which they previously used to keep for their feudalchieftains and consequently, therefore, they could now manage toignore and even insult their chiefs. The Jagirdars resented thedisbanding of their own troops and they were certainly not in favourof losing the power and control they had hitherto exercised overtheir Jagirs. Their specific grievance against the British concernedan interference, made by the British directives, in the old customaccording to which, no subject of an estate could leave his birthplace and settle in another without the permission of its master, theThakur. Sir Henry Lawrence had directed his political agents to doaway with this custom and many persons, being involved in heavydebt took advantage of this innovation, shifted their quaters and thedemands of their feudal lords for their return proved ineffective.Naturally, therefore, the Feudal Chieftains were against theenforcement of this new rule which reduced their power to sheernon entries. As a result of British penetration and the establishmentof their cantoments in Rajasthan, the Jagirdars lost not only theirpower, privileges and prerogatives but were reduced to a stage ofabsolute helplessness. The high handedness of a number of princes,who, now being confident of the British support at their back, triedto crush these Jagirdars, led the feudal chieftains to believe that thecontinuation of the British rule in India would mean their politicalruin.11 In fact all the beneficiaries and functionaries of pre-Britishroyal courts became losers of their power and prestige. Therefore,Suryamal Mishran a court poet of Bundi tried to make the Rajasand Maharajas aware of their past glory. He encouraged them tofight against the British. He personally even wrote letters to Darbarsand Thakurs.

It is clear from the fore going description that there werepotent possibilies of a revolt against the British rule in Rajasthan.

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But the rulers and influencial Jagirdars were in the state of despairand depression that they could not dare to light their face and headbefore the British power. They were not conscious of their ancestralglory and the deeds of bravery of their forefather. The generalmasses were looking opportunity to lead a revolt against the Britishrule in India. The rulers of Rajasthan defended the British rule inIndia and remained loyal to the British and the majority of Jagirdarskept mum. But the masses expressed their resentment against theBritish rule by supporting and helping the mutineers in Rajasthan.The sepoys at Nasirabad, Neemuch, Erinpura and Deoli cantonmentsresorted to revolt under the influence of the national upheaval. Therevolt of Ahuwa Thakur is of great importance. The military revoltat Kota required special mention where the state remained undr thecontrol of mutineers for about six month and Maharao Ram Singhbecame a virtual prisoner of the revolutionaries. When Tantia Topemarched into Rajasthan with his nine thousand soldiers, he washelped by the people with money and provisions, while the Britishforces were hissed and hooted at by the general masses from placeto place and they were denied provisions and supplies.

References1. Jawahar Lal Nehru, The Discovery of India, Oxford University Press,

Eleventh Imppression, 1991, p. 3232. ibid. pp. 323-243. V.K. Vashishtha, 1857 Revolt in the Princely States of Jaipur, Books

Treasure, Jodhpur, 2008, p. iv4. Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol. Ii, Reprinted

1974, Publication Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi, p. 915. Mathura Lal Sharma, Kota Rajya Ka Itihas, Vol. II, Second Edition, 2008,

Rajasthan Granthagar, Jodhpur, p. 1196. Nathu Ram Khadgwat, Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of 1857, Second

Edition, 2008, Rajasthan State Archieves, Bikaner, pp. 18-197. Brij Kishore Sharma, Tribal Revolts, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, 1996, p.

808. ibid., p. 879. ibid., p. 9110. The Poems of Girvardan, Adha Jawa, Sandhu Raghodas, Adha Jadu Ram

etc. also created hatred among the general masses against the British rule.11. Nathu Ram Khadgawat, op.cit., p. 23

The role of the Lady Chelmsford All IndiaLegue for Maternity and Child Welfare in

Jodhpur-with special reference to BabyWeek Celebration

Prof. Vinita Parihar

Her Excellency Lady Chelmsford on her arrival in India in1916, was much concerned by the high rate of infant mortality. Itwas estimated that India lost two million babies yearly.

The customs of castes and tribes related to birth, marriage,purdah system acted as health hazards and were responsible forhigh rate of mortality of both mother and infant during child birth.The evil of early marriage still continued despite of the efforts ofsocial reform associations in Rajputana such as Walter Krit HitkariniSabha and other caste Reform Sabhas.1 Col. T.H. Hendley,Administrative Medical Officer of Rajuptana observed the ill effectsof Purdah in his book entitled 'General Medical History ofRajputana'. He further adds that Zenana life in rooms which arefrightfully unusanitary has undoubtedly a most prejudicial influenceon the infants health and mortality of mother and child both.2

Her Excellency Lady Chelmsford announced her intention offounding the Lady Chelmsford All India League for Maternity andChild Welfare in February 1920 with the following objects:

1. The training of health visitors and maternal supervisor andthe rendering of financial assistance in the empolyment of trainedpersonnel where necessary.

2. Propoganda in connection with the objects of the leaguesuch as Health Exhibition, lectures etc.

3. The formation and establishment of branches of the leagueand the affiliation with the league of other bodies having similarobject, without unduly interfering with the organisation andadministration of affiliated institution or with their power of raisingmoney.

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4. The doing of all such things as are incidental or conduciveto the attainment of above or kindered objects.

Accordingly a branch of Lady Chelmsford All India Leaguefor Maternity and Child Welfare was established in the Jodhpurstate in 1923.3 Ms Lucie Gainsford, Superintendent of JaswantFemale Hospital, was appointed its secretary.4

The Queen Empress of India was the royal patron and thevicerine of India was the President of Chelmsford League.Governors and Chief Commissiner of Presidencies and rulers ofPrincely states were its patrons Men and Women of high positionwere its vice patron, vice president and life councillors.

The League was a part of the maternity and child welfaremovement, which dealt with organisation which aimed at thepreservation of the health of the mother and child rather than theirtreatment in disease. The first organisation of this nature to beformed in India was the Victoria Memorial Scholarship Fund initiatedby Lady Curzon in 1903.5 The letter of the residency surgeon,delineating the aims of league of the Jodhpur branch of the league,categorically mentioned that all respect must be paid to the religiouscustoms among the different castes and there was no intention oftrying to westernise the homes. It further said that the centre wasnot a hospital.6 It further said that a heavy and ever increasingweight of responsibility rests up the men of Jodhpur and they shouldstudy the methods of preventing much uneccessary illness amongwomen and young children.7

The ruler of Jodhpur Maharaja Umaid Singhji showed greatestinterest in the Chelmsford League. The presence of Maharaja ofJodhpur as patron in the central executive committee of ChelmsfordLeague further testifies the fact.10

The Chelmsford League opened two centres for maternityand child welfare and anti-natal clinics at the two main hospitals(Hewson and Jaswant Female hospital) in Jodhpur city. The centresadvised the mothers to take their children to hospital of dispensariesrun by state.11 Visits were paid at homes also. Short health talkswere given to the mothers to teach them simple laws of health.Arrangements were made to supply milk (when funds permitted) topoor mothers about 6 or 8 weeks before the baby was born and till

the mother got strong after delivery.12 The league held classes forthe training of Dais i.e. indegenous nurses. Through the good officesof the league, a Jodhpur Midwives Association under the auspicesof Her Highness was established. It aimed at desseminatingincreased and up to date knowledge in midwifery and also to sendthe candidates for Punjab Central Midwives Board Examination.13

Baby Week Celebration : Initially the propoganda work ofChelmsford League was carried through exhibitions, magic lanternslides lectures etc. On the initiative of Her Excellency the countersof Reading, a National Baby Week Council was created in India in1923 to promote Baby Week Celebration during the third week ofJanuary 1924, on the lines of National Baby Week Council of England,1917.14

The chairman of the executive of the National Baby WeekCouncil, India, suggested that each town would form its owncommittee, draw up a programme assisted when desired, bysuggestions from central office and carry out the activities proposedwhich may include Infant Welfare exhibition, series of lecture tomen, women and childern Baby competitions, essay competitions,maternity plays, entertainments, conferences etc.15

Accordingly the Jodhpur branch of Chelmsford League formedan orgainising committee with Maharaj Fateh Singh (Home MemberCouncil of State, Jodhpur) as its President16 and decided to celebratethe Baby Week for five days from January 21 to January 25, 1924at Nazarji ki Bavadi in Jodhpur city.17

The organising committee soon chalked out a programme forthe Baby week celebration Adequate arrangments were made forthe publicity of the celebration and conveyance of women andchildren to the venue were made. A meeting of all the Jati-Panchaswas called in Ghantaghar Chowk by the Kotwal, Jodhpur city,18 inorder to get them interested in the celebrations. Posters were putup in the city as well as at the principal railway stations.19 1500copies of posters in Hindi and 500 in English wre prepared for thepublicity.20 Motor lorries were arranged to convey women andchildren from Soor Sagar Vicinity.21 Similarly on the day of HealthyBaby competition a special train was arranged from Mandore, asuburb of Jodhpur to Raika-Bagh, railway station.22 The Public was

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reminded of the approaching date of exhibition by town-criersproceeding through the city and the same being advertised by postercarried by camels.23 The superintendent education department wasasked to declare holidays in the college and schools during the Babyweek, to ensure the participation of youth in the exhibition andcelebrations.24

Mr. Sterling was given charge of the report section, policearrangements were to be made by Mr. Kothawala and the sanitationwas to be looked after by Dr. Niranjan Nath.

It was decided to exhibit the local products and manufacturesin the exhibition and superintendent of Museum was given chargeof it. Accordingly the Hakims of various Paraganas were asked tosubmit a list of local products and manufactures for exhibition orsale.26

The following were the headlines under which various featureswere arranged during the Baby Week Celebration.

A maternity and child welfare exhibition to which was attacheda:

• a Public Health Section

• Baby Competition

• Toy Section.

• Local Industries Section

• Amusements and sports.

Tents on Maternity section in which was shown-1. The evils of the untrained dai.

2. The good results of trained dai.

3. A labour room, as in a hospital, with a view to bringing outcleanliness and to alleviate the women's fears of hospital treatment.

4. Wholesome food for expectant and nursing mothers.

5. Suitable patent for expectant and nursing mothers.

6. Literature and pampplets on maternity for lay people.

Child Welfare Tent1. The model of a complete child welfare centre.

2. A model demonstrating the various activities at a childwelfare centre.

3. Appartus was shown and demonstration were given forrecording the weight and height of infants, correct way of giving aninfant's bath, the care of the child's food and bottle. Boiling andstorage of milk.

4. Cots representing suitable and unsuitable types.

5. Suitable clothing and thrift garments for the better andpoorest classes.

6. Wholesome and unwholesome food for children.

7. Suitable patent foods.

8. Literature on child welfare for the general public.

In Public Health Section were shown:

1. A model of a sanitary house.

2. A model of insanitary house.

3. A model of a hygenic dairy.

4. A model of a inhygenic dairy.

5. Methods for protecting food from flies as well as for killingthem and also prevent them for breeding.

6. The danger from small pox and necessity for vaccination.

7. Mosquitoes and malaria.

8. Bacteria under the microscope.

9. Public health literature.

Toy sectionSuitable and unsuitable toys for children of different ages and

demonstrations given how toys can be made of small and old piecesof material.

In all sections, the walls were full of posters mostly illusratedand ryhme bearing on the respective exhibits.

The opening ceremony of Baby Week took place at 4 PM onMonday the 21st Jan 1924. Lectures, Magic lantern slides, Gamesof chance, sports like Victoria cross race, wrestling on horse back,playlets by school boys and girls, cinema theatre etc were arrangedfor the public. The child welfare exhibition was kept reserved allthe day from 11.00 AM to 6.00 PM for purdah ladies on Jan 23rdand Jan 25th.28

99


The Healthy Baby Competition was held on Friday the 25thof January 1924. The babies from age of one month to three yearswere classified into four groups and prizes were given awayindividually for the first five Babies in each group. The members ofthe royal family including the Maharani Sahiba, Shri Baiji LalMarudhar Kanwar and Kishore Kanwar and Maharaj Kumardonated money for the prizes. Not only this Mrs. Sukhdeo Prasadand Mrs. Reynolds also were instrumental in sponsering the prizesfor Healthy Baby Competition.29

Separate tents with enclosures were provided for Europeanand Indian refreshment and were to be open all day. It included tea,drinks, ices, sweetmeats, puris, fruits, cakes, paan etc. It wasconsidered that a profit might be made of four annas on Europeanand two annas on Indian refreshment.30

The Baby Week was held under the royal patronage of HisHighness Maharaja Ummed Singh of Jodhpur.31 He was kind enoughto order labour and state material like tents, furniture, light beingsupplied free of cost.32 Not only this he most generously placed hiscinema appartus and operator at the disposal of the organisingcommittee and was to bear the cost of hiring films also.33

The finances of the Baby Week was jointly guaranteed bythe Red Cross and Lady Chelmsford League.

The Baby Week was a grand success. Approximately 6000purdha women from the Jodhpur city and its neigbouring parganasvisited the exhibition. Next year the Baby week was celebrated inPali for three days, i.e. from 15th January to 17th of January 1925which was visited by 2000 ladies.35 The Baby Week was celebratedat the Darbar School grounds in 1926 for three days (24th Feb to26th Feb 1926).36 We also get reference of the celebration of BabyWeek in 1938 for six days from 22nd Feb to 27th Feb in Jodhpur atthe Stadium ground.37

The Lady Chelmsford League, an important agency for theamelioration of the lot of women, specially mothers and children,did a commendable work. Ever since its establishment it did a goodwork in increasing measures within the sphere of its activities. Itsucceeded in providing preservative measures of health so as tocombat material and infant mortality. Welfare centres were openedand dais (indegeneous midwives) were trained.

Baby Week was celebrated to create a consiousness amongwomen for the health and personal hygiene of themselves and theirchildren. The need to study the methods of preventing muchunnecessary illness among women and young children was pressedupon men also. The appeal that the work of League made to thepublic, specially to the women folk, can be judged by the fact thatthe First Baby Week (Jodhpur) and second Baby Week (Pali) wasattended by a large number of purdah women. The keen interest ofthe Maharaja and Maharani in the activities of the Baby Week wasno doubt a great source of inspiration to the women.

The Chelmsford League was a constructive programme,progressive in content, secular in approach and national in character.It indirectly did a praise worthy work in making the tradition peopleof Jodhpur, understand the perniceous social evils such as purdah,child marraige etc. Point to be noted here is that the movement formaternity and child welfare aimed at the preservation of health,rather that the treatment of disease. It can be safely surmised thatthe Lady Chelmsford All India League for Maternity and ChildWelfare Movement was an extension of the social reform movementfor improving the social status of Indian women.

References1. V.K. Vashishth, Begining of the National Association for supplying

medical Aid to the women of India in 1885 and its impact-A study withsp. ref. to Rajputana state, ed. by Dr. S.P. Vyas, Yug Yugeen BhartiyaNari, Jodhpur 2010, p. 184

2. T.H. Hendley, General Medical History of Rajputana, Calcutta, 1900, p.81

3. Original manuscript of Booklet of Lady Chelmsford All India League forMaternity and Child Welfare, Simla, p. 4

4. Jodhpur Mehkma Khas (JMK), Medical (Med.), file no. c/6, vol. I, DistrictArchives (D.A.), Jodhpur

5. Jodhpur Mehkma Khas (JMK) Medical (Med) file no. 1, letter no 644,Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner (R.S.A.B.)

6. Jubilee Report of the National Association for supplying medical aid bywomen to women of India, Simla, p. 74

7. Original manuscript op.cit., p. 28. JMK, med. file no. 1, letter of Residency Surgeon, to Thakur Mangal

Singh of Pokarana, R.S.A.B9. ibid.

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10. Annual Report of Lady Chelmsford League, 1924, Simla, p. 1211. JMK, Med., file no c/6, Vol. I, Do no. 1476/G22, dt. 20/2/42 DA, Jodhpur12. JMk, Med., file no. 1, letter of Residency Surgeon op.cit. p. 2 RSAB13. JMK, Med., file no c/6, vol. I, p. 40 (DA) Jodhpur14. JMK, Med. file no. 1, Memorandum by the executive of National Baby

Week Council, Simla (RSAB)15. ibid.16. JMK, Med. file no. 1, circular no. 656 (RSAB)

Other members of the organising committee were Mrs. Drake Brockman,Mrs. Wemyss Grant, Mrs. Gainsford, Pt. Sukhdeo, Rao Bahadur ThakurMangal Singh of Pokaran, Pt. Suraj Prasad, Dr. Onkar Singh, Dr. NirnajnaNath, Capt. Parnaik, Mr. Bomanji and Lt. Col. J.W. Brant, secretary.

17. JMK, Med. file no. 1, letter dt. 20/10/23 (RSAB)18. ibid letter no 120 dt. 17/11/2319. JMK, Med file no. op.cit, minutes of the meeting of the organising

committee dt. 5/11/2320. JMK, Med file no. 01 op.cit letter no. 369 dt. 15/11/2321. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit. letter no. 358022. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit, minutes of the meeting dt. 5/11/192323. JMK, Med file no. 01, Proceedings of the meeting of organising committee

dt. 11/11/192424. JMK Med File no. 01, op.cit. letter dt. 7/1/2425. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit. p. 726. ibid, p. 827. JKM, Med file no. 01, op.cit. pp. 12-1328. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit., p. 929. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit., meeting of the organising committee dt 19/

12/2330. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit., p. 1131. JMK, Med file no. 01 op.cit. letter no. 521 dt. 24/10/2332. ibid33. JMK, Med file no. 01, op.cit. p. 1434. Jubilee Report op.cit. p. 7935. JMK, Med file no. 3, p. 2 (RSAB)36. JMK, Med file no. 02, Do no 1-w dt. 12/2/192637. JMK, Med file no. c/6 vol. I, Do no. 686 dt. 16/2/38 D.A. (Jodhpur)

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101

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'kaHkqiqjk10& nsjksoyh ds ikl gh 1&2 fdyksehVj ij 'kaHkqiqjk ds y?kq nsoky;ds xHkZx`g esa lgL=fyax iwtkUrxZr gS tks v|kof/k mYysf[kr Hkh ugha gS rFkk laHkor%bl eafnj esa dgha vkSj ls ykdj j[kk x;k gS D;ksafd y?kq eafnj esa igys ls gh NksVkf'kofyax cuk gqvk gSA gkykafd ;g lgL=fyax vkt Hkh lqjfkr voLFkk esav[kafMr gSA tkMksyh11 ds cS|ukFk f'koky; (10&11 oha 'krkCnh) ds nk;ha vksj

cus ,d y?kq nsodqfydk esa lgL=fyax izfrf"Br gSA pkSdksj ;ksfuiÍ ij cuk ;glgL=fyax bl ks= ds lgL=fyaxksa ds lkFk&lkFk tkxs'oj] uknjk] rkycgsV vkfnds lgL=fyaxksa ls lkE;rk j[krk gSA

ekaMyx<+12 ds iwoZ e/;dkyhu xqIrs'oj egknso eafnj esa Hkh xHkZx`g esalgL=fyax iwtkUrxZr gSA bl lgL=fyax o dqN vU; eafnj vo'ks"kksa ds vykok ;geafnj vk/kqfud cuk fn;k x;k gSA esuky ls lkr fdyksehVj nfk.k esa fLFkrtksxfu;ka ekrk eafnj (fpŸkkSM+ ftyk)13 esa izkphu f'ko eafnj ds ckgj ck;ha vksj[kqys pcwrjs esa lgL=fyax LFkkfir gSA bl ij Hkh pkj LraHkksa ij vk/kkfjr y?kq NrlaHkor% ckn esa cuk;h x;h gSA fpŸkkSM+ ds 1565 bZ- ds ikrkys'oj egknso eafnj14ds xHkZx`g esa ,d y?kq lgL=fyax LFkkfir gSA tks lgL=fyaxksa dh fuekZ.k ijEijk esamŸkj e/;dky dk |ksrd gSA

jktLFkku ds blh fgLls ls tqMs+ eanlkSj15 ds ;'kks/kekZ ds lksanuh dhfrZ LraHkksads fudV [kafMrkoLFkk esa yxHkx NBh 'krh dk lgL=fyax ,d o`k ds pcwrjs ijLFkkfir gS ijarq blesa flQZ pkSdksj cz„k Hkkx o #nzHkkx iznf'kZr gSA #nz Hkkx ds ek=N% iafDr;ksa esa cus y?kq f'kofyax gtkj ftrus ugha yxr-s laHkor% 108 ds djhc gksldrs gS vr% bls v"VksŸkj'kr fyax dh Js.kh esa j[kuk pkfg,A

ik"kk.k fufeZr ;s lHkh lgL=fyax iwoZ e/;dky ls ysdj mŸkj e/;dkyrd esa cuk;s x;s gSa] ftlls yxrk gS fd bl dky esa gh budh fuekZ.k ijEijk dksyksdfiz;rk izkIr FkhA buesa ls pkj lgL=fyax pkSdksj ;ksfui okys gaS] 'ks"k ihfBdkjfgr gSA 'kaHkqiqjk] ekaMyx<+] tkMksyh] fctksfy;ka esa :nzHkkx ds y?kq f'kofyax HkhihfBdk lfgr gSA tcfd 'ks"k tksxuh ekrk] fpŸkkSM+] dkdwuh] dalqvk] lksnauh dsy?kq f'kofyax esa ihfBdk;sa mRdh.kZ ugha gSA buesa ls ek= fctksfy;ka dk gtkjs'ojf'koky; gh lcls cM+k gS vkSj lgL=fyaxs'oj dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh cuk;k x;kgSA tcfd vU; lHkh lgL=fyax y?kq eafnjksa esa gh LFkkfir gS] muesa xHkZx`g gh eq[;gS] f'k[kj] eaMikfn ugh gSaA dkdwuh] dalqvk] lksanuh vkfn ds lgL=fyax rks iw.kZr%[kqys esa gh LFkkfir gS] gkykafd dkdwuh dk fo'kky lgL=fyax rFkk mldh vy-arpkSM+h vk/kkj ihfBdk Hkkx dks ns[kdj yxrk gS fd laHkor% blds ≈ij dksbZlajpuk jgh gks] tks le; ds lkFk [kafMr gks xbZA rFkk blds #nzHkkx ds 11 iafDr;ksadh lkE;rk >kalh ds jktdh; laxzgky; esa j[ks lgL=fyax ls dh tk ldrh gSA

Hkkjr esa ftrus Hkh lgL=fyax izkIr gS] muesa ,d tSlh lekurk;sa de gh gS]#nz Hkkx esa cus y?kq f'kofyaxksa dh iafDr;ksa esa Hkys lekurk utj vkrh gS ij budsvkdkj&izdkj esa vf/kdka'kr varj nh[k iM+rk gSA jktLFkku esa gtkjs'oj] xqIrs'oj]

102


'kaHkqiqjk] tkMksyh] dalqvk vkSj tksxuh ekrk esa ≈ijh rkSj ij rks dykdkjksa uslekurk j[kh gS] bu lHkh dh ≈apkbZ yxHkx rhu QhV gS ijarq lwe vk/kkj ij rksbuesa Hkh FkksM+k&cgqr varj gSA rFkkfi bl ks= esa budh cgqyrk iz'kaluh; gSAgkykafd [kqys esa gksus ls budk yacs le; rd cuk jg ikuk eqf'dy gS] dalqvk]dkdwuh tSls fo'kky o lqanj lgL=fyax ljak.k ds vHkko esa dky ds xzkl cu ghjgs gS vkSj fctksfy;ka ds gtkjs'oj dh Hkh fLFkfr fujUrj ty oxSjg Mkys tkus lsf?kl dj [kjkc gks jgh gS] ftuls buds dykijd v/;;u esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS]tcfd fctksfy;ka ds lgL=fyax dh egŸkk rks blds gtkjs'oj dks gh lefiZr gksusdh gSA bu lHkh esa ek= 'kaHkqiqjk dk lgL=fyax gh lcls vPNh voLFkk esa gSA 'ks"kdks lajfkr fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] vU;Fkk gtkj fyxksa okys bl nqyZHk vfHkizk;^lgL=fyax^ ds n'kZu nqyZHk gksxsaA oSls vHkh rd Hkkjr ds dqN LFkkuksa ds vykokjktLFkku ds bl nfk.kh iwohZ fgLls& dksVk] ckjka] cwanh] HkhyokM+k] fpŸkkSM+] jktlean(,dfyaxth) ftys esa gh lgL=fyax dh bruh mifLFkfr eaSus ik;h gSA ftllsjktLFkku ds nfk.kh&iwohZ Hkkx ds e/;dkyhu f'kYi dh ;g vkd"kZd fo'ks"krk cutkrh gS] ;g jktLFkku dh f'kYidyk dk Hkkjrh; dyk esa ,d fnypLi ;ksxnkugSA ij lkFk gh jktLFkku ds vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkh bl vfHkizk; ds [kkst dh vkdkakkcuh jguh pkfg,A

lanHkZ1- izHkk'kadj] lkseiqjk % Hkkjrh; f'kYi lafgrk] lkSE;k ifCyds'kUl] 1975 i`- 1122- xksihukFk jko % ,yhesVal vkWQ fgUnw vkWbduksxzkWQh] eksrhyky&cukjlhnkl]

fnYyh] 1985] Hkkx 2] i`- 95&96] fQxj & 23- nkuojkte; iz.khr e;ere~ ^f'kokfiZrk^] fgUnh jpukdkj] 'kSytk ikaMs;] pkS[kEck

lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 2011] Hkkx 2] i`- 552-4- fp= ds voyksdu ds vk/kkj ijA5- n'kjFk 'kekZ% jktLFkku Fkzw fn ,tst] chdkusj 1966 i`- 282-6- pUnzef.k flag (laik-) % izksVsDVsM eksU;wesVal vkWQ jktLFkku] tokgj dyk dsUnz]

t;iqj] 2002]7- jRuyky feJ % VsEiYl vkfdZVsDpj vkWQ jktLFkku] ch-vkj-ifCyf'kax gkml]

ubZ fnYyh 2009] fp=&48-8- Mh- vkj- HkaMkjdj % izksxszl fjiksZV vkWQ vkWfD;ksZykWthdy losZ vkWQ bafM;k]

osLVuZlfdZy] iwuk] 1904&05] i`- 51- -9- Lo;a fctksfy;ka ds gtkjs'oj eafnj ds losZk.k ds vk/kkj ij_ f'kYih xqIrk %

esuky ,oa fctksfy;ka ds eafnj] uothou iWfCyds'ku] t;iqj] 2011] i`- 143-10- Lo;a 'kaHkqiqjk ds f'koky; ds losZk.k ds vk/kkj ij_ iwoksZDr] i`- 91-11- Lo;a tkMksyh eafnj lewg] fctksfy;ka ks= ds losZk.k ds vk/kkj ij] i`- 89-12- HkaMkjdj izksxszl fjiksZV 1904&05] ogh- i`- 58-13- Lo;a tksxuh ekrk eafnj ds losZk.k ds vk/kkj ijA14- iadtyrk JhokLro % fgUnw rFkk tSu izfrek foKku (vijkftri`PNk] #ieaMu

,oa nsorkewfrZizdj.k ds vk/kkj ij)- lqyHk izdk'ku] y[ku≈] 1990] i`- 145]fp= 80&81-

15- Lo;a lksnauh ds losZk.k ds vk/kkj ij] panzHkw"k.k f=osnh] 1979] i`- 101] Qyd41-

jktLFkku ds lgL=fyax & ,d 'kks/kijd nf"V &jktLFkku ds lgL=fyax & ,d 'kks/kijd nf"V &jktLFkku ds lgL=fyax & ,d 'kks/kijd nf"V &jktLFkku ds lgL=fyax & ,d 'kks/kijd nf"V &

llll---- LFkkuLFkkuLFkkuLFkku ftykftykftykftyk dkydkydkydky eafnjeafnjeafnjeafnj iafDriafDriafDriafDr xHkZxg@xHkZxg@xHkZxg@xHkZxg@ ifjljifjljifjljifjlj

vkdkjvkdkjvkdkjvkdkj Lkk/kuLkk/kuLkk/kuLkk/ku

lkS anuh eanlkSj yxHkx 6 oha 'krh

& 6x18¾108 ¼laHkor% v"Bksrj’kr½

ok ds uhps pcwrjs ij

y?kq&pkSM+k ¼yxHkx 1 QhV½

iRFkj

fpÙkkSM+ fpÙkkSM+ 1565 bZ0 Ikkrkys’oj egknso & xHkZxg]y?kq eafnj y?kq&pkSM+k ¼yxHkx 1 QhV½

iRFkj

tksxfu;ka ekrk

fpÙkkSM+ 8&9 oha 'krkCnh

Tkksxuh ekrk eafnj ifjlj

20x50 y?kq nsodqfydk yack ¼yxHkx 3 QhV½

iRFkj

ekaMyx<+ HkhyokM+k 8&9 oha 'krkCnh

xqIrs’oj egknso 19x52-63 xHkZxg]y?kq eafnj yack ¼yxHkx 3 QhV½

iRFkj

'kaHkqiqjk HkhyokM+k 10&11 oha 'krkCnh

Tkkys’oj egknso 20x50 xHkZxg]y?kq eafnj yack ¼yxHkx 3 QhV½

iRFkj

tkMksyh HkhyokM+k 10&11 oha 'krkCnh

cS|ukFk f’koky; ifjlj

25x40 xHkZxg]y?kq eafnj yack ¼yxHkx 3&3-50 QhV½

iRFkj

fctksfy;ka HkhyokMk 11&12 oha 'krkCnh

gtkjs’oj egknso 20x50 xHkZxg]fo'kky eafnj yack ¼yxHkx 3 QhV½

iRFkj

dlqavk dksVk 9&10 oha 'krkCnh

& 19x52-63 [kqyk LFkku yack ¼yxHkx 3 QhV½

iRFkj

dkdwuh ckjka 9&10 oha 'krkCnh

dkdwuh eafnj lewg fo’kky lgL=fyax

11x91 [kqyk LFkku y?kq pkSM+k ¼yxHkx 2 QhV½

iRFkj

ds'kksjk;ikVu cwanh 9&10 oha 'krkCnh

izfrgkj nsoky; \ xHkZxg y?kq eafnj & iRFkj

,dfyax th jktlean \ nsoky; \ \ y?kq eafnj \ iRFkj

103

amOÒWmZ BoVhmg H$mßJ´g - 190

[oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh dk lkekftd ,oalkaLd`frd lkSgknZ esa ;ksxnku

MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky

lwQher dk fpf'r;k flyflyk Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd yksdfiz; vkSj lclsiqjkuk lEiznk; gSA blds laLFkkid vcw blgkd 'kkeh FksA ;s ,f'k;k ekbuj lsvkdj [kqjklku ds fp'r uked uxj esa cl x;s Fks] blfy;s fp'rh dgyk;sA vcwblgkd 'kkeh gtjr vyh dh ukSoha ih<+h ds ekus tkrs gSA budh vkBoha ih<+h ds[+oktk eksbuqÌhu fp'rh us Hkkjr esa fpf'r;k flyflys dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA budkdky 1142 ls 1235 bZ- ekuk tkrk gSA bu ij bLykeh jgL;oknh fopkjksa dk xgjkizHkko FkkA

lwQh ijEijk esa [+oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh dk thou izkjEHk ls gh ^olq/kSodqVqEcde~* dk lans'k nsrk gSA budk tUe lhLrku ds latj uxj esa gqvkA bUgksauslejdUn] cqjokjk ,oa cxnkn esa xksf"B;ksa kjk bLykfed /keZ dk okLrfod KkuvftZr fd;k] eDdk&enhuk dh Hkh ;k=k,a dh vkSj ijekRek dh izsj.kk ls Hkkjr dhvksj izLFkku fd;k vkSj vUrr% vtesj dks viuh deZLFkyh cuk;kA [+oktkeksbZuqÌhu fp'rh dk 1190 bZ- yxHkx vtesj esa inkiZ.k gqvk vkSj jktLFkku ds bl‚n;&LFky vtesj esa gh mUgksaus viuh [kkud+kg cuk;h vkSj vius vk/;kfRedmÌs'; dks iw.kZ djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA og e`R;qi;ZUr (1235 bZLoh) rd bZLyke ds;FkkFkZ lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ekuorkoknh flºkUrksa dk eulk] okpk] deZ.kk mins'knsrs jgsA ehj [kqnZ us izfrikfnr fd;k gS fd [+oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh jk;fiFkkSjk dsdky esa Hkkjr vk;s FksA1

lwQ+h fopkj/kkjk bZLyke /keZ dk 'kqºre~ :i gSA blesa l`tudrkZ ds izfrfuLokFkZ izse] uSfrdrk ,oa lknxhiw.kZ thou rFkk lEiw.kZ txr dh lsok ij cy fn;kx;k gS (f[kner&,&[k+yd gh f[kner&,&[kqnk gS)A lwQh lar beke eqgEen cÿds vuqlkj loksZŸke vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj djus okyk gh lPpk lwQ+h gSA2 [+oktkeksbuqÌhu fp'rh ls iwoZ esa Hkkjr vk;s lwQh larksa dh xfrfof/k;k° if'peh lhekUrizns'kksa rd gh lhfer jghA Hkkjrh; izk;hi esa lwQh fopkj/kkjk rFkk ijEijk dksizeq[k :i ls LFkkfir djus ,oa yksdfiz; cukus dk Js; [+oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh

lkgc dks gh izkIr gSA bUgksaus vtesj dks izeq[k dsUnz cukdj vius vuq;kf;;ksa oLotuksa ds kjk Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa tu&tu rd lwQh fopkj/kkjk dk lans'kigq°pk;kA Hk;Hkhr ,oa vlgk; xjhc turk us [+oktk dh lwQh fopkj&/kkjk dk‚n; ls Lokxr fd;kA

[+oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh ds ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkekftd ifjos'k esa NqvkNwrvkSj ≈°p&uhp dh Hkkouk] tkfr vkSj /keZ dh dV~Vjrk fo|eku FkhA egewnxtuoh ds vkÿe.kksa ds izHkko Lo:i lekt esa ?k`.kk] vfo'okl] vlqjkk] Hk; dkokrkoj.k cu x;k FkkA bLyke vkSj eqlyekuksa dks lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkAizdkjkUrj ls] lYrur dky dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [+oktk lkgc us lwQhfopkjksa ds kjk bLyke /keZ dk okLrfod lans'k turk rd igq°pk;kA [+oktk lkgcds fopkjksa esa lkoZHkkSfed HkkbZpkjk] lfg".kqrk] lekurk] izse] n;k vkSj ekuork dkiSxke Fkk] tks nfyr vkSj vlgk; oxZ ds fy, izeq[k lEcy flº gqvkA viuh'kf‰ ,oa izfr"Bk xaok pqds lEHkzkUr oxZ us Hkh bl fopkj/kkjk dk Lokxr fd;kArRdkyhu jktuhfrd ?kVukÿe ls lekt esa ruko vkSj vfo'okl O;kIr FkkA [+oktklkgc dh lwQh fopkj/kkjk] lekt ds rRdkyhu fo'kkDr okrkoj.k dks lq/kkjus esalgk;d flº gqbZA

[+oktk lkgsc ds lknk thou vkSj ifo= fopkjksa ds dkj.k mudh njxkgLFkkiuk ds le; ls gh vk/;kfRed lk/kuk vkSj lkEiznkf;d lkSgknzZ dk izeq[k dsUnzcu xbZA fopkj.kh; gS fd lHkh tkfr;ksa] o.kksZ vkSj uLyksa ds Jºkyq ikjLifjdHksnHkko dks Hkqykdj mudh njxkg esa vkus yxs FksA3 bl rjg [+oktk eksbuqÌhufp'rh ds mins'kksa ls rRdkyhu lekt esa 'kkafr vkSj eS=h dh vPNh le> mRiUugqbZ_ ikjLifjd fo'okl vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk okrkoj.k LFkkfir gqvkA vke turk esabZLyke rFkk eqLyekuksa ds izfr lansg ,oa ?k`.kk dh Hkkouk nwj gqbZA [+oktk lkgc dslwQhoknh vk/;kfRed lans'k uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj ekuoh;rk ij vk/kkfjr Fks] ftulsHkkjr esa ,d egku] ysfdu 'kkafr iw.kZ lkekftd ÿkafr dk izkjEHk gqvkA4

;g mYys[kuh; gS fd mUgksaus xk;ksa rFkk vU; tkuojksa ds vuko';d dRydjus vkSj mUgsa tykus dks iki ds leku ekukA5 muds ,d izflº lwQh vuq;k;hgehnqÌhu ukxkSjh iDds 'kkdkgkjh Fks] mUgsa ekal [kkuk izlUn ugha FkkA mUgksaus viuhofl;r esa vius f'k";ksa dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k Fkk fd mudh e`R;q ds ckn muds Qkfrgk(Salvation) ds fy, feBkbZ;k° ;k 'kkdkgkjh [kkuk cuk;k tk;s vkSj mls gh mudsuke ls vfiZr ,oa forfjr fd;k tk;sA6

[+oktk lkgc ds izk.kh ek= dh ,drk (ognr&my&otwn) vkSj muds^uwj&,&[kqnk* ds fopkj ^liziap cz„* vkSj ^,dks vge~ cgqL;kfe* ds mifu"kn~

104


n'kZu ds lerqY; gSA [+oktk lkgc us bZLyke ds ewy flºkUrksa tSls izkFkZuk (uekt)vkSj miokl (jkstk) ds vykok lekt esa lfg".kqrk vkSj ln~xq.kksa ds fodkl ijfo'ks"k tksj fn;kA

mUgksaus unh dh mnkjrk] lw;Z ds vkReh; Hkko] i`Foh dh lgu'khyrk dksviukdj bZ'oj ls fudVrk izkIr djus dk mins'k fn;kA izkjEHk ls gh Hkkjr dhturk esa lw;Z (lw;Znso)] unh (xaxkeS;k) vkSj i`Foh (ekr`Hkwfe) ds izfr fo'ks"k JºkHkko jgk gSA [+oktk lkgc dh ;g Hkkouk Hkkjrh; izkd`frd nSoh; 'kf‰;ksa ds izfrlEeku dks izdV djrh gSA mUgksaus lekt ds le`º vkSj /kuh oxZ ls xjhc vkSjvlgk;ksa dh lgk;rk dk vkxzg fd;kA mUgksaus nq%[kh] ihfM+r vkSj vHkkoxzLr yksxksadks bZ'oj dk fo'ks"k fiz; ekuk vkSj mudh enn djds bZ'oj dh d`ik izkIr djusdk mins'k fn;kA mUgksaus nkok fd;k fd fdlh O;f‰ dk ,d iki deZ brukgkfudkjd ugha gS] ftruk dh vius vU; lkfFk;ksa dks ?k`.kk ls ns[kuk vkSj mUgsaviekfur djukA ml le; ds lekt esa O;kIr tkfrxr mPp&uhp dh Hkkouk dkslekIr djus esa mudk ;g n`f"Vdks.k ,d izHkkoh mipkj FkkA7 muds bl rjg dsflºkUrksa ls lkekftd lejlrk dks c<+kok feykA

mUgksaus ,d njos'k (lR; ds ftKklq) ds dgus ij turk dh HkykbZ ds fy,lnkpj.k ds dqN fo'ks"k mins'k fn;sA buesa HkkSfrdrk ds ihNs ugha Hkkxuk] dtZ lsnwj jguk] vkRe lEeku ,oa /kS;Z j[kuk] laxzg dh izo`fŸk dk R;kx djuk] nwljksa dksdf"Vr ugha djuk] lkSHkkX; dks bZ'oj dh d`ik ekuuk] nqHkkZX; dks Lo;a ds dqdeksZdk ifj.kke Lohdkj djuk] fnu esa miokl rFkk jkf= dks izkFkZuk ,oa /;ku djuk];FkklaHko 'kkar jguk vkSj vko';drkuqlkj gh cksyuk vkfn izeq[k gSA

[+oktk lkgc us viuh thoup;kZ] vius dk;ks± vkSj lkekftd mins'kksa esalekt lq/kkj ij tksj nsus ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; ijEijk ,oa laLd`fr dks viukusvkSj vknj djus ij tksj fn;kA mudh lwQh fopkj/kkjk esa ftvks vkSj thus nks* dhHkkouk vUrfuZfgr gSA

lwQh fp'rh lEiznk; esa dOokyh dh ijEijk us mnkjoknh vkSj lfg".kqi=dkfjrk (ehfM;k) ds :i esa lk>k laLd`fr dks izksRlkgu fn;k] ftlls lekt dslHkh oxks± esa jk"V™h; ,drk dh Hkkouk dks cy feykA

[+oktk lkgc ds fopkj gh ugha] muds dk;Z ,oa mudk vkpj.k Hkh vuqdj.kh;FkkA mUgksaus vius ,d vuq;k;h e/kq dks /keZ ifjorZu ds mijkar Hkh iqjkuk gh ukej[kus dh vuqefr nh vkSj bls vtesj uxj dh lcls izeq[k&tkek efLtn dk eq[;'ks[k+ Qdhg vkSj beke cuk;kA [+oktk lkfgc us LFkkuh; fgUnw eqf[k;k dh iq=h ls

fookg fd;k] ftldk vuqdj.k ckn esa xqtjkr] ek.Mq] flU/k ds 'kkldksa] eqxyckn'kkg vdcj vkSj mlds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa us fd;kA8

orZeku le; esa njxkg esa lHkh /keks± ds deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qf‰;ka vkSj mUgsanSfud HkŸkksa dk fu;fer Hkqxrku djuk mYys[kuh; gSA nsx dk yaxj ges'kk 'kkdkgkjhgksrk gS] blesa dslfj;k Hkkr dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA nsx esa lHkh /kekZoyfEc;ksadh lgHkkfxrk vkSj mldk 'kqº 'kkdkgkjh gksuk] Qdhjksa o fu/kZuksa dks yaxj ckaVukmuds mnkj n`f"Vdks.k dk ifjpk;d gSA

njxkg dh xqEcn ij lany (pUnu) dk ysiu 'kkgtgka ds le; esa fu;q‰fgUnw ifjokj kjk fd;k tkrk gSA njxkg esa clUrksRlo eukuk] la/;k dks jks'kuh rFkknhokyh ij fo'ks"k jks'kuh djuk] gksyh ij njxkg ds eq[; kj dh lhf<+;ksa ijxqyky Mkyuk vkfn ijEijk,a muds mnkjoknh :>ku vkSj LFkkuh; jhfrfjoktksa dksviukus dk |ksrd gSA [+oktk lkgc dh njxkg dks lkEiznkf;d lkSgknzZ dk izrhdvkSj [+oktk lkgc dks ^xjhc uokt* dguk lkFkZd gSA9 lekt esa ldkjkRed vkSjlkSgknZziw.kZ okrkoj.k cukus esa [+oktk eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd fopkjlnSo izklafxd ,oa mi;ksxh gSaA

lanHkZ1. Mir Khurd : Siyar-ul-Auliya (tr.) Lahore, 1978, p. 52.

Cited in "Sufi Movement in Rajasthan", Ed. by Prof. S.M. AzizuddinHusain, Delhi, 2007, p. 40.

2. Shaikh Ali Hujveri : Kash'f-ul-Mahjub (tr.) Karachi 1975, p. 67-3. S. Liyaqat H. Moini : The Chisti Shrine of Ajmer : Pirs, Pilgrims and

Practices, Jaipur, 2004, pp. 96-126.4. S. Liyaqat H. Moini : The Teaching of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti in the

Social Context.Cited in "Sufi Movement in Rajasthan", Ed. by Prof. S.M. AzizuddinHusain, pp. 42.

5. Moinuddin Chishti : Anis-ul-Arwaha (tr.) Delhi n.d. pp. 26/27.Allama Akhlaq Hussain : Aina-i-Mlfuzat, Delhi 1983, pp. 90-95.

6. Fariduddin Muhammad & Sons Nagori : Surur-us-Sudur (Ms. P.C.)- f. 9.7. Siyar-ul-Auliya op.cit., p. 52, K.A. Nizami, Some Aspect of Religion and

Politics in India During the Thirteenth Century, Delhi, 1974, p. 185.8. Abdul Haq Muhaddis Dehalvi : Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, (tr.) Delhi, 1913/14

opcit, p. 52.9. S. Liyaqat H. Moini : The Teaching of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti in the

Social Context.Cited in "Sufi Movement in Rajasthan", Ed. by Prof. S.M. AzizuddinHusain, p. 47.

105


vyoj jkT; dh HkwjktLo O;oLFkk esaesoksa dk ;ksxnku

MkW- ckcwyky [kVhd

egkHkkjr dky ls gh vyoj jkT; dk vapy jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frdn`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA vyoj ds bl NksVs jkT; esa 'krkf/kd tkfr;k° vkSjmitkfr;k° Fkha fdUrq izeq[k tkfr;ksa eas jktiwr] eso] eh.kk] tkV] vghj] xqtZj]czk„.k] ekyh] cf.k;k] pekj vkfn FkhA jkT; esa esoksa dh la[;k lcls vf/kd FkhA;s jkT; ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa yxHkx vk/ks ks= esa cls gq, FksA jkT; dh vU; d`f"k iz/kkutkfr;ksa dh viskk esoksa ds ikl d`f"k tehu vf/kd FkhA1 vyoj jkT; dh d`f"kHkwfe ds ,d frgkbZ Hkkx ds dk'rdkj eso d`"kd FksA2 bl tkfr dk eq[; O;olk;d`f"k gS vkSj ;gh jkT; ds iz/kku dk'rdkj gSaA3 esokr ks= esa eso izeq[k tkfr FkhvkSj bl bykds ds vf/kdrj [kkylk xk°o budh tehankjh esa FksA 1876 bZ- esafrtkjk rglhy ds dqy 199 [kkylk xk°oksa esa ls frtkjk lfdZy esa 56 xk°o vkSjViwdM+k esa 65 xk°oksa dks feykdj dqy 121 xk°oksa dk ekfydkuk gd buds ikl FkkA4

frh; fu;fer cUnkscLr ds le; frtkjk esa 126 1@2 xk°o] eq.Mkoj esa 93@4] dBwej esa 2 vkSj jktx<+ esa 6 xk°o esoksa dh tehankjh ds Fks tcfd frtkjk esa17 1@3 xk°o [kkutknkvksa ds 1 xk°o lS;nksa dk FkkA cgjksM+ esa 1 xk°o iBkuksa dkeq.Mkoj esa 9 2@5 xk°o eqfLye jktiwrksa dk] dBwej esa 1 xk°o dk vkSj jktx<+ esa 1xk°o fHkf'r;ksa dh tehankjh esa FkkA5 bl izdkj ls jkT; ds dqy 1457 [kkylk xk°oksaesa ls eso o vU; eqfLye tkfr dh tehankjh ds xk°oksa dh dqy la[;k 536 FkhA buesalcls vf/kd 480 xk°o esoksa ds ,oa frh; LFkku [kkutknkvksa dk Fkk] ftuds 30xk°o FksA6 rglhyksa dh ,lslesaV fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 62 izfr'kr xk°o fgUnqvksa dsvf/kdkj esa Fks vkSj 38 izfr'kr eqfLye d`"kdksa ds vf/kdkj esa FksA esoksa dh iwoZvkSj mŸkj&iwoZ dh rglhyksa& vyoj] jkex<+] xksfoUnx<+] fd'kux<+ vkSj frtkjk esaeq[; :i ls iz/kkurk FkhA os ye.kx<+ esa Hkh izHkko'kkyh Fks tcfd eq.Mkoj esadqN xk°oksa esa muds ikl tehu Fkh ,oa vU; rglhyksa eas eqf'dy ls gh fdlh xk°o esamudh tehankjh ;k yEcjnkjh ikbZ tkrh FkhA7 jkT; ds d`"kd dk'rdkjksa eas izFkeJs.kh ds dk'rdkjksa esa vghj] ekyh vkSj tkVksa dh frh; Js.kh ds dk'rdkjksa esa

czk„.k] jktiwr] [kkutknk lS;n vkSj vU; dh fxurh dh tkrh FkhA8 jkT; dhvijkf/kd izo`fŸk dh tkfr;ksa eas esoksa dh x.kuk izeq[k :i ls dh tkrh FkhA orZekuesa Hkh tehu tk;nkn lEca/kh >xM+ksa ds eqdnesa bl tkfr ds uke feyrs gSaA 1876 bZ-esa cfUn;ksa dks muds vijk/k ds fy, tks ltk nh xbZ] mudk fooj.k tkfrokj fuEulkj.kh esa fn;k x;k gSA9

tkfr MdSrh rFkk pksjh vU; vijk/k ;ksxeh.kk 69 22 91eso 50 50 100jktiwr 18 13 31czk„.k 14 25 39vU; 71 120 191;ksx 222 230 462

uokc vgenc['k [kk° vyoj jkT; dk odhy Fkk ftlus yklokM+h ds ;qºesa vaxzstksa dh cgqr enn dh Fkh] mldh lsok ds QyLo:i vaxzst xouZj tujy usmls fQjkstiqj dk uokc cuk fn;k FkkA og izkjEHk ls gh cyoUrflag dk izcyleFkZd FkkA10 cUusflag o cyoUrflag dh vYio;Ldrk ds le; rd mudsleFkZd jkT; esa izHkko'kkyh jgsA 30 tuojh 1817 dks uokc vgenc['k [kk° usijxuk frtkjk o ViwdM+k ds Hkw&jktLo dk Bsdk fy;kA nksuksa gh nkosnkjksa dsvYio;Ld gksus ls muds leFkZd viuh euekuh djrs jgs vkSj jkT; ds fgrksa dhctk; vius fgrksa dh lk/kuk esa vf/kd layXu jgsA11

esoksa dk iz'kklu o lsuk esa Hkh dkQh opZLo FkkA c[rkoj flag dh e`R;q dsckn mŸkjkf/kdkj la?k"kZ esa ,d vkSj jktiwr rFkk vU; fgUnw inkf/kdkjh cUusflag dsjkT;kfHk"ksd dk leFkZu dj jgs Fks rFkk nwljh vksj c[rkoj flag dh ikloku ewlhtks ,d eqfLye oS';k Fkh] mlls mRiUu cyoUr flag dks jktxn~nh ij cSBkus dkiz;Ru eqlyeku dj jgs FksA12 jkT; dh lsuk esa Hkh dkQh la[;k esa eqlyeku HkrhZFksA 1876 esa jkT; dh lsuk esa vyoj ds 1860 eqlyeku rFkk ckgj ds 292eqlyeku FksA jkT; ds rksi[kkuksa eas vf/kdrj eqlyeku FksA13 fczfV'k lsuk esa HkhfofHkUu tkfr ds yksx jkT; ds ckgj lsuk esa HkrhZ gksrs FksA vU; tkfr;ksa dh viskkjktiwr eqlyeku fczfV'k lsuk esa vf/kd HkrhZ gksrs FksA ;g laHkor% muds iwoZtksa kjkfons'k lsok esa tkus dh ijEijk ds dkj.k FkkA eqfLye 'kkludky esa Hkh budks 'kkghlsuk esa lEeku fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj bl dkj.k jktiwr jktkvksa dks budh Lokeh HkfDrij lansg FkkA14

106


lu~ 1838 bZ- eas cUusflag us vius nhoku vkfn inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks gVkdjfnYyh ds jsthMsUV ds fj'rsnkj vEewtku dks nhoku o fetkZ bLQat;kj csx dksuk;c nhoku ÿe'k% 700 o 300 :i;s izfrekg ij fu;qDr fd;kA15 xouZj tujyjktiwrkuk ds ,tsUV lqnjyS.M us viuh fjiksVZ eas dgk fd fiNys 4 o"kZ eas tc lsu;s nhoku dh fu;qfDr gqbZ gS] vyoj jkT; esa dkQh izxfr gqbZ gSA muds iz;ksx Lo;avyoj ds fy, gh ugha cfYd jktiwrkuk ds fy, Hkh izsj.kknk;d gksaxsA16 nhoku usfgUnh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk jktdh; Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx djuk 'kq: fd;krFkk foÿe laor~ ds LFkku ij fgtjh laor~ dk iz;ksx fd;kA17 mlus nhokuh oQkStnkjh U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd;sA blls iwoZ jkT; ds >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk yEcjnkjvkSj fdysnkj ds kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA fyf[kr nLrkostksa dk izpyu cgqr de gksrkFkkA18

nhoku eqa'kh vEewtku us Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk esa Hkh lq/kkj fd;k vkSj oLrq dsLFkku ij udn :i esa yxku fy;k tkus yxkA mlus cdk;k jktLo dks olwy fd;krFkk jkT; dk Ω.k tks olwy ugha gqvk Fkk] mls olwy dj jktdks"k esa tek djk;kAmlus viuh rjQ ls ijxuksa esa rglhynkj fu;qDr fd;sA Hkwfe] dk'r djus ds fy,fdlkuksa dks fuf'pr le; ds fy, nh tkus yxhA ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; vkfFkZdladV ls mcj x;kA19 nhoku vEewtku o uk;c nhoku bfLQUn;kj csx nksuksa usdkQh lq/kkj fd;s ysfdu vEeqtku us jkT; dh ekyxqtkjh esa pksjh djuk vkSjfj'or ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA mlus yxHkx 20 yk[k :i;s dk xcu dj fy;ktcfd uk;c nhoku bfLQUn;kj csx cgqr bZekunkj FkkA uk;c nhoku us vEewtkudks pksjh o fj'or[kksjh djus ds fy, euk fd;kA vEewtku ij bldk dksbZ vljugha gqvk vkSj ukjkt gksdj mls in ls gVkdj mlds LFkku ij vius HkkbZ QTtwYykg[kk° dks uk;c nhoku fu;qDr dj fn;kA og Lo;a egkjkt cUusflag ds ikl jgusyxkA dqN fnukas ckn mlus vius rhljs HkkbZ veqYyk[kk° dks fliglkykj ds in ijfu;qDr fd;kA20

1851 bZ- esa cgjksM+ ds rglhynkj jkeyky o lhrkjke ds kjk pksjh ofj'or[kksjh dh ckrsa bfLQUn;kj csx ds b'kkjs ij jktk ds ikl igq°pk nhA tk°p esavijk/kh ik;s tkus ij rhuksa ek/;ksa dks lu~ 1851 bZ- esa dSn dj fy;kA mUgksausiz'kklfud lq/kkj fd;s ysfdu bu lq/kkjksa ls eq[;r% nhokuksa dh vk; esa o`fº gqbZ ufd jkT; dh vk; esaA21 cUusflag us vEewtku ds in ij bfLQUn;kj csx dks fu;qDrfd;kA og nks o"kZ rd nhoku ds in ij jgk ysfdu og ;ksX; iz'kkld ugha FkkAvr% jkT; iz'kklu esa vO;oLFkk QSyus ij lu~ 1856 bZ- esa cUusflag us vEewtku dks

iqu% nhoku ds in ij fu;qDr fd;kA bl izdkj nksuksa nhokuksa ds vf/kdkj esa jkT; dsvk/ks&vk/ks ks= j[ks x;sA22

cUusflag dh e`R;q ds ckn 15 tqykbZ] 1857 bZ- dks muds iq= f'konkuflagdk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvkA jktxn~nh ij cSBrs le; mudh mez 12 o"kZ FkhA iz'kklufnYyh ds eqfLye vEewtku o muds leFkZd eqfLye vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa Fkk]ftuds fÿ;kdykiksa ls jktiwrksa eas fonzksg dh Hkkouk HkM+d jgh FkhA jktk us Hkhcksypky o igukok fnYyh njckj dh rjg eqfLye viuk;kA vxLr 1858 bZ- esajktiwrksa us fonzksg dj fn;kA eqfLye eaf=;ksa ds vuq;k;h ekjs x;s ,oa Lo;a ea=hviuh tku cpkdj jkT; ls ckgj pys x;sA23 jktiwr vius eqf[k;k y[k/khj flagds usr`Ro esa eqfLye nhoku dks fu"dkflr djus ds fy, vkenk FksA vkSj jko jktkjktiwrksa ls cnyk ysus ds fy, cgqr xqLls esa FksA iksfyfVdy ,tsUV fuDlu us jkT;esa O;kIr vlarks"k dks nwj dj jktiwrksa dk ÿks/k 'kkar fd;kA mlus jktk dh vuqefrfy, fcuk Lo;a ds vkns'k kjk nhoku vEewtku o muds HkkbZ dks fu"dkflr djusdk vkns'k fn;kA24

dSIVu bEis us fuDlu kjk xfBr fjtsUlh dkSafly dks Hkax dj lEiw.kZiz'kklu vius gkFk esa fy;kA f'konku flag ij vc Hkh eqlyekuksa dk dkQh izHkkoFkk rFkk vEewtku vkSj mlds vyoj ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLrksi dj ijs'kkuhiSnk dj jgs FksA mUgksaus y[k/khj flag dh gR;k djus dk "kM;U= jpkA dSIVu bEisdks bldk irk pyus ij mlus vEewtku rFkk mlds HkkbZ;ksa dks cukjl esa utjcUndjok fn;k rFkk bfLQUn;kj [kk° dks 300 :- ekfld ias'ku nsdj vyoj ls fudkyfn;kA25 egkjko f'konku flag ij eqfLye izHkko ds dkj.k] jkT; esa vQokgsa QSyhgqbZ Fkh fd os bLyke /keZ viuk;saxs o nhoku vEewtku dh iq=h ls fookg djsaxsAFkksM+s cgqr ladksp ds ckn tYnh gh mudk fookg >kykokM+ ds egkjktk dh iq=h lsgqvkA vaxzst ljdkj kjk ;g r; fd;k x;k fd egkjko dh 'kknh ds ckn o 16 o"kZdh vk;q gksus ij] jktlŸkk muds gkFk esa lkSai nh tk;sxhA26 14 flrEcj 1863 bZ-dks f'konku flag ds o;Ld gks tkus ij jktlŸkk mls lkSai nh xbZ rFkk fjtsUlhifj"kn~ Hkax dj nh xbZA27

egkjko us vius iz;klksa ls vEewtku rFkk mlds HkkbZ;ksa dks cukjl ls fnYyhcqyok fy;k rFkk mudks yxHkx 4000 :i;s izfrekg osru ds :i esa fnYyh Hkstrkjgk rFkk mudh flQkfj'k ij eqlyekuksa dks jkT;lsok esa fu;qDr djus yxkA mudhlykg ls 'kklu pykus ls iz'kklu esa iwoZ dh rjg Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vO;oLFkk mRiUugks xbZ FkhA28 dSIVu bEis us jktdks"k esa 20 yk[k :i;s dh jkf'k NksM+h Fkh] ftldks

107


viO;;rk ls 'kh?kz gh [kpZ dj fn;k x;kA /ku ,df=r djus ds fy, osru esa dehdh xbZ rFkk cgqr lh vU; lgk;rk tks jkT; kjk yEcs le; ls yksxksa dks nh tk jghFkh] mls Hkh lekIr dj fn;k x;kA29 egkjktk t;flag kjk 1908 bZ- esa mnwZ ds LFkkuij fgUnh dks jktdh; Hkk"kk ?kksf"kr djus dks esoksa us mfpr ugha le>k vkSj osegkjktk dks lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[kus yxsA30 eqlyekuksa us 26 fnlEcj 1923 dksvatweu&,&[kkfne&my&bLyke uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bl laLFkk dkewy mn~ns'; 'kSkf.kd fodkl FkkA ;|fi ;g laLFkk /kkfeZd Fkh ysfdu 'kh?kz gh ;gjktuSfrd o lkEiznkf;d laLFkk cu xbZ vkSj viuk laca/k cEcbZ] vEckyk ovtesj vkfn dh laLFkkvksa ls LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA31 bl laLFkk us 1932&33 lsigys gh jkT; esa esoksa dks HkM+dkdj 1925 esa frtkjk esa ,oa 1929 eas xk°o gjlk.kk(ye.kx<+) esa fonzksg djok;sA32

bu izkjfEHkd /kkfeZd la?k"kZ ds dkj.k jkT; esa lkEiznkf;drk dh Hkkoukc<+us yxhA bldh vkM+ esa esoksa dh eq[; ekaxsa Fkha & Hkwfedj esa deh dh tk;s]Qly dks cckZn djus okys taxyh lwvjksa o fgj.kksa dks ekjus dh vuqefr nh tk;s,oa tdkr] fookg vkSj ekSNs ds fu;e gVk;s tk;sA33 17 ebZ] 1932 dks vyoj esaeqgjZe ls tqywl ds le; cgknjiqj esa yxHkx 400 esoksa us bdV~Bs gksdj] fgUnqvksa dsedkuksa ij iRFkj Qsaddj n°xk 'kq: fd;kA34 jkT; esa 26 ebZ] 1932 dks gt ;kf=;ksads ykSVus ij eqlyekuksa kjk l'kL= muds Lokxr esa bdV~Bk gksuk o fgUnqvksa ls nwjhcuk;s j[kus dks c<+kok nsuk tkrh; Hkkouk dks HkM+dkus okyk dk;Z FkkA35 bldhizfrfÿ;k esa fgUnqvksa eas Hkh /kkfeZd Hkkouk,° fodflr gksus yxhA eqgjZe ds voljij pekjksa us Hkh I;k≈ ij NIij cukus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA36 27 o 28 ebZ] 1932dks vyoj esa xaxk ekrk dh ewfrZ dh LFkkiuk dk tqywl pekjksa o lHkh fgUnw tkfr;ksads lg;ksx ls 'kkafriw.kZ fudyk ysfdu eqlyekuksa us vke gM+rky j[khA 29 ebZ dksxaxkth dh ewfrZ dh izk.k izfr"Bk dj nh xbZ ,oa blh volj ij eqlyekuksa us HkhlS∏;n eqckjd'kkg dh pn~nj dk tqywl fudkykA tqywl ds ekyk[ksM+k cktkjigq°pus ij nksuksa leqnk;ksa dk >xM+k gks x;kA bl xksyhdk.M esa nks O;fDr ekjs x;svkSj 30 ?kk;y gks x;s FksA37 eqlyekuksa us bl ?kVuk dks c<+k p<+kdj izdkf'krfd;kA blh ls vkxs pydj eso vkUnksyu dh i`"BHkwfe cuhA

egkjktk t;flag us /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[kus dsfy, jftLV™s'ku vkWQ lkslk;Vht ,DV 1932 ikfjr fd;k] ftls 20 twu 1932 lsykxw dj fn;k x;kA vc izR;sd laLFkk tks bl ,DV ds igys ;k ckn esa xfBr gqbZ gS]mudks viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwpuk jkT; esa jftLVj djkuh gksxh vkSj /kkfeZd

LFkyksa ij jktuSfrd Hkk"k.k ugha gksaxsA38 jftLV™s'ku ,DV dk fojks/k djus ds fy,eso vkSj vU; eqlyeku 22 tqykbZ] 1932 dks tqEes dh uekt ds fnu tkek efLtnesa bdV~Bs gq,A fojks/k djus ij jkT; dh iqfyl us mu ij ykBhpktZ fd;kA39 bl?kVuk ds ckn eqlyeku jkT; NksM+dj iM+kSlh jkT;ksa esa tkus yxsA bl ?kVuk ds ?kfVrgksus ds ckn vky bf.M;k eqfLye yhx] tekr&,&rkfcy&my&bLyke vkSj vkybafM;k eqfLye dkaxzsl jkT; ds eso eqlyekuksa dh ekaxksa dk leFkZu djus yxsA40 esofdlku vkanksyu bu ?kVukÿeksa ls izHkkfor Fkk vkSj lhekUr jkT;ksa fnYyh] iatkc]Hkjriqj] xqM+xk°o ds eqlyekuksa dk Hkh mu ij izHkko FkkA esoksa dk ;g vkfFkZd la?k"kZlkEiznkf;d jktuhfr ds jax esa jax x;k FkkA41 6 vDVwcj] 1932 dks vky bf.M;keqfLye dkaxzsl ds usrk eqgEen bdcky us ,d Kkiu Hkkjr ds okbljk; dks fn;kftleas eso eqlyekuksa dh izeq[k ekaxsa fuEu Fkha42 &

1- mnwZ vkSj Qkjlh dks jkT; ds Ldwyksa eas i<+kus dh O;oLFkk gksA

2- izkbosV Ldwyksa ds fy, cuk;s x, u;s fu;eksa dks okil fy;k tk;sA

3- jkT; dh lsokvksa esa eqlyekuksa dks mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ukSdjh nhtk;s vkSj vatqeu&,&[kkfne&my&bLyke ij izfrcU/k dks gVk;k tk;sA

4- fookg dh vk;q ds izfrcU/k dks gVk;k tk;sA

5- Hkw&jktLo] pjkbZdj] taxykrdj] pqaxhdj vkSj dLVe (i'kqvksa ij) 'kqYddks xqM+xk°o dh rjg de fd;k tk;sA

6- Qly dh jkk ds fy, taxyh i'kqvksa dks ekjus dh vuqefr nh tk;sA

7- :a/kksa dks de fd;k tk;sA

8- csxkj dks lekIr fd;k tk;s cka/k] jksM+ cukus] ?kkl dkVus] :a/k lkQ djusvkSj egkjktk ds f'kdkj ds nkSjs ds le; csxkj yh tkrh FkhA

9- rdkoh Ω.k esa vdky vkfn ds le; xqM+xk°ok dh rjg jkgr nh tk;sA

bl vkanksyu dks eso usrk ;klhu [kk° (xqM+xk°ok) ekSgEen vyh (vyoj)xqyke fed ukjax (vEckyk) us bls rst djus ds fy, dkSafly dh LFkkiuk dhA43

bu usrkvksa us eso ckgqY; futkerksa frtkjk] fd'kux<+ vkSj jkex<+ esa esoksa dks jkT;ksadks yxku ugha nsus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA ns[krs&ns[krs ;g lkaiznkf;d vkanksyufdlku vkanksyu esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA44 jkT; iz'kklu dks vius gkFk esa ysrs gq,fczfV'k ljdkj us bl vkanksyu dks lekIr djus ds iz;kl fd;sA 15 ekpZ] 1933 dksdSIVsu bCcV us bu pkj futkerksa esa yxku esa dqN NwV ,oa vU; jkgr nsus dh ?kks"k.kkdhA fczfV'k ljdkj us fu'p; dj egkjktk dks ;wjksi Hkstus ds fy, etcwj fd;k

108


vkSj 22 ebZ 1933 dks dqN o"kksZa ds fy, iwjk iz'kklu vius gkFk esa ys fy;kAegkjktk ds fu"dklu ds ckn 1933 ds var rd eso vkUnksyu lekIr gks x;kA45

lUnHkZ1- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] xtsfV;j vkWQ vyoj vuq- vfuy tks'kh] i`- 33 Hkkx&32- xgyksr txnh'k flag] t;iqj o vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl fgUnh lkfgR; eafnj

tks/kiqj 1966] i`- 2263- fiukdhyky] vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl fgUnh izse eafnj vyoj] i`- 174- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] xtsfV;j vkWQ vyoj vuq- vfuy tks'kh] i`- 1135- vksMk;j ,e- ,Q- ,lslesaV fjiksVZ frtkjk] cgjksM+] eq.Mkoj jktx<+ dBwej]

1898&996- vksMk;j ,e- ,Q- QkbZuy vyoj LVsV lsfVyesaV 1900&01 i`- 287- ogh] i`- 298- ogh9- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] xtsfV;j vkWQ vyoj vuq- vfuy tks'kh] i`-11810- jk-jk-vfHk- chdkusj ÿekad 148 cLrk 21 c.My 1 i`- 2411- jk-jk-vfHk- chdkusj] ÿekad 621 cLrk 205 c.My 3 i`- 12412- ,phlu lh- ;w- Vh™Vht ,axstesaVl ,.M lunl Hkkx&3 i`- 34613- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] xtsfV;j vkWQ vyoj vuq- vfuy tks'kh] i`- 4314- xgyksr txnh'k flag] t;iqj o vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 22415- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn Hkkx&2 ftYn&2 i`- 138416- jk-jk- vfHk- ubZ fnYyh@Qks-fM- fjiksVZ vkWQ n lnjyS.M vkuUn ,MfefuLV™s'ku

vkWQ vyoj ekpZ 1842 i`0 117- jkt vfHk- chdkusj] ÿekad 144 cLrk 19 c.My 10 i`0 3218- vjkoyh if=dk] vxLr&vDVwcj 1945 vad i`0 719- ';keynkl&ohj fouksn Hkkx&2 ftYn&2 i`- 138420- ogh] i`- 138521- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] vyoj xtsfVj;j i`- 2222- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn Hkkx&2 ftYn 2 i`- 138523- bfEijh;y xtV vkWQ jktiwrkuk] 1908 i`- 42824- jk-jk- vfHk- ubZ fnYyh@Qks-fM-@iks-,- Hkjriqj dk ,-th-th- vkj dks i= vyoj@

flr-1858] fjdkMZl vkWQ jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh@ 24 vyoj 1850&59 i`- la- 1625- ';keynkl&ohj fouksn Hkkx&2 ftYn 2 i`- 138726- jk-jk- vfHk- ubZ fnYyh@Qks-fM-@iks-,-,- dk i= vks-,-th-th- vkj dks vyoj]

23 twu] 1860@ikVZ ,@izksfl-@uoEcj 1860@QkbZy la- 379

27- ogh] i`- 37928- ';keynkl&ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2 ftYn 2 i`- 138929- ikmysV ih- MCY;w] vyoj xtsfVj;j i`- 2430- ethn g;kn fln~ndh] fgLV™h ,.M lkslk;Vh bu , iksiywyj fjosfy;u esokr

1922&23] i`- 44531- xgyksr txnh'k flag] t;iqj o vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 28532- xgyksr txnh'k flag] t;iqj o vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 285&8633- ogh] i`- 28634- jk-jk-vfHk- chdkusj@vyoj@dkufQMsfUl;y fjdkMZ@Qk-ua- 1449 ,Q@23@19

, i`- 1535- ogh] i`- 1636- ogh] i`- 1637- n fgUnqLrku VkbZEl] 5 twu 193238- vyoj LVsV xtV] ,DLV™k vkMZujh] 16 twu 193239- n fgUnqLrku VkbZEl] 28 tqykbZ 193240- 'kekZ c`tfd'kksj] ihtsUV ewoesaV bu jktLFkku] i`- 17641- ogh] i`- 17642- jk-jk- vfHk- ubZ fnYyh@Qks-fM-@iks- czkUp@QkbZy la- 743 ih (lhÿsV) 1933

bZLVuZ VkbZEl] 28 vDVwcj 193243- isekjke] ,&,xzsfj;u ewoesaV bu jktLFkku i`- 24844- tSu ,e- ,l-] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl i`- 2396&9745- jk-jk- vfHk- ubZ fnYyh@Qks-fM-@gkse iks- czkUp@QkbZy la-43@3@33ih ikVZ&2

109


e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds iz'kklu ,oa lSfud ks=esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk

MkW- ;kdwc vyh [kku

jktLFkku dh ohj ckykvksa dks ohj ifr dh dkeuk jgk djrh FkhA ;gk° dhohj dU;k dh ;g ohjksfpr dkeuk fdruh vuwBh gS fd vius ohj ifr dh igpkumUgsa paojh (fookgksRlo) esa gh gks tk;k djrh FkhA1 ;gk° dh lkSHkkX;orh fL=;ksa dhohjkfpr Hkkoukvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, dfo;ksa us ohjkaxuk kjk ;qº esa tkrs ifrdks nksuksa dqyksa dh ykt fuHkkrs gq, izk.k fn;s fcuk ;k fot;Jh dk oj.k fd, fcukykSVus ij mlls nkEiR; lq[kksiHkksx dh vk'kk u j[kus dh ckr dgykbZ FkhA bldkdkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;gk° dh ohj ukjh dk;j ifr ds lgokl dh viskk oS/kO; thouO;rhr djuk vf/kd Js;Ldj le>rh Fkha ;gk° dh yyuk,° vkSj ohjkauxk,° dsoyohj ifr dh gh dkeuk vkSj dk;j ifr dks f/kDdkjus rd dh lhfer ugha jgrh Fkh]vko';drk iM+us ij Lo;a ryokj] cUnwd vkfn 'kL= mBkdj 'k=q ls ;qº djus dksHkh rRij jgrh FkhA2

;s gh jef.k;ka vius dqVqfEc;ksa ds dslfj;k oL= igudj ;qº esa ifr dhohjxfr izkIr dj ysus ij ngdrh gqbZ fprkvksa esa vius dksey 'kjhj dh vkgwfr nsMkyrh FkhA ;gh ugha cfYd cgqr lh nsfo;ksa us le; vkus ij j.kpaMh dk :i /kkj.k dj vius [kM~x ls 'k=qny dks ?kkl dh rjg dkVdj var esa vkRe&cfynkufd;k FkkA

1- iz'kklfud ks= esa HkwfedkxaxkkckbZ&chdkusj ds egkjktk jk;flag (1574&1612 bZ-) dh iRuh xaxkckbZ*

dk izHkko vius ifr ds 'kklu&dky esa vf/kd FkkA4 xaxkckbZ us jkeflag dh e`R;q dsckn vius vYio;Ld iq= dh lajfkdk cudj jkT; dk;Z laHkkyk FkkA5 bl jkuhdk jkT; esa gLrksi o iz'kklu dkQh lQy jgkA bl n`<+ pjf= efgyk esa u dsoyvius iq= lwjflag dks lezkV tgkaxhj ls oru tkxhj gh fnyokbZ6 oju~ chdkusj jkT;dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa ÿkafrdkjh ifjorZu Hkh fd;s FksA vius ifr o iq= dsfojksf/k;ksa dk mlus cM+h dq'kyrk o ÿwjrk ls neu fd;k rFkk iq= dh xÌh dks Hkh

lqjfkr cuk;k FkkA7 og vius iq= ds fojksf/k;ksa ds neu esa bruh ÿwj gks xbZ Fkh fdlezkKh ^uwjtgka* ds vkns'k Hkh mls uje ugha dj lds FksA8 mlus jkT; iz'kklu esavius leFkZd eqrlfÌ;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dh FkhA eqxy iz'kklu kjk mlds fojksf/k;ksadks nh xbZ lqjkk dh Hkh mlus dksbZ ijokg ugha dh o bruk gh ugha muds vkns'kksa dhHkh vogsyuk dh FkhA

egkjkuh xaxkckbZ us vius ifr o iq= nksuksa ds le; esa jktuhfr esa viukvPNk izHkko cuk;s j[kk FkkA og izFke jkuh Fkh ftlus jktifjokj dh jkfu;ksa dksizkIr lqvoljksa esa izR;sd dky&iVjkuh] lajfkdk ,oa jktekrk ds :i esa izHkkocuk, j[kk FkkA blds izHkko dk lezkV vdcj us vius Qjeku9 esa ftÿ fd;k gSAlkFk gh ckn esa lkezkKh uwjtgka us Hkh vius fu'kku esa Li"V ladsr fn;s FksA jktkjk;flag dh e`R;q ds ckn jktk nyirflag ds le; esa egkjkuh xaxkckbZ us vius iq=lwjflag ds Hkkoh fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[ks gq, lezkV tgkaxhj ls mldks Qyksnh dhtkxhj fnyokus esa Hkh lQyrk izkIr dh FkhA10 egkjkuh xaxkckbZ dsoy brus ls ghlarq"V ugha gks ldhA vius iq= lwjflag tks jk.kk jk;flag dk NksVk iq= Fkk] dks xÌhfnyokus ds fy, og ;kstukcº rjhds ls pyus yxh vkSj bl lUnHkZ esa mlus rhuizdkj ds iz;kl fd;sA izFke&egkjkuh xaxkckbZ us vius jkT; ds HkkVh lkearksa dklgkjk fy;k D;ksafd og Lo;a Hkh rks HkfV;k.kh gh FkhA frh;&dwVuhfrd Lrj ijmlus vkesj ds dNokgksa dk lg;ksx fy;k] ftudk tgkaxhj ds 'kklu ds 10 o"kksZard jktiwr xqV esa cksyckyk FkkA blfy, og rhFkZ&;k=k dk cgkuk djds vkesjxbZ11 vkSj dNokgksa us lezkV tgkaxhj dks lwjflag ds ik esa djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k]ftlls egkjkuh xaxkckbZ ds fy, euksokafNr ifj.kke fudysA r`rh;&mlus ,dfo'kky lsuk laxfBr dh] ftlds cy ij vkf[kj esa mlus jko nyir dks ijkLr djfn;k FkkA [kkjckjk ds HkkVh fo'ks"k rkSj ij mlds lkFk gh jgs FksA

egkjkuh xaxkckbZ vius iq= ds 'kkld cu tkus ij mlds thou o 'kkludkydks bruk lqjfkr cukuk pkgrh Fkh fd mlus lHkh laHkkfor fojksf/k;ksa dks feVkus dh;kstuk cukbZ FkhA12 xaxkckbZ jktk jk;flag dh izFke iRuh ugha Fkh ysfdu mlusiVjkfu;ksa ds vf/kdkj o lEeku izkIr dj fy;s FksA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud la;ksx gSfd tgka eqxyksa esa ^uwjtgka* izHkko'kkyh Fkh] mlh dky esa jkBkSM+ jkT; esa xaxkckbZizHkko'kkyh FkhA vUrj dsoy ;gh gS fd jktk lwjflag ds 'kkludky ds izFke 10o"kZ egkjkuh xaxkckbZ ds gh o"kZ FksA egkjkuh xaxkckbZ dh uhfr;ksa ls jktk jk;flag dhiz'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa dks lfÿ;rk ls ykxw fd;k x;kA xaxkckbZ ds dkj.k gh lkearoxZ vius [kksbZ gqbZ lŸkk dks iqu% izkIr dj ldk o jkT; iz'kklu esa dsUnzh;dj.k dhizfÿ;k tkjh jg ldhA

110


gkM+h jkuh&egkjktk tloarflag izFke (1638&78) dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~mudh iVjkuh tks ^gkM+h jkuh* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA mlus tks/kiqj jkT; dkusr`Ro laHkkyk Fkk rFkk mlds iq= vthrflag dks xÌh fnykus ds fy, lezkV vkSjaxtscdks izkFkZuk,a Hksth FkhA13 bl lkglh] dq'ky o n`<+&izfrK gkM+h jkuh dk R;kx olw>&cw> dk gh ifj.kke Fkk fd tks/kiqj ds grk'k jkBkSM+ ekjokM+ dh xÌh ijU;kf;d vf/kdkjksa ds fy, eqxy lŸkk ls yksgk ysus dks rS;kj gks x;s FksA mlus jkBkSM+ljnkjksa dks ,df=r djds] egkjktk tloarflag ds oa'kt ds fy, jktxÌh dkscpkus ds iwjs iz;Ru fd;s FksA tc lezkV vkSjaxtsc us tks/kiqj dh xÌh vthrflagds ctk; vejflag ds iq= bUnzflag dks iznku dj nhA blls vthrflag dh xÌhizkfIr dh laHkkouk,a kh.k gks xbZ vkSj vkSjaxtsc ds fu.kZ; ls mlds lg;ksx dh lkjhvk'kk,a lekIr gks pqdh Fkh rc foo'k gksdj la?k"kZ dk jkLrk viukuk iM+k FkkA tcrd is'kkoj ls vkdj nqxkZnkl jkBkSM+ us ekjokM+ ds ljnkjksa dk usr`Ro ugha laHkkyk]mlds iwoZ gkM+h jkuh us gh bu jkBkSM+ksa esa vius dq'ky usr`Ro ds cy ij ,drkLFkkfir dj mUgsa cqyUn gkSalyksa ds lkFk eqxy lŸkk ls yksgk ysus dks m|r fd;k vkSjbl rjg ds usr`Ro esa vk;s jkBkSM+ksa ls iwoZ] vius usr`Ro esa LFkkuh; jkBkSM+ksa dh ,drkdks cuk, j[krs gq,] tks/kiqj jkT; esa gkM+h jkuh us gh leLr fÿ;kvksa dk lapkyufd;k FkkA14 ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd vthrflag gkM+h jkuh dk iq= ugha Fkk fQj HkhgkM+h jkuh us jkBkSM+ tkfr dh eqlhcr ds le; enn dh FkhA15

fllksn.kh jkuh&chdkusj jkT; dh ,d vU; jkuh] egkjktk vuwiflag dhiRuh fllksn.kh jkuh us egkjktk Lo:iflag ds dky (1698&1700 bZ-) esa jkT; dsiz'kklfud mŸkjnkf;Ro ,d lajfkdk cudj fuHkk;s FksA16 bl fllksn.kh jkuh usvius leFkZd O;fDr;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dj vius ik dks etcwr cukus ds dncmBk;s Fks rFkk egRoiw.kZ in ij] ew/kM+ksa dks fu;qDr fd;k FkkA17 chdkusj jkT; esafllksn.kh jkuh ds lajk.k dky esa mlds fo#º nwljh jkfu;ksa us vius iq=ksa ds ik esalezkV vkSjaxtsc ds ikl viuk izLrko Hkstk FkkA18 lkeUr o eqrlÌh oxZ bl iz'uij caV x;s FksA egkjkuh fllksn.kh ds iq= Lo:iflag dh e`R;q ds dkj.k gh ;gladV Vy ik;k Fkk ijUrq tks/kiqj ds egkjktk vthrflag us chdkusj jkT; dh blvoLFkk dk ykHk mBkdj mls foftr djus dh ;kstuk cuk yh FkhA19 mŸkjkf/kdkj dsfuf'pr fu;eksa dk mYys[k u gksus ds dkj.k ,slh fLFkfr;ka mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA ;ghfllksn.kh jkuh vius fo'oklik= ukftj yfyr ds iw.kZ izHkko esa Fkh bl dkj.klkearksa o eqrlfÌ;ksa kjk og ?k`.kk dk ik= cuh rFkk jkT; esa ruko dh fLFkfr gks xbZFkhA20

jkuh pw.Mkorth&t;iqj jkT; ds 'kkld ek/koflag dhe`R;q 5 ekpZ 1768

bZ- dks gqbZ Fkh] vkSj vius ihNs og nks iq=ksa dks NksM+ x;s Fks ftuesa ls ,d i`FohflagrFkk nwljk iq= izrkiflag FkkA21 muds i'pkr~ mudk izFke iq= i`Fohflag ikap o"kZdh vk;q esa xÌh ij cSBk FkkA22 jktk ds ukckfyx gksus ds dkj.k 'kklu dh leLrlŸkk ^jkuh pw.Mkorth* ds gkFkksa esa vk xbZ FkhA23 bl le; lkearh izfrLi/kkZ vkSjoSeuL;rk viuh pje lhek ij igqWap xbZ FkhA jkuh pw.Mkorth ds firk jkotloarflag nsox<+ ls t;iqj pys vk;s vkSj ;gka egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxsA24

jkuh pw.Mkorth ds kjk ;g fu;qfDr;ka djus ds dkj.k jkT; ds vU; lkear ukjktgks x;s vkSj jkT; esa lkear nks xqVksa esa caV x;s FksA ,d xqV pkSewa lkeksn ds tkxhjnkjksads usr`Ro esa ukFkkorksa dk Fkk rFkk nwljk xqV jktkorksa dk FkkA ;s xqV jkT; ds eaf=;ksadks ,d&nwljs ds fo#º HkM+dkus yxs FksA blds dkj.k jkT; dk iz'kklu f'kfFky gksx;k vkSj jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh detksj gks xbZ FkhA

egkjktk i`Fohflag dh e`R;q 1778 bZ- esa gh gks xbZ Fkh rRi'pkr~ mldk HkkbZizrkiflag t;iqj jkT; dh xÌh ij cSBk Fkk ml le; Hkh jkuh eka pw.Mkorthizrkiflag dh lajfkdk ds :i esa 'kklu djrh jgh FkhA26 mUgksaus eq[; inksa ijlkearksa dks fu;qDr u djds vU; O;fDr;ksa dks fu;qDr fd;k] ftlds dkj.k lkearvlg;ksx vkSj "kM;a= rFkk dqpÿ dk ekxZ viukrs jgs FksA i`Fohflag dh e`R;q dsckn mudh fd'kux<+ okyh jkuh ls ekuflag dk tUe gqvk FkkA ogh jktxÌh dknkosnkj Fkk ysfdu jktekrk pw.Mkorth ds kjk vius izrkiflag dks jktxÌh ijcSBk fn;k x;k FkkA i`Fohflag ds iq= ekuflag dh lqjkk ds fy, mls fd'kux<+mlds ukuk ds ?kj NksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA27 izrkiflag ds egkjktk dh dqlhZ ij cSBus ij1778 bZ- esa gh jkuh eka pw.Mkorth iqu% izfrfuf/k ds :i esa jkT; dk usr`Ro dj ogkads dkedkt ns[krh Fkh egkjktk izrkiflag dh voLFkk ml le; flQZ 13 o"kZ dhgh FkhA28 jktk dh vuqifLFkfr esa mudh jkuh iz'kklfud ks= esa ;ksxnku nsdj jkT;dh ckxMksj vius gkFk esa ys ysrh FkhA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa jkuh dks ^iVjkuh* dhinoh ls uoktk tkrk FkkA29 jktk viuh vuqifLFkfr esa jkT; dh ftEesnkjh viusHkkbZ ;k ifjokj ds vU; iq#"k dks jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls bu iz'kklfud ftEesnkfj;ksals oafpr j[krk Fkk D;ksafd jktk dks ;g Hk; jgrk Fkk fd muds HkkbZ ;k ifjokj dsvU; iq#"k mudh vuqifLFkfr esa mudh jktxÌh ij iw.kZr% vf/kdkj u dj ysosblfy, jktk viuh jkuh dks iz'kklfud vf/kdkj ns nsrs Fks] rkfd jktxÌh lqjfkrjg ldsA blh lUnHkZ esa jkfu;ksa ds mnkgj.k fuEukafdr gSµ

vkesj ds egkjktk ekuflag tc ;qº ds fy, fnYyh] vkxjk] dkcqy vkSjcaxky x;s Fks rc jktk dh vuqifLFkfr esa t;iqj jkT; dh ckxMksj jkuh HkfV;kuh*

111


us gh laHkkyh FkhA ml le; tc egkjktk ekuflag us eqxy njckj esa viuh txgikbZ rc jkuh HkfV;kuh us mUgsa iSls igqapkdj mudh enn dh FkhA30 ;g dgk tkrk gSfd jkuh HkfV;kuh ,d ,slh ukjh Fkh ftUgksaus vius Hkkats ^txey* dh jkk dh FkhvkSj egkjktk ekuflag ds kjk txey dks vdcj ds njckj esa igqapk;k FkkA 'kk;n;gh izeq[k dkj.k Fkk fd jktk ekuflag vkSj egkjk.kk izrki ds chp nq'euh gqbZ FkhA

,slk gh ,d mnkgj.k cusM+k (esokM+) ds egkjktk Hkheflag dh cM+h jkuh^jkBkSM+uhth* dk gS ftUgksaus jkT; dh jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls viuh HkwfedkfuHkkbZ FkhA cM+h jkBkSM+uhth fu;fer :i ls egkjktk Hkheflagth ds lEidZ esajgrh Fkh vkSj mUgsa vkxkeh lwpukvksa ls voxr djkrh FkhA blh izdkj dh ,dlwpuk jkuh us egkjktk dks rc nh Fkh rc ejkBk lsuk mn;iqj rd vkÿe.k ds fy,vk xbZ rks mn;iqj dh fLFkfr ij fu;a=.k gsrq og Lo;a Hkh vkxs vk xbZ FkhA31 esokM+ds jktk vfjflag dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ mlds NksVs HkkbZ gEehjflag tks fd X;kjg o"kZdk Fkk] mlus vius firk dks ftrk;k FkkA mudh ekrk] jktekrk ^ljnkj daoj* dks^ckbZthjkt* dgdj lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA tc esokM+ cqjs nkSj ls xqtj jgk Fkkrks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa jktekrk ljnkj daoj us ,d dq'ky iz'kkfldk ds :i esa jkT;dk usr`Ro djus eas viuk ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA32

jktLFkku ds e/;dky esa ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k feyrs gSa ftlls irk pyrk gSfd egkjktkvksa ds lkFk egkjkfu;ka Hkh nwj&nwj rd ;qºksa esa lkFk tkrh FkhA tks/kiqjds egkjktk mn;flagth dk yEcs le; rd ykgkSj eas eqdke jgk FkkA ml le;jkfu;ka Hkh muds lkFk gh FkhA33

t;iqj jkT; esa egkjktk i`Fohflag o izrkiflag (1768&79] 1863 bZ-) dhlajfkdk jkuh ds izHkko ds dkj.k jkT; dk iz/kkuea=h [kq'kgkyhjke rFkk ekpsM+h dklkeUr vkfn #"V gks x;s Fks o jkT; esa vO;oLFkk QSy xbZ Fkh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ;gka ejkBksa dks gLrksi djus dk ekSdk fey x;k FkkA34 blds dky esa egkorfQjkst] ftls mUgkssaus vius njckj dk lnL; fu;qDr dj fn;k Fkk] ds izfr mudsfo'ks"k >qdko ds dkj.k lkearksa o eqrlfÌ;ksa dks ukjkt gksus ds vkSj Hkh volj feyx;s FksA mUgksaus fojks/k Hkh fd;k fdUrq jkuh dk egkor ds izfr fo'okl lekIr ughagks ldkA var esa ljnkjksa kjk fQjkst dh gR;k dj fn;s tkus ij] jkuh us Hkh viusizk.k R;kx fn;s FksA35 esokM+ esa egkjk.kk gEehjflag frh; rFkk Hkheflag (1772&78)ds vYi o;Ld dky esa] jktekrk ds 'kklu dk ykHk 'kDrkor o pwaMkor ljnkjksa usmBk;k o viuh 'kfDr esa o`fº dhA bl fLFkfr esa ejkBksa dks Hkh gLrksi djus dkiwjk volj izkIr gks x;k Fkk rFkk ftlls ,slh fLFkfr cu xbZ Fkh ftlls fd esokM+

dk xkSjoe;h bfrgkl vrhr dh ?kVuk ek= cu dj jg x;kA36

2- lSfud ks= esa Hkwfedkkf=;ksa dk 'kkS;Z] mudh ;qº&fiz;rk] Lokeh&HkfDr] /kjrh&izse] opu&ikyu

vkfn iwjs fo'o esa vrqyuh; gS vkSj bls vrqyuh; Lo:i iznku djus esa thoUr'kfDr ds :i esa jktiwr ukfj;ka gh lrr~ izsj.kknkf;uh jgh gSA bu 'kfDr :iklcykvksa ds R;kx vkSj 'kkS;Z dh xkFkkvksa dk leqfpr foospu ugha gqvkA tks/kiqj dsjko ekynso (1589&1619 bZ-) ds 22 jktdqekjksa esa ls jke T;s"B iq= Fkk tks fonzksghgksus ds dkj.k ns'k ls mls fu"dkflr fd;k x;k Fkk rks og vius llqj egkjk.kkmn;flag ds ikl lgk;rkFkZ igqapk FkkA egkjk.kk kjk dsyok dh tkxhj izkIr gqbZ]rnqijkUr ;g lezkV vdcj dh lsok esa pyk x;k FkkA blh jkeflag ds iq=dY;k.kflag vkSj dY;k.kflag ds iq= jko txUukFkflag gq,] ftUgksaus ekyok esave>sjk jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bugha jko txUukFkflag dk fookg dNokghfd'kukorh ls gqvk FkkA ;g fetkZ jktk t;flag dh iq=h Fkh ftUgksaus jktLFkkuhohjkaxukvksa ds lHkh xq.kksa dks vkRelkr~ fd;k FkkA jko txUukFkflag dh iRuhdNokgh fd'kukorh us jktLFkku ls nwj jgdj Hkh vius iSr`d xq.kksa dks ugha Hkqyk;kFkkA eqxy lsuk ds QyLo:i bl jkuh ds iq=ksa dks eksjhx<+ dh lqjkk Hkkj lkSais tkusij] vpkud ejkBk ljnkj f'kokth ds usr`Ro esa vkÿe.k gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa]Lo;a dks lqjfkr djus ds foijhr iq=ksa lfgr ;qº&LFky esa mrj vkbZ o ohj&xfrdks izkIr gqbZA37

ctjaxns&;g mnkgj.k fo-la- 1744@1687 bZ- ds ckn dk gSA38 vkyf.k;koklds jktk fot;flag dh e`R;q ds ckn mudh iRuh ctjaxns39 tks jkT;&izca/kd ds:i esa izoh.k n`f"Vxr gksrh gS] us nqxkZnkl jkBkSM+ ds fo#º yksgk fy;k FkkA ekjokM+jkT; ds vkyf.k;kokl xzke ds Bkdqj fot;flag dh /keZ iRuh ctjaxns (cjtkaxns)cM+h ohj jktiwr efgyk FkhA bl L=h us vius ifr dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ fBdkus dhO;oLFkk dk dk;ZHkkj [kqn us gh laHkkyk FkkA og enkZus diM+s esa v'ok:<+ gksdjHkze.k djrh FkhA tloarflag izFke dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ vkSjaxtsc kjk tks/kiqj ijeqxy vkf/kiR; LFkkfir dj fy;k vkSj nqxkZnkl ds usr`Ro esa vthrflag dks iqu%jkT; fnykus o ekjokM+ jkT; dks Lora= djkus ds iz;kl tkjh fd, FksA bl rjgcatjaxns us vius ifr ds nsgkUrksijkUr fBdkus ds lkjs dk;Z&Hkkj dh ftEesnkjh viusda/kksa ij ys yh FkhA mlds vf/kdkj esa vkyf.k;kokl ds 44 xkaoksa ds vfrfjDr<wa<+kM+ dk pkVlw ijxuk Hkh FkkA40 vkSjaxtsc dh vksj ls nqxkZnkl dks tc esM+rk feykrks mlus ctjaxns ls dj olwy djuk pkgk ysfdu catjaxns us dj nsus ls lkQ badkj

112


dj fn;k Fkk] ijUrq vthrflag ds ekjokM+ ds 'kkld cu tkus ij nqxkZnkl jkBkSM+ usjkT; dh vkenuh dh o`fº gsrq vkyf.k;kokl fBdkus dh can js[k dks iqu% izkjEHkdjus dk iz;kl fd;k ysfdu ctjaxns us js[k nsus ls euk djrs gq, bl iz;kl dks HkhlQy ugha gksus fn;k Qyr% nksuksa ds chp ;qº Bu x;k FkkA jh;ka unh ds ikl nksuksads chp ?keklku ;qº gqvk Fkk ftlesa Bdqjkuh ctjaxns dh fot; gqbZ Fkh vkSjnqxkZnkl dks ijkLr gksdj Hkkxuk iM+k FkkA41 esM+fr;k lekt dks Bdqjkuh ctjaxnsdh lekt fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ka vPNh ugha yxh vkSj nsojktflag esM+fr;k us Bdqjkuhctjaxns ,oa mlds cPpksa dks [kRe djok fn;k FkkA42 ^^nks; dksl nksjh nqjxsl**43

;g dgkor vkt Hkh ml ohjkaxuk ds ohjRo dk Lej.k djkrh gSA

jktdqekjh lksek nsoh&;g lR; ?kVuk 13 oha 'krkCnh ds xqyke oa'k dsckn'kkg cycu ds le; dh gSA ml le; fgUnw lEekutud thou ugha th ik jgsFksA cgu&csfV;kas dh bTtr lqjfkr ugha FkhA ,sls le; esa gh ekynso dh jktdqekjh^^lkseknsoh** us eqleekuksa ls ;qº fd;k vkSj mUgsa ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k FkkA ;gohjkaxuk pkgj* xks= dh Fkh] tks viuh ohjrk vkSj lkgl ds fy, izflº gqbZ FkhA44

tkaxy izns'k (chdkusj) ds lh/keq[k uked LFkku ij pkgj xks= dk jktk^ekynso* 'kklu djrk FkkA mlhd iq=h dk uke lkseknsoh FkkA ,d ckj tSlyesj lsykSVrs le; rRdkyhu eqfLye xqykeoa'k ds 'kkld ds lsukifr us lsuk dk iM+kojktk ekynso ds x<+ ds ckgj Mky fn;k FkkA dqN le; i'pkr~ ,d cyoku lkaM+iM+ko ds ikl ls fpa?kkM+rk gqvk fudy jgk Fkk fd pkjksa vksj gkgkdkj ep x;kAfoyklh xqykeoa'kh lSfud Hkh lkaM dk eqdkcyk u dj lds vkSj nwj Hkkxus yxsrFkk dqN lSfud f'kfoj esa tk NqisA jktdqekjh lkseknsoh us tc yksxksa dh phRdkjlquh rks mlus >jks[ks ls fugkjk vkSj rqjUr Hkkxdj f'kfoj ds lehi tkdj mlusfcxM+s lkaM ds nksuksa flax idM+dj mls ?kqek fn;kA45 lkaM us Hkh iwjk tksj yxkdjLo;a dks ohjkaxuk ls eqDr gksus dk iz;Ru fd;k ijUrq og vlQy jgkA vc rdpkjksa vksj ls yksxksa us vkdj jLls ls lkaM dks cka/k fn;k FkkA bl vnE; lkgl dksns[kdj jktdqekjh ds 'kjhfjd cy ls lHkh izHkkfor gq, FksA lsukifr jktdqekjhdh lqUnjrk o 'kfDr ls eqX/k gks x;k vkSj mlus jktk ekynso dks fookg dk lans'kfHktok;kA lsukifr ds lans'k ij jktk us vU; tkVksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k vkSj ;gdgyok Hkstk fd &^^ge viuh dU;k eqlyekuksa dks ugha ns ldrsA** lsukifr usjktdqekjh dks tcjnLrh ys tkuk pkgkA tkV la[;k esa de Fks] fQj Hkh Hk;adj ;qºgqvkA ohjkaxuk lkseknsoh ?kksM+s ij p<+dj bl ;qº esa lfEefyr gqbZA mlus eqfLyelSfudksa dks xktj&ewyh dh rjg dkV Qsasdk FkkA46 tkVohj cM+h ohjrk ls yM+s vkSj

jktdqekjh lkseknsoh rFkk muds ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dks cpkdj fudky ys x;sAbl Hka;dj ;qº esa jktk ekynso dks viuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k FkkA

lrh f'kjksef.k jkuk ckbZ&jkukckbZ dk tUe lu~ 1543 bZ- esa tks/kiqj jkT;ds ijcrlj ijxus ds gjukekxzke esa gqvk FkkA47 muds firk dk uke pkS/kjhtkyeflag /kkuk FkkA ;g ohjkaxuk vdcj ds 'kkludky ds le; dh gSA ml le;vdcj dk ,d eqlyeku gkfde vius 500 v'okjksfg;ksa ds lkFk] xkWao ds 2 dksldh nwjh ij xkNksoky rkykc ij Msjk Mkys gqvk FkkA jkukckbZ us vkthou cz„pkfj.khjgus dh izfrKk dj j[kh FkhA og lqcg&'kke izHkq Lej.k djrh vkSj xkSlsok esa yhujgrh FkhA ,d fnu O;fHkpkjh gkfde us jkuk ckbZ ds :i dh ppkZ fdlh jkgxhj lslqu yh Fkh vkSj rHkh ls og eu gh eu jkukckbZ ls fookg djus dh lkspus yxk FkkAgkfde us mlds firk ls viuh iq=h dk fookg djus dks dgk ftls Bqdjkus ijgkfde us pkS/kjh dks dSn dj fy;k vkSj Lo;a lsuk ysdj jkukckbZ dks ykus ds fy,gjukek xzke esa tk igqapk vkSj tkyeflag dk ?kj ?ksj fy;kA bldk irk pyrs ghcky&cz„pkfj.kh ,d gh iy esa viuh ryokj ls ml nq"V dh xnZu /kM+ ls vyxdj nh vkSj flag xtZuk djrs gq, lSfudksa esa ?kql dj izR;sd dks dkV QsadkA ohjkaxukjkukckbZ vius tkV ohjksa ds lkFk tkdj vius firk pkS/kjh tkyeflag dks dSn lseqDr djk ykbZA48 bl izdkj ml ohjkaxu us viuh vkSj xk°o okyksa dh bTtrcpkbZA blls jkukckbZ dh dhfrZ lkjs ekjokM+ esa QSy xbZ FkhA**49

tokgj ckbZ&esokM+ ds egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dk iq= foÿekfnR; dk;j]foyklh vkSj v;ksX; FkkA esokM+ dh ckxMksj tc mlds gkFk esa vkbZ rks mldsdqizca/k ds dkj.k jkT; ds vO;oLFkk QSy xbZ FkhA esokM+ dh iM+kslh fj;klrsaekyok o xqtjkr ds iBku 'kkldksa us bl vjktdrk dk ykHk mBkdj fpŸkkSM+ ijvkÿe.k dj fn;kA 'kfDrghu foÿekfnR; eqdkcyk djus esa vius vkidks vleFkZle> dk;j dh Hkk°fr izk.k cpkdj Hkkx [kM+k gqvk ysfdu foÿekfnR; dh jktjkuh^^tokgj ckbZ** us yydkjrs gq, dgk &^^ohj k=kf.k;ksa! tkSgj djds dsoy gevius lrhRo dh gh jkk dj ldsaxh] blls ns'k dh jkk ugha gks ldrhA gesa ejukrks gS gh] blfy, pqipki vlgk; dh Hkk°fr ejus ls vPNk gS ge 'k=q dks ekj djejsaA cSfj;ksa dk [kwu cgkdj j.kxaxk esa voxkgu djsa vkSj vius thou dks gh ugha]e`R;q dks Hkh lkFkZd cuk;saA**50

lkjka'kr% ge ;gka dg ldrs gS fd jktLFkku dh efgykvksa us e/;dky esaviuh igpku u dsoy x`g.kh] eka] iRuh vFkok cfgu ds :i esa LFkkfir dh FkhcfYd oDr dh utkdr dks ns[krs gq, mUgksaus ,d dq'ky iz'kkfldk ,oa ohjkaxuk dkHkh lcwr fd;k vkSj ,sls dk;Z fd, tks iq:"kksa dh lw>&cw> ,oa ojhRo ls ijs FksA

113


lanHkZ1- gkyka >kyka jh daqMfy;k] NUn la[;k&252- jktLFkku dh laLœfr esa ukjh] MkW- foÿeflag jkBkSM+] i`- 863- jktLFkku dk lkekftd thou] txnh'kflag xgyksr] i`- 44- Bk- cgknqjhflag] chnkorksa dh [;kr] i`- 188] mejkoflag] jkbt ,aM Qky vkWQ

nh cPNkor] ukgVk laxzg] chdkusj] chdkusj jkT; dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] MkW-th-,l- nsoM+k] i`- 112

5- eksgrk [;kr] i` 28&30] chdkusj jkT; dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- 1136- n;kynkl [;kr] Hkkx&2] i`- 1987- ogh] i`- 230] 318- lezkKh uwjtgk° dk jkuh xaxkckbZ ds uke fu'kku] ua- 479- vdcj dk Qjeku] ua-&3] fnukad 22] blQSunkjeqt] 40] Qjojh 1595]

Qjeku] ealwjl~ ,aM fu'kku~l] chdkusj vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA10- Bk- cgknqjflag] chnkorksa dh [;kr] i`- 18811- n;kynkl [;kr] i`-&221] vk;kZ[;k.k] dYinzqe] i`-&1612. Rajasthan History Congress Proceedings, 1982, Volumw- XIII.P.-3813. Nobility under Aurangzeb-Dr.Athar Ali, P.10114. Wakya-Ajmer, P.- 241, 270, 277, Dr. Athar Aloi, Nobility under

Aurangzeb, P.10115. Vir Vinod, Shyamaldas, Vol.-II, P. 102316- chdkusj jh [;kr] egkjkt lqtkuflag lwa egkjktk xtflag rkabZ] i`-&5] chdkusj

jkT;] i`- 11317- chdkusj jh [;kr] egkjktk lqtkuflag lwa egkjktk xtflag rkabZ] i`-&5] v-l-iq-

chdkusjA18- chdkusj jS jkBkSM+k jh [;kr] egkjktk lqtkuflag lwa egkjktk xtflagth rkabZ] i`-

&12 n;kynkl jh [;kr] Hkkx&2] i`- 256&58] chdkusj jkT;] i`-&2719- oghA20- chdkusj jS jkBkSM+k jh [;kr] egkjktk lqtkuflag lwa egkjkt xtflag rkabZ] i`- 521. Genealogicla Table of th Kachhawahas-Harnath singh Dundlod, Jaipur

1968, P.-2022- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] ÿekad&364, cLrk ua-&52] caMy ua-

&10] i`-&6723. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (Trans) Keshav Thakur, P. 65424. History of Jaipur- M.L. Sharma, P. 18725. Political History of the State of Jeypore- J.C. Brook,. Caculta, 1868 P.-1626- jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa jkfu;ksa dh Hkwfedk&MkW- izfeyk iwfu;k] i`-&2

27- fnYyh ;sfFky ejkBk;ka=h jktdj.k i= la[;k&133] ijklful] fnukad 10fnlEcj 1784

28. Letter from Bai Shri Hari Kanwarji of Pratapsingh, Sarwan Sudi,V.S.1844?18 July, 1787 A.D., Zananii Tehriat, Jaipur, Rajasthan State,Archives, Bikaner.

29. Polygamy and Purdah, Varsha Josho, P.- 96, 97.30. "Rajasthan Ki Rajniti Mein Nati" (Women in the Politics of Rajasthan)

Rano Laxmi Kumari Chundawat, Maru Bhrarti, Vol./-27, 1969, P.- 931. Maratha Kaleen Itihasik Dastavez, (Historical Documents og the maratha

period0 K.S. Gupta, Vol. -1, Udaipur, 1989, Latter No.- 73, P.- 12032. Mewar Ka Itithas - Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Selhi, P. 215, 21633- jk.heaxk HkkVksa dh cgh (ekjokM+ dk jfuokl)& MkW- egsUnzflag uxj] i`- 7034. Annals and Antiquiries of Rajasthan, P. 654-65535. Ibid, P- &65636. Ibid, P-&26237- e# Hkkjrh] dNokgh fd'kukorh vkSj mlds iq=ksa ds xhr] lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor]

i`-3338- jktLFkku esa ukjh dh fLFkfr& MkW- 'kf'k vjksM+k] i`- 9139- ckadhnkl jh [;kr] jkBkSM+k jh okrkZ] i`- 71040- jktLFkku ds esM+fr;k jkBkSM+&MkW- gqdqeflag HkkVh] i`- 17541- ckadhnkl] 65] jes'kpUnz xq.kkFkhZ] jkt ifjtu ifjp;] 4942- ckadhnkl] jh [;kr] i` 65] jkBkSM+k jh okrkZ] i`-&71344- tkV ohjkaxuk,°& lq[kohjflag nyky] i`-&5745- ogh] i`-&5846- oghA47- ogh] i`- 6648- ogh] i`- 6749- oghA50- jktiwr ukfj;ka&MkW- foÿeflag jkBkSM+] i`- 82

114


Hkkjrh; lkekftd ifjos'k %e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds lanHkZ esa

nhif'k[kk yokfu;k

fdlh Hkh LFkku dh laLd`fr] lH;rk dk eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gS ogka dhlkekftd O;oLFkk ftlds varxZr fofHkUu ekuoh; lewg viuh vr% fÿ;kvksa lslaLd`fr dk ikyu iks"k.k djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkh izkphudky ls ekuo fofHkUu lewgksaesa jgrk Fkk ftls lekt dh laKk nh xbZa izkphudky esa lekt esa tks o.kZO;oLFkkdeZ ij vk/kkfjr Fkh tks ÿe'k% czkge.k] kf=k;] oS';] 'kwnz o.kZ Fks ogha e/;dkyrd vkrs&vkrs ,d o.kZ dbZ oxksZa esa fofHkDr gks pqdk Fkk ;gka vusd tkfr;ka]mitkfr;ka is'ks o LFkku fo'ks"k ds uke ls iui xbZ tks lekt dk ,d O;ogkfjd:i Fkk vc lekt esa oxksZa esa dBksjrk vk xbZ ^tkfr* 'kCn dks tUe ls tksM+k tkusyxkA HkkSxksfyd i`Fkdrk ;k nwjh Hkh ,d gh oxZ ;k tkfr dh gksus ij Hkh i`Fkd :ilsekuh tkus yxhA1

;g i`Fkdrk ekuoh; ,drk ds fy, ?kkrd flº gqbZ ijUrq bl o.kZ o tkrh;O;oLFkk us gekjh laLd`fr dks vkq..k gh cuk, j[kkA fo'ks"kr% jktLFkku esa tgkafons'kh vkÿrkavksa us ;gka dh o.kZ O;oLFkk ds Lo:i dks fcxkM+uk pkgk ijUrq ,slku gks ldkA ;gka Hkh eq[;r% czkge.k] kf=;] oS';] 'kqnz pkj o.kZ o cz„p;Z]xz`gLFk] okuizLFk] lU;kl pkj vkJeksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA blh o.kZ O;oLFkk dsvarxZr yksd /keZ] jhfr&fjokt] Hkk"kk,a vkfn lkaLd`frd ewY; vNwrs cus jgsA2

jktLFkku ds nLrdkjksa o oS';ksa dk O;olk; dkS'ky tkfrxr xq.kksa dh gh nsu gS tksns'kHkj esa fo[;kr gS tkfr dh lhek esa jgrs gq, vius drZO;ksa ds fy, tkx:drkgh bu laLFkkvksa dk lkaLd`frd ik gSA3

bl ;qx dh ,d uohu tkfr Fkh jktiwr ftudk mn; 7oha lnh ls ekuk tkrkgS ineukHk us viuh iqLrd esa buds 36 dqyksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS ijUrq 16 dk gho.kZu fd;kA4 ijekjksa] izfrgkjksa ds LFkku ij bl ;qx esa jkBkSM+ o pkSgku izfrf"Brea=h lykgdkj dh gSfl;r ls Hkh jgsa ftuesa foey'kkg] oLrqiky dk uke jkT; lsokgsrq izflº gSA5 'kqnz laKk vU; dk;ksZa esa yxs gksus ls dgha [kks&lh xbZA dqoy;ekyk]dFkkdks"k izdj.k esa dbZ tkfr;ksa dks ftuesa Hkhy] Mkse] tqykgs] pk.Mky vkfn dh

vUR;t dgk x;k ftUgsa lekt esa fuEu n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA6 blds vfrfjDrpksjh&MdSrh djus okyksa dks eysPN dh laKk nh tkrh FkhA7 o`gr dFkk dks"k esadk;LFk uked ys[kd tkfr dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA

mRrj Hkkjrh; lekt esa tgka fir`lRrkRed ifjokj Fks rks jktLFkku esa Hkh;gh fLFkfr FkhA fL=k;ka tks ifjokj dh /kqjh gksrh gS mudh e/;dky esa fLFkfr dqNvPNh ugha Fkh cgqfookg] lrh izFkk] dU;k o/k tSlh dbZ vekuoh; dqizFkk,a ;gkaizpfyr FkhA mifefr8 esa vf/kd la[;k esa iqf=;ksa ds gksus dks udj ds kj dh laKknh xbZ gSA fo-la- 977 ds ?kfV;kys ds ys[k esa lkoynsoh ds lrh gksus dk izek.kfeyrk gSA jktiwr fL=;ka ftl xoZ ls vius ifr ds xkSjo dh jkkFkZ fprk esa izos'kdj tkrh Fkh mlh izdkj firk ds xkSjo dh jkk gsrq eklwe f'k'kq dU;k dks viusizk.k NksM+us iM+us FksA dU;k fookg esa vf/kd [kpZ] fons'kh vkÿkarkvksa ds Hk; us'kk;n jktLFkku esa bu dqizFkkvksa dks c<+kok fn;k FkkA

bfrgkl xokg gS fd ;gka dh fL=k;ksa us le;≤ ij vnE; lkgl dkifjp; Hkh fn;k gS tc fprkSM+] j.kFkEHkkSj] tkykSj ij [krjk eaMjk jgk Fkk] jk"V™h;thou rgl&ugl gks jgk Fkk dekZofr] ifn~euh o yk[kksa lg;ksxh efgykvksa us tkSgjdj vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj ns'k dh uSfrdrk o vku&cku 'kku dh jkk dhFkhA9 'kfDr o HkfDr nksuksa gh ks=ksa esa jktLFkku dk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl jgk gSAlekt dh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks cpk, j[kus esa ;gka dh ukfj;ksa dk vHkwriwoZ;ksxnku jgk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k ks= ds fuokfl;ksa dk jgu&lgu ogka dh tyok;qo ijEijk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS] ,oa fofHkUu oxksZa esa Hkh jgu&lgu [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kkesa oSfo/; jgrk gSA jktLFkku esa [kku&iku dh n`f"V ls ifo=k] 'kqºrk o la;e dkikyu fd;k tkrk Fkk xzkeh.k feV~Vh] dk°ls ] ihry ds crZuksa o jktifjokjksa esa lksus]pkanh ds crZuksa dk iz;ksx ns[kus dks feyrk gSA10

jktiwr lekt vxz.kh Fkk ftudk vk[ksV djuk izeq[k euksjatu Fkk o mllsizkIr ekal 'kkS;Z dk |ksrd Fkk ftls pko ls [kk;k tkrk FkkA ekalkgkjh o 'kkdkgkjhnksuksa gh I;kt] vnjd] uhcw] yglu vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs FksA xsgwa] pus dh nky]nw/k] ngh dk izpyu FkkA in~euh pkSikbZ esa eV~Bs dk iz;ksx Hkh Hkkstu ds varxZrfeyrk gSA11

ifj/kku Hkh Hkkstu dh Hkkafr thou dk ,d vax gS jktLFkkuh os'kHkw"kk dkviuh lkaLd`frd ijaijk ds dkj.k viuk vyx LFkku gSA iq:"kksa dh os'kHkw"kk dsckjs esa eafnjksa dh osf"Vdk,a tks xqIrksRrj dky ls 15oha lnh rd dh gS tkuus dkvPNk L=ksr gSA

115


fofo/k O;olk; djus okyksa ds igukos esa varj FkkA tSls f'kdkjh dsoy/kksrh igurs Fks rks fdlku o Jfed dsoy yaxksVh ds <ax dh ≈°ph cka/kokyh /kksrhigurs FksA eYy dsoy dPNk igurs Fks rks lSfud NksVh /kksrh] ixM+h o dejcanAjkt- esa fpf=r dYilw=ksa esa jktkvksa ds eqdqV] iYys okyh ixfM+;ka] nqiV~Vs] dlhnsdh /kksfr;ka] eksVs vaxj[ks cM+s jkspd tku iM+rs gSaA eqxy izHkko ls ;gka ds ifj/kkuesa ,d uohu eksM+ vk;k ixfM+;ksa ds :i esa tks vku&cku 'kku dh izrhd cu xbZvkt Hkh fookgkfn esa ixM+h kjk lEeku nsus dh ijEijk gSA12 L=h ifj/kku esa ;gkadh fo'ks"krk gS ?kk?kjk] dapqdh] vks<+uhA v/kksoL= gh ifjofºZr gksdj ?kk?kjk o?ksjnkj dfy;ksa dk ?kk?kjk cu x;kA blh dk NksVk :i ygaxk dgykrk gS ftl ijxksVk&fdukjh o lyek&flrkjs dk dke fd;k tkrk FkkA vkt dh bu ij cM+hdkjhxjh dh tkrh gSA lkfM+;ksa ds fofo/k uke tSls vks<+uh] pwanM+h] /kksjkoyh vkfnizpfyr FksA13 pwanM+h o ygfj;k jktLFkku dh fo'ks"krk jgh gS tks vkt Hkh yksdfiz;gSA lkt&lTtk gsrq jktLFkku esa fofHkUu vkHkw"k.k dk Hkh izpyu jgk gS e/;dky ls20oha lnh rd bu vyadkjksa ds fofo/k :i fodflr gks x;sA vk"kZ jkek;.k]dYilw=k vkfn fpf=kr xzaFkksa esa Hkh budk izfriknu gqvk gSA

ftl izdkj ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkeksn&izeksn dk fof'k"B LFkku jgk mlhrjg budk jktLFkku esa Hkh egRo jgkA xhr laxhr u`R; dk o.kZu gesa mifefr HkkoiziapdFkk] jRukoyh vkfn xzaFkksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;gka n'kgjs ij jktiwr'kL=k iwtk djrs o HkSalk os/kus dh nksM+ Hkh vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA

an ;qº o ck.k pykuk lkoZtfud :i ls euksjatu ds :i esa ns[kk tkrkFkkA f'kdkj djuk jktifjokjksa dk izeq[k euksjatu Fkk ftldh O;oLFkk njksxk&,&f'kdkj ;k vehjss&f'kdkj djrk Fkk dHkh&dHkh jkfu;ka Hkh blesa Hkkx ysrh Fkh omuds epku ij insZ dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA14 eqxy izHkko ls ;gka ryokjckth]?kqM+nkSM+] rhrjckth Hkh izpfyr [ksy FksA uV] Hkk.M Hkh Fks tks xyh&xyh tkdjviuk rek'kk fn[kkrs FksA dkSfVY; o ck.k us ,sls gh euksjatuksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS tksjktLFkku esa vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA jktLFkku esa othj] lSU; lapkyd fo'ks"k :i ls'krjat [ksyrs FksA15 [ksy euksjatu ds lk/ku gS ij os lekt esa lkeatL; o ln~HkkomRiUu djus dk vPNk volj Hkh nsrs gSaA

fu"d"kZr% e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa o.kZO;oLFkk dBksj gks xbZ ,oa fons'khvkÿkarksa ds izHkko ls fofHkUu ifjorZu Hkh vk,A fofHkUu dqjhfr;ksa dk tUe HkhgqvkvkSj dbZ uohu vk;ke laLd`fr esa 'kkfey gq,A [kM+h cksyh o LFkkuh; Hkk"kk,afodflr gqbZ lkfgR; Hkh jps x,A lkaLd`frd /kjksgj ds :i esa ubZ o iqjkuh

ijaijkvksa dk vuwBk leUo; bl ;qx esa gqvkA ijUrq fQj Hkh jax jaxhyh jktLFkkulaLd`fr esa bl ;qx esa Hkh gesa fofo/krk esa ,drk dh fo'ks"krk n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA

lanHkZ1- jktdk bfrgkl &MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ] i`- 912- jktdk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl& MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ] i`- 573- vyo:uh Hkkjr] i`- 17] 20] th-,u- 'kekZ] lks'ky ykbQ bu esfMoy jktLFkku

i`- 107&1054- esjk ys[k & vkWfjftu vkWQ n jktiwRl jktLFkku LVMht] t;iqj 1965&66] i`-

1&105- jkt- Fkwzw-n- ,tst i`- 438&396- dqoy;ekyk i`- 40 jkt- Fkzw-n- ,tst i`- 429&327- dqoy;ekyk i`- 168- mifefr i`- 6989]10- jktdk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl & th-,u-'kekZ i`- 74] 7811- in~feuh pkSikbZ] i=k 20&2112- th ,u-'kekZ] lks'ky ykbQ bu esfMoy jkt-i`- 144&14713- ekuyhyk fpf=r i= 11&1214- ukjn Le`fr 17 i`- 212] vejlkj i=] 3015- jktizdk'k i=k 24&25] nLrwj dkWeokj ua- 25

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19oha lnh ds fd'kux<+ jkT; esa f'kkk dk fodklMkW- vfouk'k ikjhd

vBkjgoha lnha rd fd'kux<+ jkT; esa izkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijkxr f'kkkiz.kkyh tkjh jgh ftldk mn~ns'; O;kogkfjd Kku] O;f‰xr dY;k.k vkSj thfodkfuokZg ds lk/ku miyC/k djkuk FkkA mUuhloha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ esa fd'kux<+ ds'kkldksa us f'kkk ds izlkj ds fy, xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa mu LFkkuksa ij tgk° chl fo|kFkhZmiyC/k gksrs ogk° fuEu izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksyus dk iz;kl fd;kA cM+s xzkeh.k ks=ksaesa mPp izkFkfed fo|ky; ,oa ek/;fed fo|ky; [kksydj f'kkk ds izfr yksxksa esa:fp tkxzr dhA izkFkfed f'kk.k laLFkkvksa esa O;kogkfjd vkSj O;kolkf;d f'kkkrFkk izkjfEHkd f'kkk esa /kkfeZdrk dk Lrj vR;Ur mPp dksfV dk FkkA egkjktk'kknqZyflag ds le; dbZ ubZ ikB'kkykvksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA mPp izkFkfed f'kkkrd dh i<+kbZ dh ;kstuk lEiw.kZ jkT; esa ,d lkFk izkjEHk dh xbZA1

fd'kux<+ jkT; ds :Ikux<+] vjk°bZ vkSj ljokM+ esa dqN LFkkuksa ij mPpizkFkfed fo|ky; izkjEHk fd;s x;sA fd'kux<+ 'kgj esa ,d gkbZ Ldwy fdax ,MoMZeseksfj;y (ds-bZ-,e-) ftls enus'k fo|ky; ds uke ls izkjEHk fd;k x;kA dqNle; Ik'pkr~ bl fo|ky; dks ÿeksUur djds mPp ek/;fed Lrj dk cuk;k x;kAbl fo|ky; dk iz/kkuk/;kid ml le; jkT; dk f'kkk funs'kd gqvk djrk FkkAjkT; ds lHkh fo|ky;ksa] muds iz'kklu] vuq'kklu ,oa f'kkk ds Lrj dk ;gkafujhk.k fd;k djrs FksA dqN cM+s dLcksa tSls ljokM+] vjk°bZ vkSj djdsM+h dsfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa dks ekr` Hkk"kk esa v/;kiu djk;k tkrk FkkA bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa esavaxzsth Hkk"kk dk Kku cgqr vYi FkkA blh le; fd'kux<+ esa fLFkr egkjktk gkbZLdwy dks bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls lEcº fd;k x;k FkkA

oSfnd f'kkk ds fodkl ,oa izlkj ds fy, mUuhloha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ esaLokeh n;kuUn ljLorh dk tc fd'kux<+ jkT; esa vkxeu gqvk rks mUgksaus ;gvuqHko fd;k fd ;gk° dh iztk jktk dh va/k Hk‰ gSA vr% fcuk jktk dks lq/kkjsoSfnd f'kkk dk izlkj vlEHko gSA blfy, mUgksaus osnksa dh ^;Fkk jktk rFkk iztk*dh mf‰ ds vuqlkj 1881 bZ- esa fd'kux<+ jkT; ds 'kkld 'kknqZyflag dks lr~lkfgR; ,oa 'kkL=ksa dk v/;;u djkus ds fy, Lo;a ;gk° vkdj muesa mŸkjnkf;Rodh Hkkouk dks tkxzr dj 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr oxZ ds e/; lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk

fodkl fd;k FkkA Lokeh th us fd'kux<+ jkT; ds 'kkld ,oa nhoku dks ckfydkf'kkk ds izfr Hkh izsfjr fd;k FkkA2

fd'kux<+ jkT; esa efgyk f'kkk ds fodkl dh izfÿ;k mUuhloha lnh dsvUr esa izkjEHk gqbZ FkhA fd'kux<+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh esa izFke dU;k mPp izkFkfedfo|ky; izkjEHk fd;k x;kA ;|fi ml le; ckfydk f'kkk ,d LoIu ,oavdYiuh; ekuk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd tu lkekU; esa ckfydk f'kkk ds izfr :fp tkxzrugha gqbZ FkhA fd'kux<+ jktnjckj dh jkfu;k° ,oa jktdqekfj;k° Hkh ml le; dhegku fonq"kh v/;srk jgh ftUgksaus viuh izfrHkk ls tulkekU; dks izsfjr fd;k FkkAbuesa egkjkuh ck°dkorh] jktdqekjh lqUnjd°qojh] N=dq°aojh ,oa c.kh&B.kh us czt]laLd`r ,oa fgUnh Hkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh jpuk djds Js"Bre~ mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA3

bEihfj;y xtsfV;lZ] jktiwrkuk] 1906 bZ- ds vuqlkj fd'kux<+ jkT;jktiwrkuk ds 20 jkT;ksa esa lkkjrk ds ks= esa 4-6 izfr'kr ds lkFk pkSFks uEcj ijFkkA blesa iq:"k lkkjrk dh nj 8-4 izfr'kr ,oa efgyk lkkjrk dh nj 0-4izfr'kr FkhA bl lnh esa jkT; dh yxHkx 29 'kSfkd laLFkk,° Fkh ftuesa 1000 Nk=,o 70 Nk=k;sa v/;;u djrh FkhA bu Ldwyksa esa 17 Ldwy fd'kux<+ njckj kjk6500@& :Ik;s okf"kZd [kpZ djds lapkfyr dh tkrh FkhA nks Ldwysa LdkWVyS.Mfe'ku dh ;wukbVsM ›h ppZ kjk rFkk nl Ldwysa O;f‰xr lEifŸk ds vUrxZr futh'kkykvksa ds :Ik esa lapkfyr FkhA chloha lnh ds iwokZºZ esa lu~ 1902 bZ- esa jkT;kjk ,df=r jktLo esa ls ek= ,d izfr'kr gh f'kkk ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk FkkA4

efgyk f'kkk ds fodkl dh izfÿ;k esa jkT; kjk :Ikux<+ vkSj fd'kux<+ esaizkFkfed dU;k Ldwy vkSj nkbZ izf'kk.k laLFkku [kksyk x;kA 1906&07 bZ- esa:Ikux<+ Ldwy dks cUn djds mls ljokM+ esa LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;k x;kA 1908&09esa fd'kux<+ jkT; esa ek= rhu izkFkfed dU;k fo|ky; FksA fd'kux<+ dh izkFkfeddU;k fo|ky; esa 1933&34 bZ- esa ek= 44 Nk=k,sa v/;;u dj jgh FkhA 1934&35bZ- esa fd'kux<+ ,oa ljokM+ Ldwy esa Nk=k,° ek= 61 gh jg xbZ FkhA 1938&39 bZard ljokM+ ds dU;k Ldwy esa flykbZ] d<+kbZ o cqukbZ fl[kus ds lkFk gh bls mPpizkFkfed Lrj dk dj fn;k x;k FkkA5 1921 bZ- dh tux.kuk fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj dqy36875 efgykvksa esa ls dsoy 170 gh lkkj Fkh vkSj dsoy 9 efgyk,° gh vaxzsthHkk"kk i<+ ,oa fy[k ldrh FkhA6 bu rF;ksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gSa fd efgyk f'kkk dsizfr psruk ml le; ds yksxksa esa dkQh foyEc ls tkxzr gqbZ FkhA

fd'kux<+ 'kgj dh egkjktk gkbZ Ldwy dh lEcºrk cksMZ vkWQ gkbZ Ldwy,.M b.VjfefM,V ,T;wds'ku] jktiwrkuk ls FkhA fd'kux<+ jkT; ds iz/kkuea=h kjkegkjktk gkbZ Ldwy dh lEcºrk gsrq izsf"kr fd;s x;s izkFkZuk i= ds izfr mŸkj esa cksMZ

117


ds lfpo j?kqukFknkl us Ldwy dks lEcºrk iznku djrs gq, 29 uoEcj] 1930 bZ-dks ,d i= izsf"kr dj 1933&34 bZ- dh gkbZ Ldwy ijhkk ds fy, vLFkk;h ekU;rkesa o`fº dk mYys[k fd;k FkkA bl i= ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd egkjktkgkbZ Ldwy esa ml le; vaxzsth] xf.kr] laLd`r] Qkjlh] foKku] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy]fgUnh ,oa mnwZ fo"k;ksa dk v/;kiu djok;k tkrk FkkA v/;kidksa dks de osruekufn;s tkus dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSaA7 1933&34 bZ- esa fd'kux<+] enuxat] ykok]:Ikyk vkSj vjk°bZ esa izkFkfed fe'ku Ldwy [kksys x;s ijUrq budh izxfr vlUrks"ktudjghA fe'ku Ldwy ml le; turk esa yksdfiz; ugha gks ldsA jkT; us turk ijf'kkk dj ds :Ik esa [kkylk Hkwfe ij ,d :Ik;k izfr ch?kk olwyh ds ckotwnf'kkk ds izfr dksbZ :fp ugha fn[kkbZA8

fd'kux<+ jkT; esa cgqr ls LFkkuksa ij fo|ky; [kksys x;s ;|fi lhfu;jfo|ky; dqN cM+s 'kgjksa rd gh lhfer FksA izkFkfed ,oa mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksadk tky xzkeh.k ,oa NksVs LFkkuksa ij QSyk gqvk FkkA fo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiu dk dk;Zizf'kfkr vkSj ;ksX; v/;kidksa kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA fd'kux<+ xtV esa izdkf'krvf/klwpuk esa f'kkdksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk ,oa osrueku xzsM dkmYys[k feyrk gSaA ftldk mYys[k fuEu izdkj fd;k x;k gSa &

f'kkk foHkkx] fd'kux<+ jkT;vko';drk % ftyks dh Ldwyksa ds fy, fuEufyf[kr xzsM ij vuqHkoh v/

;kidksa dh vko';drkA1- efgyk v/;kfidk (oh-Vh-lh-) 40-2-50-3-652- iq:"k v/;kid (oh-Vh-lh-) 35-2-45-3-603- izosf'kdk ijhkk mŸkh.kZ v/;kid 25-2-45-3-604- oukZdwyj mPp izkFkfed 25-1-31-2-45

bl foKkiu ds lUnHkZ esa ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh vH;FkhZ viuk izkFkZuk&i=lR;kfir 'kSfkd nLrkostksa dh izfrfyfi lfgr vfrfj‰ lnL;] fd'kux<+ jkT;dkss 5 tqykbZ] 1947 bZ- rd iszf"kr djsA9 bl foKkiu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gSa fdefgyk v/;kfidkvksa dks mPp osrueku fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fdjkT; efgyk f'kkk ds izfr vf/kd lpsr FkkA

egdek[kkl 'kk[kk] fd'kux<+ ds ykyflag] phQ eSEcj vkWQ dkmfUlyds fnukad 17 tqykbZ] 1947 bZ- dks i=kuqlkj fd'kux<+ jkT; kjk mPp v/;;u dsfy, 'kgj tkus okys izfrHkkoku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Nk=o`fŸk jkf'k fn;s tkus dk fu.kZ;fy;k x;kA bu izfrHkk'kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dyk lekykspd MkW- QS;kt vyh]

f'kkkfon~ MkW- jke izlkn 'kekZ] f[kykM+h dY;k.kflag cUuk vkSj fu"ik iz'kkldujsunkl vkfn FksA jkT; kjk izfrHkkoku o vkfFkZd :Ik ls t:jreUn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dksvaxzsth ek/;e ds gkbZ Ldwy esa i<+us ds fy, izsfjr Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA

bl lUnHkZ esa fd'kux<+ jkT; ds ,fM'kuy eSEcj vkWQ dkmfUly ch-Mh-iqjksfgr kjk us ,d lkoZtfud vf/klwpuk lekpkj i= esa izdkf'kr dh xbZA ftlesafd'kux<+ ds egkjktk mu izfrHkk'kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, Nk=o`fŸk tkjh djukpkgrs gS tks vaxzsth ek/;e esa mPp f'kkk izkIr djus esa vleFkZ gSA os fo|kFkhZ viusewy nLrkostksa ds lkFk izkFkZuk&i= jkT; ds f'kkk&foHkkx dks 15 vxLr] 1947 bZ-rd izsf"kr djsaA10 blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd fd'kux<+ jkt njckj ds kjk mPpf'kkk ds fodkl ds fy, gj lEHko ljkguh; iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk FkkA

lUnHkZ1- feJ txUukFk izlkn] fd'kux<+ jkT; vkSj egkjktk lqesjflag] lat; izdk'ku]bZVk

(m-iz-)] 1972 bZ-] i`- 132- 'kkjnk gjfoykl] ykbQ vkWQ n;kuUn ljLorh&oYMZ Vhpj] oSfnd ;a=ky;]

vtesj] 1946 bZ-] i`- 443- ;kno lUrks"k] mUuhloha vkSj chloha lnh esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr] fizUVosy izdk'ku]

t;iqj] 1987 bZ-] i`- 894- bEihfj;y] xtsfV;lZ] izksfoaf'k;y lhfjt] jktiwrkuk] bykgkckn 1906 bZ-] (jkt-

jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj) i`-3175- fjiksVZ vkWu nh ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh fd'kux<+ LVsV 1906&07] 1908&09]

1933&34] 1934&35] 1938&39] (vkcw dysD'ku] jkt-fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj)i`- 15]79 vkSj 82

6- tux.kuk fjiksVZ] fd'kux<+ LVsV] 1921, Vscy 8&ch- (jkt-jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]chdkusj)

7- lfpo] cksMZ vkWQ gkbZ Ldwy ,.M b.VjfefM,V ,T;wds'ku] i= ÿekad&4084]fnukad&29 uoEcj] 1930 ds vuqlkj of.kZr gSaA (jkt- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]chdkusj)

8- fjiksVZ vkWu nh ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh fd'kux<+ LVsV 1933-34 bZ-] (vkcwdysD'ku] jkt-fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj) i`- 64

9- fd'kux<+ LVsV xtV] okWY;we&13]ua- 18] 1 tqykbZ] 1947 bZ-] (jkt- jkT;vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj) i`- 5

10- ogh] ua- 20] 1 vxLr] 1947 bZ-] i`- 5

118


egkjk.kk laxzkeflag frh; dkyhu O;fDr fp=MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor

l=goha 'krkCnh dh fp= jpukvksa esa ekuoh; vkd`fr;ksa dk laf/k la;kstu,oa foU;kl larqfyr gS rFkk vkd`fr;ksa dk vkdkj foLrkj muls lEcº ifjdYiukvkSj egRo cy ds vuq#i gSA pVdhyh jax;kstuk ds lkFk vkd"kZd #ifo/kku vkSjifj'kqº Hkafxek] vaxfoU;kl ,oa jln`f"V rFkk mu lcds ds ikjfLifjd lkeatL;ksals vHkh"V Hkkoksa dk mn~?kkVu ekuoh; vfHkO;fDr dh n`f"V ls lUnfHkZr fp=jpukvksa dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk gSA rF;r% lksygoha l=goha 'krkCnh ds esokM+ dsfp= thou vkSj thoUrrk ls Hkjs rFkk fujUrj xfr'khyrk ds rRoksa ls vuqizkf.kr gSA1

l=goha 'krkCnh dh esokM+ dh fp= jpuk,a lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd#>kuksa ,oa lekt ;k tulkekU; dh lkSUn;Z cks/k] dykijd ,oa vuqjatukRedizo`fr dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrs gSA ;s fp= vf/kdka'kr% tu Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDrlkisk tu lkekU; ds vuqjatu dh jpuk, FkhA ;g ckr fHkUu gS fd os tulkekU;dh igqap ds ijs dh oLr,a cuh jghA fdUrq jpukxr mÌs';] fo"k; oLrq ,oaizLrqrhdj.k dh n`f"V ls os tulkekU; dh tulkekU; ds izfrfuf/k;ksa kjk tulkekU;;k yksd ds Kku] ifjyksc ,oa #fp ls lEc) jpuk,a gSaA2

egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; (1710&1734 bZ-) ds dky esa esokM+h fp=dykfQj ls u;s vk;ke Li'kZ djrh gSA egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; dk dky esokM+ esa'kkafr ,oa le`fº dk vafre ;qx Fkk] D;ksafd blds i'pkr~ esokM+ esa ejkBks dk mRikrizkjEHk gks tkrk gSA egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; ds dky esa dbZ O;fDr fp=ksa dkfuekZ.k gqvk dqN mYys[kuh; fp=ksa dk fooj.k bl vkys[k esa lekfgr gSA

[kstM+h iwtu& jktizklkn laxzgky; mn;iqj esa lqjfkr 1710 bZ- ds blfp= esa ,d 'kkfe;kuk ghxyq jax esa vafdr gSA ≈ij dh vksj dbZ rksis fpf=r gS rks,d rjQ egkjk.kk cMs tqywl ls ogk vk jgs gS rFkk 'kkfe;kuk esa dbZ yksx cSBs gSAe/; esa lqQsn i`"BHkwfe nsdj ekuokd`fr;ksa dks] la;ksftr fo"k;oLrq esa lqUnj <ax lsmHkkjk x;k gS 52^^◊17^^ vkdkj dk ;g fp= dyk dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZgSaA3 bl fp= eas rRdkyhu ukeksYys[k vuqlkj O;fDr fp=ksa dk T;ksa dk R;ksa fp=.kns[kk tk ldrk gSA muesa n'kgjk ds volj ij [kstM+h iwtu esa lfEEkfyr vla[;

ekuokd`fr;ksa ds Lo#Ikksa dks fpf=r ns[kk tk ldrk gSA muesa iapksyh fcgkjhnkl]jkefalag] fd'kunkl] j?kqth] ye.k iqjksfgr] lq[kjke ,oa xksikyflag] jktk fdjrflag]jkor nso] Hkkuey th] jkor dsljh flag] jkor laxzkefalag] jkor i`Fohflag] >kykvtksth] jkor Jaxnsoth] 'kDrkor thrflag] jkorgjh flag] j?kqukFk flag] egkjktkizrkiflag] egkjk.kk r[rflag] jkBkSM+ Hkheflag] ukxksj okys egkjk.kk v?kksr flag>kMksy jkor] lqesj flag vkfn vusd rRdkyhu njckfj;ksa ds fp= fo'ks"k mYYks[kuh;gS] ftUgsa ge O;fDr fp=.k ds varxZr fo'ks"k egRo ns ldrs gSA4

tsfB;ks dh dq'rh& 1720 bZ- bl fp= esa egkjk.kk egy ds ckgj uhps dhcSBd esa cSBs fpf=r gSA i`"BHkwfe esa egyksa dk lkSUn;Z iw.kZ vadu gSA lkeus ds pksdesa dbZ tsBh dq'rh yM+ jgs gSA bles f=iksfy;k dh vksj dbZ gkFkh [kMs vafdr gSSAnksuksa vksj euq";ksa dh iafDr [kM+h gSA tks fp= dks ,d bdkbZ esa cka/krh gSA34^^◊29^^ ds vkdkj dh ;g HkO; d`fr jktizklkn laxzgky; mn;iqj esa lqjfkrgSA5

bl fp= esa egkjk.kk laxzke flag th ds ikl esa Jh nqxkZnkl th cSBs gq, gS tksfd tks/kiqj ls fu"dkflr gksdj laxzke flag th ds njckj esa vk,A egkjk.kk dhihNs dh drkj esa lcls ihNs jktdqekj txrflag gSA bl fp= esa ftrus Hkh ik=fpf=r gSa] muesa loZizFke ge dq'rh ºyM+us okysΩ tks xksYMu doj dh ixM+h oihyh pM~Mh igus gSa muds ikl gh yky /kkjh dh pM~Mh okyk tsBh ehBk gS rFkkgjh /kkjh dh pM~Mh okyk jktkjke tsBh gSaA bu nksuksa dh dq'rh dks ukS Lrj esa ,dgh fp= ds vUrxZr fn[kkdj fp=dkj us egRoiw.kZ n`'; izLrqr fd;k gSA6

;g d`fr egkjk.kk laxzke flag ds ;qx ds fof'k"V fp=ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k egRoj[krh gSA mlesa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag ds lEEkq[k vusd rRdkyhu O;fDr fp=ksa dksukekafdr djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ftudh os'kHkw"kk ,oa eq[k eqnzk vusd vU;RkRdkyhu O;fDr fp=ksa esa ns[kus ij leku #i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSa] ,sls izeq[kO;fDr fp=ksa esa egkjk.kk ds lEEkq[k cSBh iafDr esa lcls vkxs ÿe'k% jktk dhjrflag]jko lwjrflag] egkjktk mEesnflag] egkjktk r[rflag] pkSgku ukFkth] >kyk nkSyrflag] jkBksM+ Hkheflag] jkBkSM+ fd'kunkl vkSj raoj fd'kuflag cSBs gS rFkk nqxkZnkl dsihNs dh iafDr esa esokM+ ds ea=h fcgkjhnkl iapksyh ,oa iqjksfgr lq[kjke cSBs gSA7

txefUnj esa euksfouksn& 1720 bZ- ds bl fp= esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag thdks jkfu;ksa ds lkFk tx efUnj esa dbZ fÿ;kvksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;s gSA ,d txgMksyj esa >wy jgs gSA ogh i`"BHkwfe esa tx efUnj egy dk tks fp=.k gS] mlesjs[kkvksa dh ckfjdh dk vadu fo'ks"k mYYks[kuh; gSA ;g fp= dqaoj laxzke flag

119


laxzg t;iqj esa lqjfkr gSaA fp= esa fofHkUu izdkj dh iks'kkdks esa ekuo vkd`fr;ksarFkk ukfj;ks dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA ftuesa fofHkUu jax ds lkfM+;ksa dh igukoscgqr dh vkd"kZd gSA bl fp= esa ekuo vkd`fr;ksa dh vf/kd fBxuk fpf=r fd;kgSA8 /khaxk x.kxksj jkt izklkn laxzgky; mn;iqj esa laxzfgr vU; dykd`fr;ksa esa /khaxk x.kxksj fo'ks"k mYYks[kuh; gSa] mlesa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dkyhu vusd egRoiw.kZO;fDr;ksa dks uko dh lokjh esa fpf=r fd;k gS] ftlesa egkjk.kk ds lkFk pkSgkuukFkth egkjktk mEesn flag] >kyk nksyr flag vkSj jkBkSM+ fd'kunkl dks ukSdk dseap ij cSBS gq, fpf=r fd;k gSA tcfd muds uhps dh rjQ csBs gq, egRoiw.kZO;fDr;ksa es ykyth ,oa j?kqth dks fn[kk;k gS] rFkk muds lkFk gh laxhrdkj ,oadykoar dkuth] pan ,oa <ksyd oknd ih# dks fpf=r fd;k gS] blds lehi ghnwljh uksdk esa egkjktk r[r flag dks gkFk tksM+s rFkk muds lkFk raoj fd'ku falag]iapksyh] fd'kunkl] iapksyh jsohpUn dks fpf=r fd;k gS] blh rjg bl fp= esafpf=r vU; uksdkvksa esa ] jko lwjrflag] jktk dhjrflag] ckik laxzkeflag] iapksyhfcgkjhnkl rFkk jkor dsljhflag] jkBkSM+ izrkiflag jkor] lkjax nsoth] jk.kkorvejflag] jk.kkor jruflag vkSj 'kDrkor ';ke flag dks fpf=r fd;k gSA blls ;gizekf.kr gksrk gS fd bl ;qx esa ik'pkR; dyk dk izHkko vuq#i O;fDr fp=ksa esaNk;k izdk'k Hkh fn[kk;k tkus yxkA ;g fp= egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dkyhu O;fDrfp=ksa dk ,d iqat gSA9

tUeksRlo fp=& jktizklkn laxzgky; mn;iqj esa lqjfkr vU; o`gn fp=ksaesa egkjk.kk laxzke flag] jktdqekj izrkiflag ds tUeksRlo esa egkjk.kk dks >jks[ks esacSBs fn[kk;k gSA muds lkeus gh egkjktk r[rflag vkSj jktdqekj txrflag cSBs gSAmUgha ds ihNs jktdqekj ukxth o jkefalag th fpf=r fd;s x;s gSA ikS= dktUeksRlo 8 vxLr] 1724 bZ- dks euk;k x;k] rFkk blh fp= esa uhps muds gkFkhQrsek ej[k dks Hkh fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ftlls O;fDr fp=ksa dh ,sfrgkfldrkLi"V gksrh gSA10

pkSxku esa euksjatu& blh laxzgky; esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag o egkjktklokbZ t;flag dks pkSxku esa euksjatu djrs fn[kk;k bles egkjk.kk dks vius esgekulokbZ t;flag ds lkFk cSBs fn[kk;k gSA muds lkeus O;fDr ds lkFk gkFkh Hkhxtuk;d o xaxkty uke ls fpf=r fd;s x, gSaA lkFk gh mudh yM+kbZ dks fofHkUufLFkfr;ksa esa fpf=r fd;k gSA11 lokbZ t;flag ds nkfguh vksj xksiky iky ºdkjksyhΩjktk fdjr flag] jko Hkxr flag] jkor dsljh flag] jkor laxzke flag] jkor i`Fohflag rFkk egkjk.kk laxzke flag ds fudV vklksik ds egkjktk r[rflag] jktdqekjtxrflag] jktdqekj ukxjth] egkjktk c[rfalag] egkjktk tksjkoj flag] fd'ku

flag] raoj vfjjkeflag ,oa [kM+h drkj esa rqylhnkl /kkckbZ euth paoj fy;s gq,gS] rFkk lkFk gh [kokl (ukbZ) mrejke o tsBh jknksa fpf=r gSA12

fookg lekjksg fp=& egkjk.kk laxzke flag] jktdqekj txrflag ds fookglekjksg ij jktizklkn esa 1730 bZ- ukgjks ds njh[kkuksa ij ;g lkoZZtfud lekjksgvk;ksftr fd;k x;k] blesa txrflag] egkjk.kk laxzkeflag ds lEeq[k cSBS gS rFkklkFk& lkFk gh muds NksVs HkkbZ ukFkth dks fpf=r fd;k gS rFkk egkjk.kk ds ikl ,dckyd peuksth dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks lEHkor% ikS= izrkifalg dk gks ldrk gSAegkj.kk ds lkeus dh drkj esa c#vk ds vfrjke] jko c[rflag jkBksM+] raojfd'kuflag dks cSBs fn[kk;k gS vkSj egkjk.kk ds ihNs iqjksfgr lUrksdjke] /kkckbZukxth] rqylhnkl] mrejke dks cSBs fn[kk;k gSA13

xqlkbZ uhyd.Bth dk Lokxr fp=& blh rjg us'kuy xZSysjh vkWQfoDVksfj;k esycksuZ ds fp=ksa esa laxzkeflag frh; ,oa xqlkbZ uhyd.B th esa egkjk.kkdks dsoy /kksrh igus gkFk esa iq"Ik fy;s gq, fpf=r fd;k gS rFkk os xqlkbZ th dks iq"IkvfiZr dj jgs gSA ;g lekjksg /khodq'k egy esa vk;ksftr fd;k ik;k] ij egkjk.kkdk psgjk vU; fp=ksa vuq#i T;ksa dk R;ksa O;fDr fp= esa gS] lkFk gh izeq[k ljnkj oea=hx.k vkfn mifLFkr gSA vU; izeq[k O;fDr;ksa esa xkslkbZ fd'kufxjh th] nsojkethrFkk egkjk.kk ds ihNs iqjksfgr lUrksd jketh f=osnh] oklqnsoth] egkjkt r[rflagth] fd'kuflag th /kkckbZ] uksdth] HkkV lq[kpUnzth iapksyh] dejnkl] rqylhnkl]'kDrkor lwjrflag th] dykoar dkuth vkfn fpf=r gSA14

xathQk dk fp=& ml le; rk'k dk [ksy vR;Ur yksdfiz; Fkk ,d fp=esa egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; vius Msjs ij jkf= esa vius ljnkjksa r[rflag th]fd'kuflag] /kkHkkbZ uxth] jkeflag th] iapksyh fd'kunkl] mEesn flag jkBkSM+]fd'kunkl pkSgku] tksjkoj flag ds lkFk cSBdj xathQk [ksyrs gq, fpf=r fd;kx;k gS bl fp= ls egkjk.kk ds xathQk ds izfr #fp dk ifjp; feyrk gSA15

f'kdkj n`'; fp=& egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; dks ,d fp= esa f'kdkj gsrqtkrs n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blesa f'kdkj ny eas ljnkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk laxhrdkjks dks Hkhtkrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA16 ,d vU; fp= esa egkjk.kk kjk 'ksj ds f'kdkj dkfp=.k gSA17 ,d vkSj fp= esa ukgjexjk esa lqvj ds f'kdkj djrs gq, egkjk.kklaxzke flag dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA18 bu f'kdkj n`';ksa ls lacfU/kr fp=ksa ls u dsoyegkjk.kk dh vk[ksV fiz;rk dk vfirq f'kdkj ds rjhdksa dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA

xkslkbZ uhyd.B fxjh ds vkJe lacfU/kr fp=& egkjk.kk laxzke falgfrh; ds 'ksj ds f'kdkj ds i'pkr~ xkslkbZ uhyd.B fxjh th ds fuokl LFkku eB

120


esa igqap dj muds vklu gsrq 'ksj dh [kky migkj esa iznku djus gsrq lsodksa kjk ejsgq, 'ksj dks mBkdj ys tkrs gq, fp= esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA lkeus c<dj egkjk.kk laxzkeflag frh; xkslkbZ uhyd.B fxjh dks n.Mor dj jgs gS vkSj uhyd.B fxjh th 'ksjdh [kky ds vklu ij vk'khZokn iznku djus dh eqnzk esa fojkteku gSA19

blh izdkj ,d vU; fp= esa uhyd.B fxjh th o vU; ;ksfx;ksa dks eB esafofo/k /kkfeZd fÿ;kvksa esa jr fn[kk;k x;k gSA20

egkjk.kk laxzke flag frh; dk oS|ukFk egknso efUnj eas n'kZu djrsgq, fp=& egkjk.kk laxzkeflag vius ljnkjksa lfgr oS|ukFk egknso ds efUnj esaf'ko ds n'kZu djrs gq, ,d fp= esa n'kkZ;s x;s gS blesa f'ko efUnj dk fp=.k ,oan'kZu djrs gq, egkjk.kk dk fp= 'kSo /keZ ds izfr vkLFkk dk izrhd gSA blh izdkj,d fp= esa egkjk.kk laxzke flag o muds iq= txr flag dks ihiy o`k ds uhpsLFkkfir f'kofyax ds n'kZu djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA21

;s lHkh ijEijkxr fp= o`gn vkdkj esa esokM+ ds 'kkldks dh rRdkyhuxfrfof/k;ksa dks izLrqr djrs gSA buesa fp=ksa dk la;kstu cMs gh dykRed <ax lsfd;k gSA 'kk;n gh ,sls cM+s vkdkj esa fdlh vU; 'kSyh esa cus gks budh dykRedrkds lkFk gh ijEijkxr rRdkyhu okLrfod #iksa dks fp=dkjksa us ftruh mRd`"V <+xls izLrqr fd;k gS ;s O;fDr fp=.k dh mRd`"Vrk ds fy, felky dk;e djrs gSA

lanHkZ1- lq'khyk 'kDrkor esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl (1680 ls 1734 bZ-) vizdkf'kr

'kks/k izcU/k] i`- la- 1362- ogh] i`- la- 1363- jkt izlkn laxzgky; esa laxzghr fp=4- ohj fouksn Hkkx&2] izdj.k 11] vks>k jktiqrkus dk bfrgkl] i`-la- 1225- jktdh; laxzgky;] mn;iqj esa laxzghr fp=6- of'k"B vkj-ds- esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- la- 197- 'kekZ jkepUnz esokM+ ds y?kqfp=ksa esa O;fDr fp=ksa dk dykik vkys[k 'kks/k

if=dk o"kZ 44] vad 2] i`-la- 738- of'k"B vkj-ds- esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`-la- 299- jkt izlkn laxzgky;] mn;iqj esa laxzghr fp=10- 'kekZ jkepUnz esokM+ ds y?kqfp=ksa esa O;fDr fp=ksa dk dykik vkys[k 'kks/k

if=dk o"kZ 44] vad 2] i`-la- 7311- jktdh; laxzgk;] mn;iqj esa laxzghr fp=

12- lq'khyk 'kDrkor esokM dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izcU/k] i`-la-138

13- lksekuh jkeoYyHk& esokM+ ds 'kkldks ds fp= cukus dh ijEijk14- ,.M™;w VksIl QhYM iSfUVXl QkWeZ jktLFkku bu n us'kuy xsysjh vkWQ foDVksfj;k]

i`-la- 79] fp= la[;k 8115- ogh i`-la- 75] fp= la[;k 73] lq'khyk 'kDrkor esokM dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl]

vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izcU/k] i`-la- 13616- ,.M™;w VksIl QhYM dsVykx] i`- 62] fp= la[;k 5817- ,.M™;w VksIl QhYM iSfUVXl QkWeZ jktLFkku bu n us'kuy xsysjh vkWQ foDVksfj;k]

i`-la- 83] fp= la[;k 8718- ogh] i`-la- 66] fp= la- 6719- ogh i`-la- 75] fp= la- 7920- ogh i`-la- 85] fp= la[;k 9221- ogh] i` la- 86] fp= la[;k 93

121

Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa vtesj&esjokM+k esavk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku

izksQslj oh- ds- of'k"B

Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh (1824&1883) us 1875 esa cEcbZ esa vk;Z lektdh LFkkiuk kjk Hkkjr esa oSfnd laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr lekt ds fuekZ.k dk ekxZiz'kLr fd;kA blds lkFk gh vk;Z lekt us tkfr izFkk dh fuank dj] lkekftdlekurk dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] Hkkjr esa if'peh laLd`fr dk vfojyizokg vo#º gqvk rFkk vk;Z lekt dks tulk/kkj.k esa yksdfiz;rk feyhA jktuSfrdn`f"V ls] fczfV'k lkezkT; ds ifjizs; esa Lokeh n;kuUn us lR;kFkZ izdk'k esa LojkT;]LoHkk"kk ,oa Lons'kh ds egRo dk izfriknu dj] Hkkjrh;ksa esa rhoz jk"V™h;rk dhHkkouk dks tkx`r dj] vk;Z lekt dks jktuSfrd laLFkk ds :i esa :ikUrfjr fd;kAmRrjh Hkkjr esa eq[;r;k iatkc ,oa jktiwrkuk ds jkT;ksa ds e/; fLFkr vtesj&esjokM+kds fczfV'k 'kkflr ks= esa vk;Z lekt dh Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk jgh gSA

Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa vk;Z lekt dh Hkwfedk %vtesj&esjokM+k esa vk;Z lekt 1881 ls 1947 rd lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd

n`f"V ls izHkko'kkyh cuk jgkA blds izxfr'khy lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd fopkjksa usvtesj&esjokM+k ,oa mlds pkjksa vksj fLFkr jktiwrkuk ds jkT;ksa ds vfHktkR;(lkear ,oa jktiwr 'kkld)] e/;e (f'kkd] odhy ,oa O;kikjh) ,oa nfyr oxksZadks viuk vuq;k;h cuk;kA ysfdu jktiwrkuk jkT;ksa ds fiNM+s vkSj izfrfÿ;koknhokrkoj.k us vk;Z lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks izksRlkfgr ugha fd;kA blds foijhr]fczfV'k 'kkflr vtesj&esjokM+k ds jktuSfrd ,oa lkekftd n`f"V ls [kqys okrkoj.kesa vk;Z lekt dk laxBu jktiwrkuk esa jktuhfr dk dsUnz cu x;kA

Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds cEcbZ ds izFke vf/kos'ku (fnlEcj 1885) esavackyk (iatkc) ds vk;Z lekth ykyk eqjyh/kj us lfÿ; Hkkx ysdj vtesj dsvk;Z lekft;ksa ds fy, jktuhfr esa izos'k dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k1A blh le;vtesj&esjokM+k dh vk;Z lekt dh laxfBr laLFkk us Hkh 'kh?kz gh bl vksj viuk/;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA vk;Z lekt ifjokj ls lEcº ,oa vk;Z lekt dh fopkj/kkjk

ls vksrizksr gjfcykl lkjnk] muds lg;ksxh jkexksiky dk;LFk vkSj feV~Buyky us1887 esa dkaxzsl lfefr dh vtesj esa LFkkiuk dhA 1888 esa gjfcykl lkjnkdkaxzsl ds bykgkckn vf/kos'ku esa lfEefyr gq,A blds mijkar] vtesj&esjokM+k lsizfrfuf/k fujarj Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'kuksa esa Hkkx ysrs jgsA 1891 esagjfoykl lkjnk us dkaxzsl ds ukxiqj vf/kos'ku esa] ,oa 1905 esa xksiky d`".kxks[kys dh v/;krk esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl ds cukjl vf/kos'ku esa muds HkkbZjkefoykl lkjnk mifLFkr Fks2A bl izdkj vtesj ds vk;Z lekth rFkk ujefopkj/kkjk ls lEcº izfrfuf/k 1888 ls 1905 ds dkaxzsl ds okf"kZd vf/kos'kuksa esafujarj Hkkx ysrs jgsA bUgksaus vtesj&esjokM+k ds vtesj] C;koj] ulhjkckn] iq"dj]dsdM+h ,oa ihlkaxu esa LFkkfir vk;Z lekt dh 'kk[kkvksa kjk dkaxzsl ds jk"V™h;vkUnksyu ds dk;Zdzeksa dk izpkj fd;kA ifj.kker% caxky ds foHkktu (1905) dsi'pkr~ vtesj&esjokM+k esa jktuSfrd okrkoj.k l'kDr gksus yxkA vtesj&esjokM+kds vk;Z lekt ,oa vU; jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa ds dk;ZdRrkZvksa kjk 1905 ,oa1947 ds e/; Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa lfdz; ;ksxnku ls ;g rF; Li"V gksrkgSA Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa vtesj&esjokM+k ds vk;Z lekt ds vuq;kf;;ksa dhHkwfedk dks eq[;r;k pkj pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke] 1905 ls1947 ds fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa esa ÿkafrdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk] frh; xje ny ds usr`Roesa Lons'kh vkUnksyu (1905&1908) r`rh;] fryd ds funsZ'ku esa gkse:y vkUnksyuesa Hkwfedk (1915&18)] vkSj prqFkZ] egkRek xka/kh ds funsZ'ku esa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h;vkUnksyu esa Hkwfedk (1919&1947)A

ÿkafrdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk (1905&1915) %vtesj&esjokM+k esa [kjok ds jkBkSM+ bLrejkjnkj uo;qod jko xksiky flag

(1898&1915) rFkk muds lg;ksxh Hkwiflag ºckn esa fot; flag ifFkdΩ us1915 esa l'kL= ÿkafr kjk Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds fy;s vtesj&esjokM+k esa igydhA 1905 esa caxky dk foHkktu ,oa Lons'kh vkUnksyu dh vksj vaxzst+ksa dhneukRed uhfr] caxky esa oUns ekrje~ ds ukjs ij izfrca/k vkSj okbljk; ykMZ fe.Vksds kjk ikfjr laMh'ku ,DV (Sedition Act)3 us mRrjh Hkkjr ds caxky] iatkc]fnYyh] jktiwrkuk vkSj vtesj&esjokM+k esa ÿkafrdkjh xfrfof/k;ska dk lw=ikrfd;kA bu ÿkafrdkfj;ksa us fczfV'k lkezkT; dks l'kL= ÿkafr kjk vf[ky Hkkjrh;Lrj ij lekIr djus ds fy, xqIr laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk dhA

10 vDVwcj] 1873 dks jko xksiky flag dk [kjok esa tUe gqvk FkkA mUgksauses;ks dkWyst] vtesj esa f'kkk izkIr dh Fkh] ysfdu vk;Z lekt ds vuq;k;h ,oa

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jk"V™h; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gksus ds dkj.k os if'peh laLd`fr ,oa f'kkk ls ?k`.kkdjrs FksA vr% mUgksaus vius iq= dqaoj x.kir flag ds es;ks dkWyst esa f'kk.k dkvaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ls fojks/k fd;k Fkk4A caxky foHkktu ds i'pkr os fryd dsmxz jk"V™oknh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gq, FksA kk=/keZ ds mikld] jko xksiky flagl'kL= ÿkfUr esa fo'okl j[krs FksA vr% mUgksaus caxky ds l'kL= ÿkafr ds d.kZ/kkjlfpUnzukFk lkU;ky ,oa jkl fcgkjh cksl ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;kA ;kstukuqlkj] 21Qjojh 1915 dks fnYyh esa ÿkafr izkjEHk gksus ds lkFk gh vtesj&esjokM+k esa l'kL=ÿkafr dk fuf'pr fd;k x;kA

21 Qjojh] 1915 dks jko xksikyflag vius lg;ksxh Hkwiflag ds lkFk]vtesj&ulhjkckn jsyos ykbu ds lehi taxyksa esa fnYyh ls vkus okyh jsy lsladsr ikus ds fy, izrhkk djrs jgsA ysfdu ns'knzksgh euhyky ds eq[kfcj cu tkusds dkj.k ;kstuk foQy gks x;hA5 fczfV'k ljdkj ds ncko ds dkj.k] HkwiflagVkWMx<+ ls cp dj fctksfy;k° (esokM+ jkT;) pys x;s] rFkk ogka ij fot; flagifFkd uke ls fdlku vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA jko xksiky flag us fczfV'k ljdkjdks jktuSfrd canh ds :i esa 27 vxLr] 1915 dks vtesj esa vkRe leiZ.k djfn;kA nks o"kZ ds fy, nh x;h ltk dh vof/k lekIr gksus ds ckn mUgsa Hkkjr lqjkkvf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr frygj º'kkgtgkaiqj] mRrjizns'kΩ uked LFkku ij utjcanj[kk x;kA muds iq= x.kir flag dks [kjok dk bLrejkjnkj fu;qDr fd;k x;kAekpZ 1920 dks eqDr gksus ds i'pkr] jko xksikyflag [kjok us Hkkjrh; Lora=rkvkUnksyu esa lfÿ; Hkkx ysuk izkjEHk fd;k6A

bu vk;Z ÿkafrdkfj;ksa dh foQyrk vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj ds kjk muds neuds dVq vuqHko us vtesj&esjokM+k ds vk;Z lekt dks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds fy;svfgalk ,oa lR;kxzg dk ekxZ xzg.k djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

Lons'kh vkUnksyu (1905&1908) %vtesj ds vk;Z lekft;ksa us Lokeh n;kuan ds LojkT; ,oa Lons'kh ds

jktuSfrd fopkjksa dks cax&Hkax ,oa Lons'kh vkUnksyu esa lkdkj gksrs ns[kkA jk;lkgc jkefoykl lkjnk us dkaxzsl ds cukjl ds okf"kZd vf/kos'ku ls ykSVus ds ckn1905 esa vtesj esa Lons'kh dk izpkj fd;k7A ifj.kker% Lons'kh vkUnksyu dkvtesj&esjokM+k esa Li"V izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gqvkA

jk"V™h; ÿkafrdkjh ny ds fryd ,oa vjfoan ?kks"k ds fopkjksa ds leFkZd]vk;Z lekth lsB nkeksnjnkl jkBh us vtesj&esjokM+k esa Lons'kh vkUnksyu esa izeq[kHkwfedk fuoZgu dhA nkeksnjnkl jkBh kjk vtesj&esjokM+k ds eq[; O;kikfjd dsUnz

C;koj esa 1883 esa d`".kk fey LFkkfir dh xbZ rFkk 1903 esa C;koj uxjikfydk dslnL; ds :i esa mUgksaus tulk/kkj.k dh lsok djds yksdfiz;rk izkIr dhA cax&Hkax,oa Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds le; mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, nSfud mi;ksx dh leLroLrq,a Lons'k esa rS;kj djkus dh O;oLFkk dhA bl le; Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd gkfu dsmijkar Hkh ckjhd lwr dh eghu /kksfr;ka caxky Hksth rFkk vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj HkhvkUnksyu esa lg;ksx fn;k8A Lons'kh vkUnksyu dh xjenyh; jktuSfrd lfÿ;rk lsvtesj esa dkaxzsl dk ^ujeny* fiNM+ x;k9A ifj.kker% vk;Z lekt laxBu lslEcº vkSj dkaxzsl dh jktuhfr esa lfÿ; pkandj.k lkjnk us vtesj&esjokM+k esaLora=rk vkUnksyu dh ckxMksj lEHkkyhA

gkse:y vkUnksyu (1915&18) %pkandj.k lkjnk dks lkoZtfud lsok rFkk ns'kHkfDr ds vkn'kZ ewY; vius

firk jkefoykl lkjnk ls fojklr esa feys FksA muds firk n;kuUn Lokeh dsvuq;k;h Fks rFkk dkaxzsl dh jktuhfr ls lEcº FksA pkandj.k lkjnk dk tUe 25twu] 1888 dks vtesj esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus ,sUV™sUl rd dh f'kkk vtesj esa n;kuUnvkJe ,saXyks&oSfnd Ldwy ls izkIr dh rFkk 1906 esa bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls,UV™sUl dh ijhkk mRrh.kZ dhA

bl le;] lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf'kr cax&Hkax dh lwpukvksa us muesa fczfV'klRrk ds izfr mxz fojks/k dh Hkkouk mRiUu dh rFkk Lons'kh vkSj LojkT; ds izfrizxk<+ izse mRiUu fd;kA10 1910 esa xouZesaV dkWyst] vtesj ls ch-,- dh ijhkkrFkk vkxjk dkWyst] vkxjk ls ,e-,-] ,y-,y-ch-] ijhkk,a mRrh.kZ dhaA vkxjk esavius v/;;u dky esa os ^vk;Z fe= lHkk* uked laxBu ds lfdz; lnL; jgsA1911 esa os Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'ku esa lfEefyr gq,A 1913 esa mUgsalgkjuiqj esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; vk;Zdqekj dkU›sal esa ykyk yktirjk; ls HksaV dkvolj feykA vtesj esa odkyr izkjaHk djus ds i'pkr os jk"V™h; xfrfof/k;ksa esavf/kd lfdz; gks x;sA 1914 esa mUgksaus vtesj&esjokM+k ds U;k;ky;ksa esa fgUnh esaizkFkZuk i= Lohdkj djus ds fy, vkUnksyu fd;k FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i vtesj dsphQ+ dfe'uj us mudh ekax dks Lohd`fr iznku dh11A

vtesj&esjokM+k esa pkandj.k lkjnk us cky xaxk/kj fryd ,oa ,suh fclsaVkjk lapkfyr gkse:y vkUnksyu (1915&18) esa lfdz;rk iznf'kZr dh rFkk 1916ds y[kum ds dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx fy;kA bl volj ij igyh ckj mUgksausyksdekU; fryd ls HksaV dh FkhA mUgksaus tqykbZ 1915 esa vtesj esa gkse:y 'kk[kkdh LFkkiuk dh rFkk mlds ea=h dk mRrjnkf;Ro Lohdkj fd;kA tulk/kkj.k esa

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jktuSfrd tkx`fr ds fy, ^gkse:y yhx jhfMax :e* dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ12Agkse:y vkUnksyu ds le; fryd vkSj Jhefr ljksftuh uk;Mw Hkh vtesj vk;sAbu jk"V™h; Lrj ds usrkvksa ds izHkko] vkSj jktuSfrd lEesyuksa ,oa tylksa ds ek/;els vtesj&esjokM+k ds ukxfjdksa esa uohu tkx`fr ,oa mRlkg mRiUu fd;k13A bltkx`fr ds ifj.kkeLo:i] 1917 esa pkan dj.k lkjnk us bf.M;u ,lksfl,'ku dsea=h] rFkk ekSykuk eqbZuqn~nhu ds blds iz/kku ds :i esa] vtesj&esjokM+k esa jktuSfrdlq/kkj ds fy, vkUnksyu fd;kA okLro esa] izFke egk;qº (1914&18) ds le; esavtesj dh ^[kqyh jktuhfr* esa gkse:y yhx gh vkPNkfnr jghA txnh'k izlkndk fopkj gS fd vtesj esa bl gkse:y vkUnksyu ls dkaxzsl dk uje ny fcYdqyfiNM+ dj yqIr gks x;kA14

gkse:y vkUnksyu ds le; eq[;r;k fgUnqvksa esa pkandj.k lkjnk vkSjeqlyekuksa esa ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu vtesj&esjokM+k ds jktuSfrd fkfrt ij mHkj djvk;sA eqbuqn~nhu [ksjkcknh mysekvksa ds ifjokj ls FksA muds ifjokj ds ewy iq:"kdks 1857 ds fonzksg esa vaxzst+ksa kjk vktUe dkjkokl dh ltk nsus rFkk vaxzst+ksa kjkf[kykQ+r lEcU/kh opu&Hkax us eqbuqn~nhu dks fczfV'k fojks/kh cuk fn;kA eqbuqn~nhuds jktuSfrd izHkko ls vtesj ds eqlyeku vaxzst+ksa ds fojks/kh cu x;sA vr%egkRek xka/kh ds kjk funsZf'kr vlg;ksx ,oa f[kykQ+r vkUnksyu ds le; pkandj.klkjnk ,oa ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu us vtesj esa ^viwoZ ,drk ,oa Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk*iznf'kZr dh15A

vlg;ksx ,oa f[kykQr vkUnksyu (1919&22) %pkandj.k lkjnk us xka/kh ds fopkjksa vkSj dk;Zÿeksa dks vtesj&esjokM+k esa

fÿ;kfUor dj jktuSfrd n`f"V ls vk;Z lekt dh izfr"Bk LFkkfir dhA ekpZ&vizsy1919 esa jksysV ,DV izHkkoh gksus ij pkan dj.k lkjnk us rhoz izfrokn fd;kA mUgksausjk"V™h; Lrj ij dk;Zÿe ds vuq:i vtesj esa miokl] izkFkZuk vkSj tqywl dkvk;kstu fd;k16A

pkandj.k lkjnk ds lHkkifrRo esa vuklkxj ds rVorhZ vk;Z lekt dslk/kq vkJe ds fudV fojkV lHkk rFkk vtesj essa iw.kZ gM+rky vk;ksftr dhA17

1919 ds var esa pkan dj.k lkjnk vkSj n;k'kadj HkkxZo us dkaxzsl ds ve`rljvf/kos'ku esa vtesj dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA18

egkRek xka/kh kjk 1 vxLr] 1920 dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds dk;Zÿe dh?kks"k.kk] rFkk flrEcj 1920 ds izFke lIrkg (4&9 flrEcj) esa ykyk yktirjk;dh v/;krk esa dydRrs ds vf/kos'ku esa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl kjk bldh iqf"V

dh x;hA ykyk yktirjk; dh bl Hkwfedk us vk;Z lekft;ksa dks Hkh vlg;ksxvkUnksyu ls iw.kZr;k tksM+ fn;kA vr% bl vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx ysus ds mijkar]vk;Zlekth&pkandj.k lkjnk vkSj vtqZuyky lsBh us vtesj ykSVus ij 18 flrEcj1920 dks vtesj&esjokM+k esa vlg;ksx dk dk;Zdze cuk;kA bl dk;Zdze dsvuqlkj loZizFke pkandj.k lkjnk us viuh odkyr NksM+ dj lR;kxzfg;ksa ds lekfczfV'klRrk ds izfr vlg;ksx dk mnkgj.k izLrqr dj] bl vkUnksyu dks cy fn;kA'kh?kz gh vyhx<+ fo'ofo|ky; ds Lukrd fetkZ vCnqy dkfnj csx us odkyr NksM+nh rFkk xka/khoknh] ns'k HkDr ekLVj vksadkjukFk ckdyhoky us Hkh ukSdjh NksM+ nh19A

pkandj.k lkjnk us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa xka/kh ds fopkjksa dk vius Hkk"k.kksa,oa dk;Zdzeksa esa lekos'k fd;kA os xka/kh ds lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds fopkj dsizfrikyu dks Hkkjrh;ksa dh ,drk vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj ds fo?kVu ds fy, vko';dle>rs FksA mUgksaus fczfV'k ljdkj kjk eqlyekuksa ds lkFk f[kykQ+r ds lEcU/k esaopu Hkax dh fuank dhA bl lanHkZ esa mUgksaus vtesj&esjokM+k ds fuokfl;ksa ds lekLi"Vhdj.k fn;k fd ^vkt gekjh ifo= f[kykQ+r ij okj fd;k tk jgk gS] vius/keZ dh jkk djuk pkgrs gks rks---- cU/kqvksa dqjcku gksuk lh[kksA fcuk cfynku gq,vktknh ugha feyrhA** mUgksaus tulk/kkj.k dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds mn~ns';ksa lsvoxr djkrs gq,] mUgsa fÿ;kfUor djus dk lans'k fn;k] **rqEgsa pkfg, fd rqEgkjhvkt+knh dks dqpyus okyh ukSdj'kkgh ds lkFk rqe iwjh enn ls vlg;ksx djks]mlds cuk;s csdqnjrh dkuwuksa dks er ekuks vkSj mu dkuwuksa dks rksM+us ds cnys esa ;fntsy tkuk iM+s rks galrs&galrs tkvks] mls Lora=rk dk ifo= eafnj le>ks] vius ns'kdk cuk gqvk diM+k iguks] Lo;alsodksa esa viuk uke fy[kkvks vkSj Hkh dk;Z tks rqEgsadjus gsa mUgsa fuHkZ; gksdj djks] Lora=rk vki gh rqEgsa fey tk;sxhA** blds lkFk ghmUgksaus vk'kk O;Dr dh fd vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa lR;kxzgh egkRek xka/kh ds crk;sx;s vfgalkRed ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djsaxs] ^^eSa vk'kk djrk gwa fd------ vki yksxviuh ekr`Hkwfe ds mºkj ds fy,--- 'kkafre; vlg;ksx ls vius mPp vkn'kZ ijigqapus dk gkfnZd iz;Ru djrs jgsaxs--- Lora=rk ds bl ifo= ;qº esa viuh vksj lsdgha 'kkafr Hkax uk gksA ge iw.kZ :i ls vfgalk dk ikyu djrs jgsaxs vkSj blh ls geviuh vktknh izkIr djsa**20A

1920&21 ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds le; pkandj.k lkjnk vtesj ds u;kcktkj dh pkSiM+ ij [kM+s gksdj oUns ekrje~ ds ukjksa esa tuleqnk; ls ;g xhrxok;k djrs Fks] ^^ugha j[kuh] ugha j[kuh] ljdkj tkfye] ugha j[kuhA** viuslaLej.k esa txnh'k izlkn ^nhid* fy[krs gSa fd ^^bl izdkj vtesj esa vlg;ksx

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vkUnksyu us fczfV'k 'kklu dh izfr"Bk** ,d 'kSrkuh gqdwer dg dj feV~Vh esa feyknhA muds vuqlkj bl [kqys izpkj us vc fczfV'k ljdkj dh QkSt] iqfyl vkSjukSdj'kkgh dk lkjk Hk; u"V dj fn;k] mldh vnkyrksa vkSj tsyksa dk Mj bl gnrd xk;c gks x;k fd vkSjrsa vkSj cPps rd [kqys rkSj ij xyh&xyh esa] ^^ughaj[kuh] ugha j[kuh] ljdkj tkfye] ugha j[kuh** dk rjkuk xkus yxs21A ;gh ughapkandj.k lkjnk us vius lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk ,dtqV gksdj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dsktukUnksyu cukus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl lanHkZ esa jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh vius laLej.kksa esafy[krs gSa fd ^^tc xkSjh'kadj HkkxZo dkSeh tqywlksa ds vkxs ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdjfudyrs] lkjnk th vius fuHkhZd Hkk"k.k nsrs] Lokeh ujflag nso ljLorh tks'khyhuTesa xkrs vkSj ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu lh/kh rhj lh rdjhjsa djrs Fks rks ,d vthc lekaca/k tkrk Fkk**22A bl izdkj pkandj.k lkjnk ,oa muds dkaxzsl laxBu ds lg;ksfx;ksavkSj dk;ZdrkZvksa us egkRek xka/kh ds kjk funsZf'kr vlg;ksx vkUnksyu kjk vfgaldÿkafr dk lw=ikr fd;kA

vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk fodkl %vtesj&esjokM+k esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds le; fofHkUu lkekftd leqnk;ksa

esa ,drk ,oa ln~Hkkouk ds dkj.k jk"V™h; Lora=rk vkUnksyu l'kDr gks ldkAifj.kker% vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds /oalkRed ,oa jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa kjk fczfV'klRrkdk vtesj&esjokM+k esa izHkko kh.k gksus yxkA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds le; esavtesj&esjokM+k esa jk"V™h; iapk;rksa vkSj jk"V™h; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSjvusd fo|kfFkZ;ksa us ljdkjh Ldwyksa dk ifjR;kx fd;kA lkFk gh] ljdkjh U;k;ky;ksaesa eqdneksa dh la[;k ?kVus dh izo`fRr izrhr gqbZ23A 28 uoEcj] 1920 dks fczfV'k;qojkt fiazl vkWQ osYl ds vtesj vkxeu ij jk"V™O;kih cfg"dkj ds dk;Zdze dsvuqlkj cktkj esa gM+rky dj nh xbZ] jkf= esa ?kjksa esa nh;s ugha tyk;s x;s] rFkkrkjkx<+ ij ljdkjh jks'kuh dh O;oLFkk vlQy dj nh x;hA efgykvksa us fons'khdiM+ksa dks tykdj vtesj ds <kbZ fnu ds >ksaiM+s ij ,d fojkV lHkk esa fizal vkWQosYl ds vkxeu ij fojks/k izdV fd;kA blh izdkj] pkandj.k lkjnk ,oa vU;dkaxzsl ds dk;ZdrkZvksa us ljdkjh iq"i izn'kZuh dk cfg"dkj fd;k24A Qjojh1922 dks Lo;alsodksa us vtesj ds m|ku esa vk;ksftr phQ dfe'uj ihVjlu dsfonkbZ lekjksg dk fojks/k fd;k rFkk mlds leFkZdksa dh fuank dhA bl volj ijLo;a lsodksa dks iqfyl us cSarksa ls ihVk] ysfdu mUgksaus la;e cuk;s j[kk rFkkpkSjk&pkSjh dh rjg 'kkafr Hkax ugha dh25A vtesj ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu us vUrrd vfgalkRed :i cuk;s j[kkA

fgUnw&eqfLye ln~Hkkouk %vlg;ksx ,oa f[kykQ+r vkUnksyu ds le; pkandj.k lkjnk ,oa ekSykuk

eqbZuqn~nhu dh ln~Hkkouk us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dks izcycuk fn;kA rstk n'keh] ty&>wyuh ,dkn'kh vkSj n'kgjs ds R;kSgkjksa ij fgUnwtqywl vkSj eqgjZe ds eqfLye tqywl] dkaxzsl vkSj f[kykQ+r ds Lo;alsodksa dslfEefyr izca/k esa fudyrs FksA lHkkvksa vkSj esyksa esa nksuksa leqnk;ksa ds Lo;alsodksa dkla;qDr izca/k gksrk FkkA

blh izdkj] jktiwrkuk] lsUV™y bf.M;k] vtesj&esjokM+k ikWfyfVdy dkU›sUldh ,d lHkk esa vk;Zlekt ds vuq;k;h ,oa ÿkafrdkjh jko xksikyflag [kjok vkSjjk"V™oknh eqlyeku ekSykuk 'kkSdr vyh us ixM+h cny HkkbZ* cu dj fgUnw&eqfLye,drk dk vtesj esa viwoZ n`'; mifLFkr fd;k FkkA bl ,drk ds ifj.kkeLo:ivtesj&esjokM+k esa fczfV'k 'kklu ra= izHkkoghu gks x;kA lR;kxzfg;ksa dks canh cukusvkSj 1922 esa egaxkbZ ds le; vtesj esa 'kkafr cuk;s j[kus esa phQ dfe'ujihVjlu dks dkaxzsl vkSj f[kykQ+r ds usrkvksa vkSj muds Lo;a lsodksa ds lg;ksx dhvko';drk iM+us yxh26A

pkandj.k lkjnk us fgUnw&eqfLye ln~Hkkouk dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k] f[kykQ+rusrkvksa kjk ?kksf"kr Qros dk leFkZu dj iznf'kZr fd;kA djkaph esa 6 tqykbZ] 1921dks f[kykQr dka›sUl ds vkns'kksa dh vuqikyuk djrs gq, ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu ,oamuds vU; ikap lg;ksfx;ksa us 16 vDVwcj] 1921 dks ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls ukSdjhdk cfg"dkj djus dk Qrok vtesj esa forfjr fd;k27A ifj.kkeLo:i] fczfV'kljdkj us N% eqfLye usrkvksa] Qros ds forj.k djus okys Lo;alsodksa rFkk pkandj.klkjnk dks l[r ltk;sa nhA pkandj.k lkjnk dks 7 Qjojh] 1922 dks N% eghus dkdBksj dkjkokl fn;k x;k28A bl vleatl dh fLFkfr esa egkRek xka/kh us 9 ekpZ]1922 dks vtesj dh njxkg esa mysekvksa ds lEesyu esa Hkkx ysdj vlg;ksx dhrjg f[kykQ+r vkUnksyu dk Lo:i vfgalkRed cuk;s j[kus esa lQyrk izkIr dhAbl le; xka/kh us ;g Li"V fd;k fd [kknh ds fodkl ls nfyrksa esa lq/kkj ,oalkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk LFkkfir gks ldsxh29A

efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk %pkandj.k lkjnk ,oa ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu ds canh cuk;s tkus ds i'pkr~

vtesj esa efgykvksa us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dh vfojy xfr cuk;s j[khA pkandj.klkjnk dh iRuh lq[knk nsoh us Hkkjrh; jekf.k;ksa dh ohjrkiw.kZ ijEijk dk vuqlj.kdjrs gq, efgykvksa dk Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk ;qº esa vius ifr;ksa ds lkFk R;kx dh

125


Hkkouk ls Hkkx ysus ds fy, vkg~oku fd;k30A lq[knk nsoh ,oa mudh vU; lg;ksxhxkserh nsoh us efgyk Lo;alsodksa dks laxfBr dj [kknh ds izpkj] fons'kh oL=ksa dscfg"dkj vkSj 'kjkc dh nqdkuksa ds vkxs fidsfVax kjk fczfV'k ljdkj dk fojks/kfd;kA31 ljdkj us vkcdkjh vkenuh dh gkfu ds Hk; ls lR;kxzfg;ksa dh vksjneukRed uhfr viukbZA bl ij Hkh efgyk Lo;alsodksa us 'kjkc dh nqdkuksa dhfidsfVax tkjh j[khA blesa eqfLye efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku mYys[kuh; gSA mUgksaus insZdk cfg"dkj dj] vtesj ds cktkjksa ls izfrfnu tqywl fudkyk rFkk efnjky;ksa esaHkh izfrfnu /kjus dh O;oLFkk dh32A

fczfV'k "kM;U= % lkEiznkf;d naxs (tqykbZ 1922) %vtesj&esjokM+k esa fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ls vlg;ksx ,oa f[kykQ+r vkUnksyu

ds lQyrkiwoZd lapkyu dks fucZy cukus ds fy, fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa us eqfLyeljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa kjk efLtn ds lkeus ckts dk iz'u mBok;k rFkk fgUnw&eqfLyedeZpkfj;ksa dks lkEiznkf;drk HkM+dkus ds fy, mRrsftr fd;kA ifj.kker% tqykbZ1923 dks tc njxkg ds lkeus ls Hkxoku txnh'k dh lokjh fudyh rks fgUnw&eqfLyela?k"kZ gks x;kA fczfV'k lsuk us njxkg ij xksyh pykbZA dqN fgUnw ?kk;y gks x;s rFkkdqN ekjs x;sA dkaxzsl ds usrkvksa ds lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk LFkkfir djus ds iz;klfoQy jgsA blls eqlyekuksa ds jk"V™h; usrk ekSykuk eqbuqn~nhu vkSj muds lkfFk;ksadh izfr"Bk dks /kDdk yxkA nwljh vksj] fgUnw vkSj eqfLye ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksads ek/;e ls lkekftd cfg"dkj ,oa lkEiznkf;d fos"k dh Hkkouk dks izTofyrfd;k x;kA ifj.kker% vtesj&esjokM+k esa vlg;ksx ,oa f[kykQ+r vkUnksyu dhvk/kkjf'kyk gh /oal gks x;hA txnh'k izlkn ^nhid^ vius laLej.kksa esa fy[krs gSafd] ^^bl nq?kZVuk ls vtesj ds LokrU"; vkUnksyu dh 'kfDr dks LFkk;h vk?kkrigqapk33A**

fczfV'k 'kkldksa kjk izsfjr bu lkEiznkf;d naxksa dk izeq[k fgUnw vkSj eqfLyedkaxzsfl;ksa ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+kA blls lkEiznkf;d laLFkkvksa dk izHkko c<+rkrFkk dkaxzsl dk izHkko kh.k gksrk n`f"Vxkspj gqvkA jk"V™oknh fetkZ vCnqy dkfnjcsx vkSj muds dbZ lg;ksxh eqfLye yhx esa] rFkk pkandj.k lkjnk fgUnw egklHkk esalfdz; gks x;s34A blds lkFk gh] bl le; vtesj esa vk;Zlekt esa c<+rs gq,ikjLifjd erHksnksa us lkjnk dks my>k;s j[kk ftlds dkj.k vtesj vk;Z lekt dsns'k HkDr dk;ZdrkZvksa esa f'kfFkyrk vk xbZ35A vtesj&esjokM+k ds izkarh; dkaxzsllaxBu esa vk;Zlekft;ksa dk opZLo kh.k gks x;k rFkk bldk usr`Ro xka/khoknh ny dsgkFkksa esa pyk x;kA

lfou; voKk vkUnksyu (1930&1934) %Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds ykgkSj vf/kos'ku esa Hkkjr ds fy, iw.kZ LojkT; ds

fu.kZ; us vtesj&esjokM+k ds dkaxzsl ,oa mlds vk;Z lekt ds Lo;a lsodksa esa xfriznku dhA 4 tuojh] 1930 ds vk;Z ekrZ.M esa izdkf'kr ys[k ls ;g Li"V Fkk fdvk;Z lekt ds dk;ZdrkZ oSfnd laLd`fr ,oa /keZ ds izpkj ij /;ku dsfUnzr djukpkgrs Fks] ysfdu muesa ls dqN dk;ZdrkZ dkaxzsl kjk iznRr Hkkjr ds fy, iw.kZLojkT; ds vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, rRij Fks36A ifj.kker% 26 tuojh] 1930dks vtesj esa izFke Lora=rk fnol ds dkaxzsl tqywl esa vk;Z lekft;ksa us Hkkxfy;kA ;g tqywl ?khlhjke /keZ'kkyk esa fLFkr vtesj dkaxzsl dk;kZy; ls jokukgqvk rFkk dsljxat esa xka/kh pkSd ij tkdj tulHkk esa ifj.kr gqvkA bl tqywl dhO;oLFkk esa vk;Z lekt ds ea=h ft;kyky us jktiwrkuk&e/;Hkkjr izkarh; dkaxzsl dsv/;k gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; dks lg;ksx fn;kA blh izdkj] dkaxzsl ds lfdz; usrk nqxkZizlkn pkS/kjh vkSj vk;Z lekt ds leFkZd Mh-,-oh- gkbZ Ldwy esa lsokjr uo;qodv/;kid pUnzxqIr xqIrk ok".ksZ; us tulHkk esa oUns ekrje~ jk"V™h; xku xk;kA mldsckn lHkk Lok/khurk dh izfrKk ds lkFk folftZr gqbZ37A

6 vizsy] 1930 dks egkRek xka/kh dh nk.Mh ;k=k ,oa leqnz rV ij ueddkuwu rksM+us ds lkFk Hkkjr esa iw.kZ LojkT; ds mn~ns'; ls lfou; voKk vkUnksyuizkjEHk gksus dk ladsr fn;kA ;g vkUnksyu 7 vizsy] 1934 dks lekIr gqvkAvtesj&esjokM+k esa vtesj vkSj C;koj uxjksa vkSj nwjLFk xkaoksa esa Hkh bldk izHkkoiM+kA bl vkUnksyu esa dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa vk;Zlekft;ksa] lektokfn;ksa] efgykvksavkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa us Hkh Hkkx fy;kA jk"V™h; Hkkouk ls vksrizksr vk;Zlekft;ksa esafo'ks"kr;k vk;Z lekt ds ea=h if.Mr ft+;kyky] pUnzxqIr ok".ksZ;] /kesZUnz f'kogjs]?khlwyky vkSj nRrk=s; okCys us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa Hkkx fy;kA ued dkuwu Hkaxdjus ds vijk/k esa dbZ vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dks dkjkokl dh ltk nh x;h38A nRrk=s;okCys us 1939 esa dkaxzsl ds izR;k'kh ds :i esa vtesj E;wfufliy ds in ijvklhu gksus ds mijkar Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa lfdz; Hkkx ugha fy;k39A blhizdkj] vtesj ds vk;Z lekt ds ea=h iafMr ft+;kyky Lora=rk vkUnksyu esalfÿ; jgus ds LFkku ij] oSpkfjd Lrj ij vtesj&esjokM+k dkaxzsl ds usrkvksa dkslg;ksx nsrs jgs40A

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu] 1942&43 %egkRek xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds kjk izkjEHk fd;s x;s

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa vtesj&esjokM+k us ^izcy lkoZtfud* izfrfÿ;k iznf'kZr

126


ugha dhA jktiwrkuk jkT;ksa ds jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dk 1942 ds iztke.MyvkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s vtesj ls xeu] vtesj&esjokM+k izkarh; eqfLyeyhx dh izfrfÿ;koknh uhfr] fczfV'k ljdkj dk f'kk.k laLFkkvksa vkSj jk"V™h;lekpkj i=ksa ij izfrca/k rFkk fczfV'k ljdkj dh 9 vxLr] 1942 ls viuk;h x;hneukRed uhfr us vtesj&esjokM+k izkarh; dkaxzsl dks nqcZy cuk fn;k Fkk41A

fczfV'k ljdkj us 85 lkoZtfud dk;ZdrkZvksa dks Hkkjrh; lqjkk dkuwu dsvUrxZr canh cuk;k ;k tsy dh ltk nhA bu jktuSfrd cafn;ksa esa lektoknh]etnwj la?k] vk;Z lekt vkSj dkaxzsl ls lEc) vU; jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa dsdk;ZdrkZ lfEefyr FksA vk;Z lekt ds dk;ZdrkZvksa esa pUnzxqIr ok".ksZ;] /kesUnzf'kogjs] ewypan vlkok] izsepan lksyadh vkSj nsonRr eq[; Fks42A Lora=rk lsukfu;ksads R;kx] ifjJe ,oa lkgl us Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu dks 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;kAifj.kker% 15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr LorU= gqvkA

vtesj esa Hkkjrh; Lora=rk fnol lekjksg] 15 vxLr] 1947 %15 vxLr 1947 dks vk;Z lekt ds ofj"B lnL; pkandj.k lkjnk us

vtesj uxj esa vius lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k esa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysusokys ÿkafrdkfj;ksa] egkRek xka/kh ,oa dkaxzsl ds vU; Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa] etnwj vkSjfdlku laxBuksa vkSj vk;Z lekt ds ns'kHkDr dk;ZdrkZvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ijlcdk /;ku vkdf"kZr djk;kA mUgksaus ns'k HkDrksa ds Lej.k esa eSfFkyh'kj.k dhdfork ds fuEufyf[kr in ls viuk Hkk"k.k lekIr fd;k43A

ftldks u fut xkSjo rFkk fut ns'k dk vfHkeku gSAog uj ugha uj&i'kq fujk vkSj e`rd leku gSAA

bl izdkj vk;Z lekt us Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh ds Hkkjr esa LojkT; LFkkiukds LoIu dks lkdkj djus esa lfÿ; Hkwfedk iznf'kZr dhA egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fdHkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl kjk vk;Z lekt ds fopkjksa ,o osnksa dh izHkqRrk esa iw.kZr%vkLFkk ugha j[kus ij Hkh] Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds fy;s vtesj&esjokM+k ds vk;Zlekt us mldks lg;ksx fn;k rFkk bl mn~ns'; esa lQyrk izkIr dhA blls ;g Li"VgS fd vk;Z lekt us vtesj&esjokM+k esa Lora=rk laxzke esa usr`Ro iznku djjktuSfrd ifjorZu esa vf/kd lfÿ;rk iznf'kZr dhA vr% vk;Z lekt us lkekftdlq/kkjksa ls vf/kd fons'kh lkezkT; dks Hkkjr esa lekIr djus dks egRoiw.kZ le>kA

lanHkZ1- ds-lh- ;kno ,oa ds-,l- vk;Z] vk;Z lekt ,.M n ›hMe ewoesaV] euksgj] ubZ

fnYyh] 1988] i`-174&76

2- Hkokuh yky Hkkjrh;] ns'k HkDr dqaoj pkan dj.k 'kkjnk] Jherh ijksidkj.khlHkk] vtesj] 1981] i`- 6&7; lR;nso 'kkL=h] ºlEikndΩ] ns'k HkDr Jhdqaoj pkandj.k th lkjnk] lkjnk vfHkuUnu iqfLrdk] oSfnd ;a=ky;] vtesj]1948] i`- 52&53

3- lqfer ljdkj] ekMZu bafM;k 1885&1947] eSdfeyu] 1982] i`- 144&1454- Bkdqj lqjtu flag 'ks[kkor] [kjok dk o`gn bfrgkl] izdk'kd&jkopUnz lsu]

[kjok] 19985- ds-,l- lDlsuk] jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd tkxj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh]

t;iqj] 1983] i`- 596- 'ks[kkor] iwoksZDr] i`- 131&1407- Hkkjrh;] iwoksZDr] i`- 78- gfjizlkn vxzoky] jktLFkku dh vktknh ds nhokus] C;koj] 1953] i`- 209- txnh'k izlkn ^nhid^] Lok/khurk laxzke dk lafkIr bfrgkl (ik.Mqfyfi)

QkbZy ua- 41&43] Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu ks= 4 ,oa 5] izkbosV isilZ] Hkkjrdk jk"V™h; vfHkys[kkxkj] ubZ fnYyh] iSjk 17 i`- 14

10- Hkkjrh;] iwoksZDr] i`- 611- lR;nso 'kkL=h] iwoksZDr] i`- 712- ogh] i`- 52&3; txnh'k izlkn nhid] iwoksZDr] iSjk 17] i`- 1413- txnh'k izlkn nhid] iwoksZDr] iSjk 20] i`- 17; Hkkjrh;] iwoksZDr] i`- 1014- txnh'k izlkn nhid] iwoksZDr] iSjk 17] i`- 1415- ogh16- ogh] iSjk 20] lR;nso] iwoksZDr] i`- 5317- lR;nso] iwoksZDr] i`- 5318- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] isjk 21] i`- 1819- ogh] isjk 25] i`- 1220- pkandj.k lkjnk ea=h] izkarh; dkaxzsl desVh] vtesj dk lans'k; nsf[k;s] bfUnjk

O;kl] ›hMe ewoesUV bu jktLFkku fon Lis'ky jsQjsUl Vw vtesj&esjokM+k];wfuoflZVh cqd gkml] t;iqj] 2003] ifjf'k"V & 5

21- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] iSjk 10] i`- 822- ogh] iSjk 25] i`- 1223- ogh] iSjk 28] i`- 2424- DyDVsM] oDlZ vkWQ egkRek xka/kh] Hkkx 22] i`- 498&49925- ogh26- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] isjk 26] i`- 23

127


27- ÿe la[;k 908] QkbZy ua- 1145] 1921&24] isM ua- 56] jktLFkku jkT;vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj; txnh'k] iwoksZDr] iSjk 29] i`- 25&26

28- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] iSjk 29] i`- 25&2629- DyDVsM oDlZ vkWQ egkRek xka/kh] Hkkx 23] i`- 64] 86&8730- O;kl] iwoksZDr] ifjf'k"B 631- Hkkjrh;] iwoksZDr] i`- 9&1032- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] isjk 29] i`- 2633- ogh] iSjk 36] i`- 3034- ogh] iSjk] 74] i`- 54&5535- cqf) izdk'k vk;Z] vk;Z lekt vtesj dk bfrgkl] vk;Z lekt] vtesj] 1993]

i`- 102&11836- t;ns'k 'kekZ fo|kyadkj] ^^dkaxzsl vkSj vk;Z lekt & /;s; er Hkwyks**] vk;Z

ekrZ.M ºvtesjΩ] Hkkx 7] vad 41] 4 tuojh] 1930] i`- 3&437- pUnzxqIr ok".ksZ;] ^^vtesj esa izFke Lok/khurk fnol dk 'kkunkj lekjksg]**

jktLFkku if=dk] 26 tuojh] 1990] i`- 1538- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] iSjk 87&90] cqf) izdk'k] iwoksZDr] i`- 19839- peuyky jSuk] uks fjxzsV~l] i`- 22&2540- ogh] i`- 22 lw;Z nso 'kekZ ,oa lrh'k oekZ] lsok vkSj la?k"kZ] ft;kyky Lekjd

lfefr] vtesj] i`- 84&9041- txnh'k] iwoksZDr] iSjk 110] i`- 45] jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk

mRFkku] jktLFkku izdk'klu e.My] vtesj 1967] i`- 16742- 1942 ds vkUnksyu esa vtesj&esjokM+k esa canh cuk;s tkus okys lR;kxzfg;ksa dh

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128


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`h Am›XmbZ g_mZ bJmZ Ï`dÒWm H$ odamY _| H$db Xm oZOm_Vm WmZmJmOrVWm ]mZgya _| h˛Am Wm$&3 o]óQ>e gaH$ma Z Abda na`mgV _| 1876 B©., 1899 B©.VWm 1922 B©. _| VrZ ^yo_ ]›Xm]ÒV bmJy oH$`$& Xyga ^yo_ ]›Xm]ÒV ¤mam WmZmJmOrd ]mZgya oZOm_Vm| H$ amO[yVm| VWm ]´m˜Um| H$m A›` OmoV`m| H$s VwbZm _| H$_ yamOÒdoX` OmZ H$m odefmoYH$ma ‡m· Wm oOg Vrga ^yo_ ]›Xm]ÒV ¤mam g_m· H$a bJmZH$s g_mZ Ï`dÒWm bmJy H$s$& AV: amO[yVm| _| AgßVmf Ï`m· hm J`m VWm C›hm|Z AßJÓmH$m ZB© Xam| [a bJmZ XZ g BßH$ma H$a oX`m VWm BgH$ odamY _| Am›XmbZ ‡maß^ H$aoX`m$&5 _hmamOm O`qgh Z Bg od–mh _| oH$gr ]mhar EO›gr H$m hmW hmZ H$m gßXhÏ`∫$ oH$`m$&6 Q>mBÂg Am∞\$ Bp S>`m Z 1922 B©. H$ Z` ^yo_ ]›Xm]ÒV H$m Bg od–mhH$ obE oOÂ_Xma R>ham`m$&7

WmZmJmOr d ]mZgya H$ amO[yV odÌdXmam| Z ZB© Xam| [a ^y-amOÒd H$ odamY _|A∑Qy>]a 1924 B©. g AZH$ Jmßdm| N>rÃ^wO (O`[wa na`mgV), Ì`m_[wam, H$Î`mUgmJa,Iam, ]rOm[wam, ]mgw, CßJmdmg AmoX _| oH$gmZ g^mEß Am`moOV H$s$&8 _mYmqgh dJmod›Xqgh Bg od–mh H$ ‡_wI ZVm W$&9 OZdar, 1925 _| oXÎbr _| Am`moOVAoIb ^maVr` jnÃ` _hmg^m H$ AoYdeZ _| Abda na`mgV H$ H$ar] 200amO[yV H$mÌVH$mam| Z gpÂ_obV hmH$a A[Zr _mßJ aIr VWm "[wH$ma' Zm_H$ erf©H$ g[Mm© ^r oZH$mbm$&10 BZ ZVmAm| ¤mam EH$ _mßJ [Ã ^r V°`ma oH$`m J`m oOg_| _wª` _mßJWr$:- y-amOÒd H$s Xa H$_ H$s OmE, amO[yVm| H$m Xyga yo_ ]›Xm]ÒV _| ‡m· odefoYH$ma[wZ: bm°Q>m` OmE, gwaojV OßJbm| H$ MmamJmhm| _| [ew ÔZ dmb H•$fH$m| g hr MamB© H$aH$s dgybr H$s OmE, ZB© g±Y (oeH$maJmh) ]ZmZ [a amH$, OßJbr OmZdam| H$m _maZ H$sAZw_oV, _ßoXam| H$m _m\$s _| XmZ H$s JB© ^yo_ H$m O„V Z oH$`m Om`$& BZ _mßJm| H$mEO Q> Qy> JdZ©a OZab BZ amO[yVmZm H$ g_j aIm J`m$&12 oH$gmZ g^mAm| _| `h ^rKmfUm H$s J`r oH$ ôdÓ` _| H$mB© bJmZ Zht oX`m Om`Jm VWm oH$gmZ O]aXÒVrAZmO IobhmZ g A[Z Ka b J`$&13

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em^mbmb Jw·m H$ AZwgma Bg H$m S> _| 19 Ïò∫$ _ma J`, 18 Km`b h˛E, 9 bm[Vmh˛`, 355 Pm¢[o∂S>`mß ZÔ> h˛B©, 71 [ew Ob J` VWm bJ^J 1 bmI È[` H$s gß[oŒm ZÔ>h˛B©$&22

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129


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amOÒWmZ gdm gßK Z Bg H$m S> H$s Om±M H$ obE H$›h°`mbmb H$bßÃr, bmXyam_ OmerAm°a hna^mB© qH$H$a H$ ZV•Àd _| EH$ H$_Q>r H$m JR>Z oH$`m$&27 Bg H$_Q>r Z Bg _m_bH$s [yar Om±M H$s VWm BgH$s [yar H$hmZr H$m 31 _B©, 1925 B©. H$m VÍ$U amOÒWmZ H$AßH$ _| ‡H$moeV oH$`m$&28 _oUbmb H$mR>mar H$s A‹`jVm _| Bg H$m S> H$s Om±M hVwEH$ A›` H$_Q>r JoR>V H$s JB© oOgH$m goMd am_ZmamÙ Mm°Yar H$m ]Zm`m J`m$& BgH$_Q>r H$s na[mQ>© Zr_yMmUm H$m S> _| _•VH$m| H$s gßª`m 95 Wr Am°a 200 Ïò∫$ Km`bh˛E$&29 H$mßJ´g A[Zr Xer am¡`m| _| AhÒVj[ H$s ZroV H$ MbV Bg hÀ`mH$m S> [a _m°Zahr oH$›Vw H$mZ[wa AoYdeZ _| _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr Z EH$ ‡ÒVmd V°`ma H$a Zr_yMmUm H$sA_mZdr` KQ>ZmAm| [a IX ‡H$Q> oH$`m VWm emH$gßV· [roS>V na`mgVr OZVm H$ ‡oVghmZw^yoV ‡H$Q> H$s$&30

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Abda H$ _hmamOm Z 1 AJÒV, 1925 B©. H$m 13 bmJm| H$m _m\$s _mßJZ VWmôdÓ` _| oH$gr ^r XßJ _| emo_b Zht hmZ H$ oboIV AmÌdmgZ [a N>m∂S> oX`m$&37

]mH$s ZVmAm| H$m 3 OZdar H$m nahm H$a oX`m J`m$&38 _hmamOm O`qgh Z A[ZrogÎda Ow]br [a R>mHw$a _mYmqgh, JßJmqgh d A_aqgh H$m ^r nahm H$a oX`m$&39

_hmamOm Z Òd`ß Zr_yMmUm H$m Xm°am H$a 18 ZdÂ]a, 1925 H$m AmXe Omar oH$`m oH$1922 H$ ]›Xm]ÒV H$s AdoY g_mo· VH$ [wamZ ]›Xm]ÒV H$ AZwgma hr amOÒd ob`mOmEJm$&

oH$gmZ Am›XmbZ H$ BoVhmg _| _dmV AßMb H$ Zr_yMmUm H$ oH$gmZ Am›XmbZd Zr_yMmUm hÀ`mH$m S> H$m odef _hŒd h°$& Zr_yMmUm hÀ`mH$m S> Z amOmAm| H$soZaßHw$eVm Am°a AÀ`mMmam| H$ ‡oV na`mgVr OZVm _| Vrd´ amf Am°a AgßVmf CÀ[›ZoH$`m$& Abda H$ _hmamOm H$m ^r BgH$m [naUm_ ^wJVZm [∂S>m$& o]óQ>e gaH$ma Z C›h|na`mgV g oZdm©ogV H$a oX`m Ohm± H$mbmßVa _| 1937 B©. _| [nag _| CZH$m oZYZ hmJ`m$& Zr_yMmUm H$ A_mZodH$ hÀ`mH$m S> Z OZab S>mà ¤mam oH$` J` Oob`mdmbm]mJ hÀ`mH$m S> H$s `mX| VmOm H$a Xr$& Bgr H$maU Zr_yMmUm hÀ`mH$m S> H$m ""XygamOob`mdmbm ]mJ hÀ`mH$m S>''> H$s gßkm Xr OmVr h°$&

Bg Am›XmbZ Z gÂ[yU© _dmV AßMb H$m ‡^modV oH$`m VWm _d oH$gmZm| _|Ï`m[H$ MVZm OmJ•V H$s$& Bg Am›XmbZ Z _dmV jÃ H$ oH$gmZm| H$s g_Ò`mAm| H$mCOmJa oH$`m VWm oH$gmZm| H$m amÔ≠>r` ÒdVßÃVm gßKf© H$s _wª` Ymam g Om∂S>Z _| _hÀd[yU©`mJXmZ oX`m$& `h AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© ]mV h° oH$ 1922 B©. g 1942 B©. H$ _‹` _dmVjÃ _| oH$gmZ Am›XmbZ A[Z CÀH$f© H$s Ma_ gr_m [a W O]oH$ Bg AdoY _|amOÒWmZ H$m N>m∂S>H$a o]óQ>e ^maV _| oH$gr ‡H$ma H$ OZ Am›XmbZ Zht Mb ah W$&‡maß^ _| ` oH$gmZ Am›XmbZ ÒdV: Ò\y$V© VWm ÒWmZr` W oH$›Vw H$mbmßVa _| AÀòYH$gßJoR>V hmH$a ‡Om_ S>bm| H$ _m‹`_ g _wª` amÔ≠>r` Ymam g Ow∂S> J`$& B›hm|Z goX`m|[wamZ gm_ßVdmX H$m MwZm°Vr XV h˛E ÒdV›ÃVm gßKf© H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV oH$`m$&

gßX^©1. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, [•. 16, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma ]rH$mZa2. S>mà∑Q>ar Am∞\$ Abda ÒQ>Q>, [•. 21 Om Ym]mB© oH$eZbmb g ‡m· h˛B©$&3. e_m©, ]•OoH$ema, [rO Q> _yd_ Q> BZ amOÒWmZ, [•. 270.4. e_m©, ]•OoH$ema, amOÒWmZ _| oH$gmZ Edß AmoXdmgr Am›XmbZ, [•. 175, 1765. \$m.Zß. 315 O/23, [•. 16, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa6. \$m. Zß. 135 O./23, [•. 143, Zr_yMmUm H$g, 1925, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma,

]rH$mZa7. (i) Q>mBÂg Am∞\$ Bp S>`m, 12 OyZ, 1925 B©.

(ii) \$mB©b Zß. 315 O/23, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa8. (i) \$mB©b Zß. 741 E\$./23, Abda OmJra naH$m∞S>©, 1825, amOÒWmZ am¡`

Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa(ii) [_mam_, EJńa`Z _yd_ Q> BZ amOÒWmZ, [•. 240

9. \$m. H$. 315 O/23, d•. 134,135, Zr_yMmUm H$g 1925, amOÒWmZ am¡Ào^bImJma, ]rH$mZa$&

130


10. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23 H$s [•. 134, Zr_yMmUm H$g, 1925, amOÒWmZ am¡Ào^bImJma, ]rH$mZa

11. \$m. Zß. C[am∫$, [•. 134, 135, [naoeÔ> 10.12. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, Zr_yMmUm H$g 1925, [•. 134, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma,

]rH$mZa13. \$m. Zß. C[am∫$ H$m [Ã, oX. 31 AJÒV, 1925, Zr_yMmUm H$m S> H$ H°$oX`m| H$m

]`mZ, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa14. (i) \$m. Zß. 315 O/25, [•. 19, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma ]rH$mZa

(ii) amOÒWmZ ohÒQ≠>r H$mßJ´g, CX`[wa g°eZ, 1969, [•. 124 g 12815. VÈU amOÒWmZ, 31 _B©, 1925 B©.16. \$m. Zß. 135 O/25, [•. 2 , amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa17. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, Abda ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$m ∞S> ©, 1925, amOÒWmZ am¡`

Ao^bImJma, Abda18. (i) \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, Abda ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$mS>©, 1925 amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa

(ii) [_mam_, EJńa`Z _yd_ Q> BZ amOÒWmZ (1913-1947 B©.) [•. 24319. VÈU amOÒWmZ, 31 _B©, 1925 B©.20. (i) VÈU amOÒWmZ oXZmßH$ 31 _B©, 4 oXgÂ]a, 1925, 14 OyZ, 1926

(i) A^`ßH$a, Or Ama., ‡m∞„bÂg Am∞\$ Bp S>`Z ÒQ>Q>g [yZm, 1928, [•. 404

21. ^JdmZXmg H$bm>, Xer am¡`m| H$s OZOmJ•oV, [•. 21322. em^mbmb Jw·m, JmßYrOr Am°a amOÒWmZ, [•. 3523. (i) \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, [•> 18, am.am.Ao^bImJma, ]rH$mZa

(ii) Q>mBÂg Am∞\$ Bp S>`m, 12 OyZ, 1925 B©.24. na`mgV 14 OZdar, 1928 B©.25. (i) Mm°. am_ZmamÙ, ]rgdt gXr H$m amOÒWmZ, [•. 96

(ii) Jw·m, em^mbmb, Jm±YrOr Am°a amOÒWmZ, [•. 5726. Or.Ama. A^`ßH$a, ‡m„bÂg Am∞\$ Bp S>`Z ÒQ>Q>g>, [•. 41027. Mm°. am_ZmamÙ, ]rgdrß gXr H$m amOÒWmZ, [•. 9528. e_m©, S>m∞. ]•OoH$ema, amOÒWmZ _| oH$gmZ Edß AmoXdmgr Am›XmbZ, [•. 17929. ^JdmZ H$bm, Xer am¡`m| _| OZOmJ•oV, [•. 21530. (i) Mm°. am_ZmamÙ, ]rgdt gXr H$m amOÒWmZ, [•. 96

(ii) Jw·m em^mbmb, Jm±YrOr Am°a amOÒWmZ, [•. 55

31. ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$m∞S>©, \$mBb Zß. 315 O/23, 1925, am.am. Ao^bImJma, Abda32. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, [Ã Zß. 114 H$s oXZmßH$ 11 OyZ, 1925 [Ã Zß. 964, oX. 10

OyZ, 1925, [•. 47, 3433. ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$m∞S>© \$m Zß. 315 O/23, 1925 amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^bImJma, Abda$&34. \$mBb Zß. C[am∫$ [•. 9835. ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$m∞S>© \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, 1925, am.am.Ao^. Abda36. \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, [•. 15437. S>m∞. [_mam_, EJńa`Z _yd_ Q> BZ amOÒWmZ, [•. 24438. (i) \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, [•. 59, am.am.Ao^. Abda

(ii) _hmamOm O`qgh H$s Amkm, 3 OZdar, 192639. JhbmV OJXre qgh, O`[wa d Abda am¡` H$m BoVhmg, [•. 28539. Abda ¡`yoS>oe`b naH$m∞S©>, \$m. Zß. 315 O/23, 1925 am.am. Ao^. Abda

131


egkjktk lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj&fu/kkZj.k fo"k;ddfri; egŸoiw.kZ rF;&,d iqujkoyksdu

izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr

egkjktk lwjtey Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ,sls txexkrs vkSj nsnhI;eku flrkjsjgs gSa ftudk lkaLd`frd vkSj jk"V™h; egŸo vlekukUrj gSA loZFkk izfrdwy vkSjfo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vius mŸkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu iw.kZ euks;ksx ls ltxrk ,oalrdZrkiwoZd dj ikus esa lQy flº gq, bl bfrgkl iq#"k us tgka lkEiznkf;ddV~Vjrk ls yksgk fy;k ogha ns'k dh fpjlafpr laLd`fr dh jkk djus esa viuh iwjh'kfDr yxk nh FkhA

eqxy njckjh ys[kdksa] Qkjlh bfrgkl lzksrksa vkSj mUgsa vk/kkj cuk djbfrgkl fy[kus okys vaxzst bfrgkldkjksa us loZFkk xyr rjhds ls egkjktk lwjteydh Nfo dks foifŸkxzLrksa dks ywVus okys] ,sfrgkfld vkSj iqjkrkfRod egŸo dsHkouksa dks rksM+us okys vkSj ejkBksa dk lkFk ugha nsus okys O;fDr ds :i esa mHkkjh gStcfd miyC/k rF;ksa vkSj lk;ksa dk fu"ik :i ls fo'ys"k.k djus ij mudhNfo jk"V™h;] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd mºkjdrkZ ds :i esa eq[kfjrgksdj lkeus vkrh gS vkSj ;gh ,d ,sfrgkfld lPpkbZ gSA oLrqr% muds thou dk,d cM+k Hkkx ,slh ;kstukvksa dks cukus vkSj mUgsa fÿ;kfUor djus ds iz;klksa esaO;rhr gqvk Fkk ftuls mŸkjh Hkkjr ds d`"kd o [ksrhgj oxZ rFkk vU; xjhc oxksZa dksns'kh jkT; 'kfDr;ksa vkSj vQxku vkÿkUrkvksa ds neu vkSj lagkj ls eqfDr feyldsA balkfu;r ds 'k=q vkrrkb;ksa ls Vdjkus esa jap ek= Hkh ladksp ugha djus okysegkjktk lwjtey us tgk° fgUnw laLd`fr dh jkk dh1 ogha bLykfed&laLd`fr dslajk.k esa Hkh viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA2

egkjktk lwjtey ds usr`Ro esa Hkjriqj ds uoksfnr tkV jkT; us mŸkjh Hkkjrds jktuhfrd jaxeap ij viuh ,d fof'k"V fLFkfr cuk yh FkhA mYys[kuh; gS fdfczfV'k jkt esa foy; ls iwoZ Hkjriqj dk tkV jkT; mŸkj esa xqM+xkao] mŸkj iwoZ esaeFkqjk] iwoZ esa vkxjk] nfk.k esa /kkSyiqj o djkSyh] nfk.k&if'pe esa t;iqj rFkkif'pe esa vyoj jkT;ksa ls f?kjk FkkA bldk ks= mŸkj ls nfk.k esa 76 ehy yEckvkSj iwoZ ls if'pe esa 48 ehy pkSM+kbZ esa QSyk FkkA3 ml le; bldk ks=Qy

1974 oxZehy] tula[;k 65 yk[k vkSj jktLo 21 yk[k #i;k lkykuk FkkA4 18ohalnh esa tkVksa ds pkj izeq[k ks= Fks & iatkc5] mŸkj izns'k ds mŸkjh o if'peh ftys]Hkjriqj izns'k rFkk vkxjk ds nfk.k esa pEcy rd vkSj mlds ikj Xokfy;j rd dkizns'kA6 buesa ls vkxjk ds if'pe esa Hkjriqj dk izns'k og ks= Fkk tgk° fgUnqLrkuds izFke tkV jkT; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh vkSj egkjktk lwjtey ;gha ds izrkih ujs'kgq,A izkphu le; esa ;g czte.Myh; HkwHkkx 'kwjlsu tuin ,oa eRL; ns'k ds lkFkfoHkkftr FkkA7 dkykUrj esa tkV ckgqY; ks= gks tkus ds dkj.k bls fitVokM+kfi Hkhdgk tkus yxk FkkA8

ifjJeh d`"kd vkSj fuHkhZd ;ksºk tkfr esa :i esa igpkus tkus okys tkVksa9us flU/k] iatkc] jktiwrkuk vkSj xaxk ds nkSvkc ds if'peh fgLls esa d`f"k oxZ dsvk/kkj LrEHk dk fuekZ.k fd;k10] ;g ,d vlafnX/k lR; gSA oa'kkuqxr vf/kdkjksa dsizfr de yxko j[kus okyh ;g tkfr iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa dks rjthg nsrh jgh gSA11

O;fDrxr Lora=rk ds leFkZd vkSj izd`fr ls gBh12 bl tkfr ds vius lkekftdjhfr&fjokt jgs gSa tks bUgsa mPp tkfr;ksa esa 'kqekj djrs gSaA13

Hkjriqj ds tkV jkT; ds okLrfod laLFkkid egkjktk lwjtey ds firkcnuflag Fks ijUrq bls mŸkjh Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds dsUnzh; khfrt esa ykus dk Js;egkjktk lwjtey dks gh tkrk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Fkwu dh fot; ds ckn pwM+keudh tehankjh vkSj tkVksa dk usr`Ro cnuflag dks izkIr gqvk FkkA 23 uoEcj] 1722 bZ-dks cnuflag us Lo;a dks t;iqj njckj dk lkeUr cuk fn;k vkSj lokbZ t;flag dhekQZr 'kkgh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yh FkhA14 cnuflag us uoxfBr tkV jkT; dhjkt/kkuh Fkwu ds LFkku ij Mhx dks cuk fn;kA ;|fi] lokbZ t;flag us cnuflag dksjktk (cztjkt) dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k Fkk fdUrq] 'kkgh ekU;rk ds vHkko esamUgksaus vius dks Bkdqj dgyokuk gh ilUn fd;k FkkA15 t;flag us] tks ml le;vkxjk dk lwcsnkj Fkk16] cnuflag dks uxkM+k] fu'kku vkSj ipjaxh >.Ms ds iz;ksxdh vuqefr rFkk vkxjk dLcs dh dksrokyh iznku dhA17 blds vykok mls eFkqjk]o`Unkou] egkou] fglkj] Nkrk] dkslh o gksMy bR;kfn ijxus ftudh dqy jktLovk; 50&60 yk[k #i;s Fkh] tkxhj esa Hkh fn;s x;sA18 19 twu] 1725 bZ- dks gq,le>kSrs ds vuqlkj cnuflag us t;flag dks izfro"kZ 83]000 #i;s is'kd'k nsuk HkhLohdkj fd;kA19 bl izdkj cnuflag dk lokZf/kd egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z eqxyksa ls ekU;rkizkIr O;ofLFkr vkSj 'kkar tkV jkT; dh laaLFkkiuk djuk FkkA mlus fot;ksa dhviskk jkT; ds 'kkafriw.kZ foLrkj vkSj lqn`<+hdj.k dh uhfr esa vf/kd fo'oklfd;kA20 vf/kdka'k tkV ljnkjksa us cnuflag ds usr`Ro esa viuh vkLFkk izdV dj nhFkhA mlus tkV&dNokgksa dh iq'rSuh 'k=qrk dks ?kfu"B eS=h esa ifjofrZr dj fn;kA

132


cnuflag us lokbZ t;flag ds izfr iw.kZ fu"BkHkko n'kkZ;k rks cnys esa t;flag us HkhmUgsa lEeku o eS=hHkko fn;kA21 1 ekpZ] 1731 bZ- dks t;flag kjk eFkqjk esa cnuflag dks ^jko* dk f[krkc fn;s tkus22 vkSj t;flag ds cnuflag ds Mhx fLFkr Msjsij tkrs jgus ds mYys[k Hkh feyrs gSa23 tks nksuksa ds e/; dh izxk<+rk dks n'kkZrs gSaA

Mhx esa lqn`<+ nqxZ o egyksa ds fuekZ.k] dqEgsj vkSj oSj esa u;s nqxksZa ds fuekZ.kvkSj oSokfgd lEcU/kksa kjk cnuflag us viuh fLFkfr dks dkQh lqn`<+ cuk fy;kFkkA24 dbZ btkjs vkSj jkgnkjh vf/kdkj gkfly dj mUgksaus viuh fLFkfr dks vkSjvf/kd etcwr cuk fy;k FkkA25 ijUrq] ;g Hkh ,d lR; gS lSU; n`f"V ls cnuflagdk dksbZ fo'ks"k ;ksxnku ugha jgkA tkV 'kfDr ds lkSHkkX; ls mudh lSU; deku mldsT;s"B ,oa ;ksX;re iq= lwjtey ds gkFkksa esa jgh] ftlus vius firk ds 'kkludkyesa vkSj ckn esa tkVksa ds Lora= jkT; dh LFkkiuk dj vusd Lora= lSU; xfrfof/k;ksadk lQy lapkyu fd;kA bl n`f"V ls cnuflag dh jktdk;Z ls fuo`fr ls dkQhiwoZ gh tkV jkT; ds 'kklu dh ckxMksj vizR;k :i ls lwjtey ds gkFkksa esa vkpqdh FkhA lwjtey us ;qfDriwoZd esokr ds bykds esa viuk opZLo LFkkfir dj26]1729 ds ek.Mw ;qº esa t;flag ds ik esa ejkBksa ds fo#º Hkkx ysdj27 viuhfLFkfr dks l'kDr cuk fy;k FkkA 27 ebZ] lu~ 1741 bZ- dks c[rflag jkBkSM+ vkSjt;flag ds e/; gq, xaxokuk28 ds ;qº29 esa t;flag dh vksj ls tkVksa us Hkh Hkkxfy;k FkkA30 ledkyhu lzksr ^nLrwj&dkSeokjfi ls bl ckr dh lEiqf"V gksrh gS fdtkV lsuk us bl ;qº esa lwjtey ds usr`Ro esa gh Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkbZ FkhA31

yxHkx lHkh lelkef;d lzksrksa ls bl rF; dh lEiqf"V gksrh gS fd dqN o"kZ'kklu djus ds mijkUr nq%lk/; us= jksx32 ls ihfM+r gks tkus ds dkj.k cnuflag us'kklu&lw= vius iq= lwjtey dks lkSai dj jktdk;ksZa ls fuo`fr ys yh FkhA33 viusfirk cnuflag dh e`R;q ds mijkUr lwjtey gh bl tkV jkT; dk mŸkjkf/kdkjh cukvkSj mlus vius tkV jkT; dks ,d Lora= jkT; dk xfjekiw.kZ LFkku fnykrs gq, Mhxds LFkku ij Hkjriqj dks jkT; dh ubZ jkt/kkuh ds :i esa laLFkkfir fd;k vkSjblds l'kfDrdj.k] lqn`<+hdj.k rFkk foLrkj esa iw.kZ euks;ksx ls layXu gks x;kA

bl 'kks/k i= dk eq[; /;s; egkjkt lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj dks ysdjizpfyr er&erkUrjksa dk lwe vUohk.k dj vius Hkkb;ksa ds e/; mudh okLrfodfLFkfr] jkT;kf/kdkj firk cnuflag kjk mUgsa gh iznku fd;s tkus fo"k;d okLrfoddkj.kksa vkSj rRlEcU/kh dfri; egŸoiw.kZ rF;ksa dk iqujkoyksdu dj mUgsaiquO;kZ[;kf;r djuk gS rkfd bl fo"k; esa ,d rdZlaxr] lgh vkSj ;FkkFkZ dhdlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs fu"d"kZ rd igqapk tk ldsA

lelkef;d lzksr&lkexzh dk v/;;u djus ij gesa ;g fofnr gksrk gS fdcnuflag ds gje esa vusd fL=;ka FkhaA muds 20 iq= FksA34 muds iq=ksa eas lwjteyvkSj izrkiflag lokZf/kd ;ksX; ,oa [;kfrizkIr FksA ;|fi bu nksuksa esa ls lwjtey dsT;s"B gksus ds mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa35] rFkkfi gesa ;g rF; Hkh ns[kus dks feyrkgS fd cnuflag dk vius nwljs iq= izrkiflag ds izfr fo'ks"k Lusg o #>ku Fkk rFkkmlus mls viuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh fu;r djus ds mÌs'; ls izrkiflag dh vfHk#fp;ksa,oa laLdkjksa dks 'kkldh; <ax ls fodflr djus esa fo'ks"k #fp Hkh yh FkhA36

bekn&ml&lknkr37 dks mº`r djrs gq, ds-vkj-dkuwuxks us vius xzaFk fgLV™h vkWQtkV~l dh ,d ikn fVIi.kh esa ;g fy[kk gS fd] ^^izrkiflag uked bl ;qok 'kfDrdk fodkl (pky <ky ,oa Hknzrk esa) lq#fpiw.kZ Hkk"kk vkSj mRd`"V f'k"Vkpkjksa dslkFk ,d vfHktkR; eqfLye ds :i esa gqvk FkkA viuh ixM+h cka/kus dh 'kSyh]viuh os'kHkw"kk ds 'kkSd ds lkFk&lkFk euilUn idokuksa esa mlus fnYyh ds rjhdksadk vuqlj.k fd;kAfi38 bl izdkj firk cnuflag dh bPNk ds vuq:i gh izrkiflagvius vkidks jkT; ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh ds :i esa rS;kj dj jgk FkkA gesa bl vk'k; dsmYys[k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd izrkiflag dh nkosnkjh dks l'kDr cukus ds fy;scnuflag kjk oSj esa izrkiflag ds fy;s i`FkDd nqxZ o egy Hkh cuok fn;k x;kFkkA39 lwjtey ds fy;s rks dqEgsj eas nqxZ o egy cuok;k x;k gh FkkA40 ;|fi] MkW-izdk'kpUnz pkankor ljh[ks bfrgkldkj ;g ekurs gSa fd Hkkoh x`g&dyg dhvk'kadk41 dks fuewZy djus ds mÌs'; ls gh cnuflag us dqEgsj esa lwjtey ds fy;srFkk oSj esa izrkiflag ds fy;s i`FkDd&i`FkDd lqn`<+ nqxksZa vkSj egyksa dk fuekZ.kdjk;k FkkA42 ijUrq] lelkef;d lzksr lkexzh ,oa rF;ksa dk ijhk.k djus ij gesa;g ekU;rk lgh izrhr ugha gksrh gSA lelkef;d rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls rks ;ghfu"d"kZ /ofur gksrk gS fd cnuflag dh bPNk izrkiflag dks gh viuk mŸkjkf/kdkjhcukus dh Fkh vkSj blds fy;s iz;klksa esa Hkh dksbZ deh ugha FkhA ijUrq] ;FkkFkZ esa?kVukÿe us dqN ,slk eksM+ fy;k fd izrkiflag dks viuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh euksuhrdjus dh gkfnZd bPNk j[kus okys cnuflag dks dfri; dkj.kksa ls lwjtey dksviuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr djuk iM+kA vuqekur% 1738&40 bZ- ds yxHkx cnuflagus oSj dk jkT; izrkiflag dks iznku dj fn;k Fkk vkSj lwjtey dks viuk ;qojkt?kksf"kr dj] 'ks"k tkV jkT; dk 'kklu izcU/k mUgsa lkSai fn;k FkkA43

gesa bl vk'k; ds mYys[k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd jkT; ds bl caVokjs dsckotwn vkxkeh dqN o"kksZa rd cnuflag Mhx esa jktlHkk dh v/;krk djrs jgsAfdUrq] 2 uoEcj] lu~ 1745 bZ- dks vius fiz; iq= izrkiflag dh vlkef;d e`R;q44

ls fokqC/k ,oa us= jksx dh Hk;adjrk ls ihfM+r cnuflag us rRdky jktdk;ksZa ls iwjh

133


rjg fuo`r gksus dk fu'p; vkSj 'kklukf/kdkj lwjtey dks lkSaius dk fu.kZ; fy;kAblh dkj.k uoEcj] 1745 bZ- esa ;qojkt lwjtey 'kklu lapkyu ds iwjs 'kklukvf/kdkjksa lfgr tkV jkT; ds okLrfod 'kkld cu x;s FksA45 7 twu] 1756 bZ- esa Mhxesa cnuflag dh e`R;q ds ckn lwjtey oS/kkfud :i ls Hkh tkV jkT; ds vf/kifrvkSj egkjktk cu x;s FksA46

bl nf"V ls miyC/k lk;ksa vkSj lzksr&lkexzh esa of.kZr rF;ksa dk iqujkoyksdudjus ij izFker% ;g rF; lkeus vkrk gS fd iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa esa vkLFkk j[kus okystkV lekt esa oa'kkuqxr nkoksa ds LFkku ij ;ksX;rk vkSj loZxzk·;rk dks lokZf/kdrjthg nh tkrh FkhA bl n`f"V ls lwjtey] cnuflag ds iq=ksa esa lokZf/kd ;ksX; vkSjloZxzk· Fks] ftldh miskk dj ikuk cnuflag ds fy;s lEHko ugha FkkA lwjtey dkO;fDrRo] d`frRo vkSj pfj= ,slk Fkk fd os tUetkr izfrHkk ls ;qDr vnE; lkglh]nwjn`"Vk] dq'kkxz cqfº] lsukifr rFkk dq'ky iz'kkldh; izcU/ku xq.kksa ls ;qDr FksAvius lSfudksa esa mudh yksdksfiz;rk fufoZokn vkSj vlafnX/k Fkh] ,sls esa mudhfoyk.k izfrHkk vkSj xq.kksa dh miskk djuk cnuflag ds fy;s cgqr Hkkjh lkfcr gksldrk FkkA cnuflag bl ;FkkFkZ ls HkyhHkkafr fHkK Fks var% le; jgrs mUgksaus viuhgkfnZd bPNk dks vius ln~foosd vkSj ln~cqfº kjk vadqf'kr vkSj fu;af=r djfy;k vkSj lwjtey dks gh viuk ;qojkt ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA

cnuflag bl rF; ls Hkh HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr Fks fd os izrkiflag dks viukmŸkjkf/kdkjh cukus dh gkfnZd bPNk rks j[krs Fks ijUrq] ,slk djus ij tkV jkT; dsHkkjh x`g&dyg ls xzLr gks tkus dk vans'kk Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA tkV jkT; dksbl x`g&dyg ls cpkus ds fy;s U;k;laxr ;gh Fkk fd lwjtey dks gh os viukmŸkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr djrs vkSj mUgksaus ,slk gh fd;kA cnuflag kjk lwjtey dks ghviuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr fd;s tkus dk ,d egŸoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd viusizkjfEHkd nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu ds le; lwjtey us viuh ftl cqfºerk] foyk.kizfrHkk] usr`Ro dkS'ky] vn~Hkqr kerk dks flº fd;k Fkk vkSj dqN [kkl dj xqtjusdk tTck fn[kk;k Fkk] mlls lwjtey dh tks fof'k"V Nfo eq[kfjr gksdj lkeusvkbZ Fkh] mls udkj ikuk cnuflag ds fy;s eqefdu ugha jgk Fkk vkSj cnuflag dksHkh ;g ckr 'kh?kz gh le> esa vk xbZ Fkh fd tkV jkT; dk fgr blh esa varfuZfgrgksxk fd lwjtey dks gh og viuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr djs] vkSj le; jgrs mlus,slk fd;k HkhA

xqyke vyh ds 'kCnksa esa fiog tkV dchys dk IysVks Fkkfi vkSj ;|fi] og,d fdlku fd os'kHkw"kk igurk Fkk rFkk dsoy viuh czt Hkk"kk gh tkurk Fkk] fQj

Hkh foosd rFkk cqfº esa] jktLo dh O;oLFkk djus dh ;ksX;rk rFkk ukxfjd ekeyksaesa futke vklQtgka cgknqj ds vfrfjDr fgUnqLrku ds ljnkjksa esa mlds cjkcjdksbZ O;fDr ugha FkkA47 ,sls esa mlls Js"B mŸkjkf/kdkjh cnuflag ds fy;s mlds iq=ksaesa vkSj dksbZ ugha gks ldrk FkkA lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj nkos dks oS.My48 kjklwjtey dks cnuflag dk vkSjl iq= u ekurs gq, mldh iSr`drk dks fooknkLincuk nsus ls Hkh tksM+ dj ns[kk tkrk gSA ijUrq] ;g Hkh lgh ugha gSA mlds vuqlkjlwjtey u rks cnuflag dk iq= Fkk vkSj u gh mlds oa'k dk FkkA og fdlhfookfgr L=h dk vkSjl iq= FkkA bl L=h dh cfgu cnuflag ds var%iqj esa FkhAvius iq= dks xksn esa fy;s tc og viuh cfgu ls feyus vkbZ] rc cnuflag dhml ij utj iM+h vkSj mlus mls viuh ifRu;ksa esa 'kkfey dj fy;k vkSj 'kh?kz ghog cnuflag dh d`ikik= cu xbZA mlus ml efgyk ds iq= dks Hkh viuk iq= ekufy;k vkSj ogh lwjtey uke ls tkuk x;kA49 ijUrq lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj nkosdks bl ckr ls tksM+ dj lansgkLin o la'k;;qDr cukus okyksa dh bl ckr dk dksbZBksl vk/kkj ugha feyrk gS] vLrq bldh izekf.kdrk Lor% gh lafnX/k gks tkrh gSAmYys[kuh; gS fd oS.My dh bl ckr dh lEiqf"V fdlh Hkh lelkef;d Qkjlh ovU; lzksr ls ugha gksrh gSA vf/kla[; lzksr lwjtey dks cnuflag dk T;s"B rFkkvkSjl iq= gh ekurs gSa vr% mlds mŸkjkf/kdkj nkos dks la'k;kRed cukus dk iz;klloZFkk gkL;kLin gh yxrk gSA

lwjtey ds mŸkjkf/kdkj nkos dks mls cnuflag dk vkSjl iq= ugha ekurs gq,detksj cukus ds iz;klksa dh ‹k`a[kyk esa jke ik.Ms; ds er dks Hkh lfEefyr djns[kk tk ldrk gSA jke ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj lwjtey] cnuflag ds HkkbZ :iflag dkiq= Fkk vkSj :iflag dh e`R;q gks tkus ij mldh iRuh nsodh ds lkFk cnuflag usfi/kjstukfi50 ds :i esa fookg dj fy;k FkkA51 mYys[kuh; gS fd viskkd`r ckn dkys[kd ›SUt xksVfy;c ,dek= lzksr gS tks lwjtey dk cnuflag dh jkuh nsodh(tks dkej52 ds pkS/kjh egkjke dh iq=h53 Fkh) ls mRiUu T;s"B iq= ds :i esamYys[k djrk gSA54 ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd jke ik.Ms; us viuk er ›SUt xksVfy;cds er ds vk/kkj ij O;Dr fd;k gS tks fdlh vU; lzksr kjk lEiq"V ugha gksus vkSjckn dk gksus ds dkj.k Lo;a gh lafnX/k ,oa vizekf.kd dgk tkus ;ksX; gSA

lelkef;d lzksrksa eas mfYyf[kr lanHkksZa dks ns[ksa rks ;g ckr Lor% gh xyrvkSj fujk/kkj Hkh izekf.kr gks tkrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd ledkyhu ^L;kgk okdk;kdkxtkrfi esa tgk° lwjtey dk cnuflag ds iq= ds :i esa lu~ 1721 bZ- eas izFkevkSj Li"V mYys[k gqvk gS]55 ogha lelkef;d ^^nLrwj dkSeokjfi ls lu~ 1735 bZ-

134


rd :iflag ds thfor jgus ds izek.k feyrs gSaA56 ;gh ugha lu~ 1731 bZ- esacnuflag rFkk :iflag dh iRuh dk mYys[k ,d lkFk fdUrq] i`FkDd&i`FkDd :ils gqvk gSA57 lqtku pfj= dk ys[kd dfo lwnu Hkh Li"V :i ls :iflag dklwjtey ds pkpk ds :i esa mYys[k djrk gSA58 bl izdkj oS.My vkSj rnuUrj›SUt xksVfy;c vkSj jke ik.Ms; vkfn ds kjk lwjtey dks cnuflag dk T;s"BvkSj vkSjl iq= ugha ekurs gq,59 vizR;k :i ls muds mŸkjkf/kdkj dks fooknkLincukus ds iz;kl loZFkk xyr] fujk/kkj vkSj rdZ dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs izrhr ughagksrs gSaA60 bls O;FkZ dk 'kCnkMEcj gh dgk tk;s tks vf/kd lgh gksxkA

fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd egkjktk lwjtey] cnuflag ds vkSjlvkSj T;s"B iq= gh Fks vkSj bl fo"k; esa tks Hkh la'k; iSnk djus okys er gSa os loZFkkfujk/kkj] viq"V ,oa vizkekf.kd dgs tkus ;ksX; gSaA lkFk gh ;g Hkh ,d ,sfrgkfldrF; gS ftls gesa u pkgrs gq, Hkh Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd izkjEHk esa cnuflag viuslokZf/kd fiz; iq= izrkiflag dks gh viuk mŸkjkf/kdkjh cukuk pkgrs Fks ijUrq]lwjtey esa fo|eku tUetkr xq.kksa rFkk oSf'k"V~;ksa ds [kqy dj lkeus vkus vkSjmuds kjk vuojr :i ls viuh foyk.k izfrHkk ,oa ;ksX;rk dk izn'kZu] mRd`"Vdk;Z izn'kZu ,oa viskkd`r Js"B lSU; usr`Ro ,oa iz'kklfud dkS'ky izn'kZu rFkkmuds T;s"Bkf/kdkj vkfn ?kVdksa ds izHkko'kkyh gksus ls mudh tks jpukRed vkSjtkV jkT; ds fgr lEoºZu ds fy;s Js"B ,oa loZFkk vuqdwy Nfo eq[kfjr gksdjlkeus vkbZA muds pyrs cnuflag us ;Fkksfpr le; ij gh izrkiflag dks viukmŸkjkf/kdkjh cukus dk fu'p; cny dj lwjtey dks viuk ;qojkt ?kksf"kr djfn;k FkkA

lanHkZ1- vgen'kkg vCnkyh ds czt laLd`fr ds jk.k dk iz;kl mYys[kuh; gSaA2- fgUnwirikr'kkgh ds LoIun'khZ ejkBk&ljnkjksa ls eFkqjk rFkk fnYyh ds bLykfed

laLd`fr ds izrhd Hkouksa dh jkk dks bl n`f"V ls mnkgj.k Lo:i mº`r fd;ktk ldrk gSA lQnjxat o vU; dbZ eqfLye vehjksa dks Hkjriqj esa 'kj.k fn;ktkuk Hkh blh ÿe esa mYys[k ;ksX; gSA

3- Msd czksdesu % xtsfV;j vkWQ fn bZLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] i`- 1_ Tokyk lgk; %fgLV™h vkWQ Hkjriqj fV™C;wu izsl] ykgkSj] 1899] i` 1_ dfojktk ';keynkl %ohj fouksn] ftYn&3] mn;iqj] 1886] i`- 1635

4- th-ch- eSfylu % fn usfVo LVsV~l vkWQ bf.M;k] yUnu] 1875] i`- 975- ,-,p-jkst % , XykWljh vkWQ V™kbZCt ,.M dkLV~l vkWQ iatkc] ftYn&2] ykgkSj]

1911] i`- 366&69

6- tnqukFk ljdkj % eqxy lkezkT; dk iru] ftYn&2] fgUnh vuq-] vkxjk] 1972]i`- 260&61

7- dfua?ke % vkfdZ;ksyksthdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] ftYn&20] 1882&83] i`- 28- lw;ZeYy feJ.k % oa'k HkkLdj] i`- 2886] 29199- dkfydkjatu dkuwuxks % fgLVksfjdy ,lst] vkxjk] izFke laLdj.k] i`- 4510- dkfydkjatu dkuwuxks % fgLV™h vkWQ tkV~l] dydŸkk] 1925] i`- 211- fofy;e bfoZu % ysVj eqxYl] ftYn&1] fnYyh] 1971] i`- 8312- ,VfdUlu % xtsfV;j vkWQ ukWFkZ osLV izksfoUlst vkWQ bf.M;k] ftYn&4]

Hkkx&1] bykgkckn] 1876] Hkwfedk13- vkj-oh-jlSy % V™kbCl ,.M dkLV~l vkWQ fn lSUV™y izksfoUlst vkWQ bf.M;k

ftYn&3] eSdfeyu ,.M da-] yanu] 1916] i`- 23114- nLrwj dkSeokj] ftYn&7] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] t;iqj

vfHkys[kkxkj nLrkost] i`- 43615- tnqukFk ljdkj % fgLV™h vkWQ fn t;iqj LVsV] vizdkf'kr] Jh uVukxj 'kks/k

laLFkku] lhrke≈] i`- 23&24_ 1730 bZ- esa ljcqyUn [kka us tc xqtjkr ls vkxjkdh ;k=k ds nkSjku tkV ks= esa iM+ko Mkyk Fkk] rc cnuflag us mlls jktk dhinoh fnykus dh izkFkZuk dh FkhA

16- tnqukFk ljdkj % fgLV™h vkWQ fn t;iqj LVsV] i`- 2117- ›SUt xksVfy;c % Hkjriqj ds tkV jktkvksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k Qkjlh o`rkUr]

i`- 18c18- ogh] i`- 18c19- diVkjk nLrkost] iwoZ-] la[;k 140620- izdk'kpUnz pkankor % egkjktk lwjtey vkSj mudk ;qx] iwoZ-] i`- 4521- dfo lwnu % lqtku pfj=] dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] frh; laLdj.k] fo-la-

1980] i`- 4022- nLrwj dkSeokj] ftYn&7] iwoZ-] i`- 44023- ogh] i`- 44224- dkfydkjatu dkuwuxks % fgLV™h vkWQ tkV~l] iwoZ-] i`- 6125- #Lre vyh % rkjh[k&,&fgUn] Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke≈ laxzg] i`-

543] 579_ n∂rj lun uohl (ijxuk t;iqj)] fpV~Bh] oS'kk[k d`".kk 10] fo-la- 1784] jk-jk-v-ch-_ ogh] fpV~Bh] pS= d`".kk 3 vkSj vkf'ou 'kqDyk 3] fo-la- 1783] jk-jk-v-ch-

26- M™k∂V [kjhrk] ekxZ'kh"kZ d`".k 11] fo-la- 1788] jk-jk-v-ch-] vkesj fjdkMZ]ekxZ'kh"kZ 'kqDyk 14] fo-la- 1788] jk-jk-v-ch-

135


27- j?kqohj flag % ekyok bu V™kaft'ku] cksEcs] 1936] i`- 18028- vtesj ds vkB ehy mŸkj&if'pe esaA29- dfojktk ';keynkl d`r ^ohj fouksn* vkSj tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn&2]

nksuksa ds vuqlkj ;g ;qº vk"kk<+ d`".kk 9] fo-la- 1798 esa yM+k x;k FkkA30- tsEl VkWM us bls lgh ekuk gS ijUrq] MkW- vks>k] dfojktk ';keynkl vkSj

lw;ZeYy feJ.k vkfn us bldk mYys[k rd ugha fd;k gSA31- nLrwj dkSeokj] ftYn&7] i`- 458] iwoZ-] esa mYys[k gS fd] lwjtey tkV dks] tks

fd t;flag dh QkSt esa 'kkfey Fkk] Hkknzin 'kqDyk 12] fo-la- 1798] rn~uq:i11 flrEcj] 1741 bZ- dks fonk fd;k x;kA

32- cnuflag ds kjk izfrfnu ,d iSls ds cjkcj ikjk fuxyus ls mlds thou dsvafre fnuksa esa mlesa us= fodkj dk vkuk mfYyf[kr feyrk gSA nz"VO; &gjlq[kjk; d`r etkekmy v[kckj ºbfy;V] VIII, i`- 272Ω

33- ›SUt xksVfy;c % if'kZ;u fgLV™h vkWQ tkV~l] i`- 20v34- ›SUt xksVfy;c vkSj gjlq[kjk; us 20 iq= gksuk rFkk ckn ds ys[kdksa us 26 iq=

gksuk crk;k gS ftuesa ls 4 ds izkjEHk esa gh e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkus dk o.kZudjrs gSaA jk/kk je.k pkScs (Hkjriqj jkT; dk lafkIr bfrgkl] i`- 8) buesa ls 2dks /keZiq= crkrs gSaA

35- lkseukFk % lqtku foykl] ik-fy-] ftyk iqLrdky;] Hkjriqj] i`- 5236- ogh] i`- 134c37- ehj xqyke vyh % bekn&ml&lknkr] uoyfd'kksj izsl] y[ku≈] 189738- ogh39- dfo lkseukFk ds jl ih;w"k fuf/k ls fofnr gksrk gS fd cnuflag us oSj dk nqxZ

izrkiflag ds fy;s cuk;k Fkk] eRL; dh nsu] i`- 5240- dfo f'kojke d`r ^uo/kk HkfDr lkxj* ls fofnr gksrk gS fd 18oha lnh ds pkSFks

n'kd (1735 bZ- ds yxHkx) esa lwjtey dqekj ds :i esa dqEgsj esa jgrk FkkA41- izdk'kpUnz pkankor % egkjktk lwjtey vkSj mudk ;qx] iwoZ-] i`- 5242- ogh] i`- 5243- lkseukFk % lqtku foykl] iwoZ-] i`- 134c44- nLrwj dkSeokj] ftYn&7] iwoZ-] i`- 48145- lwnu % lqtku pfj=] iwoZ-] i`- 7&8] i`- 9&10_ tnqukFk ljdkj % eqxy lkezkT;

dk iru] ftYn&2] iwoZ-] i`- 26946- izdk'kpUnz pkankor % egkjktk lwjtey vkSj mudk ;qx] iwoZ-] i`- 5447- ehj xqyke vyh % bekn ml lknkr] iwoZ-] i`- 55

48- oS.My] egkjktk lwjtey ds iq= tokgjflag dk njckjh Fkk] bl dkj.k ogledkyhu bfrgkldkjksa dh Js.kh esa fxus tkus ;ksX; gSA oS.My us ›SUp Hkk"kk esatkV bfrgkl fy[kk ftlds mºj.k tnqukFk ljdkj kjk mº`r fd;s x;s gSaA

49- tnqukFk ljdkj % eqxy lkezkT; dk iru] ftYn&2] iwoZ-] i`- 26950- cM+s HkkbZ dh fo/kok ls fookg djus dh izFkk & ^djsok*51- jke ik.Ms; % Hkjriqj vi Vw 1826] jke ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj] 1970] i`- 4652- eFkqjk ftys esa] eFkqjk ls 33 ehy mŸkj&if'pe esa fLFkr53- dkfydkjatu dkuwuxks % fgLV™h vkWQ tkV~l] iwoZ-] i`- 6154- ›SUt xksVfy;c % iwoZ-] i`- 20v55- nLrwj dkSeokj] ftYn&7] iwoZ-] i`- 53556- ogh] i`- 50157- ogh] i`- 44858- lwnu % lqtku pfj=] dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] frh; laLdj.k] fo-la-

1980] i`- 6759- lj tuqnukFk ljdkj % eqxy lkezkT; dk iru] Hkkx&2] iwoZ-] i`- 3160- nz"VO; & MkW- uRFku flag % bfrgkl iq#"k egkjktk lwjtey] fnYyh] 1991] i`-

50&51

136


chdkusj jkT; dh laLd`fr ds rRo %izeq[k R;kSgkj o esys (1818&1949)

jkts'k iaokj

MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ us jktLFkku dh laLd`fr esa esys o mRlo ds egRo dkvadu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd** lkekftd thou vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr laLFkkvksa lsykdksRlo dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA LFkkuh; laLd`fr dh vfHkO;fDr yksdksRloksa esaLi"V ns[kh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd muds lkFk izkphu ijEijk,sa o fopkj/kkjk,sa tqM+hjgrh gSA ;s fopkj/kkjk,sa o ijEijk,sa /kkfeZd] ,sfrgkfld vFkok lkekftd gksrh gSAtc&tc yksdkRloksa dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA ns'k gks ;k izkUr ds lkaLd`frd igyw ds,d Lo:i dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA bu mRloksa] Ωrqvksa ,oa fo'ks"k voljksa dks ,slkla;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS fd tu Hkkouk esa uSlfxZdrk fn[k iM+rh gSA bUgha yksdksRloksaesa u, thou dk lapkj gks tkrk gSA bu voljksa esa xk, tkus okys yksdxhrksa vFkokdgha tkus okyh yksd okrkZvksa esa /kkfeZd fu"Bk rFkk ,sfrgkfld rF; fNis iM+s gSa tksjktLFkkuh laLd`fr ds |ksrd gaSA jktLFkku esa fofHkUu jtokM+ksa] lkeUrksa o tkfriapk;rksa rFkk dqy fo'ks"k esa fofHkUu mRloksa o esyksa o R;kSagkjksa dks viuh vku&ckudk izrhd cuk fy;k FkkA buesa jktLFkku dh ukukfo/k lkaLd`frd rRo os'kHkw"kk][kku&iku] u`R;] laxhr] xhr Lokax yksd dyk,sa ,oa bu lcls vf/kd izR;sd igywdks mtkxj djrs gSaA1

fofo/k laLd`fr] Hkk"kkvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa okyh chdkusj fj;klr esa viuhizd`fr o HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls ;gka viuh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks bu esyksa] R;kSagkjksa] mRloksakjk yksxksa esa mRlkg o meax dk lapkj lfn;ksa ls gksrk jgk gSA chdkusj jkT; dhlaLd`fr esa ;s esys] R;kSgkj mRlo fj;klrksa dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk ds izrhd gSaAbuds ek/;e ls cqjs dk;ksaZ dks NksM+dj vketu dks usddehZ cuus dh f'kkk o ,dih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd laLd`fr o laLdkjksa dk gLrkUrj.k gksrk gSA2 tu thou esafofHkUu Hkkoksa mnkg.kkFkZ jfr] fojg] 'kkS;Z HkfDr vkfn dks lapkfjr djds [ksy&rek'kksa]v[kkM+ksa] esgUnh idokuksa] ek.Muk] cUnuokjksa ,oa vyadj.kksa dk izn'kZu bu mRloksa&esyksadh fo'ks"krk,° cu tkrh gSA bu lHkh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, chdkusj jkT; ds izeq[kR;kSgkjksa o esyksa dk foospu fuEu izdkj ls gS %&

chdkusj jkT; ds izeq[k R;kSgkj&mRlo o R;kSgkjksa vkSj esyksa dk fdlh ns'k ds lkekftd thou esa egRoiw.kZ

LFkku gksrk gSA blls tkrh; thou rks vVwV :i ls gksrk gSA lkFk gh bl ns'k dhlaLd`fr dk Hkh bu R;kSgkjksa ds lkFk fof'k"V lEcU/k gksrk gSA izk;% lHkh R;kSgkjksa dsvk;kstuksa ds ihNs dqN u dqN dkj.k fo|eku jgrk gSA izk;% lHkh R;kSgkjksa ds lkFkdqN u dqN dFkk tqM+h jgrh gSA bu dFkkvksa ls /keZ vkSj lRdk;ksaZ dks vuqizekf.krdjus okyh xkSjoe;h ijEijk lquus dks feyrh gSA lkFk gh pfj= mRFkku uSfrdmRFkku bu yksd dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls lfn;ksa ls lapkfjr gksrk gSA3

yehukFk th efUnj] nk≈th efUnj] f'ko th dk efUnj] /kwuhukFk th dkefUnj] jru fcgkjh th dk efUnj] /kkfeZd xhrksa o dFkkvksa dk dsUnz gSaA4 ;gkafgUnwvksa ds R;kSgkjksa esa 'khryk lIreh] vk; r`rh;k] jkk cU/ku] n'kgjk] nhikoyhvkSj gksyh eq[; gSA blds vfrfjDr x.kxkSj o rht fL=;ksa ds eq[; R;kSagkj gSAjkkcU/ku fo'ks"kdj czkg~Ek.kksa dk rFkk n'kgjk kf=;ksa dk R;kSagkj gSA n'kgjs ds fnucM+h /kwe/kke ds lkFk egkjktk dh lokjh fudyrh gSA eqlyekuksa ds izeq[k R;kSagkjgS eqgjZe] nksuksa bZn (bZnqy fQrj) vkSj bZnqy tqgk ,oa 'kCcscjkr gSA5 chdkusj jkT;dk bfrgkl ryokjksa dh [ku&[kukgV dk lkkh gS] fQj Hkh turk 'kkfUre; mRlo]R;kSagkjksa] vkeksn&izeksn] [ksy&rek'kksa vkfn kjk viuh lkekftd o`fr dk izn'kZudjrh jgh gSA6 ;gka ds lkekftd mRloksa es x.kxkSj d izeq[k LFkku gSA7 bl voljij dbZ LFkkuksa ij esys yxrs gSa dbZ xkaoksa esa ≈°Vksa o ?kksM+ksa dh nkSM+ izeq[k :i lsvk;ksftr gksrh gSA ;gka **;g dgkor izpfyr gS& x.kxksfj;k eas ?kksM+k uh nkSaM+syk rksdn nkSM+sykA8 lkjs Hkkjr esa edj lÿkafr ij irax mM+kbZ tkrh gS ijUrq chdkusj esavk; r`rh; ij iraxs bruh vf/kd mM+kbZ tkrh gS fd vkdk'k esa rkjksa dh Hkkafr Nktkrh gSA bl fnu tks irax dkVrk gS vius vki dks HkkX;'kkyh ekurk gS vkSj vxyso"kZ ds fy, 'kqHk ekurk gSA9 ;g fnu bruk Js"B ekuk tkrk gS fd bl fnu xkao dsyksx ^v.k iqN~;k lkok** vFkkZr fcuk czkge.k dks iwNs gh fookg dk ykafXud eqgwrZekurs gSaA10 chdkusj esa lkou dh rht ds ctk;s Hkknos dh rht dks cgqr /kwe/kke lseuk;k tkrk gSA lHkh ?kjksa esa puk] xsgwa] pkoy] lc cuk;s tkrs gSaA cgu&csfV;ksa dksHksts tkrs gSaA vkSjrsa fnu&Hkj ozr j[krh gSA lksyg J`axkj dj rht dh dgkuh lqurhgSA pk°n dks v/kZ nsrh gS vkSj vius ifr ds gkFkksa lrq dk xzkl xzg.k djrh gSA fL=;kabldksa vius lkSHkkX; dk ioZ ekurh gSA11 eqU'kh lksguyky rokjh[k ds jktJhvuqlkj tlksykbZ rkykc ij lkou dh rht dk esyk gksrk Fkk] cktkj yxrk Fkkftlesa fL=;ka [kjhnnkjh djrh FkhA12 chdkusj esa nhokyh dk mRlo cM+h meax o

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mYykl ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA nhokyh ds nwljs fnu vkil esa yksx ,d&nwljs dslkFk lxs lEcfU/k;ksa ls feyrs FksA bls jke&jke lk dgk tkrk FkkA bl izdkj gksyho nhikoyh tSls bu cM+s R;kSgkjksa ls ikjLifjd izse vkSj ln~Hkkouk esa o`fº gksrh FkhAnhikoyh ds nwljs fnu nokr iwtk* ds nLrwj esa u;h L;kgh] ubZ dye vkSj u;h cghj[kh tkrh FkhA lsB lkgqdkj yksx dqedqe ds NhaVs Mkydj bl fnu u;k ys[kkizkjEHk djrs FksA dkfrZd ekl ds 'kqDy ik dh frh;k ds fnu HkS;k nwt dk R;kSagkjeuk;k tkrk FkkA13 gksyh clUr dk R;kSgkj gS lkjs Hkkjr esa euk;k tkrk gSA ijarqchdkusj esa gksyh ijEijkxr :i ds vykok fo'ks"krkvksa dks ysdj euk;h tkrh gSAlIreh ds fnu lqcg nsoh ds efUnj esa yksx pys tkrs gSaA fnu Hkj iwtk djrs gSa vksjlk;adky ogka ls gksyh ds xhr xkrs gq, 'kgj esa izos'k djrs gSaA muds lkFk ghchdkusj dh turk ij gksyh dk jax p<+uk 'kq: gks tkrk gS o HkLe dh LFkkiuk djrsgSaA 'kgj ds izeq[k fgLlksa esa tSls ckjgxqokM+] vkpk;kaZs dk pkSd] fcLlksa dk pkSd]e:uk;d pkSd] lksufxjh dqvka vkfn ij [;ky o jEersa [ksyh tkrh gSA tks izk;%7-00 cts ls 'kq: gksrh gSA eksgYys ds yksx fofHkUu Lokax cukdj ukprs gSaA rc,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd lEiw.kZ chdkusj izns'k fdUuj izns'k gks x;k gksA14 jktLFkku HkhlkaLd`frd yksddFkkvksa dh fprje~ lqjfHk ls lq'kksfHkr jgk gSA lkfgR; lfjrk dhvkq..k ijEijk tu&tu dh Hkkoukvksa ds lEidZ ls cuh gSA chdkusj lEHkkax dh*jEersa* vkt Hkh euksjatu ds l'kDr lk/ku dks ih<+h nj ih<+h lapkfjr fd, gq,gSaA15 yky.kh O;klksa ds pkSd] lksufxjh dh jEer] Hkknf.k;ksa dh jEer] nft;kjhjEer] pkSrhuk dqvka okyh jEer] chdkusj esa jEerksa dk Jh x.ks'k QDdM+ nknk dhjEer ls gksrk gSA16

chdkusj jkT; ds izeq[k esys;gka dk lcls izflº dksyk;r th dk esyk izfro"kZ dkfrZd 'kqDy ik ds

vfUre fnuksa esa Jh dksyk;r th esa gksrk gS vkSj iwf.kZek dk fnu eq[; ekuk tkrk gSA;gka dfiys'oj equh dk vkJe ekuk tkus ls bl LFkku dk egRo vf/kd c<+ x;k gSvkSj esys ds fnu gtkjksa ;k=h nwj&nwj ls ;gka vkrs gSaA ml le; ≈°V] cSy vkfn dhfcÿh gksrh gSA17 chdkusj ls 50 fdyksehVj n-i- esa dksyk;ru ;k dksyk;r ukedizkphu rhFkZ LFky gS tgka izR;sd o"kZ dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks HkO; esyk yxrk gSAdksyk;r esa dfiy ljksoj ds fdukjs egf"kZ dfiy eqfu dk HkO; efUnj yky iRFkjo laxeejej ls cuk gSA HkO; xksykdkj rkykc ds fdukjs fofHkUu ukeksa ds 52 ?kkVcus gq, gSaA18 vr% ?kksM+ksa dh [kjhn Qjks[r Hkh bl esys esa gksrh gSA fj;klr esa ;g,d cM+s esys ds :i esa gSA nwj njkt o chdkusj 'kgj ds cgqr ls yksx bl esys esa

tk;k djrs gSaA ;gka flD[k lEiznk; dk izeq[k xq:kjk Hkh gSA dkfrZd iwf.kZek dsfnu xq:ukud t;afr gksus ls dksyk;r fgUnw] flD[k ,drk dk LFky cu tkrk gSA19

cpiu ls gh chdkusj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko chdk th] HkSjo dk HkDr Fkk vkSjdj.kh th ds vk'khZokn esa vVwV fo'okl FkkA HkSjo dh ifo= ewfrZ dks ysdj osdj.kh ekrk dks viuh J`ºk viZ.k djus o mudk vk'khokZn izkIr djus lh/ksns'kuksd pys x;sA dj.kh th dh iwtk o lsok essa yx x;sA 1537 esa mudhlgu'khyrk ls lUrq"V gksdj mUgsa dksMenslj tkus o ogka ij HkSjo dh ewfrZ dhLFkkfir djus dk vkns'k fn;k vkSj dgk HkSjo dh ewfrZ LFkkiuk ,d jkT; ds chtcksus ds leku gksxh vkSj ml 'kqHk le; ls rw viuh fot; dh dwp ij jokuk gksldrk gS] rsjs jkT; dh uhao iM+ xbZ gSA chdkusj ds if'pe ls 24 fdyksehVj nwjdksMenslj HkSa: th dk izkphu efUnj gSA chdkusj uxj dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ jkochdkth blh LFkku ij djhc rhu o"kZ jgsA ;gka ij chdkth us HkSjo dh ewfrZizfr"B dh FkhA ;gka nks lrh Lekjd gSaA dksMenslj esa gj o"kZ Hkknzin ekg dh rsjldks HkO; esyk yxrk gSA lHkh tkfr oxZ ds HkDr J`ºk ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA20 uxj dsnfk.k esa lqizfLkº yehukjk;.k th ds efUnj ds ikl HkkaMklj th dk fo'kkyefUnj gSA bl efUnj ds fuekZ.kdrkZ HkkaMk'kkg lsB FksA buds uke ij gh bl efUnjdk ukedj.k HkkaMklj tSu efUnj gqvkA ftldk fuekZ.k lEHkor% 1571 ds vkf'ou'kqDy frh; dks ekuk x;k gSA21 chdkusj fj;klr esa eqdke xkao esa fo'uksbZ tkfr dkeqfDr/kke gSA ;gka o"kZ esa nks ckj QkYxqu dh vekoL;k o vkf'ou dh vekol dksesyk yxrk gSA ;gka ns'k ds dksus&dksus ls vkdj Jºkyq HkDrtu Hkxoku fo".kq dsvorkj xq: tEHks'oj dh lekf/k ij J`ºklqeu vfiZr djrs gSaA tEHks'oj us uoeh1593 esa ;gka lekf/k yh FkhA 1552 esa dkfrZd lwnh v"Veh dks xkao ls nksfdyksehVj nwj lejkFky /kksjksa ij (dy'k) LFkkiuk djds fo'uksbZ /keZ dh uhaoj[kh FkhA lejkFky o eqdke nksuksa txg gh tEHks'oj* ds HkO; efUnj cus gSaA22 bllEiznk; esa 29 /keZ fu;e] vkpkj fopkj O;ogkj] ifo=rk] n;k] iwtk] mikluk]vfgalk] LokLF;] vkfn eq[;r% lfEefyr gSA23 chdkusj ls 60 fdyksehVj nwjiwujklj xkao esa guqeku th dk izkphu o pEkRdkjh efUnj gSA ;gka ps= o vf'ouekg dh iwf.kZek ds lkFk Hkknzekl esa Ωf"k iapeh ds ckn ds izFke eaxyokj o'kfuokj dks HkO; esyk yxrk gSA efUnj esa gtkjksa Jºkyq iSny vkrs gSaA efUnj dh,d [kkfl;r gS fd ;gka ds iqtkjh tSu cksgjk oa'kt gSA tcfd uxj ds lHkhefUnjksa esa czkge.k gh iqtkjh gSA HkDrksa dks bl efUnj esa vkVk] ?kh] 'kDdj] iqujkljckcs dh jksV dk Hkksx cukus ds fy, fu%'kqYd feyrk gSA iwujklj tlukFk flgksjkizeq[k xkao gksus ls tlukFk th dh ;gka ckM+h gSA ckM+h esa pS= vkSj vf'ou ekg esa

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flag iwoZ /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA24 tlukFk th lEiznk; ds izorZd drfj;kljds gehj th uk;d tkV o mldh iRuh :ikns ds iq= FksA budk tUe 1536 dkfrZd'kqDy ,dkn'kh dks gqvkA izfLkº gS fd os gehj th dks ,d rkykc ds ikl iM+s gq,feys FksA 1551 vf'ou 'kqDy lIreh dks Kku dh izkfIr gqbZ] 24 o"kZ dh mez esalaor 1563 vf'ou 'kqDy dh lekf/k yhA budk eq[; LFkku drfj;klj gSA ;gkaizfro"kZ esyk yxrk gSA tlukFkh lEiznk; esa 36 fu;e gSA bUgksaus viuh ok.kh esa Ik'kqfgalk dk fojks/k fd;k] tho czgek dh ,drk] lalkj dh u'ojrk vkfn ij fopkjfn;sA25 yksd nsork xksxk th dk esyk xksxk esM+h rglhy uksgj esa gksrk gSA mlesaeghuksa rd cSyksa dh [kjhn Qjks[r gksrh gSA nwj&nwj ls lkSnkxj eosf'k;ska dks ykrsgSaA26 uksgj rglhy esa xksxkesM+h LFkku esa izfl) pkSgku flº xksxk dh Le`fr esa esykyxrk gSA 1948 ds ckn xksxkesM+h ds esys ds fy, fo'ks"k jsyxkfM+;ksa dh O;oLFkkdh xbZA27 bl esys esa eosf'k;ksa ls jkT; esa [kjhn Qjks[r dks 19000 lkykuk feyrkgSA xksxkesM+h ds esys esa 1818 ls igys ls orZeku rd iatkc gfj;k.kk] fgekpy]xqtjkr] fnYyh] mRrj izns'k o e/;izns'k ds gtkjksa J`ºkyq vkrs gSaA28 esyk LFky ij≈°ps Vhys ij cuk xksxk th dk J`ºkLFky loZ/keZ ln~Hkko dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA ;gefUnj gS efLtn gS vFkok lekf/k LFky gS ;g crkuk dfBu gSA efUnj ds ik"kk.k esa[kqnh fcfLeyk dh mfDr ,d LFkkiR; dyk dh n`f"V ls efLtnuqek fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAHkou ds vUnj laxejej dh lekf/k ij ?kksM+s ij lokj gkFk esa Hkkys fy;s xys esalkai fy;s] xksxk th dh izfrek [kqnh gSA fgUnw&eqfLye] ≈°p&uhp vkfn Jºk lqeuvfiZr djrs gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd xksxk th ds vk'khZokn ls eksgEen xtuoh dheuksdkeuk iw.kZ gksus ij mlus bl efUnj dks efLtnuqek cuk;kA chdkusj fj;klr dsHkwriwoZ jktk xaxkflag us bldk th.kksZkj djok;kA orZeku esa ;g efUnj nso LFkkufoHkkx ds v/khu gSA29 lkaiksa ds dkVs O;fDr ds izk.k jkk ds lEcU/k esa izpfyr xksxkth ds peRdkjksa us ;gka ds fo'kky tu leqnk; dks mudk vuq;k;h cuk fn;k gSAbuds xk;ksa dh jkk ds fy, fd;s izlax oa'k HkkLdj vkSj ;gka ds yksdxhrksa esa Hkhof.kZr gqvk gSA efgyk,a nhokjksa ij likZdkj vkd`fr;ka cukdj dqedqe vkr lsiwtu djrh gS vkSj xksxk th ds xhr xkdj os muds izfr Jºkor gksrh gSA30 chdkusjfj;klr ds iksdj.k dLcs esa 12 fdyksehVj mRrj esa fLFkr jkensojk if'pehjktLFkku dk cM+k ikou /kke ekuk tkrk gSA jkensojk dks ;gka :.khpk uke ls Hkhtkuk tkrk gSA buds fuekZrk jkenso raoj ftudh ;gka ds izeq[k jktLFkku ds iapyksdnsork esa fxurh gksrh gSA mudk vkfoHkkZo 15oha 'krkCnh ds iwoZ esa gqvk FkkA31

eqU'kh lksguyky us fy[kk gS fd chdkusj esa lqtkunslj uked LFkku ij jkenso thds efUnj esa lky esa nks ckj esyk yxrk gSA fofHkUu Vksfy;ksa esa jkenso th ds HkDrksa

o muds thou lEcU/kh yhykvksa dk xku fd;k tkrk gSA32 jkT; esa bu /kkfeZd esyksads vUnj O;kikfjd yksx vius eky dk ÿ;&foÿ; djus esa layXu jgrs FksA blizdkj ds esyksa esa x.ks'k th] tkEHksth] HkSa: th] xksxkth] jkenso th] dj.kh th] odfiy eqfu th vkfn nsoh nsorkvksa ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA33

bl izdkj chdkusj fj;klr esa bu esys o R;kSgkjksa us yksxksa ds thou esa vkRecy iznku djus rFkk lkaLd`frd psruk txkus esa egRoiw.kZ jksy vnk fd;kA ;s ,d,slk le; Fkk tc fiaMkfj;ksa vkSj ejkBksa ls vke tu ijs'kku gks pqdk Fkk vkSj 1818dh lfU/k ds ckn vaxzstksa us Hkh /khjs&/khjs viuk izHkko cuk fy;k FkkA ;s esys oR;kSgkj chdkusj ds tu ekul esa lgt ,slh fÿ;k izfrfcfEcr djrs gSa fd ge mlle; dh lkekftd o lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa dks tku ldrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd1818 ds le; ls vk/kqfudrk dh vksj bl fj;klr us nLrd nh ogha ;gka dhlaLd`fr] jhfr fjokt] igukos] dks bu esyksa o R;kSgkjksa ds ek/;e ls ihf<+;ksa rdvikj vk/kkj izkIr gqvkA

lUnHkZ1- MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ & jktLFkku dk lkaLd`fr bfrgkl] i`- 61&622- Tk;flag uhjt] 'kekZ Hkxorh yky&jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] i`-2543- flag vkseizdk'k&lapkj ek/;eksa dk izHkko] i`-554- lkaHkj nsoh yky &jktLFkku yksdkRlo] i`-15- vks>k xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn&chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`-256- nsikor] ewynku& Jh dj.kh /kke ns'kuksd] i`-307- vjksM+k 'kf'k&jktLFkku esa ukjh dh fLFkfr] i`-1028- xgyksr lq[kohj flag&jktLFkku ds jhfr&fjokt] i`-2209- vjksM+k 'kf'k&ogh] i`-10010- 'kekZ jkefuokl & chdkusj ds ioksZRlo] i`-18811- 'kekZ t;flag uhjt] Hkxorh yky& jktLFkku dh laLd`fr ijEijk] i`-25612- Ekq'kh lksguyky& rokjh[k jkt Jh chdkusj] i`-6913- 'kekZ jkefuokl&chdkusj dk bfrgkl] i`-7514- xzFkkd 10(36) o xzFkkad (205)& ckjgekl jk nwtk jk-'kks-la- pkSikluh15- 'kekZ jkefuokl&ogh] i`-6616- 'kekZ Jh jkefuokl]& yksd ukV~; o chdkusj dh jEer] i`-42&4617- vks>k xkSjh 'kadj ghjkpUn] ogh] i`-2618- lkgok cgh ÿ-la- 11 cgh ÿekad 9] lor~ 1818&21] i`-14619- eqa'kh lksguyky &rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj vkj-vkj-,- chdkusj] i`-71

139


20- lksuh f'kodqekj&chdkusj ds izeq[k /kkfeZd LFky] i`-5721- eaq'kh lksguyky &ogh] i`-7622- gkse fMikVZesUV QkbZy la- fjO;w ch 531&57 1923 esa] i`-5623- eqa'kh lksguyky rokjh[k] i`-7224- lksuh f'ko dqekj & ogh] i`-8225- eqa'kh lksguyky rokjh[k] i`-7126- jsosU;w ch 2159&81 dSVy Qs;j ,aM xksxkesMh 1932 dh QkbZy la- 66 ds i`-

7227- vks>k xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn& ogh] i`-2628- ih-MCY;w-Mh- QkbZy 319 43 , xksxkesMh Qs;j duls'ku jsYosl Qs;j bu

yksdy yksfMax vkWu nk vksdstu vkWQ xksxkesMh Qs;j lu~ 1931] i`-4529- rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj i`-24&25 ,]ch lkok e.Mh lnj laor~ 1802] i`-2

laor~ 1818&29 ua- 9 laor~ 1822&23 u- 12 vkj-vkj-,- chdkusj30- rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] i`-12&1331- ogh32- jsosU;q fMikVZesUV jktLFkku ekjokM+h rhljk fgLlk] i`-6233- jkenso th jks NUn xzUFkkd 3438 jk-'kks-la- pkSikluh] tks/kiqj

chdkusj ds O;kikjh oxZ dk fu"ÿe.kvkSj mlds dkj.k

lquhrk Lokeh

orZeku esa ns'k&fons'k ds vusd 'kks/kv/;srk jktiwrkus dh HkwriwoZ fj;klrksads vkfFkZd fodkl ds vusd igyqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;Ru dj jgs gSaAbu vusd igyqvksa esa ;gka dk O;kikjh oxZ Hkh ,d izeq[k vax jgk gS tks oS'; tkfriz/kku FkkA mudk jktiwrkus ,oa fczfV'k Hkkjr esa tgka os 18oha lnh ds ckn fu"ÿe.kdj x;s] bu nksuksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa cgqr gh egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA izLrqrfucU/k esa jktiwrkus dh ,d egŸoiw.kZ fj;klr chdkusj ds oS';ksa dk fu"ÿe.kdjus ds dkj.kksa ij lafkIr fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA

;g rks loZ fofnr gh gS fd jktiwrkus dh fj;klrksa esa muds tUe dsizkjfEHkd dky ls gh okf.kT; (O;kikj) dk dk;Z oS';&oxZ ds gkFkksa esa gh jgk vkSjmuds ek/;e ls fj;klrsa O;kikfjd dj ds :i esa Hkkjh ykHk mBkdj viuh vkfFkZdfLFkfr lqn`<+ djus esa jgrh FkhA1 fj;klrksa esa jktk ,oa muds v/khuLFk fBdkusnkj blckr dh izfrLi/khZ esa yxs jgrs Fks fd vf/kd ls vf/kd oS'; muds ;gka vkdjviuk dkjksckj djsaA blds fy;s os yksx bu oS';ksa dks vius ;gka clkus ds fy;sbudh fu%'kqYd vkokl O;oLFkk ,oa O;kikj esa txkr dh vk/kh vFkok iw.kZ ekQhdh O;oLFkk Hkh dj fn;k djrs FksA2 nwljh vksj ls oS'; Hkh] jktkvksa ,oa vius ks=ds fBdkusnkjksa dh vko';drk iM+us ij vkfFkZd lgk;rk djus esa ihNs ugha jgrs FksAjktiwrkus esa fj;klrksa ,oa muds oS';ksa ds lkFk ;s mijks‰ lEcU/k 18oha lnh ds vUrrd blh izdkj ikjLifjd lg;ksx ls fcuk fdlh u;h leL;k ;k iz'u ds 'kkafriwoZdpyrs jgs ijUrq 19oha lnh ds e/; esa vpkud gh bl O;oLFkk esa ,d u;k ifjPNsn'kq: gks x;k vkSj ns[krs&ns[krs ;gka ds oS';ksa us vius ewy LFkku dks NksM+ dj fczfV'kHkkjr ,oa nfk.k dh ejkBk fj;klrksa dh vksj fu"ÿe.k djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kAizkjEHk esa rks os fljksgh] ekyok] vgenkckn vkSj fnYyh] vkxjk] [kqtkZ o fetkZiqjef.M;ksa dh rjQ ,d lkal ls fudysA3 lu~ 1960 bZ- ds vklikl budk ;gfu"ÿe.k bruk tksj idM+ x;k fd 19oha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ esa ;s yksx Hkkjr dh pkjksafn'kkvksa esa] iwoZ esa fnYyh] caxky] vklke] mM+hlk] fcgkj] ef.kiqj] cekZ] if'pe esa

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iatkc] mŸkj esa usiky o nfk.k esa ekyok] lwjr] cEcbZ] iwuk vkfn leLr egkjk"V™]eSlwj vkSj enzkl rd pys x;sA4

lu~ 1911 rd dsoy chdkusj jkT; ls gh caxky esa 8]670 yksx igqap pqdsFksA5 vkSj lu~ 1921 esa ;g la[;k c<+ dj 20]105 gks xbZ FkhA blh izdkj iatkc esa71]191 vklke esa 5]995] lsUV™y izksfoUl (e/;izns'k) esa 2]234 vkSj ;qukbZVsMizksfoUl (la;qDr izkar) esa 2]995 rd igqap xbZ FkhA iatkc dks NksM+dj buesafu"ÿe.k djus okys vf/kdrj oS'; yksx gh FksA oS';ksa esa Hkh vxzoky] vksloky]ekgs'ojh o ljkcxh tkfr ds yksx gh eq[; :i ls FksA6 bl rjg ls bl le; rdchdkusj ds oS'; Hkkjr ds izeq[k uxjksa ,oa cUnjxkgksa rFkk dydŸkk] cEcbZ] enzkl]djkaph] dkuiqj] jaxwu] ukxiqj] gSnjkckn (nfk.k)] fMczwx<+] f'kykax] caxyksj]ve`rlj] ykgkSj] bUnkSj] mTtSu] iVuk] Hkkxyiqj] fetkZiqj] gkFkjl] [kqtkZ] cekZ(jaxwu] eksjehu) vkfn loZ= igqap pqds FksA7 budk ;g bl izdkj vpkudfu"ÿe.k djuk bfrgkl ds fo|kFkhZ ds fy;s ,d dkSrqgy iSnk djrk gSA jktiqrkusdh fofHkUu fj;klrksa ls bu yksxksa ds fu"ÿe.k djus ds vusd dkj.k gSa tks fj;klrksadh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj gj fj;klr esa dqN fHkUurk fy;s gq, gSaA chdkusj jkT; dhviuh dqN vyx ifjfLFkfr;ka Fkh] ftuds dkj.k ;gka ds O;kikfj;ksa dks fczfV'kHkkjr esa fu"ÿe.k djus ds fy;s fo'ks"k izksRlkgu feykA buesa eq[; fuEu gS%&

(1) HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfrfdlh Hkh ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk ogka ds fuokfl;ksa ij izR;k vFkok

ijksk :i ls izHkko vo'; iM+rk gSA jkT; esa lu~ 1924 esa xaxugj vkus ls iwoZchdkusj dk fo'kky ks=Qy tks fd Hkkjrh; e:LFky ds chp esa fLFkr gS] 'kk;nHkkjr dk lcls vf/kd 'kq"d ks= FkkA8 ;gka ij o"kkZ dk vkSlr 11 ls 15 bapokf"kZd rFkk dHkh dHkh blls Hkh de jgrk FkkA o"kkZ ds vHkko esa ;gka ds fuokfl;ksadh fLFkfr cM+h gh n;uh; Fkh D;ksafd mudk thou cgqr dqN o"kkZ ij fuHkZj jgrkFkkA jkT; ds vf/kdrj Hkkx esa ikuh [kkjk rFkk ihus ;ksX; ugha FkkA blfy;s yksxo"kkZ ds ty dks gh rykcksa vkSj dq.Mksa esa bdV~Bk dj lky Hkj mlh ls dke pykrsFksA9 o"kZ Hkj esa ,d Qly gksrh Fkh] og Hkh o"kkZ ds vHkko esa u"V gks tkrh FkhAvr% vdky iM+uk rks cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ckr FkhA lu~ 1868&69] 1891&92 o lu~1896&97 ds vdky Hk;adjre FksA10 d`f"k dk;Z ,oa i'kq ikyu gh ;gka dk eq[;/kU/kk Fkk] vr% ;gka dk vf/kdrj O;kikj d`f"k ,oa i'kq ikyu ij gh fuHkZj FkkAvdky dh fLFkfr esa buds bl O;kikj dk;Z esa fopfyr fLFkfr dh mRifŸk LokHkkfodFkhA jkT; ds ikl ml le; brus lk/ku ugha Fks fd og O;kikfj;ksa dh lgk;rk dj

ldsA vr% ;gka dk oS'; oxZ bl fLFkfr ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy;s gBkr~ fu"ÿe.k dsfy;s ck/; gqvkA11

(2) jkT; dh foŸkh; uhfrikmysV us vius xtsfV;j esa 15 ,sls VSDlksa dk fooj.k fn;k gS tks eq[; :i

ls jkT; ds O;kikjh oxZ ij gh yxrk FkkA buesa ls vusd djksa dh mxkgh jkT; viuhbPNkuqlkj lsB lkgqdkjksa ls fd;k djrk FkkA lu~ 1887 esa tc egkjktk xaxkflagxn~nh ij cSBs rks izfr O;fDr dj Hkkj igys dh viskk ikap xquk vf/kd c<+ x;kFkkA bl c<+ksrjh dk dkj.k egkjktk ds Lo;a ds izhohilZ ,oa Hkkjh iz'kklfud [kpZdks iwjk djuk FkkA12 Hkkjh dj O;oLFkk dk lgh fo'ys"k.k fczfV'k Hkkjr ,oajktiwrkus dh eq[; fj;klr t;iqj vkSj tks/kiqj esa yxus okys djksa ds lkFk chdkusjds djksa dh rqyuk djus ij gksrk gSA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa viuh tehu tk;nkn cspusij dher dk ,d izfr'kr fy;k tkrk Fkk] rks chdkusj esa mlh ij iphl izfr'krolwy fd;k tkrk FkkA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa xksn (Adoption) ysus ij ek= 20 :i;sfy;s tkrs Fks rks chdkusj esa lsBksa ls 2000 :i;s rd olwy fd;s tkrs FksA fczfV'kHkkjr esa mŸkjkf/kdkj (Succession) ij rhu izfr'kr rks] chdkusj esa 20 izfr'krolwy fd;k tkrk FkkA12 blh izdkj ls chdkusj esa vk;kr dj dh rqyuk Hkh n`"VO;gSA chdkusj esa ?kh (?k`r)] phuh] xqM+] QSUlh xqM~l o fdjkuk ua- 1 ij vk;kr djds :i esa ÿe'k% 1 :i;k vkB vkuk] 4 :i;k] 1 :i;k xqM+] izfreu o 1 :i;k7 vkuk o 7 :i;k 13 vkuk izfr'kr olwy fd;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd tks/kiqj fj;klresa bUgha oLrqvksa ij ÿe'k% ?k`r ij dqN ugha] phuh ij 2 :i;k] xqM+ ij 12 vkukizfreu o QSUlh xqM~l ij 5 :i;k o fdjkuk ij 1 :i;k 14 vkuk izfr'kr dsfglkc ls dj yxrk FkkA t;iqj esa ÿe'k% ?k`r ij dqN ugha] 1 :i;k 8 vkuk]izfreu o 3 :i;k 2 vkuk o 5 :i;k izfr'kr ds fglkc ls vk;kr dj olwy gksrkFkkA13 vr% ;gka dk oS'; oxZ Hkkjh dj&Hkkj ds dkj.k vizR;k :i ls vius vkifu"ÿe.k dks ck/; gks x;kA

(3) jkT; dh vlqjfkr voLFkkfucZy jktkvksa ds jkT;ksa esa jkT; dk oS'; oxZ vlqjkk dh Hkkouk ls xzLr gks

x;k FkkA jkT; ds lkeUr vius fBdkuksa ds oS';ksa dks /ku ds ykyp esa vusd izdkjls rax djus dk iz;Ru djrs FksA bl mn~ns'; gsrq os vius fBdkuksa ds oS';ksa dks yqVsjksa,oa /kkM+sfr;ksa ls yqVokrs gq, ns[ks tkrs FksA15 fBdkusnkj bl dk;Z dks lEiUu djokusgsrq ckojh] ehus vkSj FkkSjh tkfr ds yksxksa dks tks fd jkT; dh eq[; vijk/khtkfr;ka Fkh] dks viuh ukSdjh esa j[kk djrs FksA16 ikmysV us tkxhjnkjksa dh bu

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vknrksa ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd os vius iV~Vksa ds xkaoksa dks NksM+ dj nwljs iV~Vksa dsoS';ksa ij Mkdk Myok;k djrs FksA17 blls vkxs c<+dj lkeUr yksx oS';ksa dsysu&nsu ds dk;Z esa Hkh n[ky nsus yxs FksA18 bu lc ckrksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy;s;gka ds oS'; fczfV'k Hkkjr esa ;gka vaxzstksa us Mdsfr;ksa vkSj Bxksa ij dkQh vadq'kyxk fn;k Fkk] clus esa gh vius vkidks fo'ks"k lqjfkr le>k vkSj blfy;sfu"ÿe.k izkjEHk dj fn;kA

(4) jktk kjk vizR;k :i ls izksRlkgufj;klrksa esa jktk o blds fBdkuksa esa fBdkusnkjksa dh :i;ksa dh ekax fnu ij

fnu c<+ jgh FkhA jkT;ksa ds fodkl ds fy;s Hkh /ku dh vko';drk FkhA bldh iwfrZ;gka ds izoklh bu /kuifr;ksa ds kjk gh dh tkuh laHko FkhA blfy;s jktk Lo;a ;gpkgrs Fks fd muds lsB lkgqdkj ckgj tkdj dekos vkSj mudh lgk;rk djsaA ;syksx ckgj ls /ku dekdj ykrs vkSj jkT; ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsus yxsA18 jktkblls izlUu gksdj vius bu lkgwdkjksa dk jkT; esa lEeku djus yxsA mudkslEekukFkZ txkr esa ekQh19] txkr pksfd;ksa ij muds lkeku ds ryk'kh dh ekQh20]QkStnkjh ,oa nhokuh ds ekeyksa esa U;k;ky;ksa esa gkftj gksus dh ekfQ;k Lohd`r dhxbZA21 blds vfrfjDr mudh vkSjrksa ,oa mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks lksuk] fljksiko oyoktesa ls lEekfur fd;k tkus yxkA22 jkT; esa mudks ≈°ps inksa ij uketn fd;ktkus yxkA23 blls izHkkfor gksdj jkT; ds vU; oS'; Hkh /ku dek dj ;gka ykus ,oalEeku izkIr djus gsrq fu"ÿe.k djus yxsA

mijksDr dkj.k jkT; dh vkarfjd fLFkfr ,oa uhfr ls lEcfU/kr FksA budsvfrfjDr tks vU; dkj.k Fks os fczfV'k Hkkjr esa fczfV'k uhfr ls lEcfU/kr Fks %&

(1) thfodk dekus ds vf/kd volj;g lR; gS fd thfodk dekus ds de volj okys LFkku esa O;f‰ vf/kd

volj okys LFkku dh vksj vius vki vkd`"V gks tkrk gSA chdkusj ds oS';ksa dsiz;kl dk ;g ,d eq[; dkj.k cu x;k FkkA 18oha lnh ds izkjEHk rd chdkusjjkT; esa O;kikj dk;Z dkQh mUufr ij FkkA jkT; esa jktx<+] js.kh vkSj pw: ds cktkjvk;kfrr eky ls Hkjs jgk djrs Fks rFkk ns'k&fons'k ds O;kikjh Hkkjr ds ,d Nksj lsnwljs Nksj rd tkus ds fy;s vius lkeku ds lkFk bl jkT; esa ls xqtjk djrs FksA24

blls jkT; dks jkgnkjh ds :i esa dkQh ykHk gksrk FkkA25 fdUrq Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dsvkxeu ds ckn ;gka dk ijEijkxr O;kikj ,oa O;kikfjd ekxks± dk egŸo de gksx;kA blls jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr xaHkhj gks xbZA VkWM ds vuqlkj ;gka dk leLrO;kikj BIi iM+ x;k FkkA26 ;g ogh le; Fkk tcfd ejkBs vkSj fi.Mkjh jktiwrkus

esa mRikr epk dj ;gka dh fLFkfr [kjkc dj pqds FksA O;kikj dk;Z esa layXu O;fDrviuk thou ;kiu pykuk Hkh dfBu le> jgs FksA nwljh vksj fczfV'k Hkkjr esa blle; vaxzst O;kikjh vQhe] xYyk] :bZ] ≈u o diM+s ds O;kikj dk fodkl djusesa yxs gq, Fks rFkk ogka LFkkuh; [kir ds ckn Hkh ;s oLrq,sa fu;kZr ds fy;s miyC/k FkhA vr% ,sls le; esa bu oLrqvksa ds O;kikj ,oa ykHk dh vksj ;gka ds O;kikfj;ksadk /;ku Hkh x;k rFkk vf/kd ykHk dks /;ku esa j[kdj os vklke vkSj ekyok dhvksj tkdj cl x;s ,oa O;kikj djus yxsA ogka Hkh os mUgha LFkkuksa ij igqaps tgkaO;kikj ds volj vf/kd [kqys Fks rFkk tgka dh xzkeh.k turk vlaxfBr O;kikj dsdyk&dkS'ky ls vufHkK FkhA27

(2) vaxzst O;kikfj;ksa kjk LokxrHkkjr esa vaxzstksa kjk jktlŸkk dh LFkkiuk ls jktiwrkus dh fofHkUu fj;klrksa

ds O;kikfj;ksa ds fy;s Hkkjr ds izR;sd izkar esa vkdj O;kikj djus ds vusd ekxZ[kksy fn;s x;sA vaxzst O;kikfj;ksa us vius O;kikfjd vkWfQlksa esa] tgka igys caxkyh,oa [kf=;ksa dk ckgqY; Fkk] ekjokfM+;ksa dks Hkh j[kuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA28 bldkdkj.k caxkfy;ksa ,oa [kf=;ksa dh viskk ekjokM+h de [kphZys Fks vkSj nwljs osO;ogkj esa feyulkj ,oa bZekunkj Hkh FksA29 vaaxzst O;kikfj;ksa ds bl izksRlkgu lschdkusj ds vusd oS'; vaxzst vkWfQlksa esa dke djus ds fy;s ;gka ls caxky vkfnesa pys x;s vkSj ogka os vaxzstksa ds nyky] csfu;u vfirq /khjs&/khjs os viusvkWfQlksa ds loZiz/kku Hkh gks x;sA30 blds vfrfjDr blh le; fczfV'k Hkkjr esavaxzstksa kjk fodflr cktkjksa esa d`"kdksa ,oa NksVs m/keh O;kikfj;ksa dks m/kkj iSls dhvko';drk FkhA vaxzst ljdkj us fczfV'k Hkkjr esa m/kkj fn;s tkus okys iSls dhxkjUVh ds fy;s Ω.knkrk dh Hkwfe dh cU/kd cuk;s j[kus dh O;oLFkk dks ekU;rknh vkSj egktuksa dks vusd izdkj dh lqjkk iznku dhA blls jktiwrkus ds tks ljkZQcSfdax dk;Z ds fy;s fczfV'k Hkkjr esa x;s muesa chdkusj ds ljkZQ izeq[k FksA31

(3) vaxzstksa dh nquhZfr≈ij vaxzstksa us vius kjk fodflr O;kikj dks c<+kus ds fy;s ns'k ds vU;

O;kikfj;ksa dks muds vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk djds vkdf"kZr fd;k FkkA bldslkFk gh mUgksaus bl izdkj dh fLFkfr Hkh iSnk dj nh ftlls ;gka ds O;kikfj;ksa dksck/; gksdj fu"ÿe.k djuk iM+kA bl uhfr ds vuqlkj vaxzstksa us fczfV'k Hkkjr esa,sls LFkkuksa ij txkr pkSfd;ka LFkkfir dj nh ftudks ikj djds jktiwrkus dsO;kikfj;ksa dks viuk eky jktiwrkus esa ys tkuk ,oa Hkstuk ?kkVs dk lkSnk gks x;kAblls foo'k gksdj jktiwrkus ds O;kikfj;ksa us vius O;kikfjd izfr"Bku bu txkr

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pkSfd;ksa ,oa canjxkgksa ds chp esa [kksyuk mfpr le>kA VkWM ds vuqlkj cukjl esacaxky ds leqnzh ued dh viskk jktiwrkus ds ued dh [kir o ekax vf/kd FkhfdUrq jktiwrkus ls ued ykus esa vk;kr M~;wVh nsuh gksrh Fkh] vr% caxky dk uedeaxkuk gh vf/kd lLrk iM+rk FkkA32 bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fu"ÿe.k vko';d gks x;kFkkA

(4) u;s canjxkgksa ,oa jsy ekxks± dk fodklu;s O;kikfjd ekxZ ,oa u;s cktkj izk;% fHkUu&fHkUu izns'kksa ds O;kikfj;ksa ds

vkd"kZ.k vkSj ogka ubZ cfLr;ksa ds clkus ds eq[; lk/ku cu tkrs gSaA fczfV'k Hkkjrds cUnjxkg dydŸkk] cEcbZ] enzkl ,oa djkph dk Hkh dqN ,slk gh bfrgkl jgkgSA izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa chdkusj ds vusd oS'; tks cSfdax dk dke djrs FksA Lo;achdkusj esa jg dj vius ,tsUVksa ds ek/;e ls bu cUnjxkgksa ds uxjksa esa viukO;kikj dk;Z djrs FksA33 ijUrq cUnjxkgksa dk fodkl gksus ij os Lo;a Hkh ogka pysx;sA izkjEHk esa unh ekxks± ,oa ckn esa jsy ekxZ ds cu tkus ls Hkh ;gka ds O;kikfj;ksadks izokl ds fy;s dkQh izksRlkgu feykA lu~ 1860 esa fnYyh vkSj dydŸks dschp jsy ekxZ cu tkus ls 1860&1900 lu~ ds chp izokl dh xfr c<+ xbZAchdkusj lu~ 1937 rd ns'k ds leLr ekxks± ls jsy kjk tqM+ x;k FkkA blls chdkusjls Hkh izokl esa fo'ks"k xfr vkbZA34

(5) fu"ÿe.k fn;s gq, O;kikjh Lo;a Hkh vius vU; lkfFk;ksa ds izokl ds,d dkj.k Fks

ge iwoZ esa gh ;g cryk pqds gSa fd fu"ÿe.k ,d lkFk gh ugha gks x;kcfYd bldk Lo:i ÿfed FkkA ;g ÿe 18oha lnh esa izkjEHk gqvk Fkk o Hkkjr dhLora=rk izkfIr rd fujUrj mŸkjksŸkj izxfr djrk jgkA bl ÿe esa tc ,d oS';Hkkjr esa fdlh vU; LFkku ij izokl dj ogka viuk O;kikfjd izfr"Bku LFkkfirdj ysrk vkSj vius dkjksckj dks c<+krk rks bl fufeŸk fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij dk;Z djusds fy;s mlds ,tsUVksa dh vko';drk Hkh c<+ tkrh FkhA bu nykyksa ds p;u esa og;gka iz;Ru djrk fd mlds ewy fuoklh mldh tkfr fcjknjh ds yksx gh ogkavkdj mlds fofHkUu dk;ks± dks lEiUu djrs jgsaA blls ewy fuokl ls vusd yksxLons'k NksM+ dj ogka pys tkrs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd izokl djus okys vf/kdrjO;kikjh loZizFke fdlh u fdlh vius iwoZ ifjfpr ds ;gka dke djrs ik;s tkrsFksA34 bl le; dydŸks vkfn esa chdkusj ds bu izoklh okf'kUnksa dh la[;k bruhc<+ xbZ Fkh fd dkuiqj vkSj dydŸks ds vusd cktkj vkSj ogka dh vusd xfy;ksaesa buds vfrfjDr vkSj fdlh vU; O;fDr ds n'kZu nqyZHk gks tkrs FksA

lUnHkZ1- ,-lh- cuthZ& jktiwr LVsV~l ,.M bLV bf.M;k dEiuh] i`- 184A VkWM& ,uYl

,.M ,UVhDohVht vkWQ jktLFkku Hkkx 2] i`- 1155] vlfdZu& nh csLV jktiwrkukLVsV~l ,.M nh chdkusj jsthMsUlh] i`- 352

2- chdkusj ijokuk cgh laor~ 1900 i`- 225A blesa egkjktkvksa kjk lsB lkgqdkjksadks jkT; esa okf.kT; O;kikj djus ij vusd izdkj dh lqfo/kk;sa nsus ds ijokustkjh fd;s x;s Fks] dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

3- cky pUn eksnh& ns'k esa ekjokM+h tkfr dk LFkku] i`- 419&5004- cky pUn eksnh& i`- 1455- lsall vkWQ bf.M;k 1911 oksY;we XXII jktiwrkuk vtesj esjokM+k ikVZ 1 i`- 726- lsall vkWQ bf.M;k 1921& chdkusj LVsV i`- 127- iksfyVhdy fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1916 ua- 369&378] i`- 7&148- ljnkj ds-,e- iUuhdj] fgt gkbZusl nh egkjktk vkWQ chdkusj& , ck;ksxzkQh]

i`- 7&89- lsall vkWQ bf.M;k 1941& chdkusj LVsV] i`- 33&3510- bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] ftYn 8] i`- 21311- c:vk& eSa viuh ekjokM+h tkfr ls I;kj djrk gw°] i`- 100

lR;nso fo|kyadkj& ,d vkn'kZ leRo ;ksxh] i`- 21iksfyVhdy fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1919 ua- 226&255] i`- 35

12- izkbZe fefuLVj vkWfQl] chdkusj 1934 ua- ,& 1588&97] i`- 6413- ogh] i`- 3514- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl (frh; [k.M)] i`- 414

fjiksV~Zl vkWu nh iksfyVhdy ,.M ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV~l_1870&71] i`- 224

15- ikmysV xtsfV;j vkWQ nh chdkusj LVsV] i`- 10516- ik≈ysV] i`- 110&1217- fjiksVZ~l vksu nh iksfyVhdy ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] 1875&76]

i`- 21618- iksfyVhdy fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1919 ua- 226&255] i`- 43

QkbZusUl fMikVZesaV chdkusj 1925 ua- ch& 1161&8] i`- 619- izkbZe fefuLVj vkWfQl chdkusj 1928 ua- 275&78] i`- 1

izkbZe fefuLVj vkWfQl] chdkusj 1928 ua- 310&318] i`- 720- izkbZe fefuLVj vkWfQl] chdkusj 1928 ua- 1&17] i`- 2721- dkSafly chdkusj 1923 ua- ,& 48] i`- 1

143


22- izkbZe fefuLVj vkWfQl] chdkusj 1935 ua- ch& 467&469] i`- 123- chdkusj ds vusd izoklh lsB&lkgwdkj vkusjsjh eftLV™sV] fo/kku lHkk lnL;]

jkT; dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa ds lnL; ,oa ea=h rd cuk;s x;sA24- vlZfdu& i`- 35125- mijksDr26- VkWM&xzUFk 2] i`- 16027- vklke esa ekjokM+h mUgha LFkkuksa ij x;s tgka dh turk vlaxfBr ,oa O;kikj ls

vufHkK Fkh28- Jh ckypUn eksnh] i`- 41629- mijksDr30- Jh ckypUn eksnh] i`- 41731- iksfyVhdy fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1916 ua- 369&378] i`- 7&1432- VkWM&xzUFk 2] i`- 11033- eqa'kh lksguyky rokfj[k jkt Jh chdkusj] i`- 7234- lsall vkWQ chdkusj 1941] i`- 3535- pUnzjkt Hk.Mkjh& Hkkjr ds O;kikjh] blesa O;kikfj;ksa ds ifjp; esa izk;% gj

v/;k; esa bldh iqf"V gksrh gSA

vcqZne.My esa izpfyr eqnzk O;oLFkk ,oa ekiMkW- johUnz Vsyj ,oa ohjsUnz 'kekZ

vcqZne.My dyk ,oa LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkkuj[krk gSA jktiwrkus esa flDdksa dh igyh Lora= Vdlky t;iqj esa LFkkfir dh xbZfdUrq vcqZne.My ls izkIr ,sfrgkfld lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ogka ds lkaLd`frdifjos'k dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA vcqZn ks= ls izkIr f'kykys[kksa] rkezi=ksa] bdjkjukeksavkfn ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd izkphu dky esa dkSu&dkSulh eqnzk;sa ,oa ekiizpfyr FksA

vcqZne.My esa izkphu dky ls dsUnzh; lŸkk dh eqnzk;sa izpfyr jghA xqIrksads 'kklu dky esa ;gka egsUnzkfnR; ds eksj ds vadu okys flDds feyrs gSA1 mldky esa flDds lkekU;r;k lksus vkSj pkanh ds curs FksA tSu lkfgR; ls Kkr gksrk gSfd uoha ls X;kjgoha lnh rd vcqZne.My esa xqtjkr ds lksyadh jktkvksa ds flDdspyk djrs Fks] D;ksafd foey'kkg us lksus ds flDds fcNkdj foeyolfg eafnj dsfy;s Hkwfe izkIr dh FkhA2

vkjkl.kka dqEHkkfj;k3 ds 1344 vk"kk<+ lqfn 15 ds ys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS] mlle; ;gka izpfyr flDdk nzEe FkkA nzEe ds izpyu dh iqf"V vtkjh ds laor~1223 QkYxq.k lqfn 13 jfookj ds f'kykys[k ls Hkh gksrh gSA4 pUnzkorh ,oa Hkhuekybl dky esa O;kikfjd dsUnz FksA Hkhueky ls izkIr pkfpxnso ys[k esa Hkh nzEe eqnzkdk mYys[k gSA5 nzEe lksus o pkanh nksuksa dk gksrk FkkA MkW- vYrsdj bldk ewY; N%vkus vkadrs gSA6 pkanh ds lksyg nzEe ds cjkcj ,d fu"d gksrk Fkk] ;g fu"d lksusdk flDdk FkkA ,d fu"d esa lksyg ek'ks gksrs FksA fu"d dks ,d d"kZ ds cjkcj Hkhekuk x;k gSA7

laor~ 1200 ds vkl ikl ;gk° gw.kksa dh eqnzk 'kSyh ij izpfyr xnfg;kflDdksa dk Hkh izpyu FkkA lu~ 1973 esa dkflUnzk xkao ls pkj fDaoVy xnfg;kflDds izkIr gq;s Fks tks fljksgh dks"kkxkj ls iM+s gq, gSA bZjku ds lklkfu;u 'kkldksads flDds dh udy :i esa ;s gw.kksa us ;s flDds <kys FksA bu flDdksa esa ,d vksjjktk dk psgjk ys[k lfgr vkSj nwljh rjQ tyrs gq, vfXudq.M ds nksuksa rjQ,d&,d iq:"k [kM+k fn[kk;k x;k gSA8 ;g flDds igys vkdkj esa cM+s Fks fdUrqckn esa bldk vkdkj NksVk gksrk x;k] ftlls jktk dk psgjk igpkuuk dfBu gks

144


x;kA yksxksa us jktk ds psgjs dks x/ks ds [kqj tSlk Bgjk fn;k vkSj flDdk xnfg;kuke ls izflº gks x;kA9

14oha 'krkCnh esa vcqZne.My esa eqfLye eqnzk izpyu esa vkbZ ftuesa Qfn;k,oa ihjksth izeq[k FksA ;s nksuksa flDds fQjkst rqxyd kjk pyk;s x;s Fks10 vkSj xkaods foBB~ys'oj eafnj ds 1532 bZLoh ds Hkkn~ok lqfn X;kjl ds f'kykys[k esa buflDdksa dk uke vk;k gSA Qfn;k ewy :i ls pkanh dk flDdk Fkk tks iqjkus nks vkusds cjkcj ;kfu :i;s dk vk°Boka Hkkx FkkA orZeku esa Hkh tkykSj esa 'kknh&fookgksa,oa 'kqHk voljksa ij iSls forfjr djus dh izFkk dks Qfn;k nsuk dgrs gSA bl dkyesa Qfn;s ds lkFk nqxkuh o nksdM+k uked eqnzk Hkh izpfyr FkhA ,d :i;s esa 8Qfn;s o 100 nksdM+s gksrs FksA ,d Qfn;k esa ikap nqxkuh gksrh FkhA11

Lo.kZ eqnzkvksa esa vcqZne.My esa vdcjh eksgjksa dk izpyu jgk Fkk] ;s eksgjsarhu izdkj dh feyh gSA 1- gkFk dh xksy] 2- MkbZ esa <yh xksy] 3- pkSdksjA buesa,d rjQ dyek rFkk nwljh vksj ckn'kkg dk uke vkSj Vdlky ds ladsr fpUgmRdh.kZ gSA jktk dqEHkk kjk Hkh Vdk uke ls ,d flDdk <yok;k x;kA12 vcqZne.Myesa ;g Vdk izpyu esa jgk tks lksus ,oa pkanh nksuksa /kkrqvksa ls curk FkkA

vcqZne.My ds 'kkldksa dks izkjEHk esa ijekj ,oa eqfLye 'kkldksa ls rFkkckn esa xqtjkr ds lksyadh] esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa ls la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA vr% fljksghds 'kkld viuh Vdlkyksa esa flDds ugha <ky ik;sA loZizFke fljksgh egkjkov[kSjkt us v[kS'kkgh ds uke ls pkanh ds flDds <kysA bldh <ykbZ lqukj ,oadalkjs djrs FksA ewyr% v[kS'kkgh 'kCn fljksgh jkT; esa :i;s ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;ktkrk gSA13 n/kokfM+;k [ksejkt us egkjko v[kSjkt ds le; dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ,dNUn esa ^xkfy;k xjFk [ktkus xsg.kk* ds dFku esa lEHkor% <ykbZ dh vksj ladsrfd;k gSA xjFk 'kCn dk vFkZ gS] ewY;oku /kkrq dh <ykbZ djus ls gSA fljksgh dhVdlky esa <Ccw'kkgh flDds Hkh <kys x;s] ;s rkacs ds Fks rFkk Hkkjh ,oa eksVs gksrs FksA

1 NVk°d & 5 <Ccw'kkgh16 NVk°d & 1 lsj,d lsj & 80 <Ccw'kkgh<Ccw ds Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k bldk iz;ksx ckV ds :i esa fd;k tkus yxkA

foÿe laor~ 1245 oS'kk[k lqfn lkseokj ds xksfgyh xkao ds ys[k ls tokals uke dhubZ eqnzk dk uke Hkh vk;k gSA ys[k mi;qDr izdkj gS %&

^^laor~ 1245 o"ksZ oS'kk[k lqnh ,de lkses xksfgyh okLrO; jk- j.k/koy jk-eqatynsoh <hiM+kiu viadqekj dsjk vknkus fn; tokals 16 pMkoyh14A

lEHkor% tokals ;o tkS dk uke gksxk tks lksuk rksyus ds dke esa yk;k tkrkFkkA lksuk rksyus esa tc&;c dk rksy rksyk] eklk] jŸkh & tc vkfn ds :i esa gksrkFkkA foÿe laor~ 1506 vk"kk<+ lqfn 2 ds foeyolfg eafnj ds ys[k la[;k244&245 esa nkueqaMds fo"k; esa xkfM;ksa ,oa c.ktkjksa dh iksBksa dh j[kokyh dsfy;s yxk;k x;k 27 cykoh ekQ djus dk mYys[k gSA bl ys[k esa nqxk.kh 'kCn dkiz;ksx gqvk gSA nqxk.kh ,oa cukoh ml dky dh izpfyr eqnzk FkhA15 fo'kksid ukedubZ eqnzk dk mYys[k yw.kolfg efUnj ds ys[k ls gksrk gSA vcqZne.My esa :i;s 'kCndk iz;ksx 1851 foÿe laor ds thjkoyk eafnj ds ys[k esa gqvk gSA ys[k bl izdkjgS %& ^^th.kksZn~/kkj dj.ku gtkj 30111 :ih;k [kjph chy yh/kks Jh thjkoyokyklwa**16 ^^:i;k HkhykM+h 71 ,dksŸkj** HkhykM+h uked flDds ij 'kkg vkyedk ys[k gSA lEHkor% ;g mlh ds dky FkkA feLVj okbYMj ds vuqlkj 1819 bZLohesa ;g flDdk vtesj esa izpfyr FkkA esokM+ esa ;g flDdk HkhyokM+k esa <kyk tkrkFkkA ;g vcqZne.My esa Hkh izpfyr FkkA 100 HkhykM+h dynkj dk ewY; 'kkghdynkj ds 71 :i;s] 12 vkus ds cjkcj FkkA bldk otu 170 xzsu FkkA dydŸkkrkfydk ds vuqlkj 100 HkhykM+h flDdksa dk ewY; 84663 fczfV'k :i;s FkkA17 lu~1903 esa egkjko dsljhflag us HkhykM+h flDds o fczfV'k flDds esa vnyk cnyh esaiztk ds uqdlku dks tkudj fczfV'k dynkj :i;s dk fljksgh ks= esa izpyufd;kA fljksgh esa py jgs HkhykM+h flDdksa dks fczfV'k :i;s ls cnyk x;kA (120HkhykM+h æ 100 fczfV'k :i;s) egkjko f'koflag (1847&1861 bZLoh) us f'ko'kkghflDds dh <ykbZ fljksgh esa djok;hA bls tukbZ dgrs gS] bldk ewY; vk/ks iSls dscjkcj gksrk FkkA rkacs ds Hkko esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k ;g flDdk cUn gks x;k vkSjvaxzsth :i;k] vkuk] ikbZ dk izpyu gqvkA18

eqnzk ds vfrfjDr f'kykys[k uki&rkSy ds lk/kuksa dh vksj Hkh ladsr djrsgSA vkcw ds ihrygj eafnj ds laor~ 1497 ds ys[k ds vuqlkj ;gk° vukt ds rksyds fy;s lsbZ] ek.kk] ik;yh o ikoyk] ?kh rsy ds uke ds fy;s djl* ,oa dy'k*ds uke feyrs gSA19

lsbZ & pkj ek.kksa ds cjkcjAek.kk & ydM+h ;k yksgs dk cuk gqvk ik= ftlesa pkj lsj vkrk FkkAik;yh & pkj ikoyksa ds cjkcjAikoyk & iko lsj ds cjkcjALora=rk ds mijkar iwjs ns'k esa ,d leku flDdksa ,oa uki&rkSy ds lalk/kuksa

dk izpyu fd;k x;k ,oa rc ls bu iqjkus uki&rkSy ,oa flDdksa dk izpyu iw.kZr%cUn gks x;kA

145


lanHkZ1- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] fljksgh dk bfrgkl] i`"B 212- eqfu t;Ur fot;] vkcw] i`"B 333- eqfu t;Ur fot;] vcqZnkpy iznfk.kk ^tSu ys[k lUnksg*] ys[kkad 34] i`"B 124- 'kks/k if=dk] o"kZ 22] vad 3] i`"B 75- tSu rhFkZ loZ laxzg] i`"B 1786- MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ] lks'ky ykbQ bu esMhoy jktLFkku] i`"B 2327- MkW- lksgu yky iVuh] vcqZn ifje.My dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B 1838- MkW- lksgu yky iVuh] vcqZn ifje.My dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B 1839- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] fljksgh dk bfrgkl] i`"B 10710- cSod`r jktiqrkus ds flDds] vuqoknd & ekaxhyky e;ad] i`"B 16111- jko ekynso dh ckr] ijEijk Hkkx & II ] i`"B 63] 64] 8512- cSo d`r& jktiqrkus ds flDds] mijksDr] i`"B 813- MkW- lksgu yky iVuh] vcqZn ifje.My dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B 18514- tSu rhFkZ loZ laxzg i`"B 24615- vcqZnkpy izkphu tSu ys[k laxzg] i`"B 9016- vcqZnkpy iznfk.kk tSu ys[k lUnksg] ys[kkad 177] i`"B 6117- MkW- lksgu yky iVuh] vcqZnifje.My dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B 18718- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] fljksgh dk bfrgkl] i`"B 2119- MkW- lksgu yky iVuh] vcqZnifje.My dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B 188

_hm_p›Xa AmgU VmbH$ Am`g lr _mVrZmWOrH$ AmgU H$s hW]hr H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ _hŒd -

EH$ A‹``Z-S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm Ï`mg

N>R>r eVm„Xr _| odH$ogV ZmW gÂ‡Xm` H$m ^maV [a CÎbIZr` ‡^mdahm h°$& gÂ[yU© ^maV _| ZmW gÂ‡Xm` H$m ‡^md h_| H$B© od¤mZm| H$ J´›Wm| gkmV hmVm h°$&1 ^maV _| ZmWm| H$ H$ar] 676 AmgZm| H$s OmZH$mar h_| _mZqgh[wÒVH$ ‡H$meZ emY H$›–, _hamZJ∂T> _| gßJóhV bJ^J 52 ZmWm| g gÂ]p›YV]oh`m| g o_bVm h°$& ^maVr` BoVhmg OmZZ H$ ÒÃmVm| _| ]oh`m| H$m _hÀdZH$mam Zht Om gH$Vm h°$& BZ ]oh`m| g h_| VÀH$mbrZ g_mO H$s AmoW©H$,gmßÒH•$oVH$ VWm gm_moOH$ Vœ`m| H$s OmZH$mar ‡mflV hmVr h°$& h_ BZ R>mg ÚmVm|H$m A‹``Z H$a BoVhmg H$s [woÔ> H$a gH$V h°$& Bgr H$maU _a emY [Ã H$m_wª` ‹`` _mZqgh [w. ‡H$meZ _| gßJóhV _hm_ßoXa Vmb H$s hÒV]hr H´$_mßH$2941 (od.gß. 1931) g kmV _hÀd[yU© OmZH$mna`m| H$m COmJa H$aZ g h°$&

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146


H$m [≈>m VWm ^r_ZmW Or H$m 1821 B©. _| oZo_©V CX`_p›Xa H$m AmgZ gm¢[mJ`m$& Bg ‡H$ma _hmamOm _mZqgh Z [m±Mm| ^mB©`m| H$m [m±M oR>H$mZm| H$ AmgZgm¢[$&5 _hmamOm _mZqgh Z od.gß. 1861 (gZ≤ 1805) _| _mK gwXr [ßM_r H$m_hm_p›Xa H$s ‡oV>m H$admB© XdZmW Or H$m _hm_p›Xa H$m AmgZ ‡XmZ oH$`mJ`m$& Bg Adga [a gaXmam| Edß _wÒVoX`m| ¤mam XdZmW Or H$m ^|Q> M∂T>mB©JB©$&6 _hmamOm _mZqgh Z g_ÒV _madm∂S> _| ZmWm| H$ _p›Xa ]ZmZ H$m AmXeoX`m$&7 ‡À`H$ gm_dma H$m _hmamOm _mZqgh Òd`ß _hm_p›Xa H$ Xe©Z H$aZOm`m H$aV W$& _hmamOm _mZqgh Z A[Zr ZmW AmÒWm H$m odo^fi ‡H$ma gOZ-OZ VH$ [h˛±Mm`m Wm$&

_hmamOm _mZqgh Z am¡` H$m ‡emgoZH$ H$m`© ^r Am`g XdZmW OrH$m gm¢[ oX`m Wm$& oOgg gaXma dJ© ‡g›Z Wm$& C›hm|Z Am`g XdZmW Or Am°aCZH$ oZXemZwgma amOH$m`© gß^mbZ dmb B›–amO qgKdr H$m _maZ H$m fS>`›ÃaMm$& XrdmZ Aad°M›X Z Zdm] _raIm± H$ gmW o_bH$a _mVr _hb8 H$ A›XaXmZm| H$m _adm oX`m$& _hb H$ A›Xa h˛Am ema eam]m gwZH$a gyaO[mb EdßA›` [mb| ]›X H$adm Xr JB©$& Bg KQ>Zm g _hmamOm _mZqgh ]h˛V H´$moYV h˛E_Ja A`g XdZmW Or H$ ^mB© ^r_ZmW Z _hmamOm H$m g_PmH$a em›V oH$`m$&OmY[wa J∂T> H$ D$[a O`[mb H$ [mg Am`g XdZmW H$m X\$Zm H$a g_moY]ZmB© JB©$&9 `hm± [a [mg _| EH$ [mZr H$m Q>mßH$m ^r ÒWmo[V Wm$& `h g_moYVWm Q>mßH$m XmZm| bw· h°$&10

_hmamOm _mZqgh Z ^r_ZmW H$ H$hZ [a _hm_ßoXa H$s J‘r Am`gXdZmW Or H$ [wÃ bmSy>ZmW Or H$m gm¢[r$&11 Am`g XdZmW H$ CŒmamoYH$marbmSy>ZmW H$ g_` (1815-1828 B©.) _| _hmamOm _mZqgh Z gÂ[yU© ^maV H$ZmW AmgZm| H$m gdjU H$adm`m Wm VWm oOgH$s gyMr ]hr gßJ´mhH$ 203 _|obo[]’ H$amB©$&12 gß^dV: `h Bg ‡H$ma H$m [hbm gdjU Wm$& Bg ]hrZw_mJ´›W g _hmamOm _mZqgh H$ ZmWm| H$ ‡oV _hmZ `mJXmZ H$m [Vm MbVm h°$&`h ]hrZw_m J´›W _mZqgh [wÒVH$ ‡H$meZ _| gwaojV h° VWm Bg J´›W H$mgÂ[mXZ S>m∞. h˛Hw$_qgh Or ^mQ>r Z oH$`m h°$&

gßdV≤ 1885 _| bmSy>ZmW Or H$s Am∑go_H$ _•À`w H$ ]mX CZH$ Xm-VrZdf© ∑ [wÃ ^°Í$ZmW H$m _hm_p›Xa H$s J‘r [a ]°R>m`m J`m$& _Ja N>: _ohZ ]mX^¢Í$ZmW H$s ^r _•À`w hm JB©$& V] ^r_ZmW Z OmY[wa H$s JwÈ [Xdr hmogb H$aam¡` H$m`© A[Z hmW _| b ob`m VWm A[Z [wÃ b˙_rZmW H$m _hm_p›Xa H$s

J‘r [a ]°R>m`m$&13 CgH$ [ÌMmV≤ _hm_p›Xa H$s J‘r [a Am`g b˙_rZmW Or H$[wÃ Am`g _mVrZmW Or ]°R>$& od.gß. 1931 _| B›ht Am`g _mVrZmW Or ¤mamobIdm`r JB© H$ar] gdm gm° gmb [wamZr hÒV]hr H$ H´$_dma A‹``Z g ‡m·OmZH$mar Bg ‡H$ma h° -

Bg ]hr _| Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or H$ AmgZ H$ H$mb _| JE [≈>-[admZm| H$s ZH$b, Amgmo_`m| H$ Zm_m| H$m oddaU VWm _mVrZmW Or H$ Xhm›VH$m oddaU ‡m· hmVm h°$& Bg ]hr H$ A‹``Z g EH$ `h Vœ` ^r Câ H$agm_Z Am`m oH$ Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or ¤mam oXE JE [≈>m| _| emhr h˛Hw$_V H$moH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m H$mB© hÒVj[ Zht Wm$& Bg ]hr _| Í$∑H$-[admZm| H$mCÎbI ^r oH$`m J`m h°$& Bg ]hr _| ‡m· [admZm| g Cg g_` _hm_p›Xa H$A›VJ©V AmZ dmb Jm±dm| H$s C[O g ‡m· hmogb BÀ`moX H$ gÂ]›Y _| gÂ]p›YVÏò∫$ odef H$m gyoMV H$aV h˛E H$a g ‡m· amoe H$m `WmerK´ _hm_p›Xa _|O_m H$admZ H$ AmXe H$m ^r CÎbI h°$& ]hr g VÀH$mbrZ gm_moOH$ AmdmgH$s ^r A¿N>r OmZH$mar ‡m· hmVr h°$& Cg g_` _hm_p›Xa H$ Amg-[mg H$jÃ _| 32 [mdZ OmoV`m| H$ Kam| H$s gßª`m H$m CÎbI ^r Bg ]hr _| h˛Amh°$& BZ Kam| H$s JUZm od.gß. 1931 H$s o_∑ga gwXr Zm° H$m o]óQ>e EO Q> H$H$WmZwgma _hm_p›Xa H$ Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or Z H$adm`r Wr$& oOgH$mogbogbdma dU©Z Bg ]hr _| oX`m J`m h°$& BZ Kam| H$s gßª`m 443 Xr JB©h°$& Bg ]hr _| `h ^r kmV hmVm h° oH$ _hm_p›Xa _| ogb OmZ dmb dÒÃm| H$obE XoO©`m| H$m ‡oVoXZ 1 È[`m _OXyar Xr OmVr Wr$& ]hr _| erVH$mb _|dÒÃm| [a hmZ dmb IM© H$m „`m°am ^r o_bVm h° VWm gmW hr oOZ-oOZAmgmo_`m| H$ dÒÃ (YmoV`m± VWm AßJaoI`m±) ]ZdmE JE W CZH$m ^r Zm_mÎbIh_| Bg ]hr _| o_bVm h°$& BZ dÒÃm| H$m ogbZ H$m H$m`© XaOroZ`m± H$aVr Wr$&

]hr _| Í$∑H$m H$m CÎbI ^yI S> XZ H$ gÂ]›Y _| o_bVm h°$& CXmhaUV:""lr CX`_p›Xa H$ [∂S>md H$ amÒV Pmbm_ S> H$ _mJ© g CJdZ ([yd©) oXem _|IV-1 H$ oH$am`Xma _mbr oQ>H$_ M›X g _wH$mVm (oH$am`m) H$ Í$[ _| amoeO_m H$admZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ IV [a CZH$m EH$moYH$ma _mZ ob`m OmE$&'' ]hr _|OmY[wa [aJZ H$ WÂ]wH$∂S>m Jm±d H$m ^r H$m\$s OJh CÎbI h˛Am h°$& Bg Jm±dg ‡m· hmogb H$s aH$_ H$m _hm_p›Xa AmgU _| AmZm ^r CÎboIV h˛Am h°$&Bg ]hr _| _hm_p›Xa H$ _mVr Mm°H$ H$ H$mR>ma _| ‡m· gm_oJ´`m| H$m ^r CÎbIo_bVm h°$& Bg H$mR>ma H$m od.gß. 1932 _| oZajU oH$`m J`m V] dhm± [a

147


pÒWV oebmImZ _| ‡m· gm_oJ´`m| H$m CÎbI ^r Bgr ]hr _| oX`m J`m h°$&BZ gm_naH$ gm_oJ´`m| H$s Hw$b gßª`m 143 Xr JB© h°$& Om Bg ‡H$ma h°:- BZgm_oJ´`m| _| Mma AmZr-6 ZJ (Xm [a gmZm M∂T>m h˛Am h°); EH$ ]ªVa H$m gQ>(oOg_| Q>m[ VWm AJaoI`m± ^r h°); OmbrXma AßJaIr-1; ]›XyH$ - 58; ]›XyH$(o]Zm Hy$›X H$s) - 12; Vbdma-1; H$Q>mna`m±-17$& BgH$ AoVna∫$ V_›Mm,Ny>ar, T>mb, N>dar (MmßXr), _maN>b, hmWr Xm±V H$s Jw·r, [∂S>Xbm BÀ`moX ^rBg H$mR>ma g ‡m· h˛E h°$& Bgg _hm_ßoXa H$ [wªVm gwajmm H$ BßVOm_m| H$sOmZH$mar ‡mflV hmVr h°$& BZ g] H$ gmW odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ dÒÃm| H$m ^r CÎbIh˛Am h° O°g o\$bmbZ, oIZIm[, _I_b BÀ`moX$& Bg H$mR>ma _| agm∂S> _| H$m_AmZ dmb ]V©Zm| H$m ^r hdmbm oX`m J`m h°$&

Bg ]hr _| od.gß. 1932 H$s d°emI dXr _| A_b [a h˛E IM H$m ^rCÎbI oH$`m J`m h°$& Bg_| AÂb bZ dmb Amgmo_`m| H$ Zm_mÎbI H$ gmW]H$m`m amoe H$m ^r dU©Z oH$`m J`m h°$& ]hr _| _Zdma H$ Vm°a [a gaXmam| H$Zm_mÎbI H$ gmW-gmW oH$E JE IMm~ H$m ^r oddaU h°$& Bg ]hr _| _hm_p›XaVmb H$ ‡emgoZH$ AmhXXma VWm H$m_Xmam| H$m ^r CÎbI o_bVm h°$& ]hr _|Í$∑H$m H$m ^r CÎbI h˛Am h° oOg_| EH$ Í$∑H$ g ‡H$Q> hmVm h° oH$ ZmW[wa_hm_p›Xa _| EH$ XwH$mZ _whŒmm CŒm_M›X H$s Wr Cg oOZJa (_mMr) amo_`m H$moH$am` [a oX`m J`m Wm$& Bg Í$∑H$ _| od.gß. 1932 H$s ¡`ÓR> dXr N>:aoddma H$m H$m_Xma H$ ]m]V H$amaZm_ H$m CÎbI oH$`m h°$& Bg H$amaZm_ H$AZwgma oOZJa amo_`m H$m EH$ oXZ H$m EH$ È[`m oH$am` H$ Vm°a [a _whŒmmCŒm_M›X H$m XZ H$s ]mV obIr JB© h°$& Bg ]hr g h_ am¡` H$ ‡emgoZH$H$m`m~ _| H$m_Xma H$ H$m`© [a ‡H$me [∂S>Vm h°$& AmJ Bg ]hr _| Bg ‡H$ma H$H$m\$s Í$∑H$ d agrXm| H$m CÎbI oH$`m J`m h°$&

od.gß. 1933 _| _hm_p›Xa H$ _hbm| H$s _aÂ_V H$admZ _| h˛E IMm~H$s ^r OmZH$mar o_bVr h°$& Bg g_` Km±Mr OmoV H$ aVZm Zm_ H$ H$marJa H$m‡oVoXZ 1 È[`m hmOar XZ H$m CÎbI h°$& AmJ ]hr _| Am`g lr _mVrZmWOr H$s _•À`w [a ‡H$me [∂S>Vm h°$& ]hr H$ AZwgma Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or H$s_•À`w od.gß. 1932 H$s M°Ã dXr A_mdÒ`m K∂S>r 4 oXZ M∂T>Z [a h˛B© Wr$& BZH$sg_moY [yd© Am`g lr b˙_rZmW Or H$s g_moY H$ [mg hr ]Zdm`r JB© Wr$&Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or H$ ]mX _hm_p›Xa H$s J‘r lr J°]rZmW Or H$m gm¢[ZH$m CÎbI ^r Bg ]hr _| h°$& Bg_| ]∂S> Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or H$s N>: _mgr

H$ CÀgd _| XmZ _| oXE JE H$[∂S>m| [a oH$E IM© H$m oddaU ^r Bg ]hr _|oX`m J`m h°$&

]hr H$ AJb [•>m| _| Am`g lr J°]rZmW Or _hmamO H$ ¤mam R>rH$mZH$ R>mHw$am| H$m oXE JE [admZm| H$m CÎbI oH$`m J`m h°$& CXmhaUV: bmR>m°Vr H$R>mHw$a ‡Vm[ qgh H$m A[Z AoYH•$V ^yI S> [a ]H$m`m amoe XZ hVw AmXeoX`m J`m h°$& Bg ]hr _| Am`g lr J°]rZmW Or ¤mam A[Zr H$m°amUr H$ obE]ZdmE± JE Am^yfUm| H$m CÎbI ^r o_bVm h°$& `h Am^yfU gwZma JßJmam_ H$_m\©$V ]ZdmE JE W$& Bg ]hr g EH$ AZmIr KQ>Zm H$m ^r [Vm MbVm h° oH$Am`g lr J°]rZmW Or oeH$ma [a JE W VWm CZH$s gdmar am`[wa g JwOaZ [aCZ H$m M∂T>mB© ^Q>m| H$m CÎbI ^r oX`m J`m h°$& ]hr _| _hm_p›Xa H$ [ew ]m∂S>_| C[b„Y [ewAm| H$s ^r gyMr Xr JB© h° oOg_| [ewAm| H$s Hw$b VmXmX 50]Vbm`r h°$& Bg ‡H$ma H$s H$B© OmZH$mna`m± h_| Bg ]hr _| X•Ô>Ï` hmVr h°$&

Bg hÒV]hr H$m _hÀd `h h° oH$ h_| VÀH$mbrZ g_mO H$ AZH$ [jm|H$ ]ma _| OmZH$mar ‡m· hmVr h°$& Bg hÒV]hr g h_| AßJÓm H$ emgZ H$mb H$g_` ^r _hm_p›Xa AmgZ H$ _hÀd H$ ]ma _| OmZH$mar o_bVr h°$& VWm `h^r gmo]V hmVm h° oH$ AßJÓm ¤mam _hmamOm _mZqgh H$ H$mb _| Bg "C[ZJa'`moZ _hm_p›Xa _| oZarjU H$adm`m J`m Wm$& V^r Am`g _mVrZmW Or Z_hm_p›Xa H$ Kam| H$s JUZm, _mVr Mm°H$ _| pÒWV H$mR>ma H$s gm_oJ´`m| H$sgyMr, ]m∂S> _| [ewAm| H$s gyMr H$m Bg hÒV]hr _| CÎboIV H$adm`m Wm$& AV:`h Vm Ò[Ô> hm J`m oH$ AßJÓm Z _hm_p›Xa H$ ‡^wÀd H$m g_m· H$aZ H$ obE,dhm± H$s X°oZH$ JoVodoY`m| _| hÒVj[ H$aV W$& BgH$ AoVna∫$ Bg ]hr _|CÎboIV Í$∑H$, [admZ, [≈> AmoX g Bg ]mV [a ^r ‡H$me [∂S>m h° oH$ A^r^r _hm_p›Xa AmgZ H$ A›VJ©V Hw$N> Jm±d W VWm Am`g lr _mVrZmW Or H$mBZ [a AoYH$ma Wm$& Bg hÒV]hr g OmY[wa H$ _hm_ßoXa VmbH$ AmgZ H$VÀH$mbrZ BoVhmg [a _hÀd[yU© ‡H$me [∂S>Vm h°$&

gßX^©1. hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - ZmW gÂ‡Xm`, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÎbr - 1981; S>m∞.

h˛H$_ qgh ^mQ>r, ^maV _| ZmWm am AmgU, amOÒWmZr emY gßÒWmZ, Mm°[mgZr, OmY[wa- 2003; S>m∞. H$_boH$ema gm±Ibm, amOÒWmZ H$ ZmW gÂ‡Xm` H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ BoVhmg,_hmamOm _mZqgh [wÒVH$ ‡H$meZ, 2011

2. hH$sH$V ]hr OmY[wa (od.gß. 1856-60), gßª`m-8, EH$ 452

148


3. S>m∞. ZmamÙ qgh ^mQ>r ¤mam gÂ[moXV, _hmamOm _mZqgh ar ª`mV, [•. 234. hH$sH$V ]hr OmY[wa (od.gß. 1856-60), gßª`m-8, EH$ 4525. S>m∞. [X≤_Om e_m©, C[am∫$, [•. 1436. S>m∞. ZmamÙ qgh ^mQ>r, C[am∑V, [•. 38-397. S>m∞. H$_b oH$ema gm±Ibm, C[am∫$, [•. 668. S>m∞. ZmamÙ qgh ^mQ>r, C[am∫$, [•. 1089. S>m∞. ZmamÙ qgh ^mQ>r ¤mam gÂ[moXV, _madm∂S> am [aJZ H$s odJV, ^mJ-1, [•. 57310. dmB©.S>r. qgh, amOÒWmZ H$ Hw$E± Edß ]mdo∂S>`m±, [•. 5711. S>m∞. [X≤_Om e_m©, C[am∫$, [•. 15112. _hmamOm _mZqgh [wÒVH$mb`, _hamZJ∂T> _| gßJóhV ZmWm| g gÂ]p›YV ]oh`m±13. S>m∞. [X≤_Om e_m©, C[am∫$, [•. 154

jktLFkku esa izpfyr ,oaekU; C;kt njsa rFkk fof/k;ka

(1750bZ- & 1850 bZ-)MkW- dqyoUr flag 'kss[kkor

C;kt ij :i;k m/kkj ysu& nsu dh izFkk izkphu gSA e/;dkyhu jktLFkkudh cksjxr cfg;ksa ds Ω.k i=ksa esa C;kt^ 'kCn dk iz;ksx feyrk gSA izkphu Hkkjrh;/keZ'kkL=ksa ,oa Le`fr xzUFkkas esa C;kt lEcU/kh dkuwuksa ,oa fu;eksa dk foLr`r mYys[kdjrs gq;s C;kt njksa ds fu/kkZj.k ds ckjs esa er izdV fd;s gSA bu xzUFkkas esa C;kt gsrqo`fº] okºZ"k] dqlhn ,oa C;kt 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx feyrk gS] ftlesa C;kt 'kCn dkiz;ksx ijorhZ gSA1 izkphu Hkkjr esa fo'ks"kr% euq] ukjn] ckS/kk;u] c`gLifr] xkSre,oa ;kKoYD; vkfn Le`frdkjksa ,oa /keZ'kkfL=;ksa us Ω.k iz.kkyh esa izpfyr fofHkUuC;kt njksa ,oa mlls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa] flºkUrksa ,oa O;oLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa fo'kn~ppkZ dh Fkh] vfirq ,d fuf'pr C;kt nj dk rks mYys[k ugh fd;k] fQj HkhckS/kk;u us 10 izfr'kr] xkSre us 15 izfr'kr ,oa dkSfVY; us vFkZ'kkL= esa 15 izfr'krokf"kZd C;kt nj dks mfpr ,oa fof/k lEer crk;k Fkk] bu xzUFkkas esa C;kt njksa dksfu/kkZfjr djus esa lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s izR;sd o.kZ ds fy;svyx&vyx C;kt njks dks fu/kkZfjr fd;kA2

euq us czk„.k] kf=;] oS'; ,oa 'kwnz ds fy;s dze'k% 24]36]48 ,oa 60izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt nj fu/kkZfjr dh FkhA3 iwoZ e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds vfHkys[kkasesa C;kt njksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] Hkhueky vfHkys[k (fo-l- 1262) tkykSjvfHkys[k (fo-l- 1323) vkSj vkcw vfHkys[k (fo-l- 1228) esa ÿe'k% 30]12],oa 30 izfr'kr C;kt njksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA4

izLrqr ys[k dh le;kof/k esa jktLFkku dh Ω.k iz.kkyh esa izpfyr ,oaekU; C;kt njks rFkk fof/k;ksa ds v/;;u ds fy;s jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]chdkusj] Hkkjrh; fo|k efUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj ,oa yksd laLd`fr 'kks/klaLFkku uxj& Jh] pq: vkfn laLFkkuks esa fofHkUu fj;klrksa ds nLrkostksa] cksjxrcfg;ksa ,oa futh laxzgksa ls izkIr vfHkys[kkxkjh; lzksrkas ls i;kZIr lk; miyC/k gSAC;kt njsa Ω.k dh fofHkUu iºfr;ks] Ω.k dh vko';drk] Ω.kh dh vkfFkZd ,oa

149


lkekftd fLFkfr] Ω.k ds iquHkZj.k dh n'kk] fofHkUu jkT;ks ,oa laLFkkvksa esa vUrjds vk/kkjks ij vyx&vyx FkhA

fu:fir dky esa C;kt njksa dk fu/kkZj.k ekfld vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gS]izLrqr ys[k esa v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh n`f"V ls C;kt dh okf"kZd njks dk iz;ksxfd;k gSA loZizFke ge ns[krs gS fd lqjfkr ,oa vlqjfkr Ω.kksa ds fy;s vyx&vyxC;kt njsa olwyh tkrh Fkh] lkgwdkjksa ds kjk Ω.kh dks Ω.k nsus ds ,ot esa fdlhoLrq] edku] nqdku] vkHkw"k.k ,oa [ksr vkfn dks fxjoh j[kk tkrk Fkk] bl izdkjΩ.kksa ij C;kt njsa vlqjfkr ,oa xSj tekurh Ω.kksa ij olwyh tkus okyh C;kt njksals viskkd`r de gksrh Fkh] D;ksfd lkgwdkj fxjoh j[kh oLrqvk ds mi;ksx ,oacSpku ls ewy jkf'k lfgr vius C;kt dh olwyh dj ldrk FkkA vlqjfkr Ω.k nsusij Ω.knkrk dks tksf[ke jgrk Fkk] bl dkj.k C;kt nj vf/kd gksrh FkhA Hkkjrh;fo|k efUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj esa miyC/k esM+rk ds ikjhd czk„.k lkgwdkjksadh yksde.kh laxzg cfg;ksa ds fofHkUu Ω.k i=ksa ds xgu v/;;u ls Li"V fn[kkbZnsrk gS fd vMk.kk (fxjoh) Ω.k ij 12]15 ,oa 18 izfr'kr ,oa vlqjfkr ij 24]36 izfr'kr rd okf"kZd njksa ls C;kt olwyk tkrk FkkA5 izkphu Hkkjr esa HkhdkSfVY; us vius xzUFk vFkZ'kkL= esa O;kikfjd tksf[ke dh fLFkfr esa 120 izfr'kr,oa 240 izfr'kr okf"kZd njksa rd C;kt olwyus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA6

lqjfkr (vMk.kk) Ω.kksa ij C;kt njsao"kZ Ω.k jkf'k vMk.kk (fxjoh) C;kt nj

j[kh oLrq,a (okf"kZd)1751 bZ-7 20 :i;s rxMh 15 izfr'kr1751 bZ-8 56 :i;s 19 izdkj ds vkHkw"k.k 15 izfr'kr1775 bZ-9 31 :i;s 8 vMk.kk 22 ch?ks dk [ksr 18 izfr'kr1839 bZ-10 148 :i;s xyljh 18 izfr'kr

vlqjfkr ,oa xSj&tekurh Ω.kksa ij C;kt njsao"kZ Lkkgwdkj Ω.kh Ω.k jkf'k C;kt njsa1789 bZ-11 'kkg jk/kksnkl jkor fot;flag 595 :i; 24 izfr'kr1827 bZ-12 dY;k.kfxjh xqlkWbZ chdkusj jkT; 301 :i; 36 izfr'kr1827 bZ-13 fgUnqey pksfV;k chdkusj jkT; 1200 :i; 36 izfr'kr

bl izdkj nksuksa rkfydkvksa ds v/;;u ls Li"V gks jgk gS fd lqjfkr ,oavlqjfkr Ω.kksaa dh C;kt njksa eas vUrj FkkA lqjfkr Ω.kkas ij 15 izfr'kr] 18

izfr'kr ,oa vlqjfkr Ω.kksa ij 24 ,oa 36 izfr'kr C;kt njs olwyh tkrh FkhAledkyhu cksjxr cfg;ksa ,oa nLrkostksa ds v/;;u ls jkT; Ω.k] d`f"kxr Ω.k ,oaokf.kfT;d Ω.kkas ij vyx & vyx C;kt njsa fu/kkZfjr Fkh] lkgwdkjksa kjk jkT;ksa dksfn;s tkus okys Ω.k ij lkekU; C;kt nj olwyh tkrh FkhA gdhdr cgh uEcj 4,oa vjth cgh uEcj 4 ds vuqlkj tks/kiqj ds egkjktk Jh fot;flag us uUnok.kkcksgjksa ls 15000@& :i;s jkrdk xkao dks jgu (fxjoh) j[kdj Ω.k fy;k] ftlij 6 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt olwyus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA14

dksVk jkT; ds 'kkldksa&Jh fd'kksjflag] Jh jkeflag] Jh Hkheflag ,oa JhnqtZulky us dbZ lkgwdkjksa ,oa cksgjksa ls 3 izfr'kr ls 36 izfr'kr C;kt njksa ij Ω.kfy;k FkkA15 chdkusj ds egkjktk Jh lwjrflag us 1827 bZ esa pq: ds lsB fetkZeyiksn~nkj ls 4 yk[k :i;s 12 izfr'kr C;kt ij Ω.k fy;k FkkA16 blh izdkj 1849bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds 'kkld us lsB jk/kkfd'ku] :?kukFkth] lsB lk;cjk; lkgwdkj]gehjey ls ÿe'k% 50]000] 25]000 ,oa 1150 :i;s 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt njij Ω.k fy;s FksA17 chdkusj jkT; dh dkxnks jh cfg;ksa ds fofHkUu nLrkostksa esajkT; ds kjk y?kq vof/k ds Ω.k dbZ lkgwdkjksa ls ysus dk mYys[k feyrk gS fd1827 bZ- esa dY;k.kxhj xqalkbZ] lqYrkuey iqjksfgr] prqHkqZt tks'kh] tsBey iqjksfgr,oa ljdkse iqjksfgr ls ÿe'k% 301] 51] 1001]5501] 576 ,oa 1200 :i;s dkΩ.k fy;k] ftu ij cksgjksa us 36 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt olwyus dk mYys[k feyrkgSA18 tks dksVk] tks/kiqj jkT; dh viskk ≈aph C;kt njsa gSA ftldk ,d dkj.k buΩ.kkas dks chdkusj jkT; us y?kq vof/k ds fy;s _.k nsus okys ,sls mHkjrs czk„.k cksgjksals fy;s Fks] tks C;kt njksa ls ykHk vftZr djuk pkgrs FksA d`"kd viuh lkekftdvko';drkvksa] d`f"k midj.kksa] cht] gy] cSy ,oa flpkbZ lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;segktu ls _.k ysrs Fks] bl izdkj ds d`f"k Ω.kksa ij 18]24 ,oa 36 izfr'kr okf"kZdnjksa ls C;kt olwyk tkrk FkkA19

O;kikfj;kas] nqdkunkjksa dks miyC/k djok;k tkus okys okf.kfT;d Ω.kksa ijd`f"k Ω.k dh viskk de C;kt olwyk tkrk FkkA esM+rk dh yksde.kh laxzg cfg;ksads Ω.k i=ksa ds v/;;u ls Li"V gS fd okf.kfT;d Ω.kksa ij 9]12]15 ,oa 18izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt njsa olwy dh tkrh FkhA20

C;kt olwyh dh fof/k;kae/;dkyhu ns'kh; Ω.k iz.kkyh ds v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Ω.kksa ij

C;kt olwyus ds dbZ rjhds] iºfr;ka izpyu esa Fkh] C;kt olwyus dh fofHkUuiºfr;ksa ,oa izdkjksa dk foospu Le`fr xzUFkksa esa fd;k x;k gSaA

150


izkphu Hkkjr esa xkSre /keZlw=] c`gLifr vkfn us 6 izdkj ds C;kt olwyusdh fof/k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] ftlesa dkf;d C;kt] dkfydk C;kt] dkfjrkC;kt] pdzo`fº C;kt ,oa HkksxykHk C;kt vkfn izeq[k FksA jktLFkku dh cksjxrcfg;ksa ,oa fofHkUu jktdh; nLrkostksa ds v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd bl izdkjdh C;kt fof/k;ka Hkh ;gka izpyu esa FkhA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ,oa ks=ksa esa vyx&vyxukeksa ls tkuk tkrk FkkA vr% izkphu dkyhu C;kt fof/k;ksa dks gh vk/kkj cukdjv/;;u fd;k x;k gSA21

1- dkfydk C;ktizkphu dky esa fuf'pr le;kof/k esa C;kt dh vnk;xh dh tkrh Fkh] mls

dkfydk C;kt dgrs Fks] v/;;u dky esa jktLFkku esa C;kt dk fu/kkZj.k izfrekg dsvk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk Fkk] dqN Ω.k i=ksa ds v/;;u ls Li"V gS fd Ω.kh kjklkgwdkj dks izfrekg C;kt jkf'k pqdkus dk mYys[k feyrk gS] yksde.kh laxzgcfg;ksa ds dbZ Ω.k i=ksa esa ekfld C;kt jkf'k ds Hkqxrku dh tkudkjh feyrh gS %&

dkfydk (ekfld C;kt)22

ÿ-la- lu~ Ω.k jkf'k ekfld C;kt dh fd'r

1- 1773 bZ- 26-25 :i;s 6-50 Vdk

2- 1773 bZ- 05-25 :i;s 1-25 Vdk

3- 1774 bZ- 18-00 :i;s 4-50 Vdk

4- 1774 bZ- 23-00 :i;s 5-75 Vdk

5- 1774 bZ- 21-00 :i;s 5-75 Vdk

2- dkf;d C;ktjktLFkku dh Ω.k iz.kkyh esa dkf;d C;kt dh O;oLFkk izpyu esa Fkh]

ftlesa Ω.kh ds kjk Lo;a ,oa mlds ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa vkSj i'kqvksa ds kjk'kkjhfjd ikfjJfed ds ek/;e ls C;kt dh vnk;xh dh tkrh Fkh] Je iz/kkuvFkZO;oLFkk esa dkf;d C;kt ,d ljy ,oa lqxe lk/ku Fkk] ftlds kjk Ω.khnSfud etnwjh ,oa ikfjJfed jkf'k ls C;kt jkf'k dks lek;ksftr djok nsrk Fkk]ledkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk esa udnh; ekSfnzd lEcU/kksa ds fodkl ,oa foLrkj gksus dsdkj.k bl izdkj dh C;kt fof/k lkgwdkjksa kjk fu;fer :i ls rks ugha viuk;htkrh FkhA Le`frdkjksa kjk bl C;kt fof/k dk foLrkj ls foospu fd;k x;k gS]ftlls yxrk gS fd izkphu dky esa bldk vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gksxkAlkekU;r;k ;g C;kt iºfr y?kq Ω.k esa viuk;h tkrh FkhA yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k

laLFkku] uxj&Jh pq:] esa miyC/k fofHkUu nLrkostksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 19oha'krkCnh esa bl izdkj dh C;kt fof/k fo|eku Fkh] ftlesa [ksfrgj Jfed (gkyh)]?kjsyq ukSdj (Hkksxfy;k) ,oa i'kqvksa ds kjk Je djds C;kt jkf'k dks pqdkus dkmYys[k feyrk gSA Jh ';kelqUnj iksn~nkj laxzg dkxt uEcj 67 ds vuqlkj 1833bZ- esa pq: ds lsB fetkZey iksn~nkj ls iwjk rsrjoky ,oa [ksrs cxfM+;k us 101 :i;sdk Ω.k fy;k Fkk] ftlesa [ksrs cxfM+;k ds kjk gkyh ([ksfrgj Jfed) ds :i esafeyus okys 14 :i;s okf"kZd ikfjJfed dks C;kt esa le;ksftr djus dk mYys[kfeyrk gSA23 Jh Hkk≈jke vxzoky dh cgh ds i= la[;k&40 esa mYys[k feyrk gSfd 4 :i;s 8 vkuk Ω.k dh ,ot esa Ω.kh kjk viuk cSy fxjoh j[kk FkkA24

dq'ky xqtZj us 40 :i;s Ω.k ds cnys vius iq= ghjk dks lsB ds ikl Hkksxfy;k(?kjsyq ukSdj) ds :i esa lkSius dh is'kd'k dh FkhA25

3- dkfjrk C;ktdkfjrk C;kt mYys[k djrs gq;s Le`frdkjksa us fy[kk gS fd ladV dh

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Ω.kh ≈aph C;kt nj ij Hkh Ω.k ysus ds fy;s lger gks tkrk gSAjktLFkku ds jkepUnz cksgjk uUnok.kk laxzg ds ,d Ω.k i= esa lkgwdkj ls laxrflagus 201 :i;s dk Ω.k 90 izfr'kr C;kt nj ij m/kkj fy;k FkkA26 ;g ,d rjhds lslwn[kksjh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ysfdu bl rjg dh C;kt njksa dks lkekU;r;k lekt esaekU;rk izkIr ugha FkhA jktLFkku dh Ω.k iz.kkyh esa jkenqiV ,oa nkenqiV tSlhO;oLFkk,a Hkh C;kt jkf'k dks fuf'pr djus esa enn djrh Fkh] ftlds vUrxZrC;kt jkf'k fdlh Hkh n'kk esa ewy /ku jkf'k ls nqxquh ls vf/kd ugha gks ldrh gSA27

4- HkksxykHk C;ktlkgwdkj Ω.k dh ,ot esa edku] [ksr] nqdku vkfn dks fxjoh j[k ysrs Fks]

budk mi;ksx ;k Hkksx djuk Hkksxfy;k dgykrk FkkA blesa nqdku ,oa edku dsfdjk;s vkSj [ksr dh mit ls C;kt vnk;xh dh tkrh Fkh] lkgwdkj bl fof/k dksvkerkSj ij viukrs FksA yksde.kh laxzg cgha ds QkYxqu cnh 4 fo-l- 1832(1775 bZ-) ds Ω.k i= ds vuqlkj cksgjk o`Unkou O;kl ,oa jkenRr frokM+h lscxlhjke nsodj.k tks'kh us 31 :i;s 8 vkuk dk Ω.k fy;k Fkk] ftlds fy;s 22ch?ks dk [ksr fxjoh j[kk] mldh Ω.k mit ls C;kt ds pqdkus dk djkj fd;k x;kFkkA28 dkxnks jh cgh uEcj 5 ds vuqlkj lsB lkgquS.k dks <syh;s danksbZ us ?kj dsfdjk;s ls C;kt dh vnk;xh dh x;h FkhA29 Jh ';kelqUnj iksn~nkj laxzg ds dkxtdzekad 121 Kkr gksrk gS fd jkex<+ 'ks[kkoVh esa fLFkr nqdku ds fdjk;s kjk C;ktdk pqdku fd;k x;kA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa ;fn Ω.kh C;kt lfgr ewy/ku

151


jkf'k dks le; ij Hkqxrku ugha djrk rks lkgwdkj Ω.kh dh fxjoh j[kh lEifr ijvf/kdkj dj ysrk FkkA30

5- pÿo`fº C;ktjktLFkku dh cksjxr O;oLFkk esa pÿo`fº C;kt dks dVok C;kt ds :i esa

mYys[k feyrk gS] ;g C;kt eq[;r% Ω.kh kjk lkgwdkj dks fuf'pr le;kof/kΩ.k dk Hkqxrku ugha djus ij olwyk tkrk Fkk] iwohZ jktLFkku esa ;g le;kof/k 6ekg Fkh] ftlds i'pkr~ C;kt dks ewy/ku esa tksM+ dj C;kt yxk;k tkrk Fkk] bldsfy;s Ω.k i=ksa esa ^c<ksrjk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA31 jktLFkku esa Ω.kiz.kkyh esa izpfyr Ω.k iºfr;kas] Ω.knkrk ,oa Ω.kh dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfrvkSj HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr dh fofHkUurkvksa vkfn ds vk/kkj ij vyx&vyxC;kt njsa olwyh tkrh FkhA NksVs lkgwdkj tks blh O;olk; esa iw.kZ:is.k layXu Fks]og dqN ≈aph C;kt njas olwy djrs Fks] ogha d`f"k Ω.kksa ij jkT; Ω.k ,oaokf.kfT;d Ω.kksa dh viskk vf/kd C;kt olwyk tkrk Fkk] e:LFkyh; jkT;chdkusj esa vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd C;kt njsa izpyu esa FkhA Ω.k iz.kkyhes dqN n'kkvksa esa lkekU; ls de ,oa vf/kd C;kt njksa ij fy;s x;s Ω.k dh Hkhtkudkjh feyrh gS] tks fdlh fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa ds fy;s de C;kt nj ij Hkh Ω.kfn;s tkrs FksA vyoj jkT; us pq: ds lsB fetkZey iksn~nkj dks vyoj esa nqdku[kksyus ds fy;s 3 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt nj ij 25 gtkj :i;s dk Ω.k fn;k FkkA32

lkekU;r;k jktLFkku dh Ω.k iz.kkyh esa 6 ls 36 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt njsa ekU;,oa izpyu esa FkhA ftlesa 12]15]18]24 ,oa 36 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt njsa izeq[kr;kizpyu esa FkhA

lUnHkZ1- izks- jke'kj.k 'kekZ] izkjfEHkd Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd bfrgkl] ubZ

fnYyh] 2000 i`"B 227&48-2- ogh-3- ogh-4- ds-lh- tSu] ,f'k;UV flVht ,.M VkmUl vkWQ jktLFkku] i`"B 507-5- ch- ,y- Hknkuh] iStsUV vkfVZtUl ,.M ,UVjiszulZ jkor ifCyds'kUl] i`"B 317

^[kr js udy dh cgh] fp<~<k o [krk jh cgh 1@1] fo-l- 1820 (1763 bZ-)dkxnk jh cgh uEcj 33@2] fo-l- 1884 (1827 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkMZl]jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj (jk-jk-v-ch-)

6- vkseizdk'k % izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd bfrgkl] i`"B 217-

7- yksde.kh laxzg cgh] Hkkjrh; fo|k efUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku chdkusj8- ogh-9- ogh-10- xksfoUn vxzoky] pq: e.My dk 'kks/k iw.kZ bfrgkl] pq:] 1976] i`"B 461-11- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ esa uxj lsB laLFkk] t;iqj] 2003] i`"B 35&37-12- dkxnks jgh cgh ua- 33@2] fo-l- 1884 (1827 bZ)] chdkusj fjdkMZl] jk-jk-v-

ch-13- ogh-14- f'konŸknku ckjgV] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl (1753&1800 bZ)] i`"B 171-15- e/kq VaMu lsfB;k] jktiwr ikWfyVh] t;iqj] 2003] i`"B 266-16- xksfoUn vxzoky] pq: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] pq:] 1976] i`"B 486-17- lun ijokuk cgh uEcj 116] fo-l- 1906 (1849 bZ)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZl] jk-jk-

v-ch-18- dkxnks jh cgh uEcj 33@2] fo-l- 1884 (1827 bZ)] chdkusj fjdkMZl] jk-jk-

v-ch-19- ch- ,y- Hknkuh] iwoksZDr] i`"B 317-20- ogh-21- izks- jke'kj.k 'kekZ] ogh-22- yksde.kh laxzg cgh] Hkkjrh; fo|k efUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj-23- Jh ';kelqUnj iksn~nkj laxzg dkxt dzekad 67] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku]

uxj&Jh] pq:] e:&Jh] pq:] tuojh&twu 1980] i`"B 25&26-24- xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZor i`"B 461-25 ogh-26- c`tfd'kksj tkofy;k] lksf'k;ks bdkWuksfed dUMh'ku bu jktLFkku (1650&1750)]

tks/kiqj] 2002] i`"B 136&37-27- oSpkfjdh 'kks/k if=dk] chdkusj] Hkkx 13] vad 1] tqykbZ 1997] i`"B 24-28- Ω.k&i=] QkYxqu cnh 4] fo-l- 1832 (1775 bZ)] yksde.kh laxzg cgh]

Hkkjrh; fo|k efUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj-29- dkxnks jh cgh uEcj 5] fo-l- 1834 (1777 bZ)] chdkusj] fjdkMZl] jk-jk-v-30- Jh ';kelqUnj iksn~~nkj laxzg dkxt dzekad 121] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku]

uxj&Jh pq:] e: Jh vad 2&3] 1980] i`"B 25-31- fnyckxflag] nh jksy vkWQ egktul~ bu nh #jy bdkWukseh bu bLVuZ jktLFkku

M~;wfjax ,VhaFk lsUpqjh] lks'ky lkbZUlfVl] uEcj 22] ebZ 1974] i`"B 24-32- 'kks/kd 'kks/k if=dk] t;iqj Hkkx 17] 1988- i`"B 133-

152


vyoj jkT; esa y?kq m|ksx ,oa mudk fodkl(1775 bZ- ls 1948 rd)

MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k

jktLFkku ds if'eksŸkj Hkkx dh vjkoyh ioZr Jà[kyk dh xksn esa vyojjkT; fLFkr gSA tks fd HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls 27-50 ls 28-150 vkkal rd o 76-100ls 77-150 ns'kkUrj rd QSyk gqvk FkkA1 ;g mŸkj ls nfk.k 80 ehy yEck if'pels iwoZ dh vksj 60 ehy pkSM+k gSA2 vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk 1775 esa jko izrkiflagkjk dh xbZA3 vyoj jkT; esa yksxksa dh thfodk ds izeq[k lk/ku d`f"k ,oai'kqikyu Fks ysfdu buds lkFk&lkFk y?kq&dqVhj m|ksx Hkh Fks ftlls viuhvkthfodk pykrs FksA muds /kU/ks T;knkrj iSr`d O;olk; FksA vyoj jkT; dsy?kq&dqVhj m|ksx /kU/ks fuEufyf[kr Fks&

peZ m|ksxvyoj jkT; ds xk°o 'kkgiqj dh twfr;ka izflº FkhaA5 blh rjg frtkjk ds

twrs vf/kd pyk≈ vkSj lqUnj gksus ds dkj.k mudh ekax nwj&nwj rd FkhA jruk6

uked eksph bl dke dk eq[; f'kYidkj FkkA mlds oa'kt Hkh flºgLr f'kYidkjjgs FksA7 peZ m|ksx ds vU; LFky ukjk;.kiqj] ujSB vkSj vyoj esa nsgyh njoktkfLFkr ekSgYys esa ijEijkxr twrh cukus okys gSaA8 d`f"k dk;Z gsrq dke vkus okykpeM+s dh okYVh ^pM+l* dks jSxj cLrh ls 20 lsj vukt esa [kjhnk tkrk FkkA blhrjg dqEgkj ds kjk cuk;s x;s feV~Vh ds crZuksa ls iwfrZ dh tkrh FkhA ?kjsyw lkekurFkk nLrdkjh ls cuk;s x;s lkeku dks LFkkuh; gBokMksa esa Hkstk tkrk Fkk tgka ls yksxbUgsa [kjhnrs FksA9

dqEHkdkj m|ksxekSjksM+h xk°o ds dqEgkj feV~Vh ds crZu cukus ds lkFk&lkFk m[ky*10 cukus

ds fy, izflº FksA11 vyoj ds vkl&ikl dbZ rglhyksa esa ijEijkxr pkd lsfeV~Vh ds crZu vkSj dykRed ltkoVh lkeku vkSj VsjkdksVk ls dykRed lkekucukus okys LFkkuksa esa ukjk;.kiqj] jktx<+] dBwej] jkex<+] ye.kx<+] frtkjk FksA12

ijxuk fd'kux<+ ds cEckSjk] Qrgokniqj] gjlkSyh bLekbyiqj] ck?kksM+k dLcksa esafeV~Vh ds vPNs crZu cuk;s tkrs FksA13

xyhpk] diM+k m|ksx'kkgiqj ds dksyh ^jsth* vPNh cukrs Fks] gjlkSjk esa Nkih gqbZ ^tkte*

^rks"kd* vkfn oLrq,a cM+h iz'kaluh; vkSj fpŸkk"kZd gksrh FkhA ;gka Nih gqbZ tkte*]^fygkQ* vkfn LFkkuh; yksxksa ds dke rks vkrs gh Fks ysfdu ckgj Hkh budh yxkrkjekax jgrh FkhA ;gka ds ^Nhih* yksx bl m|ksx vkSj ifjJe dks ns[kdj bl f'kYidk;Z dks cM+h prqjkbZ ls djrs FksA14 jaxkbZ dk dk;Z jktx<+15 esa rFkk pwanM+h dksNksM+dj 'ks"k lc izdkj dh jaxkbZ ds fy, vyoj 1920 bZ- rd fo[;kr jgk gSA;gka dh ^jaxr* rFkk c/kkb;ksa eas tks ped jgrh Fkh og dgha ugha ik;h tkrh FkhAjaxkbZ dk dk;Z izk;% eqfLye ifjokjksa kjk 5 Hkkxksa eas & (i) nq:[kh (ii) eksB<+k(iii ) ygfj;k x.Msnkj (iv) vcjbZ (v) gYdh jaxr gksrh FkhA

^nq:[kh* ns'kHkj esa vyoj esa gh gksrh FkhA blesa eyey ds diM+s ds nksuksavksj vyx&vyx nks jax p<+k;s tkrs FksA ;g lkekU; ckr ugha gSA ;g mu flºgLrdkjhxjksa dk Je lk/; vkSj iz'kaluh; dk;Z FkkA16 îxM+h* (QsaV) vkSj ^vks<+uh*ij MkbZ kjk jax p<+kus ds fy, dsfydks fizafVax b.MLV™h izeq[k FkhA bl jaxkbZ vkSjNikbZ ds dkj[kkus vyoj jkT; esa vyoj] jktx<+] izrkix<+ vkSj ukjk;.kiqj eas FksAyksxksa dh cM+h la[;k bl dk;Z eas O;Lr jgrh FkhA ,d xyh vkt Hkh vyoj esajaxHkfj;ks dh xyh ds uke ls izflº gSA ;gka ds Nhik jtkbZ] Cyk≈t vkSj ygaxk dsdiM+ksa ij NikbZ djrs FksA17

jktkvksa vkSj ok;ljk; dks vyoj ujs'k nq:[kh HksaV djrs jgs Fks ftldsfy, 1920 bZ- rd ns'k&fons'k ls cukus ds vkns'k gksrs jgsA vyoj esa ekSgEen [kkaiq= jetku [kka] djhec[l iq= vCnqy jgeku] ethn iq= 'ksj ekSgEen ^nq:[kh*vkSj ^ygfj;s* ds fy, izflº jaxjst FksA 12 ekpZ 1896 bZ- dks jk"V™h; Lrj dhesjB izn'kZuh esa ^pwanM+h* ds ^cU/kst* vkSj ^ygfj;k* jaxkbZ dyk ij eksgEen [kkuiq= jetku [kku dks izFke iqjLdkj feykA 1930 bZ- ds ckn jaxjsth dyk vyojls yqIr gks xbZA18

vyoj ds îsps*] phjs dh jaxr] mUukoh] lctdkgh cxSjg gj rjg ds jaxrkjhQ ds yk;d Fks vkSj eNyh edke dk cuk gqvk rksM+snkj o pkinkj /kedke'kgwj gSA19 vyoj jkT; esa jtokM+ksa ds le; nwljs jkT;ksa ls vk;s dkjhxjksa usxyhpk vkSj dkyhu cukus dh dyk dks vkjEHk fd;k tks fd vyoj] ukjk;.kiqj]vtcx<+] gehjiqj] ek/kksx<+] ckulwj] prjiqjk] jruiqjk] jktx<+ esa ikoVk] [kksg]?kkVM+k buds izeq[k dsUnz jgs gSaA20 cgrw[kqnZ ds ^xyhps* mŸke fdLe ds gksrs FksA21

xzke cgknjiqj eas ixM+h isph dk O;olk; FkkA ;gka dh cuh ixfM;ka nwj&nwj rd

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izflº Fkh tks fd ekyok] bUnkSj] cxjk mTtSu vkfn LFkkuksa dks fu;kZr dh tkrhFkhA22 vyoj dh ^lknk* vkSj ^tjh dh ixfM;ka* e'kgwj FkhaA vyoj (ekjokM+hixM+h) t;iqj] mn;iqj (ihyh ixM+h) izflº Fkh vkt Hkh vyoj] dBwej vkSjye.kx<+ ks=ksa eas iqjkus dkjhxj viuk iSr`d dk;Z dj ftank j[ks gq, gSaA23 gehjiqjxk°o ds ^y[ksjs* dkap dh pwfM+;ka cukus dk dk;Z djrs Fks ftls fL=;ka cgqr ilandjrh FkhA24 lkSaB [kjsVk xk°o dh rEckdw* vR;f/kd izflº FkhaA blh izdkj ekSyh]fNyksM+h o [kjsVk esa îRFkj dh pfDd;ka* o ^dqf.M;ka* cukdj viuh jksth&jksVhfudkyrs jgsA25 [kksgjk eykoyh esa Hkh îRFkj dh pDdh*] ^dq.Mh*] ^flycV~Vs*curs jgs gSaA ;gka dk iRFkj de f?klrk gSA blds vfrfjDr uksVcksyh esa Hkh dq.Mh*curh gSA ;gka dk iRFkj dPpk gSA26 xzke [kksgjh ds êh.ks* rFkk ^ckcfj;k*]^bZMok*] ^bZM+h*] ^Nhadk*] ^ljdh* vkfn cukus esa viuh dk;ZiqVrk vkSj dkS'kyrkdk ifjp; nsrs Fks ftlls mudh thfodk pyrh FkhA27

dkxt m|ksxfrtkjk esa ns'kh dkxt28 curk Fkk ftls ^lkseh* dgk tkrk FkkA ;g vPNk

vkSj izflº FkkA 'kkg vkye ds le; ;g m|ksx vius peZ ij FkkA foyk;rhfpdus ,oa pedhys dkxt ds vk tkus ij bl dkxt dh [kir de gks xbZ vkSjckn esa ;g cuuk cUn gks x;kA29 dkxt ds lkFk&lkFk ?kfV;k fdLe dk 'kh'kk rS;kjfd;k tkrk FkkA ;gk° ds dkjhxj cgqr fuiq.k vkSj dq'ky Fks] ftUgsa njckj ds fgr esadk;Z djus ds vykok dgha vU;= dk;Z djus ij izfrcU/k FkkA30 [ksrh ds vfrfjDretnwjh] i'kqikyu] êwat* cVdj ^cku* cukus ds m|e ds lkFk&lkFk fofo/k y?kqm|ksx Fks ftuls yksxksa dh thfodk pyrh FkhA31

ckulwj ds jkeiqj xk°o esa yksgs ds ^Mksy*] ^dM+kgh*] ^dM+kg*] ^dM+Nyk*]^rok*] ^ckad dh <dksyh* vkSj ^rjktw ds iyM+s* vkfn oLrq,° cukrs vkSj viuhvkthfodk pykrs FksA32 ckulwj ks= esa ^clbZ* esa ^[ktwj dh pVkb;ka* cukbZ tkrhFkh] tks izflº FkhA jktx<+ ds ikl ^dkadokM+h dk ckal* vPNh fdLe dk gS]ftldk mi;ksx ^cjNh ds M.Ms*] ^ykBh* ds dke esa fy;k tkrk FkkA

dk"B m|ksx ,oa ?kkuh m|ksxjktx<+ esa ydM+h ds [kjkn dk dke [kkrh yksx cgqr vPNk djrs FksA [kkrh

leqnk; ydM+h ds njokts] pkSdh] f[kM+dh] iV~Vs ,oa ?kjsyw lkeku cukus dslkFk&lkFk d`f"k dk;Z eas dke vkus okyh oLrq,a gy] xkM+h] /kud vkSj pdyh] jFkvkSj HkSyh dykRed 'kSyh esa cukrs FksA33 ?kkuh dk dk;Z rsyh leqnk; djrk FkkA

vyoj jkT; esa rsy O;olk; viuh igpku j[krk gSA rsy&fry ljlksa vkSj vylhls rsy fudkydj yksxksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA34

vkfr'kckth&ck:n dk;Zvyoj ds eqa'kh cktkj esa jger vyh] gSfl;r vyh dh nqdku vkfr'kckth

ds fy, izflº jgh gSA ekSgYyk nk:dwVk esa eqUuk] jetku] egcwc vyh] edlwnvyh vkfr'kckth ds dkjhxj jgs gSaA vyoj ds vfrfjDr jktx<+] jkex<+]ye.kx<+] cgknqjiqj] Fkkukxkth dLcksa eas HkM+cwts vkSj peZdkj vkfr'kckth Qqyokjhdk dke djrs FksA35 vyoj 'kgj ds iwoZ esa ^nslwyk* vkSj ^vX;kjk* ls ued] 'kksjkfudkyk tkrk Fkk] ftlls 'kh'kk cuk;k tkrk FkkA ^'kh'ks dks pwfM+;ksa* vkSj ^cksrysa*cukus ds dke esa fy;k tkrk FkkA36 dekyiqjk <k<ksyh o vkxj esa [kkjk ued vR;f/kd ek=k eas feyrk gSA37 Nr dh ifV~V;ksa dk iRFkj jktx<+] jsokM+h vkSj eka<u dsks=ksa dh igkfM+;ksa ls fudyrk gSA jktx<+ esa 20 QqV yEch 2 QqV pkSM+h iV~Vhfudyrh gSA vtcx<+ ds iRFkjksa dks jsYos LVs'kuksa dh rkehjksa esa cgqr dke esa fy;kgSA jktx<+ ds vkl&ikl ds ks=ksa ls lQsn iRFkj ,oa uhyk iRFkj [kwc feyrk gSAbl iRFkj ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s djds HkV~Vksa esa idkdj pwuk cuk;k tkrk FkkA jktx<+esa pwus ds HkV~Vs [kwc feyrs gSa rFkk ;g pwus ds fy, izflº jgk gSA38 orZeku esa pwusdk dk;Z cUn gks pqdk gSA ;gka vHkzd] yky feV~Vh] ,d fdLe dk ued] 'kksjk vkSjiksVk'k ([kkj] tok[kkj ;k lTth) Hkh feyrs gSaA mDr /kU/kksa ls mudh jksth&jksVhfudyrh FkhA [kks&njhck esa rk°cs dh [kkus] Fkkukxkth ks= ds izrkix<+ o vtcx<+]f>jh ls lQsn iRFkj fudkyk tkrk gS tks fd edjkuk tSlk laxejej gSA39 f>jh dsiRFkj dks fnYyh Hkstk tkrk FkkA dkyk laxejej jkex<+ ds ikl êk°My* ls]xqykch laxejej vyoj ds nfk.k esa cynsox<+ ls fudkyrs Fks] blls dbZ ifjokjksadh jksth pyrh FkhA40

vyoj jkT; esa yksgs fuekZ.k ds dkj[kkus FksA ;gk° cM+h ek=k esa yksgk feyrkFkk ftldh tkudkjh dkQh nsj ls feyh] ijUrq ;g yksgk vPNh&vPNh fdLe dkugha gksus ds dkj.k cM+h ek=k esa yksgk ;wjksi ls vk;kr fd;k tkrk FkkA41 vyojjkT; esa 200 HkfV~V;ka yksgk xykus dh Fkh ftuesa 37 HkfV~V;ka 1878 esa dk;Z dj jghFkhaA bu HkfV~V;kas ls 18]500 eu (660 Vu) okf"kZd mRiknu FkkA bl yksgs fuekZ.kdk;Z esa 5]92000 eu (21&142 Vu) ydM+h ls 14800 eu dks;ys dk fuekZ.kfd;k tkrk FkkA 37 HkfV~V;kas ls vk; 9300 :i;s gksrh FkhA bl m|ksx ls dkQhyksxkas dh thfodk pyrh FkhA bl m|ksx ls jkT; dh vk; cgqr de gksus ij Hkhyksxksa dh thfodk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bls cUn ugha fd;k x;kA42 vdcjiqjk]

154


i`Fohiqjk] ckysVk] nkfn;k] jktx<+] Vgyk] u;k xk°o] xksyk dk ckl esa yksgk cukusdk dke gksrk FkkA bu txgkas ls yksgk xykus dh HkfV~V;ka feyh gSaA43 ;gk° yksgs ds <sjik;s tkrs gSaA44 jkT; esa yxHkx 90 eu rk°ck fudyrk Fkk ijUrq fczfV'k ljdkj dsflDdk Vdk* ds izpyu ds dkj.k bldh dher vkSj mRiknu de gksus yxk FkkA45

ekpkM+h dLcs esa nks izdkj dh /kekdsnkj cUnwdas cukbZ tkrh Fkha ftUgsa rksM+hnkj opkinkj cUnwdsa dgk tkrk Fkk ftudh dher 25 :i;s izfr cUnwd gksrh FkhA46

vyoj jkT; esa y?kq m|ksx nLrdkjh lkekftd oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj ijiSr`d /kU/ks FksA bu m|ksxksa eas iwjs ifjokj dk Je yxrk FkkA ;s O;olk; yksxksa dhvko';drk ds lkFk&lkFk izflfº Hkh izkIr dj pqds Fks ijUrq ftu iSr`d dk;ksaZ esayxs yksx dsoy vius ifjokj dh jksVh&jksth gh fudky ikrs Fks vkSj le; dslkFk&lkFk buds Je dh etnwjh Hkh fudyuk eqf'dy gks tkus ds dkj.k ;s /kU/ksyqIr izk; gksrs x;sA vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ds lkFk ckgjh oLrqvksa ds vkus vkSje'khuhdj.k ds iz;ksx ls oLrq,a vPNh fdLe dh vkSj lLrh gksus ds dkj.k ;gka dscktkjksa esa viuk LFkku cukus yxh vkSj LFkkuh; nLrdkjksa kjk cuh ns'kh oLrqvksa esaJe T;knk gksus ,oa ewY; de feyus ls ;s O;olk; de gksrs pys x;sA

lUnHkZ1- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkkx&2] ftYn&2] i`- 13552- xgyksr] txnh'k flag & jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&3] i`- 2173- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkkx&2] ftYn&2] i`- 13774- tks'kh] fiukdhyky] vyoj jkT; dk bfrgkl] 1939] i`- 43&1105- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA6- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk (rglhynkj frtkjk vuq&vfuy tks'kh)]

i`-537- ÿekad 478] cU/kkad 68] xzUFkkad 4] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA8- eRL;niZ.k] Lekfjdk] ftyk iz'kklu vyoj ,oa i;ZVu foHkkx jktLFkku] i`- 139- ek;kjke&jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vyoj&1968 i`- 268&6910- ^m[ky*] nks&<kbZ QqV ≈°pk rFkk ,d QqV O;kl dk feV~Vh dk cuk ,d crZu

ftls vukt Njus ds fy, vks[kyh dk dke djrk FkkA11- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj12- eRL;niZ.k] ftyk iz'kklu vyoj ,oa i;ZVu foHkkx jktLFkku] i`- 13&1413- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk i`- 6414- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj15- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk i`- 57

16- tks'kh] fiukdhyky] vyoj xtV 1928 vizdkf'kr] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj17- ek;kjke&jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vyoj&1968 i`- 26918- xfr flrEcj&vDVwcj (la;qDrkad&fo'ks"kkad) 2009] i`- 3119- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] (jkT; vyoj dh rokjh[k) i`- 137220- eRL;niZ.k] Lekfjdk] ftyk iz'kklu vyoj ,oa i;ZVu foHkkx jktLFkku] i`- 1321- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk] i`- 5622- vfuy tks'kh&vyoj n'kZu] i`- 14923- eRL; niZ.k Lekfjdk] ftyk iz'kklu vyoj ,oa i;ZVu foHkkx jktLFkku] i`- 1424- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] i`- 304] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj25- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk] i`- 5326- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk] i`- 5727- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] i`- 206] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj28- xgyksr] txnh'k flag&jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&3] i`- 22129- ÿekad 478] cU/kkad 68] xzUFkkad 4] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj30- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 7731- ÿekad 478] cU/kkad 68] xzUFkkad 4] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj32- ÿekad 318] cU/kkad 43] xzUFkkad 4] i`- 303&304 jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj33- ek;kjke&jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vyoj&1968 i`- 27034- ogh35- xfr] ekfld] o"kZ 3] vad 9&10] flrEcj&vDVwcj] i`- 3136- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 3037- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk] i`- 5338- e[knew] 'ks[k ekSgEen] vjtax frtkjk] i`- 5339- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 8540- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 7641- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 7742- e[knew] 'ks[k vtjax&frtkjk i`- 5343- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkkx&2] ftYn&2] i`- 135944- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`- 7745- ik≈ysV] estj- ih- MCY;w&xtsfV;j vkWQ mywj] i`-46- xgyksr] txnh'k flag&jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&3] i`- 221

155


fj;klrdkyhu Vksad dk LFkkiR; %,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd v/;;u

vuqjkx fot;] MkW- ,p-lh- tSu ,oa izks- vkj-ds- oekZ

fj;klrdkyhu Vksad ds lkaLd`frd o ,sfrgkfld egŸo ds LFkkiR; esaeksfeuk ealwj dk edcjk] HkkSex<+ ;k vehjx<+] tkek efLtn] j?kqukFkth dk efUnj,oa r[rk] lqugjh dksBh] eNyh Hkou] jaxhu dksBh] vnkyr 'kjk 'kjhQ] ehyknokyh dksBh] bZnxkg dksBh o ckx] vjch Qkjlh 'kks/k laLFkku] fQjkstckx dh xksydksBh] ?k.Vk?kj] ›stj fczt] ?kjgV okyh gosyh vkfn izeq[k gSaA bl vkys[k esa bUghadh ppkZ gksxhA

edcjk eksfeuk ealwj & Vksad ij vdcj ds vkf/kiR; ds le; eksfeukealwj dks Vksad dk izcU/kd fu;qDr fd;k x;kA eksfeuk ealwj dh vkdfLed e`R;w dsckn muds firk dks ;gkW dk izcU/kd cuk;k x;k ftUgksaus vius csVs dk edcjkceksj njokts ds Hkhrj cuok;kA bl edcjs ij uokc eksgEen vyh [kk° us ,dnjoktk cuok;kA dkykUrj esa bl edcjs ij izR;sd xq:okj dks esyk yxus yxkftlesa urZfd;k° u`R; djrh Fkh ftlls bl edcjsa dks vkf'kdksa dk etkj dgk tkusyxkA ckn esa uokc othj [kkW us bl lkIrkfgd esys rFkk ukp xkus dks cUn djokfn;kA

HkkSex<+ ;k vehjx<+ ;k ckyk fdyk & Vksad ij vkesj dh v/khurk dsle; vkesj 'kkld ek/kksflag us ;gk° ,d fdys dk fuekZ.k djokdj bls HkkSfe;ksa dkslkSai fn;k] ftlls ;g fdyk HkkSe x<+ dgk tkus yxkA 1817 bZ- esa Vksad fj;klr dhLFkkiuk ds lkFk gh ;g fdyk Vksad ds izFke uokc vehj [kk° dks fey x;kA vehj[kk° us blesa vusd fuekZ.k djk;s rFkk bldk ukedj.k vehjx<+ dj fn;kA bl fdysds vkUrfjd o ckg~; njoktksa dk fuekZ.k uokc oth:n~nksyk us djok;k FkkA 1877bZ- esa blesa uwj egy] jax egy rFkk 'kh'k egy cuok;s x;sA blds vUn:uh Hkkx esa,d NksVk fdyk cuok;k x;k] ftls ckyk fdyk uke fn;k x;k] blesasa rhu efLtnsa]pkj dw,W rFkk nks caxys cuok;s x;sA bl ckyk fdys dh fo'ks"krk blds ijdksVs dsckgj cuok;h x;h feV~Vh dh eksVh nhokj Fkh] tc fdys ij rksiksa ls xksys nkxs tkrsFks rks ;s xksys feV~Vh esa /k°l tkrs Fks rFkk fdys dks dksbZ gkfu ugha igq°prh FkhA blds

pkjksa rjQ 10 ls 15 fQV xgjh [kkbZ Hkh FkhA bl izdkj ;g vts; FkkA uokchdky ds vfUre nkSj rFkk mlds ckn bl fdys dks [ktkus dh vkl esa u"V djokfn;k x;kA orZeku esa bldk uke ek= dk gh vfLrRo jg x;k gSA bl fdys dslehi [kqnkbZ esa tSu rhFkZadjksaa dh vfr izkphu o nqyZHk 26 izfrek,W Hkh feyh Fkhftudksa Vksad dh ufl;k esa izfr"Bkfir dj fn;k x;kA

tkek efLtn & Vksad dh tkek efLtn ns'k dh cM+h efLtnksa esa ls ,d gSA;g viuh fo'kkyrk] lqUnjrk] nhokjksa ij lksus ls fp=dkjh] csy &cwVksa o ehukdkjhds fy, ns'k esa izflº gSA blds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z 1830 bZ0 esa izFke uokc vehj [kk°us 'kq: djok;kA buds dky esa 75 izfr'kr dk;Z iwjk dj fy;k x;kA ckn esa blsuokc bczkghe vyh [kk° us iwjk djok;kA blds nks fo'kky njokts eqxy 'kSyh esacus gSa rFkk bldh pkj fo'kky ehukjsa nwj ls gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] bu ij Hkh lqUnjfp=dkjh dh x;h gSA efLtn dh eq[; bekjr ds rhu xqEcn fnYyh o vkxjk esafufeZr 'kkgtgk° dkyhu efLtnksa ds leku gSA xqEcnksa dh Hkhrjh nhokjksa ij lksus oehukdkjh dk dykRed dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA efLtn ds NTtksa ij bZjkuh o eqxy'kSyh ds Qwy&cwVs o xqynLrs fpf=r fd;s x, gSaA

j?kqukFkth efUnj ,oa r[rk & 1817 bZ0 esa Vksad fj;klr dh LFkkiuk dslkFk gh izFke uokc vehj [kk° us vius lkfFk;ksa o iztktuksa dks Vksad esa clk;kAbuds izeq[k lkfFk;ksa esa jk;nkrkjke th Fks] tks fd jktk fujatujk;] ftUgksus vehj[kk° dh rjQ ls vaxzstksa ls lfU/k dh Fkh] ds iq= FksA vehj [kk° us jk;nkrkjke th dksviuh rjQ ls iz'kklu ds egŸoiw.kZ dkxtkr ij gLrkkj djus dk vf/kdkj nsj[kk FkkA jk;nkrkjke th us ml le; dh fgUnw iztk dks vius lkFk tkek efLtn dslkeus clk;k] ;g r[rk eksgYyk dgyk;kA bl eksgYys esa jk;nkrkjke th us vusdlqUnj dksfB;k° ,oa ,d ,sfrgkfld efUnj ftls j?kqukFkth dk efUnj dgrs gS]cuok;kA ;g efUnj ml dky ds fgUnw okLrqf'kYi dk vn~Hkwr mnkgj.k gSA bldhnhokjksa ij lqUnj fp=dkjh dh x;h gS] tks vkt Hkh lqjfkr gSA

lqugjh dksBh & utj ckx esa fLFkr lqugjh dksBh Vksad ds uokcksa dh'kkuks'kkSdr dk thrk tkxrk uewuk gSA bls vehj [kk° dk egy ;k d+ljs t+j fuxkj(pedhyh lqugjh dksBh) dgk tkrk FkkA dbZ n'kdksa esa iw.kZ gksus okys bl dksBh dsfuekZ.k dk dk;Z izFke uokc vehj [kk° us 1826 bZ0 esa izkjEHk djok;kA bl Hkou esa1834 bZ0 ls 1864 bZ0 ds e/; uokc oth:n~nksyk us izFke eafty cuok;h mudsckn pksSFks uokc bczkghe vyh [kkW us 1867 ls 1885 bZ0 esa bls orZeku :i fn;kAml le; lksus dk Hkko 15 :i;s rksyk Fkk vkSj ,d dkjhxj dks 15 iSls izfrfnu dh

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etnwjh nh tkrh Fkh rc bldh ykxr 10 yk[k :i;s vk;h FkhA bldk izkjfEHkd:i ,d ckjgnjh ds :i esa gh FkkA bldh nhokjksa o Nrksa esa dkWp] jRu lksus dhcsycwfV;kW] Qwy] iPphdkjh ,oa ehukdkjh dk dykRed Lo:i vkt Hkh vkd"kZ.kdk dsUnz gSA bls 'kh'k egy Hkh dgk x;k gSA bldh rqyuk vkxjk fdys ds'kh'kegy ls dh tkrh gSA lqugjh dksBh 4 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr ,d gkyuqek cM+hbekjr gSA blesa ckgj tkus ds fy;s dykRed ?kqekonkj lhf<+;k° cuh gqbZ gSaA bldsnks Hkkxksa esa Nr pedhys xqykch jax fy;s gS vkSj mlesa xqykch jax ds dykRedfMtkbuksa ds xqynLrs o Qwy ifŸk;ka cuh gSaA lksus dh iPphdkjh vkSj 'kh'ks dsNksVs&NksVs jaxhu VqdM+ksa ls Qwy cuk;s x, gSA nksuksa Hkkxksa ds izR;sd fgLls esa njoktsgSa tks cjkens esa [kqyrs gSaA ;gk° dh gj esgjkc vyx rjg dh gSA [kEcksa ij lksus o'kh'kksa ds VqdM+ksa ls fp=dkjh dh x;h gSA nqljs nksuksa Hkkxksa esa cM+s esgjkc gS ftldsnksuksa vksj Nr ij NksVs&NksVs dbZ jaxhu niZ.k tM+s gSA blds izR;sd fgLls esa lksus dhuDdk'kh gSA bl lqugjh dksBh ds esgjkc vkSj [kEcsa jktiwr 'kSyh ds gSa rFkkfp=dkjh Qkjlh 'kSyh dh gSA

dgk tkrk gS fd blds Q'kZ ij bZjkuh dkyhu fcNk;s tkrs Fks] pk°nh dsfpjkxksa dh gydh jks'kuh vla[; NksVs & NksVs niZ.kksa ls izfrfcfEcr gksrh Fkh vkSjb= dh egd ls lqxfU/kr okrkoj.k ds chp jktdkt ls tqM+h egRoiw.kZ ckrphr dsfy;s cSBds gqvk djrh Fkh rFkk u`R; dh egfQys ltk djrh FkhA

eNyh Hkou & ;g Hkh utj ckx dh dksfB;ksa esa ls ,d gSA bls Hkh vehj[kkWa o oth:n~nksyk ds le; cuk;k x;k FkkA bl dksBh esa uokch [kkunku ds yksxjgrs gSA bldh nhokjksa ij Hkh jaxhu dksBh] lqugjh dksBh] utjckx iSysl ,oa vU;utjckx dh dksfB;ksa ds leku lqUnj o nqyZHk fp=dkjh dh x;h gSA

vnkyr 'kjk 'kjhQ & izFke uokc vehj [kk° us fj;klr dh LFkkiuk dsckn Vksad esa bLykeh dkuwu ykxw fd;sA vr% Vksad esa bLykeh dkuwuksa ds vUrxZrU;kf;d dk;ksZa ds fy;s ,d vnkyr dh vko';Drk iM+hA bl gsrq vehj [kka us,d vnkyr cuok;h tks ^'kjk 'kjhQ vnkyr* ds uke ls izfl gqbZA Vksad dh'kjk vnkyr dk egRo iwjs ns'k esa FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr dh vU; izeq[keqfLye fj;klrksa tSls gSnjkckn] y[ku≈ vkfn esa eqfLye dkuwu rks ykxw Fks ijUrq,slh vnkyr ugha Fkh tks 'kjh;r o gnhl ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj U;k; ns lds A vr%bu fj;klrksa ls Hkh 'kfj;r o gnhl ds fu;eks ds vuqlkj U;k; ds fy;s eqdnesa Vksaddh 'kjk&'kjhQ vnkyr esa vkrs Fks vkSj bl vnkyr ds QSlyksa dks iwjs ns'k esa ekuktkrk FkkA

ehykn okyh dksBh & ;g dksBh Hkh utj ckx dh dksfB;ksa esa ls ,d gSAbls uokc bczkghe vyh [kk° (1867&1930) us cuok;k FkkA uokc lkgc dks bZndk tqywl fudyokus rFkk ehykn dh egfQ+ys vk;ksftr djokus dk cgqr 'kkSd FkkAmUgksaus 1896 esa Vksad esa ehykn dh egfQysa vk;ksftr dh tkus dh izFkk dks izkjEHkfd;kA ckjkoQkr ds ifo= volj ij Vksad uokcksa dh vksj ls utj ckx iSysl esaehykn okyh dksBh esa vk;ksftr gksus okyh lkr fnolh; ehyknqUuch dh egfQysavkilh HkkbZpkjs o fgUnw eqfLye ,drk ds fy, nqfu;k esa e'kgwj FkhaA egfQyksa esa'kkfey gksus okys lHkh oxkasaZ ds yksxksa esa nslh ?kh ls rS;kj gkus okys yM~Mw forfjrfd;s tkrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd ehykn okyh dksBh ds pkjksa kjksa ij ls 100 eu nslh?kh ds yM~Mw ck°V fn, tkrs FksA uokch ifjokj ls lEcU/k j[kus okys cqtwxksZa uscrk;k fd uokc bczkghe vyh [kk° gtjr eqgEen lkgc ds nhokus Fks rFkk Lo;avPNs 'kk;j Hkh FksA mUgksaus vius dk;Zdky esa ns'k ds dksus dksus ls ekSyfo;ksa ofokuksa ds ek/;e ls gnhl , ikd tek djokdj lkr ftYnksa esa ehykn 'kjhQ esai<+h tkus okyh ukfr;k&uTeksa dks fy[kokdj i<+okuk 'kq: djok;kA vkt Hkh Vksadesa cM+s tks'k ds lkFk ehykn dh ;s ftYnsa i<+h tkrh gSaA uokc ds egy utj ckxdks nqYgu dh rjg ltk;k tkrk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd Vksad fj;klr esa gksus okyhehykn 'kjhQ dh egfQysa ftruh HkO;rk ls vk;ksftr dh tkrh Fkh ml le;dh fdlh vU; eqfLye fj;klr dh ehyknksa esa oSlh HkO;rk ugha gksrh FkhA

bZnxkg dksBh ,oa ckx & cghj eksgYys ds lkeus bZnxkg ds lehi ,d,sfrgkfld ckx gS ftls bZnxkg ckx dgk tkrk gSA bl ckx esa ,d HkO; dksBh cuhgqbZ gSA bZnxkg esa Vksad ds izFke uokc vehj [kkW ds le; ls gh nksuksa bZnksa ij uektvnk dh tk jgh gSA bl ckx ds ikl ,d rkykc gS tks bZnxkg rkykc dgykrk gSAbl rkykc ls ,d NksVh ugj bZnxkg rd vkrh gS ftlesa bZn dh uekt ls igysuekth otw djrs gSA bl ds ikl ,d vkyh'kku dksBh] ftls bZnxkg dksBh dgktkrk gSS] dks uokc bczkghe vyh [kk° us cuok;k FkkA ;g dksBh Hkh Vksad ds uokchdky dh 'kkuks'kkSdr o HkO;rk dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA bldh nhokjksa ij Hkh ml dkydh nqyZHk fp=dkjh dh x;h gSA ;g nks eaftyk rFkk ,d cM+s Hkw&Hkkx esa cuh HkO;bekjr gSA blds ≈ij fj;klr dk izrhd fpUg yxk;k x;k FkkA bl dksBh ds ckgjo ckx esa cM+s & cM+s iSM+ yxok,s x,s Fks ftu ij lkou esa >wys Mkys tkrs FksA

vjch Qkjlh 'kks/k laLFkku & Vksad ds rhljs uokc eksgEen vyh [kk° dksnqyZHk iqLrdsa ,df=r djus dk cgqr 'kkSd FkkA mudk Lo;a dk ,d cM+k iqLrdky;FkkA 1867 bZ- esa ykok dh ?kVuk ds dkj.k tc mUgsa ns'k fudkyk nsdj cukjl Hkstfn;k x;k rks os vius lkFk viuk iqLrdky; Hkh ys x;sA ogk° mUgksuas felz] bjkd]

157


cxnkn] bZjku] gSnjkckn vkfn ls vusd vewY; xzUFk vius iqLrdky; ds fy,,df=r fd, FksA muds fu/ku ds i'pkr~ vCnqy jghe [kk° bl iqLrdky; dksokil Vksad ys vk,A bl iqLrdky; esa ml le; yxHkx 3 gtkj nqyZHk iqLrdsa FkhAbl iqLrdky; dh dkQh iqLrdsa vktknh ds i'pkr~ ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktknrRdkyhu f'kkk ea=h] Hkkjr ljdkj us us'kuy vkjdkbOt+ ds fy, eaxok yhaA 'ks"kiqLrdsa vkt Hkh bl laLFkku ds ikl lqjfkr gSA blds i'pkr~ jktLFkku ljdkj us1961 esa izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj dk ,d 'kk[kk dk;kZy; vjch ,oa QkjlhHkk"kkvksa ij 'kks/k] mRFkku ,oa fodkl gsrq Vksad esa LFkkfir fd;kA blesa vjch]Qkjlh rFkk mnwZ ds xzUFk mDr iqLrdky; ls LFkkukUrfjr fd, x;sA pqafd ;gdk;kZy; ,d 'kk[kk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gq, vjch o Qkjlh Hkk"kk ds fo"k; esaU;k; ugha dj ldrk Fkk vr,o jkT; ljdkj us 4 fnlEcj 1978 dks bl 'kk[kkdk;kZy; dks LorU= funs'kky; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA funs'kky; ?kksf"kr gksus ds iwoZ ;giqLrdky; ik°p cŸkh fLFkr ftyk iqLrdky;] Vksad dk ,d fgLlk Fkk tks utjckx fLFkr pcwrjs okyh dksBh esa lapkfyr gksrk FkkA

fQjkstckx dh xksy dksBh & lkfgctknk lj eks- mcsnqYyk [kk° cgknqjfQjksts tax Vksad ds pkSFks uokc bczkghe vyh [kk° ds pkpk ,oa fj;klr ds uk;cFksA tc bczkghe vyh [kk° vYi O;Ld Fks rc mUgksaus gh iz'kklu lEHkkykA ;s uk;clkgc ds uke ls izfl FksA buds funsZ'ku esa Vksad esa vusd bekjrsa cuok;h x;haftuesa njckj gkbZ Ldwy] fQjkst ckx dh xksy dksBh] ,tsUVh caxyk vkfn izeq[k gSAfQjkst ckx dh dksBh cuokus dk mn~ns'; Vksad esa jg jgs vaxzst vQljksa o LFkkuh;turk dks vaxzsth lH;rk o laLd`fr ds leku ,d Dyc miyC/k djk;k tkuk FkkAbl Dyc dks ckWjVu Dyc Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk] orZeku esa ;g [kyhy Dyc dgykrkgSA Vksad ds yksdfiz; uokc lvknr vyh [kk° dks fdzdsV [ksyus dk 'kksd FkkA ;sck;sa gkFk ds fLiu ckWyj FkssA bUgkasus Hkkjr ds p;fur o vPNs f[kykfM+;ksa dks Vksadcqykdj ckWjVu fdzdsV Dyc ds uke ls lvknr Vhe cuk j[kh FkhA bl bekjr dksuokch dky ls gh [ksy xfrfof/k;ksa ds dke esa fy;k tkrk jgk gSA lvknr vyh [kk°us gh bl dksBh ds lkeus fÿdsV dk esnku vkSj iosfy;u cuok;k] tks lvknriosfy;u ds uke ls izflº gSA

?k.Vk?kj & Vksad dk ?k.Vk?kj vius fof'k"V LFkkiR; ds fy;s viuh vyxigpku j[krk gSA ;g 'kgj ds eq[; cktkj tks fd ?k.Vk?kj ds uke ls gh tkuk tkrkgS] esa fLFkr gSA bldh ehukjuqek bekjr 60 fQV ≈°ph rFkk rhu eaftyk gS lkFk ghbldh rhljh eafty ij pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa pkj cM+h ?kfM+;k° yxh gSA ;s ?kfM+;k° bruhcM+h gS fd buesa nwj ls gh le; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 1936 bZ- esa Vksad esa QSyh gSts

dh egkekjh dks jksdus ds fy, uokc lvknr vyh [kk° us cgqr iz;kl fd;s FksAmUgksus egaxh ls egaxh nokb;k° ejhtksa dks ?kj&?kj tkdj ck°VhaA egkekjh [kRe gksusij turk us tulg;ksx ls dqN /ku vius fiz; uokc dks utjkus ds rkSj ij fn;k]bl /ku esa 'kkgh [ktkus ls dqN vkSj /ku feykdj ?k.Vk?kj dh uhao j[kh x;hA blizdkj bls uokc lvknr vyh [kk° kjk 1936 bZ0 esa cuok;k x;kA

›stj fczt & uokc lvknr vyh [kk° dks turk dh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ofuekZ.k dk;ksZa ls yxko FkkA mUgksaus 1936 bZ- esa turk o O;kikfj;ksa dh lqfo/kk dsfy, cukl unh ij ,d iqy cuok;k] ftldk uke Vksad ds rRdkyhu okblizslhMsUV vaxzst vQlj estj ›stj ds uke ij ›stj fczt j[kkA uokch dky esabl fczt ds fdukjs ukSxts ckck dh njxkg ds ikl ,d esyk yxrk Fkk tksfgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ,oa lkEiznkf;d lkSgknZ dk izrhd FkkA vktknh ds ckn HkhdkQh o"kksZa rd ;g fczt unh ikj djus dk ,dek= tfj;k cuk jgkA

lanHkZ1- 'kknka eqa'kh clkou yky] vehjukekA2- vdcj'kkg uthckcknh] vehjukekA3- eksgEen ,tkt [kk°] rkjh[k&,&VksadA4- if.Mr jkedj.k tks'kh] rkjh[k&,&ijxukr&VksadA5- flagy guqeku izlkn] Vksad dk bfrgklA6- ftyk n'kZu] ftyk lwpuk dsUnz VksadA7- jktLFkku ftyk xtsfV;j] jktLFkku ljdkjA8- nhoku 'kelqn~nhu] gQ~rkng lkyk vehj fcLr lkyk othjA

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vyoj fj;klr esa iz'kklu dk fodkl&fczfV'k izHkko ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ eas

MkW- jes'k pUn [k.Mwjh ,oa txrflag ehuk

jko izrkiflag t;iqj fj;klr ls i`Fkd gksdj 25 uoEcj 1775 dks Lora=vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA iz'kklfud iquxZBu vkSj vaxzsth izHkqlŸkk dh LFkkiukls iwoZ iz'kklfud ra= dk izeq[k nhoku gksrk Fkk tks eq[; :i ls foŸk o jktLoekeyksa dks ns[krk FkkA1 vyoj jkT; kjk bZLV bf.M;k ds lkFk 1803 dh izfrjkkRedlgk;d laf/k ds i'pkr~ iz'kklu esa dEiuh dk gLrksi c<+us yxkA ;g gLrksiml fLFkfr eas cgqr vf/kd c<+ tkrk FkkA tc vYiOk;Ld mŸkjkf/kdkjh 'kkldcurk FkkA jktk dh vYiOk;Ldrk dk ykHk mBkdj nhoku kjk LosPNkiwoZdiz'kklu pykus ls vO;oLFkk ,oa vlarks"k mRiUu gks tkrk FkkA iz'kklfud vjktdrkdk ykHk mBkdj dEiuh kjk iksfyfVdy ,tsaV dh v/;krk esa jkT; ifj"kn~ dkxBu dj fj;klr dk iz'kklu pyk;k tkrk FkkA lEiw.kZ vihyksa dk fuLrkj.k ifj"kn~ds kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA jkT; iz'kklu kjk lu~ 1874 esa fupyh vnkyrksa ds fu.kZ;ds fo#º vihy lquus ds fy, ,d Lora= vihy foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ]ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ifj"kn~ ds vf/kdkjksa esa deh vkbZA ;|fi vHkh Hkh xaHkhjvijk/kksa dk fuLrkj.k ifj"kn~ ds kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA jktk ds Ok;Ld gksus ijifj"kn~ dks Hkax dj fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu iksfyfVdy ,stsaV dk iz'kklu ij izHkkoiwoZor cuk jgrk FkkA2

jkT; dk iz'kklfud Lo:i egkjktk t;flag ds kjk iw.kZ 'kkldh; 'kfDr;ksadks xzg.k djus ds i'pkr~ mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA 1906 esa iz'kklfud iquxZBu djjkT; ifj"kn rFkk egdek vkfy;k gqtwjh ds nrjksa dks feykdj mls egdek vkfy;kgqtwjh uke fn;k x;kA blesa 4 lnL; FksA izR;sd lnL; iz'kklu dh pkj'kk[kkvksa&jktLo U;kf;d x`g vkSj foHkkxh; esa ls ,d ds fy, mŸkjnk;h FkkA mUgksaus,d ijke'kZnk=h lfefr tks fd fgtgkbul dkSafly ds uke ls tkuh tkrh Fkh dkxBu fd;kA blds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr Lo;a egkjkt kjk eaf=;ksa] vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSjxSj vf/kdkfj;ksa eas ls rhu o"kZ ds fy, dh tkrh FkhA3

1907&08 esa lHkh foHkkxksa dks egdek vkfy;k gqtwjh dh pkj 'kk[kkvksa ds

v/khu iquxZfBr fd;k x;kA ;s 'kk[kk;sa Fkha & jktLo] U;kf;d x`g rFkk lsukA jkT;ds leLr foHkkxksa dks mDr pkj 'kk[kkvksa ds v/khu j[krs gq, iqu% oxhZd`r fd;kx;k vkSj izR;sd 'kk[kk dks ,d izHkkjh ea=h ds v/khu j[kk x;kA 1907&08 esa ghiz'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds ÿe esa NksVs ,oa vc rd misfkr foHkkxksa dks lewgksa esa xfBrfd;k x;kA bu lewgksa dks fujhk.k vf/kdkjh ds v/khu j[kk x;k buesa funsZ'kudkjhfoHkkx dks lsfjLFkk rFkk v/khu j[ks x;s NksVs foHkkxksa dks lsxk dgk x;kA lsfjLFkkvf/kdkfj;ksa dks gkfde vkSj lsxk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks eqalfje dgk x;kA jkT; dsleLr foHkkxksa dks rn~uqlkj iquxZfBr fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa O;ofLFkr vk/kkj ij ;ksX;vf/kdkfj;ksa ds v/khu j[kk x;kA4

1923 esa egkjktk t;flag dh ;wjksih; ;k=k ds dkj.k vuqifLFkfr easiz'kklu esa iz/kkuea=h dk in l`tu dj mls iz'kklu esa iwoZ nhoku ds Hkkafr vf/kdkjfn;s x;sA bl in dks LFkk;h cuk fn;k x;kA5 1933&34 esa jkT; iz'kklu dkiw.kZr;k iquxZBu dj jkT; dks iz'kklfud n`f"V ls nks ftyksa mŸkjh ftyk vyoj vkSjnfk.kh ftyk jktx<+ esa foHkkftr dj mUgsa ftyk vf/kdkjh ds izHkkj esa j[kdjjktLo ,oa vijkf/kd 'kfDr;ka iznku dh x;haA jktLo 'kfDr;ksa ds fÿ;kUo;u ds:i eas mls dySDVj dgk x;k vkSj vijkf/kd 'kfDr;ksa ds mi;ksx ds le; mlsftyk eftLV™sV dgk x;kA ftyk vf/kdkjh jktLo ea=h ds izfr mŸkjnk;h gksrk FkkAfutkerksa esa ukfte iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA6

1944&45 ds nkSjku lEiw.kZ iz'kklu jktk ds kjk mldh ifj"kn~ dh lgk;rkls pyk;k tk jgk Fkk ftldk v/;k Lo;a jktk vkSj mik/;k iz/kkuea=h gksrk FkkAtcfd vU; ea=h blds lnL; gksrs FksA ifj"kn~ dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrhFkhaA blds vkns'k gh vyoj ljdkj ds vkns'k ekus tkrs FksA vafre dk;Zdkjh lŸkkjktk esa fufgr gksrh FkhA bl ifj"kn~ dh izfr lIrkg nks cSBd gksrh FkhA dk;Zdkjhifj"kn~ ds vykok ,d lykgdkj ifj"kn~ Hkh FkhA 1944&45 ds nkSjku iz/kkuea=h dsvykok fefuLVj buosfVax] x`gea=h ,oa jktLo ea=h FksA7 fczfV'k 'kklu ds gLrksils iwoZ jkT; ds fdlku ifjokjksa dks ijEijkxr :i ls vius Hkw ks=ksa ij iSr`d vf/kdkj izkIr FksA ftUgsa foLosnkj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA8 os tc rd fu;fer :ils jkT; dks yxku nsrs jgrs Fks rc rd mUgsa csn[ky ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA dHkh&dHkhtehankj vius v/khuLFk xk°oksa dks Hkw jktLo olwyh dh n`f"V ls Bsds ij ns nsrs FksAfj;klr esa bl le; Hkw jktLo dh olwyh dh lcls [kjkc ekuh tkus okyh iºfrbtkjk izpyu esa Fkh ftleas lcls vf/kd cksyh yxkus okys dks fuf'pr le; dsfy, fuf'pr Hkwfe ns nh tkrh FkhA jkT; esa Hkw jktLo izfr ch?kk vkSlr iSnkokj dsvk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk FkkA Qyr% jkT; dh Hkw jktLo vk; eas fofo/krk

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jgrh FkhA Hkw jktLo olwyh dk dk;Z jktk ds fudV lEcfU/k;ksa kjk fd;k tkrkFkkA ;s yksx fdlkuksa ls neudkjh rjhds ls Hkw jktLo dh olwyh djrs FksA yxkuuxn ;k oLrq nksuksa esa fy;k tkrk FkkA9

fj;klr ds fczfV'k izHkko esa vkus ds i'pkr~ mijksDr eqxydkyhu izHkkforHkw jktLo iz.kkyh dh =qfV;ksa dks nwj djus] fdlkuksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj djus o HkwjktLo ds :i eas jkT; dh vk; fuf'pr djus dh n`f"V ls 1859 esa dSIVu bZEis kjkLFkk;h dj fu/kkZj.k dh iºfr ykxw djrs gq, rhu o"khZ; vLFkk;h cUnkscLr fd;kx;kA bl cUnkscLr ds iw.kZ gksus ds i'pkr~ bEis us gh nl lkyk cUnkscLr dk izkjEHkfd;k vkSj jkT; ds okf"kZd jktLo dks c<+kdj :i;s 17]19]875 fu/kkZfjr fd;kA10

jkT; eas fczfV'k uhfr ds vuq:i igyk LFkk;h cUnkscLr estj ikmyV kjk 1876 easfd;k x;kA blesa lcls igys lHkh [kkylk xk°o dh iSekb'k djds fjdkMZ rS;kjdjokdj 21 yk[k #i;s Hkw jktLo fuf'pr fd;k x;kA HkwjktLo vc mls uxn:i esa olwyk tkus yxkA igyk Hkwfe cUnkscLr chl o"kZ ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkAvr% nwljk LFkk;h Hkwfe cUnkscLr 1899 eas gqvk ftlesa dqy Hkw jktLo c<+kdj20]73]487 fu/kkZfjr fd;kA Hkw jktLo dh dqy jkf'k mRiknu dk 1@2 ls 1@5 fgLlsds e/; fu/kkZfjr dh x;hA rhljk cUnkscLr 1922 esa lEiUu gqvkA 1923&24 esa HkwjktLo dh ubZ njsa ykxw dj dqy Hkw jktLo 29]39]112 fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA buc<+h gqbZ njksa ds dkj.k fdlkuksa eas vlarks"k HkM+d x;kA Qyr% ljdkj dks c<+h gqbZnjksa esa la'kks/ku djuk iM+kA11 lEiw.kZ Hkw jktLo iz'kklu 1933 rd jktLo dfe'ujds funZs'ku esa lapkfyr Fkk ysfdu blds i'pkr~ fd;s x;s iz'kklfud iquxZBu easjktLo iz'kklu jktLo ea=h ds v/khu dysDVj] lgk;d dysDVj izFke] lgk;ddysDVj frh;] rglhynkj dkuwuxks] iVokjh kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkus yxkA12

fj;klr ds izkd~ fczfV'k izHkko dky esa jktk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k Fkk ,oaU;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnz fcUnq FkkA jktk U;kf;d fu.kZ; izpfyr jhfr&fjoktksa oijEijkvksa ds vk/kkj ij djrk FkkA /kkfeZd ekeyksa esa iqjksfgr o vU; ekeyksa easiapksa dh lykg yh tkrh FkhA jktk ds i'pkr~ dsUnzh; iz'kklu esa U;kf;d ekeyksadk izeq[k vf/kdkjh nhoku FkkA og v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vihy lqurk oU;kf;d jkT;kns'k dks v/khuLFk U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa kjk ykxw djrk FkkA jkt/kkuho cM+s ijxuksa esa dksroky Hkh U;k;k/kh'k dk dk;Z djrs FksA xzkeh.k Lrj ij fooknksadk fuiVkjk xzke pkS/kjh ;k iVsy ds vykok tkfr iapk;rksa ds kjk Hkh fd;k tkrkFkkA fyf[kr U;kf;d lafgrk dk vHkko Fkk ,oa n.M O;oLFkk dBksj FkhA buijEijkxr U;k;ky;ksa eas vf/kdka'k fu.kZ; ekSf[kd okn&fookn ds i'pkr~ lquk;stkrs FksA muesa vkSipkfjdrk,sa de gksrh Fkha vkSj le; Hkh de yxrk FkkA vr%

U;k; O;oLFkk lLrh ,oa ljy Fkh ftldk mn~ns'; lekt esa leUo; LFkkfir djukFkk u fd vf/kdkjksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA13

fczfV'k gLrksi ds i'pkr~ mijksDr ijEijkxr U;kf;d iz.kkyh dEiuh ,oaif'peh ekun.Mksa ds vuq:i u gksus ds dkj.k nks"kiw.kZ ekuh xbZA vaxzstksa dks viuhU;k; O;oLFkk ij cgqr vfHkeku Fkk ftls os jktiwrkuk esa ykxw djuk pkgrs FksA ogfn[kkuk pkgrs Fks fd vaxzst ljdkj iztk fgrS"kh gS vkSj mldh U;kf;d uhfr;ka tudY;k.kdkjh gSaA mUgksaus izkjEHk eas lEiw.kZ U;k; O;oLFkk esa ;g ekurs gq, cnyko ughafd;k fd turk :f<oknh gSA vr% izkjfEHkd pj.k eas fj;klr esa vihyh; vnkyrsaLFkkfir djus dh lykg nh x;hA ;s vnkyrsa egkjktk fou;flag ds 'kkludky easLFkkfir dh x;hA vaxzsth gLrksi ds dkj.k fo'ks"k :i ls 'kkld dh vYiOk;Ldrkds le; U;kf;d dk;Z iksfyfVdy ,stsUV dh v/;krk esa ifj"kn~ kjk fd;s tkusyxsA ;gka rd fd nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr Hkh ifj"kn~ kjk dhtkrh FkhA14

1875 esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj dj vihyh; U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA bl U;k;ky; dks fupyh vnkyrksa ds fu.kZ; ds fo#º vihy lquus ds fy,,d leFkZ Lora= U;k;ky; ds :i eas vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA bldh LFkkiuk dsifj.kkeLo:i jkT; ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa eas vlarks"k mRiUu gqvk D;ksafd blls mudsvf/kdkjksa eas deh vk xbZ FkhA ;|fi xaHkhj vkSj jkT; dks izHkkfor djus okysekeyksa dk vafre fu.kZ; ifj"kn~ kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds:i eas ftyk l= U;k;ky;] nhokuh U;k;ky;] rglhynkj U;k;ky; vkfn U;kf;ddk;Z djrs FksA jkT; esa lHkh vnkyrsa fczfV'k dkuwu o flºkarksa ds vuqlkj funsZf'krFkh tks lkekU; tu dh le> ls ijs FksA15 1895 esa iqfyl iz'kklu dks U;kf;dfoHkkx ls i`Fkd dj fn;k x;kA vc rd iqfyl foHkkx QkStnkjh vFkok U;kf;dfoHkkx dk gh vax Fkk vkSj QkStnkj ml le; eftLV™sV ,oa iqfyl v/khkd dsdrZO;ksa dk la;qDr :i ls fuoZgu djrk FkkA

egkjk.kk t;flag us vius dk;Zdky eas fd;s x;s iz'kklfud iquxZBu dsvarxZr egdek vkfy;k gqtwjh ds ifj"kn~ lnL; ds v/khu U;kf;d 'kk[kk LFkkfirdhA 1907&08 ds iz'kklfud iquxZBu eas U;kf;d 'kk[kk dk dk;Z izHkkjh ea=hdks lkSai fn;k x;kA vc jkT; eas leLr U;kf;d dk;Z Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] iqfylvf/kfu;e 1861] Hkkjrh; vkijkf/kd lafgrk vkfn ds vuqlkj fd;k tkus yxkA16

1919&20 esa t;flag us U;kf;d iz'kklu esa :fp ysrs gq, xzkeh.k Lrj ij de O;;eas U;k; fnykus gsrq iapk;r cksMZ LFkkfir dj mUgsa nhokuh] QkStnkjh ,oa jktLo'kfDr;ka iznku dhA bu laLFkkvksa dh yksdfiz;rk o mi;ksfxrk bruh c<+h fd

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1928&29 rd jkT; esa budh la[;k yxHkx 1556 gks xbZA vkxkeh o"kksaZ eas leLrxzkeksa esa iapk;r cksMZ xfBr dj fn;s x;sA17

egkjktk t;flag ds le; fczfV'k dkuwu ds vuqlkj U;kf;d dk;Z fd;k tkjgk FkkA os iztk fgrS"kh o izxfr'khy 'kkld Fks mUgksaus jkT; dh vko';drkuqlkjfu;e ,oa dkuwu cuk;s ftlls jkT; esa dkuwuksa dh la[;k c<+dj 100 ds yxHkx gksxbZA 1923&24 eas U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ls i`Fkd dj U;k;ikfydk dksLorU= igpku nh xbZA blh o"kZ nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh dk;Z U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksadks lkSai fn;s x;sA mUgksaus U;kf;d ks= esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne c<+kdj 1928 eas mPpU;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA mPp U;k;ky; dks U;kf;d iqujkoyksduvkSj vihyh; ekeyksa ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds :i eas LFkkfir fd;k x;kA18 jkT;mPp U;k;ky; dk 1941 esa iquxZBu fd;k x;k vc blesa eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds lkFk,d ls vf/kd U;k;kf/kifr fu;qDr dj fu;e ,oa fofu;e ifjofrZr fd;s x;sAmPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds fo#º fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas gh vihysa dsoy egkjktkds lek j[kh tkrh FkhaA U;k; izcU/k ds dk;Z eas egkjktk dh lgk;rk ,d U;kf;dlfefr kjk dh tkrh FkhA19 jkT; esa 1943 eas i`Fkd ls fof/k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dhx;hA ftldk izeq[k nkf;Ro foHkkx kjk cuk;s fu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dks jkti= easvf/klwfpr djokuk] jkT; ls lacaf/kr leLr oS/kkfud ekeyksa eas lykg nsuk]ljdkjh vihyksa vkSj iqujkoyksdu esa jkT; dk izfrfuf/kRo djuk vkfn FkkA foHkkxdk izHkkjh jkT; ds dkuwuh fgrksa ds fy, mŸkjnk;h FkkA20

fczfV'k gLrksi ds i'pkr~ LFkkfir dh xbZ U;kf;d O;oLFkk ;k U;kf;difjorZuksa dk jktk vkSj iztk nksuksa us gh Lokxr ugha fd;k D;ksafd ;s lc ifjorZufczfV'k ljdkj us vius fgr vkSj viuk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;sFksA bl U;kf;d iz.kkyh esa vusd nks"k FksA bleas vihyh; O;oLFkk iw.kZr% nks"k;qDrFkhA vc U;k; tulk/kkj.k ds fy, feyuk dfBu gks x;kA ;g vf/kdvkSipkfjdrkiw.kZ] O;;iw.kZ] tfVy ,oa yEch FkhA bl O;oLFkk ds dkj.k xzkeh.kU;k;ky;ksa ;k iapk;r O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA blls LFkkuh; Lok;Ÿk'kklu O;oLFkk dks /kDdk yxk Qyr% turk eas rhoz vkÿks'k mRiUu gqvkA

egkjktk ';kSnku flag ds le; 1871 esa vyoj esa dksrokyh dh LFkkiukdh xbZ] bldk izHkkjh dksroky gksrk FkkA ftlds v/khu rhu vgydkj] vusdpkSdhnkj vkSj utjckt gqvk djrs FksA vHkh dksroky ds dŸkZO; eqxydkyhudksroky ds vuq:i ;Fkkor FksA 1896 rd iqfyl dk U;k; foHkkx ds v/khu FkkA1896 esa iqfyl dks U;kf;d foHkkx ls i`Fkd dj fn;k x;kA vtesj&esjokM+k ds

iqfyl fujhkd dks iqfyl v/khkd fu;qDr fd;k x;kA iqfyl v/khkd ,oaQkStnkj dh 'kfDr;kW Li"V :i ls fpfUgr ugha fd;s tkus ds dkj.k QkStnkj us1903 rd viuh fLFkfr iwoZor cuk;s j[kkA iqfyl ls lEcfU/kr lHkh egRoiw.kZfu.kZ; jkT; ifj"kn~ ,oa ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV kjk fy;s tkrs FksA ftl dkj.k foHkkxh;dk;ksZ esa vuko';d foyEc gksrk FkkA21

1903 esa iqfyl foHkkx ds izFke iquxZBu ds fy, iatkc ljdkj ds iqfylvf/kdkjh ,y-,e- VkefdUl dh lsok;sa jkT; kjk yh xbZA mlus iqfyl v/khkddks i;kZIr 'kfDr;kW iznku dhA iqfyl Fkkuksa dh la[;k c<kdj 19 dj nh xbZA mUgsa2 Jsf.k;ksa& v rFkk c esa foHkDr dj fn;k x;kA v Js.kh ds iqfyl Fkkus vyojdksrokyh] vyoj lnj] jktx<+] ye.kx<+] e.Mkoj] ckulwj] cgjksM+] fd'kux<esa izHkkjh ds :i esa fujhkd yxk;s x;saA tcfd c Js.kh ds Fkkuks & Fkkukxkth]frtkjk] Vgyk] uhejk.kk] ukjk;.kiqj] ViwdMk] ek.<.k] xksfoUnx<+ esa mifujhkddks izHkkjh fu;qDr fd;k x;kA iqfyl dh dk;Z iz.kkyh vc Hkkjrh; n.M+ lafgrk]iqfyl vf/kfu;e 1861] vyoj jktLo esuqvy vf/kfu;e 1903] uxjikfydkvf/kfu;e 1903 ds vuq:i dh tkus yxhA iquxZBu ls iwoZ iqfyl HkrhZ ds dksbZfuf'pr fu;e ,oa ;ksX;rk ds ekin.M+ ugh Fks vkSj u gh izf'kk.k dh mfprO;oLFkk FkhA vc HkrhZ izfÿ;k esa izR;k'kh dh 'kkjhfjd ;ksX;rk dks fo'ks"k egRofn;k tkus yxkA22 1915&16 esa lgk;d iqfyl v/khkd vkSj 1918&19 esa iqfylegkfujhkd rFkk iqfyl miegkfujhkd ds inksa dk l`tu fd;k x;k ysfdu ckn esaiqfyl miegkfujhkd dk in lekIr dj fn;k x;kA foHkkx ds loksZPp vf/kdkjhegkfujhkd dh fu;qfDr jktsUnz 'kklu kjk dh tkrh FkhA mifujhkd o fujhkddh fu;qfDr egkfujhkd kjk jktsUnz 'kklu dh vuqefr ls gksrh FkhA iqfylegkfujhkd iqfyl ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa esa jktsUnz 'kklu dk lykgdkj gksrk FkkAog 1861 ds iqfyl vf/kfu;e ds ifjPNsn 12 ds vuqlkj egkjkt ljdkj dhvuqefr ls iqfyl cy ds fu;e&fofu;e cukrk FkkA23

iqfyl izf'kk.k gsrq 1917 esa izf'kk.k dsUnz [kksyk x;kA iqfyl ykbu esale;≤ ij izf'kk.k vk;ksftr fd;k tkrs FksA jkT; ls ckgj fQYykSj] eqjknkcknds dsUnzksa esa izf'kk.k gsrq Hksts tkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA jkT; esa xEHkhj vijk/kksa dhjksdFkke o vuqla/kku gsrq izFke iqfyl iquxZBu esa xqIrpj foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA bl foHkkx dk dk;Z jktuSfrd 'kk[kk] vuqla/kku 'kk[kk] vijkf/kd tu tkfr'kk[kk esa foHkDr FkkA24 xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke] 'kkafr O;oLFkk olwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, iqfyl Fkkuksa o pkSdh;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk xzkeh.k pkSdhnkjksadh fu;qfDr dh tkrh FkhA25 1933&34 esa fj;klr dks iqfyl foHkktu dh n`f"V ls

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2 ftyksa mRrjh ftyk vyoj ,oa nfk.k ftyk jktx<+ esa foHkDr dj fn;k x;kAmRrjh ftysa esa 9 rFkk nfk.k ftysa esa 10 iqfyl Fkkus LFkkfir fd;s x;sA frh;iqfyl iquxZBu esa l'kL= iqfyl cy Hkh LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 1944&45 ds nkSjkuiqfyl iz'kklu esa iqfyl egkfujhkd ds v/khu iqfyl v/khkd] lgk;d iqfylv/khkd] fujhkd] mifujhkd] lktsZUV] ykWl lktZsUV o flikgh lfgr iqfyl cyla[;k 992 FkhA26

izkdfczfV'k izHkko ls iwoZ vyoj fj;klr dh lsuk Hkh ledkyhu vU;jktiwr fj;klrksa dh lsuk dh Hkk°fr tkxhjnkj ;k lkeUrksa ds lg;ksx o fu"Bk ijfuHkZj FkhA tkxhjnkj vko';drk iM+us ij viuh kerk ;k lkeF;Z ds vuqlkjfu;fer :i ls fuf'pr lSfudksa ds lkFk 'kkld lsok esa mifLFkr gksrs FksA jkT; dsikl vaxjkdksa ds :i esa ,d lSfud VqdMh dsa vykok dksbZ futh lsuk ugh gksrhFkhA c['kh lsuk foHkkx dk v/;k gksrk FkkA mldh lgk;rk ds fy, lgk;dc['kh] [kcjuoh'k] fdysnkj] goynkj] nkjksxk] rksiph vkfn gksrs FksA lsuk blle; ijEijkxr :i ls gkFkh ?kqM+lokj] ≈°V iSny foHkkxksa esa foHkDr FkhA eqxyksadh Hkk°fr ck:n] rksis] NksVh ryokjsa] gYdh <kysa tSlh mi;ksxh vL=&'kL=ksa dkmi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA27

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds mRrjkZ esa ejkBk ,oa fi.Mkfj;ksa ds vkÿe.kksa dklkeuk djuss ds fy, vyoj jkT; esa duZy ›kalhlh esy ds 300 lSfudksa ds lkFkLFkk;h lsuk dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl lsuk ds vPNs dk;ksaZ ls izHkkfor gksdjizrkiflag us vius ;qojkt c[rkoj flag ds uke ij c[rkoj iyVu dh LFkkiukdhA blh rjg cynso iyVu ds uke ls nwljh iyVu jktx<+ esa rS;kj dh xbZA blrjg LFkk;h oSrfud lsuk ds xBu dh izfÿ;k ls jkT; eas dsUnzh; lSU; iºfr dkizkjEHk gqvkA dsUnzh; lsuk ,oa jkT; ls ckgj dh lsukvksa dh lgk;rk ls jktk kjkckg~; vkÿe.kksa o lkeUrksa ds fonzksg dks dqpyus ds dkj.k 'kkld o v/khuLFklkeUrksa ds e/; la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr cu xbZ ftldk var bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds lkFkdh x;h 1803 dh laf/k ds i'pkr~ gh laHko gks ldkA bl laf/k ds i'pkr~ vyojfj;klr dks ckg~; vkÿe.kksa ds fy, lsuk dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha jghA dEiuhljdkj us fj;klr dh jkk dk nkf;Ro vius ≈ij ys fy;kA 1884 ds i'pkr~e/; ,f'k;k esa :l ds c<+rs [krjksa dh vk'kadk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vaxzstHkkjrh; lsuk laxfBr djus yxsA blfy, mUgksaus t;iqj] tks/kiqj] chdkusj vkfnfj;klrksa dh Hkkafr vyoj jkT; eas Hkh bEihfj;y lfoZl V™qIl ds uke ls ubZ lsuk dkxBu fd;kA bldh nks lSU; bdkbZ;ka Fkha & v'okjksgh o iSny lsukA bl lsuk dhHkrhZ] izf'kk.k mijdj.k ,oa vL=&'kL=ksa dh O;oLFk vaxzstksa kjk dh tkrh Fkh]

;|fi bldk O;; fj;klr kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA vyoj dh bEihfj;y lfoZl V™qIlus izFke o frh; fo'o;qºksa esa lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh dhA jkT; dh LFkkuh; lsuk bdkbZeas 1892&93 esa fuEukafdr la?kVd lfEefyr Fks & v'olsukrksi[kkuk] iSny lsuk]c[rkoj iyVu] [kkl pkSdh] udnh fjlkyk] nqxZ jkd vkfnA29 1906&07 rdlHkh fjlkyksa dks udnh fjlkyksa esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA vc fjlkyksa dks LFkkuds uke ls iqdkjk tkus yxk tgka os fLFkr FksA egkjktk t;flag dk lsuk ds izfrvR;f/kd yxko gksus ds dkj.k 1921 eas fj;klr dh lsuk dk uohuhdj.k dj mlsvyoj fj;klr lsuk dk uke fn;k x;kA30

vyoj fj;klr esa LFkkuh; Lok;Ÿk 'kklu dh n`f"V ls egkjktk f'konkuflag ds le; 1871 eas igyh uxjikfydk LFkkfir dh x;h ftldk mn~ns'; lQkbZo LoPNrk dh O;oLFkk djuk FkkA uxjikfydk dh vk; gsrq uxj dh vk; ij izfr:i;k 2 ikbZ dj yxk;k tkrk FkkA blh o"kZ jktx<+ vkSj frtkjk esa Hkh uxjdesfV;ka LFkkfir dh xbZaA 1906&07 esa uxjikfydk vf/kfu;e 1903 ikfjr fd;kx;kA 1907&08 ds nkSjku lHkh uxjikfydkvksa dks vyoj uxjikfydk v/;k dsv/khu dj fn;k x;kA og leLr uxjikfydkvksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#º vihy lquusds fy, vf/kd`r FkkA izkjEHk esa leLr uxjikfydk;sa ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds :i esaFkhA D;ksafd buesa ljdkjh vf/kdkjh rFkk ljdkj ls euksuhr O;fDr;ksa dks gh fu;qDrfd;k tkrk FkkA31 o"kZ 1934 esa jkT; dh leLr uxjikfydkvksa dks lekIr dj fn;kx;kA uxjikfydk vf/kfu;e 1903 dks lekIr dj mlds LFkku ij vyojuxjikfydk ,oa y?kq dLck desVh vf/kfu;e 1934 cukdj blds rRoko/kku easvyoj uxjikfydk ,oa jktx<+ y?kq dLck desVh LFkkfir dh xbZA uxjikfydkvksaesa ljdkj uxj ds izfrf"Br O;fDr;ksa dks euksuhr djrh FkhA lu~ 1939 esa vyojuxjikfydk eas 24 esa ls 20 lnL; pqus gq, j[ks x,A euksuhr lnL;ksa eas ls ,dgfjtu o ,d efgyk lnL; FksA vc uxjikfydk dk milHkkifr fuokZfpr gksusyxk FkkA lHkkifr iwoZor~ ljdkjh vf/kdkjh jgkA lu~ 1944 esa jktx<+ o frtkjkuxjikfydkvksa ds vf/kdrj lnL; Hkh fuokZfpr gksus yxsA vxLr 1945 esa lHkhuxjikfydkvksa eas lHkkifr fuokZfpr fd;s tkus yxsA32 blls Li"V gS fd vcfj;klr turk vius yksdrkaf=d vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gksus yxh FkhA

egkjktk t;flag us xkao eas LFkkuh; Lrj ij gh lLrk o ljy rjhds lsU;k; iznku djus ds fy, iapk;r cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA buesa iapksa dks ljdkjkjk uketn fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk lfpo ljdkjh deZpkjh gksrk FkkA budh mi;ksfxrko yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k 1931&32 rd jkT; ds lEiw.kZ xkao eas iapk;rksa dh LFkkiukdj nh xbZA33 ysfdu ckn esa ;s iapk;rsa Hkkjh vFkZn.M yxkus ds dkj.k cnuke gksus

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yxha rFkk buds fu.kZ;ksa dh fu"ikrk ij lansg fd;k tkus yxkA ljdkj Hkh vf/kdtqekZuk djus okys iapk;r cksMkasZ dks bZuke o fljksiko nsus yxhA bl izdkj /khjs&/khjs;s xzkeh.k yksxksa ds d"V dk dkj.k cuus yxhA34 vr% 1934 esa egkjktk t;flag dsns'k fu"dklu ds ckn rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h Jh ok;yh kjk iapk;rksa dks lekIr djfn;k x;kA35 egkjktk t;flag kjk xzkeh.k turk ds fgr ds fy, LFkkfir bulaLFkkvksa dks lekIr djus ds dk;Z dk rhoz fojks/k fd;k x;kA bu laLFkkvksa kjkU;kf;d vkSj iqfyl dk;kasZ eas cM+h mi;ksxh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ xbZ Fkh ysfdu vf/kdvk; ds ykyp eas ljdkj dh tqekZuk olwyus dh uhfr ds dkj.k bu laLFkkvksa dknq:i;ksx fd;k tkus yxk ftlls ;s vius ewy y; ls HkVd xbZA

lanHkZ1- O;kl] jkeizlkn vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gn bfrgkl 1998] i`- 342&3432- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j] vyoj i`- 405&407] vyoj]1968]3- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1905&1906] i`- 14- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1907&1908] i`- 25- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 412] 1968] vyoj6- jktLFkku vfHkys[kkxkj] vyoj] cLrk ua- 19] QkbZy ua- 10 ist ua- 787- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1944&1945] i`- 22&238- vfllesUV fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV] 1899 i`- 419- nslkbZ ,-vkj-] Hkkjrh; jk"V™okn dh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe cEcbZ] 1959] i`- 6&710- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 406] 1968] vyoj11- 'kekZ oh-ds] ihtsUV ewoesUV bu jktLFkku] i`- 186] t;iqj 199012- vyoj LVsV xtV] 1 flrEcj 1933] Hkkx&25] i`- 1]2]313- O;kl] jkeizlkn vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gn bfrgkl 1998] i`- 361&362]

t;iqj 199814- tks'kh] vfuy] fou; vad] vyoj] 1969 i`- 3015- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 409] 1968] vyoj16- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 410] 1968] vyoj17- QkbZy ua0 29] *, czhQ fluksifll* i`- 9] jk-vfHk- vyoj18- ek;kjke] jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 412] 1968] vyoj19- mijksDr i`- 41420- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1943&44] i`- 81&8321- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 503&504] vyoj] 196822- mijksDr i`- 503&509

23- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1919&20] i`- 59 ,oa jk-v- vyojckLrk ua0 208] Qk- ua- 73] i`- 2

24- vyoj vfHkys[kkxkj] cLrk ua- 398] QkbZy ua- 39] i`- 2125- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] iqfyl bUlisDVj tujy ekjokM kjk egdek [kkl

tks/kiqj dks izsf"kr xksiuh; i= ua- 2&lh fnukad 30-10-1906] QkbZy ua- 826- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1944&45] i`- 7627- 'kekZ] th-,u-] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] t;iqj] 1981] i`- 47528- xgyksr] j?kqohjflag] iwoZ vk/kqfud jktLFkku] i`- 301&302] t;iqj&199029- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1892&93] i`- 730- ,phlu] lh-;w- fV™Vht] ,UxstesUV~l ,.M lunl ft&111] i`- 35031- tks'kh vfuy] fou; vad] i`- 207] vyoj 1969] ,-vkj- 1907&08] i`- 3832- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkWQ vyoj LVsV&1945&46] i`- 47&5733- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 561] 1968] vyoj34- tks'kh] vfuy] fou; vad] vyoj] 1969 i`- 20735- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j i`- 560] 1968] vyoj

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chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R;&egkjktk xaxkflag ds lUnHkZ esa

xksiky d`".k O;kl

egkjktk xaxkflag dks vius jkT; esa vU; jkT;ksa ds jktk&egkjktkvksa dhHkkafr laxhr] u`R; rFkk fp=dyk tSlh vewY; fuf/k fojklr ds :i esa feyhA bUgksausmDr dykvksa ds izfrHkklEiUu dykdkjksa dks vius ;gk° jkT;kJ; fn;k vkSj jkT;dh vksj ls vius iwoZtksa dh bl dykRed /kjksgj dks vius ewy:i esa cuk;s j[kusrFkk blesa le;≤ ij uohuhdj.k o leUo; djus ds iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;sA1

jkT;kJ; izkIr dykdkj viuh dyk dh iw.kZrk ls jkT; ds vfrfFk;ksa dksvk'p;Zpfdr djus esa izoh.k FksA baXyS.M ds jkt?kjkus ds lnL;ksa rFkk ok;ljk;ksa dschdkusj vkxeu ij Hkkjrh; laxhr o u`R; kjk mudk Lokxr vkSj euksjatu fd;ktkrk FkkA2 egkjktk dh jtr t;Urh rFkk Lo.kZ&t;Urh ds egRoiw.kZ voljksa ijlaxhr o u`R; ds HkO; dk;Zÿe izLrqr fd;s x;sA3 jktifjokj ds lnL;ksa dstUe&fnolksa vkSj jktdqekj o jktdqekfj;ksa ds fookgksRloksa ds miyk esa laxhr dhegfQyksa o eqtjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA4 bu mRloksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,Hkkjr ds izflº dykdkjksa dks euksjatukFkZ vkefU=r fd;k tkrk FkkA mDr dk;ZdeksZaesa flºs'ojh] ghjkckbZ cM+ksndj] esudk] dsljckbZ] xkSgj csuthj vkfn xkf;dkvksads vfrfjDr izflº urZdh ne;Urh ,oa V™koudksj jkT; ds jkt&urZd dRFkddfyxksihukFk dks Hkh chdkusj esa viuh dyk ds izn'kZu dk volj fn;k x;kA5

jkT; esa laxhr ds lajk.k dk egŸo blh rF; ls Li"V gS fd blds fy,,d vyx ls foHkkx Fkk ftls xq.khtu[kkuk dgk tkrk FkkA bu foHkkx ds vUrxZrlaxhr'kkyk,° Hkh pyrh Fkha ftuesa fofHkUu jkx&jkxfu;ksa] lktksa rFkk u`R;&dyk dhmPp f'kkk nh tkrh FkhA laxhr&f'kfkdksa dks vkd"kZd osru fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSjmn;heku izfrHkkvksa dks Nk=o`fŸk;k° Hkh nh tkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA laxhr'kkykvksa esa'kkL=h; jkxksa] chdkusj ekM ,oa u`R; esa ^r* oxZ dh 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr f'kkk dhfo'ks"k O;oLFkk FkhA lktksa esa lkjaxh] 'kgukbZ] uDdkjk] rcyk] flrkjk] rkuiqjk]tyrjax] djuky vkfn dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk FkkA6

xq.khtu[kkuk laxhr o u`R; dh f'kkk ds vfrfjDr fof'k"V voljksa ijlaxhr o uR; ds dk;Zdeksa dks izLrqr djrk FkkA7 xq.khtu[kkus ds vfrfjDr vkye[kkukHkh laxhr ls lEcfU/kr FkkA8 ukScr[kkuk vkSj uDdkj[kkuk vkye[kkus ds vax FksAfuR; izfrfnu] ;qº o mRloksa ds volj ij ukScr o uxkM+k ctokus dh O;oLFkk blfoHkkx dk eq[; dk;Z FkkA bu nksuksa foHkkxksa ds dk;ksZa ls leUo; dk iwjk /;ku j[kktkrk FkkA9 bu foHkkxksa ds inksa ij nekeh o dRFkd tkfr;ksa dk gh fo'ks"kkf/kdkjFkkA nekeh tkfr us laxhr rFkk dRFkd tkfr us u`R; esa oa'kkuqxr nkrko fuiq.krkizkIr dj j[kh FkhA10 xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkjksa dks fof'k"V voljksa ij izksRlkgugsrq ewY;oku iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k tkrk FkkA xk;dksa] okndksa o u`rfd;ksa dkstjh dh iks'kkdsa vkSj lksus&pkanh ds vkHkw"k.k iznku fd;s tkrs FksA11

laxhr o u`R; esa yksdxhr o yksdu`R; dks mfpr LFkku izkIr FkkA chdkusjhekM 'kSyh esa yksdxhr xk;s tkrs Fks] tks tu&Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gksrs FksA ,syph]>h.kh dslj] nk:nk[kkaˇh] jk.kk dkNok] c/kkbZ] tPpk] ywgj] fookg&xhr vkfncM+s yksd fiz; xhr FksA12 'kkL=h; laxhr ds jkxksa dk vk/kkj ysdj jktLFkku esaoa'kkuqxr xk;dksa kjk xk;h tkus okyh 'kSyh ekM dgh tkrh gSA blesa xk;d y;]rku] Loj] rky] vyki vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ekM 'kSyh es ajkxksa dk dksbZizfrcU/k ugha gSA ekM 'kSyh nsl] lkSjB] ihyw] fcgkx vkfn jkxksa esa fo'ks"k yksdfiz;gS rFkk jktLFkkuh yksdxhr Hkh bl 'kSyh esa xk;s tkrs gSA bl 'kSyh esa xhr dk izkjEHkrkjlIrd (mPp Loj) ls fd;k tkrk gSA blesa yxus okys Bsds (rkysa) vU;'kSfy;ksa ds Bsdksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSA jktLFkku esa Hkh ks=h; Hkkíkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ekM'kSyh esa fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA13 yksd&u`R;ksa esa MkafM;k] ?kwej] nhid u`R; vkfnviuh fof'k"V 'kSyh ds dkj.k tufiz; FksA yksd&u`R; ds lkFk uxkM+s dh cktvfuok;Z gksrh FkhA14

egkjktk us cM+h :fp o yxu ls yksdxhrksa rFkk mudh /kquksa dks jkT; dscSaMekLVj fofy;e tsEl kjk ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa Hkh Lojkadu djok;kA bl egrhdk;Z esa xq.khtu[kkus ds eq[; dykdkjksa esa jktxk;d 'kelqÌhu [kka] lkjaxhokndxks.ks [kka] ekM xkf;dk vYykg&ftykbZ ckbZ vkfn us ;ksxnku fn;kA egkjktk ds bliz;Ru ls chdkusj yksdxhr vkt Hkh ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa yksdfiz; gSA chdkusjhyksdxhrksa dks jkseu vkaXyHkk"kk esa lafkIr O;k[;k lfgr bf.M;u E;qftd* ukediqLrd esa fy[kk x;kA fons'kh vfrfFk;ksa dks ;g iqLrd lkU/; laxhr* dk;Zÿe dsle; HksaV dh tkrh FkhA15 egkjktk us xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkjksa dks vU; jkT;ksa dh

164


xk;u ,oa u`R;&'kSyh le>us rFkk viukus dk volj nsus gsrq laxhrKksa o u`R;kpk;ksaZdks Hkh vius jkT; esa vkeaf=r fd;kA bl dk;Zÿe ds vUrxZr vkefU=r dykdkjksaesa egkjk"V™ ds iVoºZu] Hkkr[k.Ms] 'kadjjko] ifV;kys ds fe;k° tku[kk°] vkf'kdvyh[kka rFkk 'kke pkSjklh (mŸkj izns'k) ds lykervyh] ut+kdrvyh vkSj Hkkjrds foHkUu Hkkxksa ls xksiky egkjkt] 'kaHkwegkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkttSls egku~ xk;d ,oa u`R;kpk;ksZa ds uke mYys[kuh; gSa] ftuesa ls dfri; dksvYikof/k ds fy, xq.khtu[kkus esa izf'kk.k gsrq fu;qDr Hkh fd;k x;kA16

xq.khtu[kkus ds dbZ dykdkjksa us cM+h izflfº izkIr dh Fkh] ftuesa gqlSuo['k^yaxMs+* 'kelqÌhu [kk°] vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ] dkle[kk° pUnokuh] dkle[kk° MXxk]fcgkjhyky guqeku izlkn vkfn pksVh ds dykdkj FksA gqlSucD'k ^yaxM+s* us'kkL=h; laxhr esa iw.kZrk izkIr dh vkSj mUgsa ^mLrkn* dh inoh iznku dh xbZ FkhA17

'kkL=h; laxhr ds ,d vU; xk;d dykdkj fepZ[kk° Fks ftaUgsa ^rku&lezkV* dhmikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA buds nks iq=ksa :duÌhu[kk° o 'kelqÌhu[kk° us viusfirk ds infp ksa ij pyrs gq, 'kkL=h; laxhr esa fuiq.krk izkIr dhA 'kelqÌhu[kk°dkQh yEcs le; rd laxhr fo|ky; ds eq[; mLrkn cus jgsA mudh fo'ks"krk ;gFkh fd nk°rksa ds chp lqb;k° yxkdj ukfHk dh rku* ysus esa mUgksaus cM+h izflfº izkIrdh FkhA egkjktk us bl jkt xk;d dks HkO; gosyh cuok dj nhA bUgksaus jkxHkksikyh esa [;ky bZt+kn fd;k A ;g mudh ekSfyd nsu FkhA 'kelqÌhu [kk° us cM+k[;ky] NksVk [;ky] yfyr] nsl] tkSuiqjh vkfn jkxksa o Bqejh vkSj rjkuk dk iznkZuHkkjr dh izflº fj;klrksa esa dj chdkusj jkT; dk xkSjo c<+k;kA egkjktk kjkbudks ^laxhr jRu* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA18

vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ leLr Hkkjr esa ekM xkf;dk ds :i esa izflº gqbZ vkSj;g vius&vki esa ^ekM Ldwy* dgh tkrh gSA blus 'kkL=h; laxhr dh f'kkkgqlSuc['k yaxM+s* ls izkIr dhA bls xq.khtu[kkus dk jRu dgk tk; rks vfr'k;ksfDrugha gksxhA blus Hkh dbZ jkT;ksa esa viuh dyk dk izn'kZu dj /ku vkSj ;'k vftZrfd;kA buds xhrksa esa ek/kq;Z gSA19 xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkj dkle[kk° pUnokuhvfrh; udkjph FksA mUgksaus uDdkjs dks rst /kkjnkj pkdw] Nqjh o mLrjksa ls rFkkpksHkksa (uxkM+k ctkus dh ydfM+;ksa) ij rsy fNM+ddj vkx izTofyr dj uDdkjkctkus esa ,slh fof'k"Vrk izkIr dh tks vugksuh ekuh tk;sxhA os 'kksyksa dh ckt* dsckn'kkg dgykrs FksA vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g Fkh fd rst] /kkjnkj midj.kksa o tyrhgqbZ pksHkksa ds rfud Hkh fp uxkjs dh pke ij ugha iM+rs FksA20

xq.khtu[kkus ds izflº urZd fcgkjhyky o guqeku izlkn FksA uqdhyhdhyksa o rst /kkj okyh ryokjksa ij u`R; djds og n'kZdksa dks vk'p;Zpfdr djnsrk FkkA vkf'kd gqlSu mQZ Hkwjs[kk° us chdkusj jkT; ls cEcbZ tkdj u`R; lezkV ds:i esa izflfº izkIr dhA21 c[rkojh] gqlSuh] Nxuh] cnjh] exuh] xojk tokgj]ykM cnu vkfn ckbZ;k° dq'ky xkf;dk,° o urZfd;k° FkhaA22 chdkusj jkT; dsxq.khtu[kkus us gqlSuc['k ^yaxM+s* 'kelqÌhu[kk° vkSj vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ tSlscstksM+ xk;d dyk&izfrHkkvsak dks mRiUu dj mUgsa dyk&txr~ esa vej dj fn;kAegkjktk ds 'kkludky esa laxhr o u`R;&dyk dk tks iz'kaluh; fodkl chdkusjjkT; esa gqvk] o lnSo vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA

egkjktk laxhr o u`R; dh ckjhfd;ksa ds vPNs Kkrk gh ugha Fks] cfYddykdkjksa dks funsZ'k nsus dh kerk Hkh j[krs FksA os yfyr&dykvksa ds lajkd FksAmUgksaus lnSo dykdkjksa dks vknj fn;k rFkk mfpr voljksa ij iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfurfd;kA muds jkT;kJ; esa xk;dksa] okndksa o urZdksa us viuh dyk&nkrk kjk dsoychdkusj jkT; esa gh ugha cfYd vU; fj;klrksa rFkk fczfV'k Hkkjr esa cM+h izflfºik;hA

lanHkZ1- ds-,e-iUuhdj& fgt gkbZuSl egkjktk vkQ chdkusj] i`-372] yUnu] 1937] ij

fy[krs gSa fd n'kgjk vkfn mRlo u`R; laxhr ds lkFk /kwe/kke ls euk;s tkrs FksA2- QkbZy ua-15] 1925 bZ-] ua-1] 1928 bZ-] ua-43] 1930 bZ-] izsl dfVax jftLVj]

chdkusj3- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh (1887&1937)] i`-69&79_ chdkusj 1937A4- QkbZy ua- 633] 1930 bZ-] lknqZy E;qft;e] ykyx<+] chdkusjA5- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] xaxk V™LV] chdkusjA6- oghA7- oghA8- dkxnksa dh cgh] ua- 94] laor~ 1939A9- QkSt [kjp jh cgh la-1875@1818 bZ-] HkS∏;k laxzg] chdkusj_ chdkusj ds

ohj&i`- 32] chdksujA10- jktLFkku dh tkfr;k°&nsf[k;s nekeh] nksyhtkr vkfnA tks/kiqj_ jes'kpUnz xq.kFkhZ&

jktifjtu ifjp;] 1941 bZ-A11- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh] i`-98&99_ HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 112- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1

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13- ogh14- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh& i`-96&99A15- ;g iqLrd ykyx<+ iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gSA16- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 117- ogh18- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1_ ;ax bf.M;k&vad xvi] ua-2] Qjojh] 1941&i`-32A19- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 120- ogh21- ogh22- ds-,e-iUuhdj] i`- 373&374

fj;klrdkyhu jktiwrkus ds ikjxeulSfud vfHk;ku ds lanHkZ vkSj lzksr

MkW- Mh-lh- pkScs ,oa MkW- ,u-ds- 'kekZ

tSlk fd foku yksx tkurs gSa fd dkQh vkjtw vkSj feUursa djus ds mijkUrvaxzst vf/kifr jktiwr 'kkldksa ls 1818 dh laf/k;ksa ds fy, rS;kj gq, FksA pkYlZesVdkQ dh e/;LFkrk ls laf/k;k° lEiUu gqbZ FkhaA dkQh fnukas rd vaxzst 'kkldjktiwrkus ds lk/ku vkSj lalk/ku ds csgrj mi;ksx ij fopkj djrs jgsA mlh le;mudh utj vQhe mxkus okys jktLFkku ds nfk.kh iwohZ Hkkx ij iM+hA ml le;phu esa ekyok dh vQhe dh ekax c<+rh tk jgh FkhA vQhe ij vaxzsth vkf/kiR;vkSj mlls vaxzstksa dks gksus okys ykHk dh dgkuh bfrgkl dk gj fo|kFkhZ tkurk gSAeSa bl 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls mu nLrkostksa dh ppkZ d:°xk] ftlls Kkr gks ldsxkfd jktiwrkus dh fdu&fj;klrksa dh lsuk;sa ikjxeu lkeqfnzd vfHk;ku ij xbZaAfj;klrksa dh lsuk;sa 1818 ls 1945 rd dbZ ckj fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds laoºZu vkSjjkk ds fy, fons'kh vfHk;ku ij xbZaA1 ikjxeu lSfud vfHk;kuksa ij 'kks/k djusokyh fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dh izksQslj ek/koh FkkEih fy[krh gSa fd e/;iwoZ]nfk.k&iwoZ ,oa lqnwjiwoZ ds ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa eas vaxszth lŸkk us oSls rks lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZls lSfud ys x,] ftldk fooj.k ge vkxs nsaxs ij yEch ew°Nksa okys jktLFkkfu;ksa ,oaixM+h/kkjh flD[kksa dks bUgksaus iqfyl lsok esa yxk;kA 1903 bZ- esa egkjktk txrthrflag us dksyEcks vkSj nfk.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ,oa phu&tkiku dh ;k=k dh Fkh] us fy[kkgS fd FkkbZyS.M] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] gk°xdk°x ,oa phu ds cnek'k yksx ,oa vU;lektd.Vd bu cM+h&cM+h ew°Nksa okys jktLFkkuh ,oa xCcj'ksj tSls ixM+h/kkjhfl[k iqfylokyksa ls cgqr vkrafdr jgrs gSaA blfy, vaxzstksa us bUgsa Hkkjh la[;k esanfk.k&iw.kZ ,oa lqnwj&iwoZ esa vius dCtk okys ns'kksa ij budh lsok ysdj viukvkf/kiR; dk;e fd;k FkkA izks- FkkEih vkxs fy[krh gSa fd viuk ikjxeu izeq[kfoLrkj ds fy, vaxzst izHkqvksa us fuEuor lSfudksa dks fons'k ys x,A2

oSystyh igyk xouZj&tujy Fkk] ftlus Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks fons'k esaHkstuk izkjaHk fd;k FkkA bl flyflys esa 14oha enzkl usfVo bUQSUV™h (MNI) 1840

166


esa vQhe ;qº esa Hkkx ysus phu xbZ FkhA ,d lSfud lzksr ds vuqlkj 1824 ls 1841bZ- ds e/; fczfV'k fgr lk/kus ds fy, 20]000 Hkkjrh; lSfud fons'k x,A3 1801bZ- esa usiksfy;u ds Hkwe/; lkxj esa izlkj dks jksdus ds fy, felz eas Hksth xbZ FkhA1808 bZ- esa ykMZ osystyh us 600 Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks nfk.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k eas fLFkredkvks esa rSukr fd;k FkkA lSarhloha enzkl usfVo bUQSUV™h phu esa xbZ ftuls 1841esa phu ds xk°okas ds yksxksa us yksgk fy;k Fkk vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr ns'kHkf‰ ds xhrphu esa vkt Hkh xk;s tkrs gSa & tSls fd 1962 bZ- esa Hkkjr&phu ;qº ls lEcfU/krxhr gekjs yksx xkrs gSaA enzkl lSU; dekaM dh lsilZ ,.M ekbulZ dh dbZ dEifu;k°phu esa xbZ FkhaA 1842 bZ- esa caxky lsuk dh jktiwr jsthesaV phu esa ;qº yM+us xbZFkhA Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dh phu esa mifLFkfr dh ppkZ vkWDVjyksuh us viuh iqLrd^pkbuht okj* esa of.kZr fd;k gSA

Bkdqj nfj;ko flag dkuiqj ds ikl ds lapsM+h xk°o ds jgus okys Fks mudhMk;jh esa fy[kk gS fd dksVk] Xokfy;j vkSj t;iqj dh lsuk;sa frh; vQhe ;qº(1856 bZ-) eas vaxzstksa dh rjQ ls Hkkx ysus phu xbZ FkhaA4 ;g Mk;jh ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkh] dk'kh ds iqLrdky; esa lqjfkr gSA Bkdqj nfj;ko flag crkrs gSafd gekjs iwoZt jktiwr dbZ ckj leqnzikj vfHk;ku ij x;s FksA5 muds iq= Bkdqjxnk/kj flag us viuh izdkf'kr Mk;jh ^phu esa rsjg ekl* esa fy[kk gS fd dksVk]Xokfy;j vkSj 7oha caxky jktiwr jsthesaV phu esa ?kfVr gq, cDlj fonzksg dks nckusds fy, phu x;s FksA6 Mk;jh ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd dbZ jktiwr ujs'k vkSjfj;klr ds vf/kdkjh phu esa ;qº ds flyflys esa x;s FksA Bkdqj xnk/kj flag 7ohacaxky jktiwr bUQsUV™h esa lwcsnkj estj FksA mUgksaus viuh iqLrd esa jktiwrksa dhohjrk vkSj lkgl dk o.kZu fd;k gSA mu phuh yksxksa dks ehjtkQj vkSj t;pUn dkoa'kt dgk gS tks ^yhxs'ku* esa vkdj vius ns'k phu dh lSfud detksjh dhtkudkjh vaxzstksa dks nsrs FksA foIyodkjh phfu;ksa ds ckjs esa os fy[krs gSa fd phudk Lora=rk dk lw;Z vLrkpy dh vksj tk jgk gSA Bhd mlh izdkj ftl izdkj ls150 o"kZ igys Hkkjr dk Hkfo"; vaxzstksa ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;k FkkA Bkdqj xnk/kjflag dh Mk;jh ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd Hkkjr ls vQhe phu Hksth tkrh Fkh vkSjmldh [ksrh ekyok izns'k vkSj caxky esa dh tkrh FkhA jktiwrkus dh vQhe lsvaxzstksa dks phu ds lkFk Hkqxrku larqyu dks lq/kkjus esa enn feyrh FkhA7 nwljhMk;jh eFkqjk us MkWDVj dh gS tks fdlh fj;klrdkyhu lsuk ds lkFk phu x;k FkkAvU; Mk;fj;ksa ls fj;klr dky ds jktLFkku dh jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd bfrgklij izdk'k iM+rk gSA8

frh; vQhe ;qº (1856 bZ-) esa 47oha] 65oha ,oa 70oha caxky usfVobUQSUV™h ds jktiwr jsthesaV esa gk°xdk°x vkSj phu esa xbZ FkhaA twu&tqykbZ 1859 bZ- esa8oha] 11oha] 15oha ,oa 19oha iatkc usfVo bUQSUV™h dh cVkfy;usa lqnwj&iwoZ (phuvkSj tkiku) esa vaxzsth izHkqRo LFkkiuk ds fy, fons'k xbZ FkhaA 1841 bZ- esa gk°xdk°xdk fczfV'k izHkqRo eas gLrkarj.k esa Hkkjrh; QkStksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA diwjFkykds egkjktk txrthr flag us vius lqnwj&iwoZ dh ;k=k esa fy[krs gSa fd fru&flu esarhu fl[k dEiuh cM+h rUe;rk ls vius vaxzst izHkqvksa ds fy, yxh gqbZ FkhaA9 bUgksaus'kkugkbZDoku esa 30oha iatkc bUQSUV™h ds lSfudksa ls eqykdkr dh FkhA

egkjktk xaxkflag dh Mk;jh ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd os vius dSejs dksj*ds lkFk dbZ ckj vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk esa fons'k x;sA10 chdkusj vfHkys[kkxkj ls izkIrxzUFkksa ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd egkjktk xaxkflag yEcs dn dkBh ,oa lqn`<+ lSfudxq.kksa ls Hkjiwj O;fDr FksA cgknqjh vkSj yksdksidkj ds xq.k muesa dwV&dwV dj HkjsFksA mUgksaus rhu egkhiksa ,f'k;k] v›hdk vkSj ;wjksi ij ;qº yM+sA 1900 bZ- esavius ^dSey dksj* ds lkFk phu esa ckDlj fonzksg ds vfHk;ku ij tkus okys osigys egkjktk FksA izFke fo'o;qº esa fe= jk"V™ dh lsukvksa ds lkFk mUgksaus viuhfo'ks"k lsok iznku dhA mUgsa ›kal esa cqykdj ^dSey dksj* Lost ugj ds iwoZ dhlqjkk O;oLFkk esa yxh gqbZ FkhA xaxk fjlkyk us rqdhZ eas vaxzstksa dh vksj ls ;qº yM+kFkkA frh; fo'o;qº ds nkSjku egkjktk xaxkflag us viuh lsuk vkSj vaxzsth lsuk dsda/ks ls da/kk feykdj ;qº fd;k FkkA xaxkflag vius vaxzst vf/kifr ds e/;&iwoZ(if'peh ,f'k;k) esa dbZ lSfud vfHk;ku ij x;s FksA

fj;klrdkyhu jktiwrkus ds lsuk ds ikjxeu lSfud vfHk;ku dh ppkZdkuksrk ds Bkdqj vej flag dh Mk;jh esa feyrh gSA bl Mk;jh ij :MksYQegksn; us ^fjoflZax n xst* uked iqLrd fy[kh gSA11 vejflag dh Mk;jh dsvuqlkj tks/kiqj ykalj lj duZy izrki ds usr`Ro esa phu esa xbZ FkhA bl Mk;jh esat;iqj ls 'ka?kkbZ rd ykalj ds ewoesaV vkSj mlds lkFk ?kfVr gksus okyh NksVh&cM+h?kVukvksa dk ftÿ gSA bl Mk;jh ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd vaxzsth jkt ds lSfudHkkjrh; lSfudksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks viuk xqyke le>rs FksA lj duZy izrki lstwfu;j vaxzst vf/kdkjh ;g viskk djrk Fkk fd os mls lSY;wV djsaaA vejflag usfczfV'k jkt ds Hkkjrh; vkSj ;wjksih; lSfudksa ds Sr vkSj U dk ftÿ fd;k gSA osfy[krs gSa fd ge yksx jkt ds cgknqj lSfud gSa ;k HkkMs+ ds VV~VwA bl Mk;jh dksfj;klrdkyhu jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl ds ys[ku esa mi;ksx fd;k tk

167


ldrk gSA jktiwrkus esa vk/kqfud f'kkk ds Lo:i vkSj dsUnzksa ds ckjs esa Hkh blMk;jh ls tkudkjh feyrh gSA ek/koh FkkEih uked phuosŸkk us viuh iqLrd^bf.M;Ul bu pkbuk* eas fy[kk gS fd jktiwrkus dh pkj QkStsa tSls tks/kiqj ykaljds ?kqM+lokj lSfud] chdkusj ds ^dSey dksj*] dksVk vkSj vyoj dh iSny lsukphu ds lSfud vfHk;ku ij xbZ FkhA12

izkjEHk eas ekyok ds dikl vkSj ckn esa bl ks= esa mitkbZ tkus okyhvQhe ls vaxzstksa dks vius fons'kh O;kikj esa dkQh equkQk izkIr gqvkA phu ijvkf/kiR; LFkkfir djus (1860 bZ-) ds i'pkr~ vaxzstksa us phu esa Hkkjrh; ekycspdj viuh vkfFkZd le`fº dks c<+k;kA izkjaHk eas e/; Hkkjr] xqtjkr ,oajktiwrkuk ds dikl dks cspdj vaxzstksa us phu ds lkFk pk; ds O;kikj ls fcxM+sHkqxrku larqyu dks laokjk FkkA ml le; phu esa dikl dh [ksrh fcxM+ xbZ Fkh] ijdikl dh ekax cuh gqbZ Fkh] ijUrq 1810 bZ- ds ckn phu us Lo;a dikl dk mRiknu]vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax esa larqyu LFkkfir dj fy;kA iqu% vaxzstksa ds lkeus phu dksHkqxrku eas nh tkus okyh pkanh dh fdYyr gks xbZA pk; dh ekax fczVsu vkSj ;wjksiesa cgqr T;knk FkhA 1821 bZ- rd phu esa vQhe dh [kir vkSj O;kikj esa bZtkQkgqvkA ij dqN l[r rVorhZ phuh izkarh; xouZjksa us phu dh [ksrh ij cSu yxkfn;kA Hkkjr ls cEcbZ vkSj dydŸkk ds tgktksa us phu esa vQhe dh vkiwfrZ djukizkjaHk fd;kA dEiuh ljdkj dh fuxkg iM+h vkSj caxky vQhe (xkthiqj lsHkkxyiqj rd xaxk ds nkfguh ?kkVh esa) vkSj ekyok vQhe (e/;izns'k] xqtjkt ,oanfk.kh&iwohZ jktiwrkuk) dh [ksrh] ifjogu vkSj O;kikj ij vkf/kiR; LFkkfir djbls phu ds cktkj rd tkuk lqfuf'pr dj fn;kA 1821 eas 5000 psLV vQhephu Hksth xbZA og 1831 bZ- esa dEiuh ljdkj kjk 9000 psLV vkSj 1839 bZ- esa40]000 psLVA bl vQhe ds O;kikj ls dEiuh ljdkj dk phu ds lkFk O;kikfjd?kkVk lq/kj x;kA tc phu us vius ns'k esa vQhe dks vkus ls jksdus dh dksf'k'k dhrks nks vQhe ;qº gq,A bu vQhe ;qºksa eas Hkkjrh; lSfudksa ds ne ij vaxzstksa uslqnwj&iwoZ esa vius lkezkT;okn dks loafºZr fd;kA13

fj;klrdkyhu lSfud bfrgkl vkSj lSU; laxBu ds <k°ps vkSj lapkyu dsfy, egkjktkvksa] njckfj;kas vkSj lSfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Mk;fj;ksa dk v/;;ulSfud bfrgkl esa mi;ksxh gksxkA bu Mk;fj;ksa ls bl ckr dh tkudkjh fey ldrhgS fd fdl izdkj ls jktiwrkus ds lSfudksa vkSj vQhe dk vaxzsth jkt us lkezkfT;dmi;ksx fd;kA 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks fj;klrdky ds egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa ds Mk;fj;ksa dk

v/;;u djuk pkfg,A buls jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ij u;s ifjizs; esa uohutkudkjh izkIr gks ldrh gSA

lanHkZ1- flag] xnk/kj] esjh ,MoMZ lIre fryd ;k=k] y[ku≈ 1903] i`- 112- flag nfj;ko] Mk;jh & vizdkf'kr] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk'kh] i`- 193- FkkEih] ek/koh] bafM;Ul bu pkbuk] ubZ fnYyh] 2005 i`- 1454- flag nfj;ko] Mk;jh & vizdkf'kr] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk'kh] i`- 195- flag] xnk/kj] phu esa rsjg ekl] y[ku≈ 1903] i`- 256- ogh]7- ogh i`- 3028- xxZ] egsUnqyky phu niZ.k] 1902 bZ- i`- 1019- flag txrhr] ek; V™SoYl bu nh Qkj bZLV] yanu] 1905 i`- 2810- nsoM+k] th-,l-,y- ºlEik-Ω egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh okWY;we] chdkusj

198011- vej flag dh Mk;jh] 4 tqykbZ 1901 bZ- ,oa :MksYQ ,.M :MksYQ] fjoflaZx n

xst] ubZ fnYyh 2003] i`- 15112- FkkEih ek/koh] bafM;Ul bu pkbuk] ubZ fnYyh 2003] i`- 156&15713- FkkEih] ek/koh] bafM;Ul bu pkbuk] ubZ fnYyh] 2005 i`- 66&67

168


chdkusj ds vutkus jk"V™ ds LorU=rk lsukuh %'kkSdr mLekuh

MkW- egsUnz iqjksfgr

Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa iwjs Hkkjr o"kZ ls vusdkusd O;fDr;ksa us Hkkxysdj viuk ;Fkksfpr lg;ksx iznku fd;k buesa ls dbZ;ks us viuh igpku LFkkfirdh rks dbZ uhoa dh bZaV cu x;sA ;s uhao dh bZaV cus O;fDr vius gh leku ,d 'kgjesa o"kksZ rd vutku cus jgs vkSj ns'k dh Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn n'kdksa rd xqeukehds va/ksjs esa [kks;s jgsA ns'k fd Lora=k ds i'pkr Hkh turkaf=d ljdkj us irk ughaD;ksa bu ij LorU= fopj.k ij izfrcU/k yxk;s D;k vKkr Hk; Fkk 'kk;n bu ijdksbZ tku ysok geyk u dj nsa ;k budks usrk cukdj vjktdrk dk ekgkSy LFkkfirdjus dh dksf'k'k u dj ys ;k fQj lqjkk dh n`f"V ls dksbZ vkSj vU; dkj.kAcgjgky dksbZ Hkh dkj.k jgs blls ;s n'kdks rd vius gh ns'k esa xqeukeh ds va/ksjsesa [kks;s jgsa A bUgh uhao dh bZVksa esa dqN O;fDr FksA chdkusj ds 'kkSdr mLekuh rFkktkudh izlkn cxjgV~Vk o`Unkou ds jktk egsUnz izrki flag vkfnA

'kkSdr mLekuh ,slh lf[l;r Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjr dh Lo=U=rk ds fy, udsoy fj;klr dks gh NksM+k oju~ ns'k NksM+ nwj ns'k :l rd iSny gh igqap x;sA'kkSdr mLekuh dk tUe chdkujs esa 20 fnlEcj 1901 dks mLrksa ds ekSgYys eas ,diRFkj uDdk'k Jh ckmn~nhu ds ?kj Jhefr Hkwjh ds xHkZ ls ekSykc['k ds :i easgqvkA tUe ds N% ekg ckn gh flj ls firk dk lk;k mB x;k rks mlds N% ekg ckngh ekrk dk HkhA mudk ikyu iks"k.k nknh uwjtgka us fd;kA nknh mls cpiu ls ghdgkfu;ksa dh txg lqukrh Hkh lrkou dh taxs&vktknh dh nkLrkus fQjaxh dsf[kykQ cxkor dhA ;gha ls ekSykc[k ds efLr"d eas ns'k ls vaxzst iyhr dksHkxkus dh cSB xbZA 1857 dh ÿkafr muds fy, izsj.kk cuhA

izkjEHk eas mudh f'kkk efLtn eas yxus okyh edrc eas 'kq: gqbZ ysfduekSykc['k dh ftKklk 'kkUr u gksus dkj.k ?kj ds ikl gh tSu mikljs ls gksrh gqbZvaxzsth Ldwy rd dk lQj r; fd;kA vaxzsth Ldwy dkykUrj eas Mwaxj eseksfj;ydkWyst] orZeku ds jk-QksVZ m-ek-fo LVs'ku jksM+ uoLFkkfir Hkou esa LFkkukUrfjr gksxbZA blh fo|ky; eas v/;;u ds nkSjku mueas fNih Hkkouk ns'k ls vaxzsth iyhr dks

Hkxkuk gS] fgyksjs ekjus yxhA blh le; os ekSykc['k ls igys eksgEen 'kkSdr fQj'kkSdr mLekuh cu x;sA bl dkWyst Ldwy ds iz/kkukpk;Z Jh frokM+h th dk] tksLo;a jk"V™oknh Fks] mu ij dkQh izHkko iM+kA os 'kgj ds gn; LFky dksVxsV ijfLFkr xq.k izdk'k lTtuky;] okpuky;] tks orZeku eas Hkh gS fuR;tkrs vkSj ckWEcsÿkWfudy rFkk eksrhyky usg: kjk lapkfyr bf.MisaMsV lekpkj i= i<+rsA ;gdky izFke fo'o ;qº dk FkkA

blh le; ns'k eas gkse:y vkUnksyu Hkh 'kq: gks pqdk Fkk] 1917 dh :lhÿkarh] tfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdkaM] 1919 dh ÿkafrdkjh ?kVuk,a] 1920&21 dkjk"V™O;kih f[kykQr vkUnksyu tSlh cgqr lh mRrstd ?kVuk,a Fkh ftUgksaus 'kkSdrmLekuh ds fnyksa fnekx ij xgjh Nki NksM+hA 1918 esa gh Jh frokMh th dk fu/kugks tkus ij dkWyst Ldwy ds iz/kkukpk;Z Jh lEiw.kkZuUn th cudj vk, tks vkxspydj mRrjizns'k ds eq[;ea=h ,oa jktLFkku ds nwljs jkT;iky jgsA 'kkSdrmLekuh ij bl jk"V™oknh f'kkd dk xgjk izHkko iM+kA ;gha ls mUgksaus nqLlkgflddk;Z djus 'kq: fd;sA 1919 eas 'kkSdr mLekuh vkSj eSfV™d ds dqN Nk=ksa usiqfLrdk,a ckaVuh pkyw dh vkSj iksLVj fpidk, rks fj;klrh iqfyl dk /;ku blvksj x;k A muds pkpk dks cqykdj fgnk;r nh xbZA ;gha ls mUgksaus ls Hkwfexrdk;Zokgh tkjh j[kus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA 1919 ds var vkSj 1920 ds 'kq:vkr esaijhkk nsus vtesj x;sA tgka mlZ ds esys esa lkFk gh jktuhfrd lEesyu gks jgk FkkA;gka mUgksusa fryd] iVsy] [kkjiM+s vkSj vtqZu yky lsBh dks lqukA blls budhvaxzst iyhr dks Hkxkus dh Hkkouk dks vR;f/kd ≈tkZ feyhA1

7 ebZ 1920 dks 'kkSdr mLekuh vius fe'ku ij py fudys tks iqu% 26flrEcj 1976 dks vk,A Hkxoku jkepUnz th us rks 14 o"kZ dk gh ouokl Hkksxkysfdu 'kkSdr mLekuh us rks 56 o"kZ dk HkksxkA2 7 ebZ 1920 dh jkr dks ,d eksphds Hks"k esa os chdkusj ls fQjktiqj gksrs gq, ykgkSj igqapsA ogka dkaxzsl ds usrkvksaekSykuk tQj vyh [kkWa vkSj lS;n gchc ls feys vkSj fQj viuk xeZ dksV 36:i;s esa cspdj is'kkoj igqapsA3 vius 300 lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk iSny gh is'kkoj ls osnjkZ&,&[kScj dks ikjdj tcy&ml&fljkt igqaps tgka mUgksaus lSU; izf'kk.k izkIrfd;kA ;gka ls 80 O;fDr iSny gh [krjukd igkM+] iFkjhyh pV~Vkus] czQhZyhpksfV;ksa] jDr tek nsus okyh 'khr gokvksa] xgjs vkSj ladjs njksZa dks Hkw[ks I;kls rFkkMkdqvksa ds [krjksa ls tw>rs gq, etkj&,&'kjhQ igqapsA ;gka vkdj bueas Hkh nks ?kMsgks x;s 40 yksx jk"V™ ds fy, :l tkuk pkgrs Fks rks 40 yksx [kyhQk ds fy,rqdhZA4 ;gka ds xouZj us mUgsa lksfc;r :l ds frjfet esa izos'k djok fn;kA fQjfrjfet ls ;s ukoksa kjk jokuk gq, ysfdu dqN nwjh ij gh rqdZekfu;ksa us bUgsa ekjihV

169


dj canh cuk fy;k vkSj ;kruk,a nh var eas ;s fddhZ 'kgj ds fdys eas igqaps A ;gkard igqaprs ;s 76 jg x;sA ;gka ls ;s rk'kdUn ds fy, jokuk gq,A

rk'kdUn eas mLekuh vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dk HkO; Lokxr gqvk A ,e-,u-jk;]eksgEen vyh vkSj ekSykuk vCnqy jc] [kyhy vkfn nks vyx vyx nyksa easLokxr djus igqaps A ,e-ih-Vh vkpk;Z ml le; vUnhtku eas FksA5 uoEcj 1920 easvkpk;Z ds rk'kdUn ykSVus ij izFke lIrkg eas gh Hkkjr dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dhLFkkiuk dh xbZA6 'kkSdr mLekuh izkjEHk eas yxHkx 6 ekg nwj jgs A ;gka ls mUgsafo'ks"k izf'kk.k gsrq ekLdks Hkstk x;kA tgka izFke ckj 7 Qjojh 1921 dks mLekuhus fizal dzksiVfQu dh Jºkatfy lHkk eas ysfuu dks ns[kk rFkk lquk A fQj nwljh ckjdzsefyu eas izfrfuf/k e.My eas 'kkfey gksdj feysA7 ;gha ij mUgsa teZu] tkiku]bXyS.M vkfn ds dE;qfuLV usrkvksa ls Hkh feyus dk volj feykA pwafd Hkkjrh;ksads vkil eas xaHkhj oSpkfjd erHksn Fks vr% Hkkjr dks :l kjk nh tkus okyhvkfFkZd lgk;rk dkV yh xbZA blls mLekuh dks xgjk /kDdk yxk vkSj Hkkjr ykSVusdk ekul cuk fy;kA8

blh m/ksMcqu esa Jh mLekuh us lksfo;r usrk LVkfyu ls feyus dk fu.kZ;fy;kA pwafd os :lh Hkk"kk tkurs Fks vr% lh/ks gh mlds ikl tk igqpas vkSj dgk eSaokil Hkkjr tkuk pkgrk gWwa dì;k bldh O;oLFkk djsaA LVkfyu us mu ij viuhutj xM+krs gq, iwNk &^^;fn v/;;u iwjk ugha djds tkuk pkgrs gks rks fQj ;gkafdlfy, vk;s Fks\ Jh mLekuh us dgk ^ôg Hkkjrh; LorU=rk ds fy, lgk;rkysus vk;k FkkA ysfdu jk; us crk;k fd dkWfeUVuZ blds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA LVkfyuus dgk* rqe Hkkjrh;ksa eas vkil eas gh fookn gS A Jh mLekuh us izR;qRrj esa dgk êSamu Hkkjrh;ksa eas ugha gWwa** rc LVkfyu us gfFk;kj nsus dk oknk fd;k vkSj mLekuh lsgkFk feyk;kA lkFk gh Hkkjr ds foLQksVd gkykr ns[krs gq, Hkkjr u tkus dh lykgnh ysfdu mLekuh dgka ekuus okys FksA os jokuk gks gh x;kA9

22 tuojh 1922 dks Jh mLekuh vtjcStku o bZjku gksrs gq, cacbZ igqpsAnks ekg i'pkr ;w-ih- esa tkdj v/;kiu dk;Z djrs gq, Hkkjrh; Lkora=rk laxzke dhxfrfof/k;ks dh tkudkjh ekLdks esa vius nksLrksa dks Hkstrs jgsA Jh mLekuh usHkwfexr :i esa gh dzkafrdkjh dE;qfuLV lkfgR; forfjr djuk mfpr le>kAdkuiqj esa MkW- lEiw.kkZuUn th us mudh eqykdkr Jh x.ks'k 'kadj fo?kkFkhZ ls djoknh] Jh fo+|kFkhZ dk ?kj ÿkafrdkfj;ksa ds vkJ; LFky Fkk] ftlls Jh mLekuh dksdkQh ykHk feykA10 pkj ekg i'pkr~ iqu% bZjku tkdj cEcbZ ykSVsA os ;w-ih-]caxky] iatkc vkSj jktLFkku esa vktknh dh vy[k txkrs jgsA dkuiqj] cukjl

vkSj jksgrd mudh xfrfof/k;kasa ds izeq[k dsUnz FksA os izfrcaf/kr lkfgR; forfjrdjus okyh xqIr ,tsUlh ds ;w-ih- ds izeq[k FksA11

Jh mLekuh 8 ebZ 1923 dks ljdkj fojks/kh izfrcaf/kr lkfgR; forj.k gsrqiqu% dkuqij vk, tgka os iqfyl kjk fxjQ~rkj dj fy;s x;sA bldk lHkh lekpkji=ksa us fojks/k fd;k rFkk iSjoh ds fy, ia- eksrhyky usg:] ia- tokgjyky usg:rFkk MkW- valkjh tSlh gfLr;ka vkxs vkbZA xka/khth Lo;a tsy esa muls feyus vk,AmUgsa tsy esa cgqr ;kruk,a nh xbZ] ysfdu os >qds ughaA mUgksaus dgk êq>s ekywe gSfd T;knk ls T;knk rqe eq>s Qkalh ij yVdk nksxs] ftldh eq>s ijokg ughaA12 12ebZ dks Jh mLekuh dks is'kkoj tsy esa LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;kA bls is'kkoj "kM;U=dsl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA is'kkoj tsy esa ml ij tqYe ds igkM <gk;s x;s]tqvksa ls Hkjh dacy] xhrk Q'kZ] ekjihV vkSj 8 ikSaM Hkkjh tathjas muds 'kjhj ijMkyh xbZA yk[k ;krukvksa vkSj ckj&ckj fn;s ykyp ds ckn Hkh mUgksaus ljdkj dks,d 'kCn dh Hkh tkudkjh ugha nhA ;gh mudh eqykdkr iz[;kr ÿkafrdkfj;ksa ,l-,-Mkaxs] eqTtQj vgen vkSj ufyfunkl xqIrk ls gqbZ FkhA13

dkuiqj & cksY'ksfod "kM;U= dsl16 ekpZ 1929 dks dkuqij ds la;qDr U;k;k/kh'k fÿLVh dh vnkyr esa

cksY'ksfod "kM~;U= dsl dh lquokbZ gqbZA vkjksfi;ksa dks vkbZ-ih-lh- dh /kkjk121&, ds rgr vkjksfir fd;k x;kA buesa pkj vfHk;qDr Jh mLekuh] Mkaxs]eqTtQj vgen vkSj ufyuhnkl xqIrk gh mifLFkr Fks] vU; pkj 'kj.kkFkhZ ;wjksi]tekur gks tkus rFkk keknku ds dkj.k vuqifLFkr FksA14 mLekuh vkSj lkfFk;ksa ijfczfV'k ljdkj ds [kkRes ds fy, l'kL= ÿkafr djus ds "kM;U= dk vkjksi yxk;kx;kA muds kjk 15 Qjojh 1923 dks ,e-,u- jk; dks fy[ks i= dks Hkh lcwr ds:i esa j[kk x;kA15 l'kL= gLrksi gh vkf[kjh bykt gS] tks Hkkjr ds loagkjk dksekSr ds eqag ls cpk ldrk gSA16 ia- eksrhyky usg:] x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkfncpko desVh esa FksA lHkh vkjksfi;ksa dks pkj&pkj o"kZ dh l[r ltk gqbZA tsy esaÿkafrdkfj;ksa ls gksus okys nqO;Zogkj ds fojks/k esa mLekuh us 03-07-24 ls 30-07-24rd 27 fnu Hkw[k gMrky dh A 26 vxLr 1927 dks >kalh tsy ls mUgsa fjgk fd;kx;kA17 ;gka ls os ykgksj x;s] ysfdu x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ us mUgsa >kalh o dkuiqjij cqyk fy;k] tgka ^dkdksjh dsl* ds uk;dksa ls mudh eqykdkr gqbZA

26 fnlEcj 1927 dks dkaxzsl ds enzkl egkf/kos'ku esa Jh mLekuh usjktLFkku dkaxzsl ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa Hkkx fy;kA mudk Lokxr djus ds fy,Lo;a usg: th eap ls mrj dj vk,A18 bl nkSjku mLekuh Hkxr flag] pUnz 'ks[kj

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vktkn vkfn ls HksaV dj pqds FksA twu 1928 esa mLekuh iqu% lksfo;r la?k ds fy,jokuk gq,A ;g fo'o bfrgkl dk egRoiw.kZ le; Fkk] tc dkWfeuVuZ dk NBk vf/kos'ku gksus dks FkkA mLekuh dks blds v/;k e.My esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA osLVkfyu ls rhljs LFkku ij vklhu fd, x,A19 fnlEcj 1928 esa os iqu% cEcbZ vkx,A blds ckn os dydrk] iatkc vkfn LFkkuksa ij etnwjksa o vke turk esaljdkj fojks/k vkgoku djrs gq, dkuqij vk x,A ;gka ls mUgksaus iqu% ÿkafrdkjhxfrfof/k;ka pkyw dj nhA Qyr% 20 ekpZ 1929 dks mugsa fxjQ~rkj dj fy;kx;kA ;gka ls mUgsa esjB ys tk;k x;kA muds vU; lkfFk;ksa dks Hkh vyx&vyxLFkkuksa ls fxjQ~rkj djds esjB tsy yk;k x;kA ;g esjB "kM~;U= dsl dgykrk gSAmLekuh o buds lkfFk;ksa ij ^lksfo;r la?k dh enn ls Hkkjr esa fczfV'k lŸkk m[kkM+QSadus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;kA

12 twu 1929 dks 'k: gq, bl eqdnesa dk QSlyk 16 tuojh 1935 ls'kutt us lquk;k] ftlds eqrkfcd lHkh dks dM+h ltk,a nh xbZA mLekuh o vU; dks10 lky dh dkys ikuh dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA 3 vxLr 1933 dks vkxjk tsy esa mUgsalwpuk feyh fd mudh ltk 10 ls 3 lky dj nh xbZ gS] os 10 tqykbZ 1935 dksfjgk gq,A21 bl fjgkbZ ds ckn os vtesj vk x;sA vtesj esa ia- tokgj yky usg:ds vkxeu ij tc etnwj usrkvksa us vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk izLrko j[kk rks usg:th us rikd ls dgk ^^rqe mLekuh ls D;ksa ugha dgrs] og lc dj ysxkA**22

vtesj esa vkUnksyu ds ckn os vU; 'kgjksa ls gksrs gq, vkxjk x,A ljdkjus viuk xqLlk ÿkafrdkfj;ksa ij mrkjuk 'kq: fd;kA blds fy, Mh-vkbZ-vkj-(Hkkjrh; lqjkk dkuwu) v/;kns'k ikfjr fd;k x;kA 14 tqykbZ 1940 dks mLekuhdks vkxjk esa fxjQ~rkj dj fy;k x;kA dbZ tsyksa ls LFkkukUrkfjr djrs gq, 24 twu]1942 dks mUgsa Qrgx<+ tsy esa yk;k x;kA mLekuh ds O;DrO;ksa] muds ncaxO;fDrRo ÿkafrdkjh fopkjksa o l'kL= ÿkfr ds izjs.kk L=ksr gksus ds dkj.k ljdkjhdquck muls Hk;Hkhr jgrk Fkk rFkk mUgsas ^vkradoknh o fglad ÿkafrdkjh* dsf[krkcksa ls uoktk tkrk FkkA muds lkFk dksbZ fj;k;r ;k lgkuqHkwfr ugha dh tkrhFkhA mUgksaus iwNrkN ds nkSjku lkQ dgk fd (fjgkbZ ds ckn) ^eSa lksfo;r la?k dsleFkZu esa ys[k fy[kwaxk vkSj ns'k esa vktknh ds fy, yM+kbZ yMwaxkA eSa nwljs n'kdls gh QkflTe vkSj lkezkT;okn dk fojks/kh jgk gwaA**23 8 vxLr 1942 ds ^HkkjrNksM+ks vkUnksyu^ esa mLekuh o lkfFk;ksa us xka/kh th ds 21 fnu dh Hkw[k gMrky dsleFkZu esa 16 fnu Hkw[k gM+rky dhA tsy esa mUgsa Hk;adj ;kruk,a nh xbZA24 8tuojh 1945 dks mUgsa fjgk dj fn;kA

1946 esa dkaxzsl dh vUrfje ljdkj cuhA eqfLye yhx ikfdLrku ds fy,vM+h gqbZ FkhA mLekuh ns'k foHkktu ds l[r fojks/kh FksA chdkusj dh lkEiznkf;dln~Hkko dh ijEijk muesa dwV&dwV Hkjh FkhA yhx dh lh/kh dk;Zokgh us ns'k dksnaxksa vkSj ekjdkV ds gokys dj fn;kA mLekuh 'kkafr ds nwr cudj caxky x;s vkSjfoHkktu ds fojks/k esa tuer cukus yxsA ysfdu vkf[kj og lc gks x;k] ftldkmLekuh fny ls fojks/k dj jgs FksA bl chp og fjoksY;w'kujh lks'kfyLV ikVhZ esa'kkfey gks x;sA vkj-,l-ihus mugsa djkaph] tEew vkfn LFkkuksa ij HkstkA ckn esa osikfdLrku esa xaqyke eksgEen ls feysA xqyke eksgEen us mLekuh ls ikfdLrku esafMIVh fefuLVjh nsus dk izLrko j[kk] ysfdu Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk NksMus dh 'krZijA os iDds jk"V™oknh FksA mUgksaus in o ykHk ls vkUnksyu esa fgLlk ugha fy;k FkkAvr% mUgksaus Hkkjr dh ukxfjdrk NksMus dh 'krZ lkQ rkSj ij ukeatwj dj nhA vcikfdLrku esa mudk fojks/k 'kq: gks x;k rFkk mUgsa ^Hkkjrh; ,ts.V* dgk tkusyxkA25

Jh mLekuh us Hkkjr vkus dh vkKk ekaxh] ysfdu irk ugha D;ks & budksHkkjr vkus dh btktr ugha nh xbZA os 7 flrEcj 1952 dks djkaph ls yUnu pysx;s] tgka ls <kbZ ekg ckn cEcbZ vk,] tks 15 vizsy 1955 dks iqu% yUnu pysx;sA tgka 1961 rd jgsA 1962 esa phu ;qº ds le; ykSV vk,A ysfdu 1964 esafeJ pys x;sA tgka os vaxzsth i=ksa vyQgr] bthfI'k;u xtV] cEcbZ ds Qzh izsltuZy] fnYyh ds jsfM;Ul rFkk dydrk ds daikl vkfn esa lEiknd] lglEikndrFkk izfrfuf/k ds :i esa dk;Z djrs jgsA vizsy 1974 esa os dkafgjk ls vius nksLrchdkusj ds gh ysfQ~Vus.V duZy 'krkuUn th] tks fnYyh ds iViM+xat esa viusNksVs ls IykWVuqek d`f"k QkeZ esa jgrs Fks] ds ikl jgus dks vk x;s] tks tgka os viusvafre le; 26 Qjojh] 1978 dh jkr vafre 'okl rd jgsA26

'kkSdr mLekuh 1920 ds ckn izFke ckj 26-09-1976 dks chdkusj ds yksxksads fo'ks"k vkxzg (dkW- f'kofd'ku tks'kh ≈QZ lUuw dkdk) ij chdkusj i/kkjsA27

chdkusj esa mudk HkO; Lokxr fd;k eksgrksa dk pkSd] mLrksa ds pkSd esa mudklkoZtfud vfHkuUnu gqvk] tgka mUgksaus Lo;a chdkusj ls fudyus dh reke ?kVuk,salqukbZ] chdkusj ls ykgkSj] is'kkoj] vQxkfuLrku ds nqxZe igkMh jkLrs] fddhZ dk;qº] ekLdksa esa ysfuu o LVkfyu ls eqykdkr] is'kkoj] dkuiqj o esjB dsl dh;kruk,a] vkUnksyu] vktknh ds ckn foHkktu vkfn lHkhA 1977 esa os nks ckjchdkusj vk,A ,d ckj rks lh-ih-vkbZ- ds izR;k'kh dkW- ;ksxsUnzukFk gkaMk ds pqukoizpkj esaA28 Jh 'kkSdr mLekuh kjk fyf[kr viuh vkRedFkk rks vizdkf'kr jgh]ysfdu f'kkd usrk Jh fxj/kkjyky th O;kl fuoklh Nchyh ?kkVh] chdkusj

171


ftudk vHkh Ms<+ o'kZ iwoZ gh yxHkx 87 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fu/ku gqvk] us mu ij^'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo* rFkk ^e/;kUg dk fkfrt tkudh izlkncxjgV~Vk^ fyf[kdj mUgsa vej cuk;kA29

lanHkZ1- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- Jh fxj/kkjyky O;kl] i`- 112- dfooj Jh cqykdhnkl ckojk gky fuoklh /kksch /kksjk] lwjlkxj] chdkusj esa 26-

09-1976 dks tc mLrksa dk ekSgYys esa muds iSr`d ?kj ds vkxs mudk lkoZtfudvfHkuUnu lekjksg gks jgk FkkA

3- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 134- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] i`- 9]

izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA5- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 21 rFkk xzaFkekyk&

11] i`- 9] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] izdk'kdjktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA

6- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 217- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 238- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] i`- 9]

izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA9- ogh10- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] i`- 10]

izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA11- ogh12- ogh] i`- 2713- ogh] i`- 3014- ogh] i`- 11]15- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 3316- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] i`- 11]

izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqj A17- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl rFkk i`- 11] xzaFkekyk

& 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] izdk'kdjktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA

18- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh]izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA

19- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 3920- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 40&4321- ogh][ i`- 46&5222- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl rFkk i`- 13] xzaFkekyk

& 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh] izdk'kdjktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA

23- xzaFkekyk & 11 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vejiqjks?kk 'kkSdr mLekuh]izdk'kd jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lekjskg lfefr] t;iqjA

24- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjhyky O;kl] i`- 54&5625- ogh] i`- 58&5926- Jh clar dqekj nk/khp gky fuoklh rsfy;ksa dh ubZ efLtn ds lkeus] QM+

cktkj] chdkusj] tks vius rk≈th ys- da- 'krkuUn th dh lsok gsrq muds ikljgrs Fks] os jktk egsUnz izrki flag vkSj Jh 'kkSdr mLekuh nksuksa ogha jgrs Fks]mudh Hkh lsok esa jgrs FksA Jh clar dqekj nk/khp dks jk=h dks rk'k [ksyrs rFkkiSj ekfy'k djrs le; vius laLej.k lqukrs FksA

27- Jh 'kCn lj.k 'kekZ] ys- d- 'krkuUn th ds cM+s Hkrhts] ls fu- iz/kkukpk;Z gkyfuoklh IV-E-189] t; ukjk;.k O;kl dkWyksuh] chdkusj ds vuqlkj A

28- Jh Hkokuh'kadj O;kl ^fouksn* ls fu- iz/kkukpk;Z gky fuoklh iouiqjh chdkusjftUgksaus Jh mLekuh ds mLrksa ds pkSd esa 26-09-1976 dks gq, lkoZtfudvfHkuUnu esa eap lapkyu fd;k FkkA tgka fxj/kkjhyky th O;kl Hkh mifLFkrFksA

29- 'kkSdr mLekuh O;fDrro ,oa d`frRo ys- fxj/kkjh yky O;kl 1996 izdk'kdjktLFkku ihiqYl ifCyf'kax gkml (izk-) fy-] pesyh okyk ekdZsV ,e-vkbZ-jksM] t;iqj rFkk e/;kgu dk fkfrt tkudh izlkn cxjgV~Vk] laiknd fxj/kkjhyky O;kl 2006] izdk'kd gj izlkn cxjgV~Vk ^cxjgV~Vk fuokl* 6] vkS|ksfxdks=] jkuh cktkj] chdkusjA

172


lkfgR; ,oa ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku ds ks= esachdkusj dh 'kks/k laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku &

,d ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.kdfudk Hkuksr

fdlh uxj esa lkfgR;&bfrgkl ds ks= dh 'kks/k&laLFkkvksa dk mn~xevkdfLed ?kVuk,a ugha gqvk djrh gSaA muds mn~xe ,oa LFkkiuk ds ewy esa dfri;izHkko'kkyh dkj.k gksrs gSaA dksbZ izk.koku lkfgR; izseh ;k bfrgklK] ogka dh turkdk bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR; izse] bfrgkl lzksrksa ,oa lkfgR; ds izpkj izlkj lajk.k dhvko';drk] ijEijk vkfn muds tud cu dj vkrs gSaA

chdkusj uxj esa bl le; NksVh cM+h 25 ds yxHkx lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl dsks= esa dk;Zjr 'kks/k laLFkk,a gSa tks Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk] bfrgkl ,oa laaLd`fr lslEcfU/kr fofo/k izdkj dh l`tukRed xfrfof/k;ksa dk la;kstu ,oa lapkyu djrhgSaA buesa ls dqN laLFkk,a fo'kqº :i ls 'kks/k laLFkk,a gSa tcfd dbZ laLFkk,a ,slh gSaftudk dk;Zks= dkQh foLr`r gSA lkfgfR;d ,oa ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku] l`tu]lehkk] i=dkfjrk] laxks"Bh lek;kstu vkSj xzaFk izdk'ku bu laaLFkkvksa ds izeq[kdk;Zks= gSaA ;g fo"k; cM+k fo'kn~ gS vkSj ,d&,d laLFkk ij Lora= xazFk fy[kk tkldrk gS rFkk budk ewY;kadu] fo'ys"k.k] la'ys"k.k] oxhZdj.k rFkk ;ksxnku foospuvius vki esa ,d cM+k dk;Z gS tks bl 'kks/k&ys[k kjk lEHko ugha gks ldrkA bl'kks/k&ys[k dk mn~ns'; uxj dh bu laLFkkvksa dk ifjp;] bfrgkl] dk;Zks=]izdk'ku ,oa ;ksxnku dks lrgh rkSj ij Li'kZ djuk ek= gS rkfd bl fo"k; ij ,dgh LFkku ij leLr lkexzh ladfyr dj fo"k; ij 'kks/kijd n`f"V Mkyh tk ldsA;g fo"k; vkjEHk esa ftruk ljy ,oa cks/kxE; izrhr gksrk Fkk] ckn esa mruk ghtfVy ,oa xEHkhj flº gqvkA uxj dh dfri; egŸoiw.kZ 'kks/k&laLFkkvksa dkfoospu bl izdkj gS &

Jh lknwy jktLFkkuh fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV %chdkusj uxj dh lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl ds ks= dh laLFkkvksa esa ;g laLFkk

lokZf/kd egŸoiw.kZ jgh gSA bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk laLd`r] fgUnh ,oa fo'ks"kr%

jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl ds fodkl ds fy;s dh xbZ FkhA 12 uoEcj]lu~ 1944 bZ- dks chdkusj ds Lo- ujs'k egkjktk 'kknqZyflag us viuh 42oha o"kZxkaBds volj ij bldk mn~?kkVu fd;kA bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk lokZf/kd Js;chdkusj fj;klr ds rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h Jh ds-,e-iUuhdj1 egksn; dks gSA2 mUghadh izsj.kk ls egkjktk 'kknqZyflag us bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA bl laLFkk ds izFkeinkf/kdkfj;ksa esa egkjktk 'kknqZyflag (lajkd)] dj.khflag th ,oa vejflag th(milajkd)] Jh ds-,e-iUuhdj (vf/k"Bkrk)] Bkdqj jkeflag ,oa MkW- n'kjFk'kekZ (1946&48 bZ-) (v/;k)] izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh (lkfgR; ea=h)] lsBvxjpUn ukgVk (dks"k ea=h)] izks- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor (iz/kkuea=h) FksA3 buesa lsvf/kla[; vc 'ks"k ugha jgs gSaA ;s lHkh vius le; ds mn~HkV foku jgs gSaAbaLVhV~;wV dh ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh* uked 'kks/k if=dk jk"Vh; Lrj dh 'kks/k if=dkjgh gSA4 LFkkiuk ls lu~ 1952 rd Lo- izks- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor_ 1953 ls 1956 rdJh vk;pUnz 'kekZ_ 1956 ls 1968 rd Jh ykypUn dksBkjh rFkk lu~ 1969 ls Jhxksiky tks'kh ljh[ks fortu bl laLFkk ds egklfpo in ij dk;Zjr jgsA Lo- izks-fo|k/kj 'kkL=h izHk`fr foku bl laLFkk ls thoui;ZUr layXu jgsA bl laLFkk dksBkdqj jkeflag th] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] nkeksnjnkl eksgrk] jktoh Jh vejflag]Bk- lxrflag] Jh pUnznku pkj.k] Jh nhukukFk [k=h] Jh 'kaHkwn;ky lDlsuk] JhtloUrflag [khaph] Jh lR;ukjk;.k ikjhd tSls fortuksa us iq"ifor ,oa iYyforfd;kA MkW- VSLlhVksjh ds uke ij Hkk"k.k ihB LFkkiuk] chdkusj esa miyC/k gLrfyf[krxzaFkksa dk lwph&i= cukuk5] lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl fo"k;d 'kks/k&dk;Z] izkphu ,oaegŸoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld o lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa dk lEiknu ,oa izdk'ku] laxksf"B;ksa dklek;kstu] vkluihB ,oa O;k[;ku vk;ksftr djuk bl 'kks/k laLFkk ds egŸoiw.kZdk;Zks= ,oa miyfC/k;ka jgh gSaA

fofo/k 'kks/k mikf/k;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq iathd`r 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU;'kks/k&ftKklqvksa us Hkh bl laLFkk dh lsok,a izkIr dh gSaA bl ÿe esa f'ko Lo:ivpy] MkW- ek/kksnkl O;kl] eksguyky ftKklq] d`".kpUnz ksf=;] MkW- Lo.kZyrkvxzoky] MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor] eFkqjk izlkn vxzoky] m"kk nslkbZ o vkye'kkg vkfnfokuksa ds uke mYys[kuh; gSa tks ÿe'k% ^jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk fodkl vkSjbfrgkl*] dkO; nks"k*] jktLFkku ds pkj.kksa dk fMaxy lkfgR;*] [kqek.k jklkS&,dv/;;u*] jktLFkku dk csfy lkfgR;*] jktLFkku ds ykSfdd izsek[;ku*] jktLFkkuhyksdxhr*] ^ek?kokuydkedanyk&lkfgR; vkSj x.kifr dk ek?kokuy dkedanykizcU/k*] ^lw;ZeYy feJ.k dk oa'k HkkLdj&,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d v/;;u*bR;kfn fo"k;ksa ij vuqla/kkujr jgsA6

173


bl laLFkk us dyk] yksd lkfgR;] izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu bfrgkl rFkklaLd`fr ds vusd xzaFkksa dk laiknu ,oa ikBkuqla/kku Hkh izLrqr fd;kA bl laLFkk kjkizdkf'kr ,oa laikfnr xzaFkksa esa ls ^vpynkl [khph jh opfudk*7] îaokj&oa'kniZ.k*8] fou;pUnz d`fr&dqlqekatfy*9] /keZoºZu&xzaFkkoyh*10] ftujkt lwjh d`frdqlqekatfy*11] le; lqUnj jkl iapd*12] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh :ijs[kk*13] ftug"kZ&xzaFkkoyh*14] nEifr fouksn*15] lhrkjke pkSikbZ*16] ihjnku xzaFkkoyh*17 bR;kfnjpukvksa ,oa jktLFkku&Hkkjrh 'kks/k if=dk ds dfri; fo'ks"kkadksa dk uke fo'ks"k:i ls mYys[kuh; gSA MkW- rSLlhrksjh fo'ks"kkad] i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ fo'ks"kkad] egkjk.kkdqEHkk fo'ks"kkad] yksd lkfgR; fo'ks"kkad rFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad bl if=dkds laxzg.kh; lanHkZ vad dgs tk ldrs gSaA if=dk esa le;≤ ij izdkf'kr MkW-n'kjFk 'kekZ] ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] vxjpan ukgVk ljh[ks fokuksa kjk fyf[kr ys[kksadh o`gn~ lwfp;ka Hkh vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ cu iM+h gSaA

bl laLFkk ds rRoko/kku esa MkW- oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky] Jh jked`".k nkl] MkW-th- jkepUnzu] MkW- dSyk'kpUnz dkVtw] MkW- lR;izdk'k] MkW- MCY;w- ,yu]

MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ] MkW- frcsfj;ks frcsjh vkfn vusd varjkZ"V™h;[;kfr izkIr fokuksa ds Hkk"k.k vk;ksftr gks pqds gSa tks bl 'kks/k&laLFkk dh egŸkk dksLFkkfir djrs gSaA bl 'kks/k&laLFkk kjk izdkf'kr lEiw.kZ okaxe; gh vius vki esafof'k"V egŸo j[krk gS rFkkfi dqN izdk'ku rks ,sls gSa ftudk l`tukRed ,oalekykspukRed lkfgR; dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k egŸo gSA buesa vpynkl [khph jhopfudk18] gEehjk;.k19] gfj jl20] jktLFkkuh uhfr nwgk21] nyir foykl22] ftuktd`fr dqlqekatfy23] /keZoºZu xzaFkkoyh24] lhrkjke pkSikbZ25] jktLFkkuh jk nwgk26]cjl xkaB27] egknso ikoZrh jh csfy28 rks fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA blh izdkjbl 'kks/k laLFkk kjk izdkf'kr =Sekfld 'kks/k if=dk & ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh* ds ftufo'ks"kkadksa dk ftÿ iwoZ esa fd;k x;k gS muesa ls Hkh MkW- rSLlhrksjh fo'ks"kkad29]i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ t;Urh fo'ks"kkad30 egkjk.kk dqEHkk fo'ks"kkad31 rFkk yksd lkfgR;fo'ks"kkad32 rks ,sls vad gSa ftUgsa dbZ vFkksZa esa lanHkZ&xzaFk dgk tk ldrk gSA

Jh vHk; tSu xzaFkky; %;g chdkusj uxj dh lkfgR;&bfrgkl ds ks= dh ,d ,slh 'kks/k laLFkk gS

ftldh LFkkiuk ,oa fodkl u rks jkT;kJ; dh nsu gS vkSj u gh fdlh for lewgdh laLFkk ds izJ; dk ifj.kke gS] oju~ O;fDrxr iz;klksa dk ifj.kke gSA ;|fijktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh kjk izdkf'kr îjEijk* uked 'kks/k if=dk ds^jktLFkku ds xzaFkkxkj* uked fo'ks"kkad esa Jhyky uFkey tks'kh kjk bl laLFkk

fo"k;d ,d vkys[k fy[kk x;k gS33 ijUrq bl vkys[k dks ,d lrgh flagkoyksduek= dgk tk ldrk gS vr% rRlEcU/kh fooj.k dk lekos'k ;gka vifjgk;Z gks tkrkgSA ;g chdkusj uxj dh ,d ,slh laLFkk gS ftlus lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl ds lkFkyfyr dyk ds ks= esa Hkh mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA laLFkk dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1920esa34 vHk;jkt ukgVk dh Le`fr esa Jh vxjpan ukgVk kjk dh xbZA35 bl laLFkk dkegŸo ek= xzaFkkxkj ds gh :i esa ugha gS oju~ laxksf"B;ksa dk lek;kstu] 'kks/k&dk;ZfunsZ'ku] izkphu xzaFk izdk'ku ,oa dykRed midj.k lap; vkfn bl laLFkk dhmYys[kuh; izo`fŸk;ka jgh gSaA ukgVksa dh xqokM+ esa fLFkr bl laLFkk dh rhu eaftyksa esavHk; tSu xzaFkky; vofLFkr gS vkSj ≈ijh ,d eafty 'kadjnku ukgVk dyk Hkoudh gSA bl laLFkk esa 60 gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd gLrfyf[kr vkSj eqfnzr xzaFk gSaA36

gLrfyf[kr xzaFk 40 gtkj gSa ftuesa i=kdkj gLrfyf[kr 25 gtkj ,oa xqVdkdkj15 gtkj gSaA 'ks"k 20 gtkj eqfnzr iqLrdsa gSaA buesa laLd`r] izkd`r] viHkza'k] fgUnh]jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds xzaFk ukxjh] xqtjkrh] caxyk] mfM+;k vkfnfyfi;ksa esa lu~ 1243 ls yxkdj 20oha 'krkCnh rd ds gSaA xzaFk rkM+i=] Hkksti= ,oadkxtksa ij fy[ks gq, gSaA

bl laLFkk esa lax`ghr ukxjh fyfi ds rkM+i=h; xzaFkksa esa ik'kqirkpk;Z okes'oj/ot d`r îzckS/k flfº* uked U;k; xzaFk mYys[kuh; gSA caxyk fyfi esa rkM+i=h;xzaFkksa esa ^laf/ko`fr*] ^p.Mhnsoh egkRE;* vkfn izfr;ka rFkk mRdy fyfi esa ^cz„fo|k ;a=* vkSj Hkkxor vkfn dh izfr;ka gSaA ukxjh fyfi dh izfr;ka 14oha 'krkCnhdh] caxyk fyfi dh izfr;ka 17oha 'krkCnh dh rFkk mRdy izfr;ka vk/kqfud dkydh gSaA dkxt ij fy[ks xzaFk lu~ 1343 ls yxkdj 20oha 'krkCnh rd ds gSaA buesals gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh la[;k yxHkx 15 gtkj gSaA ;s lc i=kdkj gSaA buesalaLdr] izkdr] viHkza'k] fgUnh] jktLFkkuh vkSj xqtjkrh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dh gLrfyf[krizfr;ksa dk laxzg gSA bl 'kks/k laLFkk dh gLrfyf[kr izfr;ksa eas lHkh fo"k;ksa ds xazFk gSatSls] tSu vkxe] izdj.k] dFkk,a] jkl] Lrqfr] Lrks=] ,sfrgkfld o`rkUr] rhFkZekyk,a]vkpk;Z ,oa Jkodksa ds jkl] uxj o.kZukRed xtysa] ckouh] Nrhlh] oS|d] ra= ea=vkfn xzaFkksa ds lkFk gh tSusrj lEiznk;ksa ds /kkfeZd xzaFk] Lrks=] 'kdqu] lkeqfnzd]Lojksn;] jRu ijhkk] jktLFkkuh eas jfpr okrkZ,a] xhr] nksgs] csfy] lyksdk] NUn]fookg] /keky] fookg] yM+ vkfn vusdkusd fo"k;ksa ds xzaFk Hkh gSaA

bl 'kks/k laLFkk ds xzaFkkxkj esa ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; Hkh izpqj ek=k esa miyC/k gSAdfri; egŸoiw.kZ oa'kkofy;ka] rhFkZ ekyk,a37] iV~Vkofy;ka38] uxj o.kZukRed xtysa39]jktkvksa ds i= o [kkl #Dds40] fpV~Bh i=h ,oa vkns'k&i=41] fofHkUu Kku Hk.Mkjksads lwph i=42 bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; dgs tk ldrs gSaA buds vfrfjDr ys[ku

174


dyk ds lqUnj mnkgj.k43] fokuksa ds gLrkkj] iapkax o tUe if=;ka44] nqyZHk xzaFkksadh izsl dkfi;ka ,oa fo[;kr dfo;ksa dk lkfgR;&laxzg45 bl xzaFkkxkj ds vU;oSf'k"V~; gSaA

bl 'kks/k laLFkk ds dyk foHkkx esa izkphu fp=] iqjkus flDds46] feV~Vh dhlhysa47] gkFkh nkar dh oLrq,a vkSj /kkrq dh oLrqvksa48 dk laxzg gSA vusd gLrfyf[krlfp= iqLrdksa dk Hkh laxzg fd;k x;k gSA49 Jh vHk; tSu xzaFkky; ds laLFkkid Jhvxjpan ukgVk us izkphu tSu lkfgR; ds vusd 'kks/k fo"k;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k ,oa 'kks/kdk;Z funsZ'ku dh n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; ekxZn'kZu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks fn;kA bl laLFkk esatSu lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr fo'ks"k 'kks/k dk;Z gqvk gSA bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; bllaLFkk ds izdk'kuksa esa ,sfrgkfld tSu dkO; laxzg*] le; lqUnj&d`fr dqlqekatfy*]^Kkulkxj xzaFkkoyh*] chdkusj tSu ys[k laxzg*] rFkk lhrkjke pkSikbZ*] tho n;kizdj.k dkO;=;h*] jktk Jhiky vkSj eSuk lqUnjh* rFkk lrh e`xkorh* vkfn bldsvU; lkfgfR;d izdk'kuksa dk mYys[k ;gka izklafxd gSA

Hkkjrh; fo|k eafnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku %Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ ns'k esa O;kIr uopsruk dh ygj ls izHkkfor gksdj

chdkusj ds dfri; f'kkkuqjkfx;ksa us chdkusj esa izkS<+ ,oa lekt f'kkk dk vfHk;kuvkjEHk fd;k] Qyr% 19 vxLr lu~ 1948 bZ- dks Hkkjrh; fo|k eafnj dh LFkkiukdh xbZA bl laLFkk dk mn~ns'; fgUnh] jktLFkkuh ,oa vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds ek/;e lsizkjfEHkd ls mPp f'kkk rd dh O;oLFkk rFkk lkfgfR;d ,oa ,sfrgkfld 'kks/kdk;Zlaiknu jgk gSA bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ dh fn'kk esa bl laLFkk ds varxZr Hkkjrh; fo|keafnj jkf= fo|ky;] jktLFkku cky Hkkjrh vkSj Hkkjrh; fo|k eafnj 'kks/k izfr"Bkudh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bl izdkj ;g 'kks/k laLFkk fo|k eafnj dh gh ,d 'kk[kk gSA;g laLFkk jktLFkku f'kkk foHkkx ls 70 izfr'kr vuqnkfur gSA lkfgfR;d ,oa,sfrgkfld 'kks/k esa bl laLFkk dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA bl laLFkk esa ,d iqLrdky;gS ftlesa 1500 ds yxHkx gLrfyf[kr ,oa yxHkx 12 gtkj eqfnzr iqLrdsa gSaA bliqLrdky; esa izkI; dfri; gLrfyf[kr xzaFk ,oa vizkI; eqfnzr lanHkZ xzaFk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksads mi;ksxkFkZ vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ gSaA laLFkk esa izfrf"Br 'kks/k if=dk,a eaxokbZ olajfkr dh tkrh gSaA laLFkk esa fo'ks"k :i ls lar&lkfgR; vkSj yksd&lkfgR;lEcU/kh lkexzh ij dk;Z gks jgk gSA cM+h ek=k esa yksd dFkkvksa] yksd ukV~;ksa]f'kykys[kksa] yksdxhrksa] Hktuksa] yksdxkFkkvksa] eqgkojksa o yksdksfDr;ksa dk laxzg fd;kx;k gSA eq[;r% jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ,oa jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;dv/;;uksa ,oa 'kks/k dk;ksZa ds fy;s ;g laLFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dk rhFkZ LFky gSA orZeku esa

bl 'kks/k laLFkk ds v/;k Jh ek/kksnkl th ewa/kM+k] ea=h Jh ewypan ikjhd gSa rFkkbldh izcU/k lfefr esa Jh lR;ukjk;.k ikjhd] Jh jkes'oj ikf.M;k] MkW- ckcwyky'kekZ] Jh ,l-,u-g"kZ] Jh ch-Mh-tks'kh ljh[ks fortu lfEefyr gSaA bl laLFkk esavkus vkSj ;gka lax`ghr 'kks/k&lkexzh dk mi;ksx djus okys fokuksa esa Jh xksfoUnykyxqIr] Jh d`".kdqekj 'kekZ] Jh jke ckrsjk] Hkxorhyky 'kekZ] Jh euksgj 'kekZ] JhvkasadkjukFk prqosZnh] jkefd'kksj ekS;Z] Jh fjNikyflag 'ks[kkor] Jh ukuwjke laLd`rk]dqekjh jkt lDlsuk ds uke mYys[kuh; gSa ftuds 'kks/k fo"k; ÿe'k% ^yksdxkFkk,a*] fgUnh miU;klksa eas ;FkkFkZokn dk fodkl*] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk esa bfrgkl*]^laLd`fr o lkfgR;*] ^ckrka*] ^jktLFkkuh lar lkfgR;*] ^tku dfo ds izsek[;kuksadk vkykspukRed v/;;u*] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa yksd nsork* rFkk jktLFkkuh esafc'uksbZ iaFk* bR;kfn FksA

bl laLFkk kjk izdkf'kr d`fr;ksa esa ^jklkS lkfgR; vkSj i`Fohjkt jklkS*]îzkphu dkO;ksa dh :i ijEijk*] ûkxne.k*] ^j.keYy NUn*] ^NUn jkm tSrlh jks& chBw lwts jks dfg;ks*] xksxkth pkSgku dh jktLFkkuh xkFkk*] vyf[k;k lEiznk;*]^veh; gykgy enHkjs*] ^xksj C;koyks*] êkSfDrd ladyu*] ê:/kjk jks bVkyoheksHkh*] ôkeu fojkV* ,oa ^jlkS oS l%* mYys[kuh; gSaA bl 'kks/k laLFkku kjkôSpkfjdh* uked ,d =Sekfld 'kks/k&if=dk Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA laLFkk dsrRoko/kku esa le;≤ ij lehkkRed dkO; xksf"B;ka] fopkj xksf"B;ka] dFkkxksf"B;ka] iqLrd lehkk xksf"B;ka] Hkk"k.k ekyk,a vkfn vk;ksftr dh tkrh jgh gSaA

mi;qZDr rhu laLFkkvksa ds vfrfjDr bUgha laLFkkvksa ds leku egŸo dhdfri; vU; 'kks/k laLFkk,a Hkh gSa ftuesa eq[; gSa & fgUnh fo'o Hkkjrh*] jktLFkkuhHkk"kk izpkj izdk'ku laLFkku*] okrk;u laLFkku*] Jh tqfcyh ukxjh Hk.Mkj*] xq.kizdk'k lTtuky;*] ^lafgrk*] ^vuwi laLd`r iqLRdky;*] ^jktLFkku jkT;vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj* ,oa ^jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] chdkusj* bR;kfnAbuesa ls izR;sd 'kks/k&laLFkk ij Lora= :i ls 'kks/k vkys[k ;k iqLrd iz.k;u gksldrk gSA 'kks/k i= izLrqfrdj.k gsrq fu/kkZfjr le; lhek ds cU/ku ds dkj.k bl'kks/k vkys[k esa ek= rhu laLFkkvksa ds v/;;u dk gh lekos'k fd;k tk ldk gSA

fu"d"kZ Lo:i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd chdkusj uxj dh lkfgR; ,oabfrgkl ks= dh bu 'kks/k&laLFkkvksa us fgUnh ,oa jktLFkkuh dh xkSjo o`fº gsrqlkfgfR;d vuqla/kku] ltZuk] lekykspuk] Hkk"kk fodkl ,oa yksd lkfgR; vkfn dsks=ksa esa rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d vuqla/kku esa vewY; ;ksxnkufn;k gSA bu 'kks/k&laLFkkvksa rFkk buds ;ksxnku dk ewY;kadu djus ij bl fu"d"kZ

175


ij lgt gh igqapk tk ldrk gS fd loZFkk fiNM+s gq, chdkusj tSls e: izns'k esavofLFkr gksrs gq, Hkh ;s laLFkk,a 'kks/k dh n`f"V ls jk"V™h; Lrj dk ewY;oku dk;Z djjgh gSaA blds vfrfjDr uxj ds leqUur lkfgfR;d okrkoj.k ,oa ifjos'k ds fuekZ.kesa Hkh bu laLFkkvksa dh egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA oLrqr% vko';drk bl ckr dh gSfd chdkusj uxj dh ;s 'kks/k laLFkk,a ftl fu"Bk ,oa tkx:drk ls fgUnh ,oajktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr dh Jho`fº djjgh gSa] Hkfo"; esa blls Hkh vf/kd mRlkg ,oa drZO; fu"Bk ls iz;Ru'khy jgrs gq,bu ks=ksa dks le`º ,oa leqUur cuk,axhA

lanHkZ1- Jh ds-,e-iUuhdj lkfgR; ,oa bfrgkl izseh fo|kuqjkxh iz'kkld FksA bUgksaus

vusd iqLrdksa dk iz.k;u fd;k ftuesa ls & ^fgt gkbusl nh egkjktk vkWQchdkusj* budh mYys[kuh; d`fr gSa] vkWDlQksMZ] 1937

2- jktLFkku Hkkjrh] ifjp; vad3- nz"VO; % lu~ 1946 dh baLVhV~;wV dh fooj.k if=dk4- lu~ 1944 ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh_ Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk] bfrgkl] iqjkrRo ,oa

laLd`fr fo"k;d jk"V™h; Lrj dh 'kks/k if=dk_ orZeku esa izdk'ku ugha gks jgk5- bu xzaFkksa dh la[;k yxHkx <kbZ yk[k gSA6- buesa ls vf/kla[; fo"k;ksa ij 'kks/k&mikf/k;ka izkIr gks pqdh gSaA MkW- f'ko Lo:i

'kekZ ^vpy* dk 'kks/k izcU/k & fijktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;] mn~Hko vkSj fodklfiblh laLFkk kjk izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA

7- ;g iUnzgoha 'krkCnh dk i|kRed ,sfrgkfld xzaaFk gSA ;g jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dhizkphure jpukvksa esa ls gSA blesa opfudk ds lkFk lkuqokn ^ykyk esokM+h* dhckr Hkh nh xbZ gSA izkjEHk esa MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ dk ,sfrgkfld ijhk.k vkSj vUr esa'kCndks'k fn;k x;k gSA bldk laiknu Jh nhukukFk [k=h us fd;k gSA

8- n;kynkl fla<k;p d`r bl xzaFk dk laiknu MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ us fd;k gSA9- bldk laiknu Jh Hkaojyky ukgVk us fd;k gSA10- bldk laiknu Jh vxjpan ukgVk us fd;k gSA11- bldk laiknu Jh vxjpan ukgVk us fd;k gSA12- egkegksik/;k; le; lqUnj d`r ikap dkO; dFkklkxj bl iqLrd esa ladfyr gSaA

laiknu Hkaojyky us fd;k gSA13- Bk- jkeflag] izdk'k ifjey vkSj jes'k tSu kjk laikfnr bl d`fr esa chl 'kks/kiw.kZ

fucU/k ladfyr gSaA14- tljkt ;k ftug"kZ (tSu dfo) dh y?kq jpukvksa dk ;g o`gn~ xzaFk Jh vxjpan

ukgVk us laikfnr fd;k gSA

15- egkjktk vuwiflag (chdkusj) dh y?kq jpukvksa dk ;g o`gn~ xzaFk Jh vxjpanukgVk us laikfnr fd;k gSA

16- le; lqUnj th jfpr bl jktLFkkuh jkl&dkO; dk laiknu Jh vxjpan ukgVk usfd;k gSA

17- pkj.k dfo ihjnku ykyl dh leLr jpukvksa dk laxzg] ftldk laiknu Jhvxjpan ukgVk us fd;k gSA

18- f'konkl xkM.k jfpr ^vpynkl [khph jh opfudk* 15oha lnh dk ohjjlkRed paiwdkO; gSA

19- 16oha 'krkCnh dkyhu bl d`fr esa HkkaMm us gEehjnso dk pfj= xku fd;k gSA20- pkj.k dfo bZ'kjnkl jfpr 17 jpukvksa esa ls gfjjl mudh loZizeq[k jpuk gSA21- uhfr ds nksgksa dks ysdj jkft;k] ukfFk;k] 'ks[kjk] HkSfj;k] tloar] Hkksft;k]

dkfu;k] mnSjkt] Qwfl;k] fdlfu;k] leu] pdkfj;k] eksfr;k vkfn lSadM+ksadfo;ksa ds nksgs vkt Hkh ;gka ds yksd thou ds daBgkj cus gq, gSaA

22- vdcjdkyhu ;g jpuk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkfgfR;d nksuksa n`f"V ls egŸoiw.kZ gSaA23- ;g l=goha lnh ds mŸkjkºZdky dh tSu ([kjrjxPNh;) dfo ftujkt lwjh dk

dkO; ladyu d`fr gSA24- tSu dfo /keZoºZu dh dkO; jpukvksa dk ladyu25- tSu dfo le; lqanj jfpr bl xzaFk esa jkedFkk dk o.kZu gSA26- blesa jktLFkkuh thou dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls lEcfU/kr nwgksa dk ladyu gSA27- eqjyh/kj O;kl kjk fyf[kr 25 dgkfu;ksa dk ladyu gSA28- dfo fdluk kjk jfpr pkj.kh csfy lkfgR; dh egŸoiw.kZ d`fr gSA29- ;g fo'ks"kkad bVkfy;u foku rSLlhrksjh dh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lsok dk cgqewY;

lfp= dks'k gSA30- chdkusj ujs'k i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ (ftUgsa ^csfy fÿlu :De.kh jh* dk jpukdkj

ekuk tkrk gS) dh Le`fr esa lu~ 1960&61 esa jktLFkku Hkkjrh ds bl fo'ks"kkaddks izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA

31- egkjk.kk dqEHkk ds O;fDrRo] d`frRo ,oa pfj= ij izdk'k Mkyus okyk jktLFkkuHkkjrh dk ;g fo'ks"kkad lu~ 1963 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA

32- fnlEcj] lu~ 1966 esa izdkf'kr33- Jhyky uFkey tks'kh % vHk; tSu xzaFkky;] chdkusj] vkys[k (ijEijk] Hkkx

la[;k 71&72] jktLFkku ds xzaFkkxkj)] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj] i`- 116&123

34- mi;qZDr] i`- 119 (Jhyky uFkey tks'kh bldk izkjEHk fo-la-2000 esa ekurs gSa)

176


35- pkpk vxjpan ds lkFk muds Hkrhts Hkaojyky ukgVk dk Hkh bl laLFkk dhLFkkiuk esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgkA

36- jftLVj esa p<+h vafre ik.Mqfyfi dk ÿ- 56934 gSA ijEijk] mi;qZDr] i`- 11937- Hkkjr ds HkkSxksfyd lk/kuksa esa tSu rhFkZekykvksa dk egŸoiw.kZ LFkku gSA38- tSu Je.k la?k ds fofo/k xPNksa dk bfrgkl mudh iV~Vkofy;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA39- tSu dfo;ksa us Hkkjr ds vusd uxjksa dk o.kZu bl lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA40- tSukpk;ksZa o tSu lekt rFkk jktiwr ujs'kksa ds e/; i= O;ogkj] ijokus vkfnA41- tSukpk;Z vius vkKkuqorhZ eqfu;ksa dks fogkj vkSj prqekZl djus ds fy;s vkns'k

i=kfn Hkstrs jgrs FksA42- LFkkuh; Kku Hk.Mkjksa ds lwph i=ksa ds vfrfjDr vusdkusd ck· Kku Hk.Mkjksa ds

lwph i= Hkh ;gka laxzghr gSaA43- 16oha 'krkCnh dk ,d xqVdk ;gka izkI; gS tks Lo.kZ o jtr v[kjksa esa fyf[kr gSA44- vusd fokuksa ds gLrkkj ,oa laor~ 1701 ls ysdj vkt rd ds iapkax ;gka

miyC/k gSaA chdkusj ds ujs'kksa dh tUeif=;ka Hkh ;gka izkI; gSaA45- vU; laxzgky;ksa dh ,sfrgkfld ,oa egŸoiw.kZ nqyZHk iqLrdsa ;gka izsl dkfi;ksa ds

:i esa lqjfkr gSaA46- iqjkus flDdksa dk laxzg fo'ks"k ugha gS] fQj Hkh dq"kk.kdkyhu lksus dk gfo"d dk

flDdk ,oa 2000 o"kZ rd ds iqjkus pkanh o rkacs ds flDds ;gka laxzghr gSaA47- lkjukFk vkSj jktx`g ls izkIr ckSº lhysaA48- fiŸkye; cqº dh ewfrZ] mn;jkelj ds Vhyksa ls fudys yksg[k.M] rkacs dk

?k.Vkd.kZ ;U= vkfnA49- diM+s ij jfpr fp=koyh esa ,d ckSº fp=iV gS tks 700 o"kZ izkphu gSA

chdkusj lekt dh /kM+ O;oLFkk (tkfr O;oLFkkdk izdkj) dk ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u

MkW- eqds'k g"kZ

chdkusj 'kgj fj;klr dky esa lcls cM+k 'kgj FkkA 'kgj etcwr ijdksVsls f?kjk FkkA1 lQhy2 esa cqtZ vkSj ekspsZ cuk;s x;s FksA pwus o iRFkj ls etcwrijdksVs dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA 'kgj dh fgQktr ds fy, ;g pkjnhokjh mEnkFkhA blesa izeq[k ik°p njokts] rhu ckfj;k° FkhA bleas ik°p njokts dksV njoktk]'khryk njoktk] xksxk njoktk (fnYyh njoktk)3] uRFkwlj njoktk o rhu njhphtks ckfj;ksa ds uke ls e'kgwj gSaA gekyksa dh ckjh] dlkbZ;ksa dh ckjh] Hkhuklj ckjhvkfn j[kh xbZ FkhA4 ftueas etcwr fdokM+ yxs gq, FksA fdokM+ksa ij igjk Hkh pyrkFkkA lc njokts lkr cts 'kke dks can gks tkrsA flQZ dksV njoktk jkr nl ctsrd [kqyk jgrkA 'kgj ds edku utnhd o lkQ lqFkjs FksA vkt Hkh gj eqgYys dksxqokM+ ;k ljk; cksyrs gSa] tks fd ,d la;qdr ifjokj dh rjg cls FksA gj tkfr ds;k eqgYys ds izfrf"Br O;fDr ds uke ls eqgYys cls FksA MkW- ewj lkfgc us chdkusj'kgj dk fujhk.k fd;k o tkudkjh fy[khA rax xfy;k°] eq[; lM+dksa ls gksrh gqbZnjoktksa] ckfj;ksa rd igq°prh gSaA bl 'kgj dh clkoV dh dksbZ cjkcjh ugha djldrkA5 'kgj dh tehu dgh ≈°ph dgha uhph FkhA cjlkr eas 'kgj ls xqtjukeqf'dy gks tkrk FkkA 'kgj esa iq"dj.kk czk„.k Hkh [kwc vkckn FksA6 iq"dj.kkczk„.k (xqtZj czk„.k dh ,d 'kk[kk) ds 14 xks= o 84 tkfr;k° o muds dqNmiHkkx Hkh FksA iq"dj.kk czk„.k ^ch* Dykl dh Js.kh esa czk„.k vkrs FksA7 ;glekt vius vki esa Js"B lkekftd <k°ps esa ca/kk gqvk FkkA bl n`f"V ls budslkekftd vonku dks ge vxzkafdr pj.kksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gSaA

/kM+&/kM+ifr fLFkfr o dk;Z &tkfr iapk;r O;oLFkk ds ÿe esa /kM+ /kM+ifr dh O;oLFkk FkhA tks tkfr

iapk;r dk lexz fodflr :i FkkA chdkusj jkT; dh lkekftd bfrgkl esa foÿedh 18oha 'krh (1701&1800 fo-la-) eas chdkusj esa leLr izdkj ds czk„.k ^rhu/kM+ks**8 esa foHkDr FksA bu /kM+ksa dk xBu eq[;r% jkT;dqy] oS'; (ekgs'ojh vkfn)

177


o czk„.k oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa ds fu/ku ij e`rd laLdkj9 ds fufer 13osa fnu gksus okysczk„.k Hkkst10 esa Hkkstu o blds mijkar vf/kdre udn nfk.kk izkfIr ds y;ksavkfn dks ysdj gqvkA bu rhu /kM+ksa esa iq"dj.kk czk„.k] N%U;kfr ds czk„.k]Jhekyh czk„.k o vU; czk„.kksa vkfn esa ls dqN tkfr;ksa o mi tkfr;ksa ds yksxlfEefyr gksrs FksA tSlk fd gj laxBu esa gksrk gS vFkkZr~ erHksn o fo?kVuA Bhd oSlsgh iq"dj.kk czk„.kksa dh /kM+ esa dqN VwVu fn[kkbZ nsrh jghA ,sls le; esa jŸkk.khO;kl o dqN vU; iq"dj.kk czk„.k tkfr;ksa us lekt dks ,drk ds lw= esa cka/kuokyh bl /kM+ dks larqfyr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA mUgksaus ubZ /kM+ ds laxBu esa HkhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA11

iq"dj.kk czk„.kksa dh izFke /kM+ chdkusj ds twBkuh O;klksa ds rRoko/kkuesa xfBr gqbZA fdUrq dgk tkrk gSa fd vkpk;Z f'kjksef.k Jh egkuan dk fdlh ckrds fy, twBkuh O;klksa ls fookn gks x;kA vr% mUgksausa iq"dj.kk czk„.kksa dh ,d vU;/kM+ cukus dk fopkj fd;kA uohu /kM+ jkT;kuqefr ds fcuk cuuh laHko ugha FkhAml le; chdkusj ds egkjktk vuwiflag o egkuanth dk fo'ks"k laca/k FkkA fQj HkhtwBkuh O;klksa dh lnL; la[;k] /ku izfr"Bk vf/kd FkhA jkT; dqy esa mudk LFkkuFkkA bl dkj.k izkjaHk esa vyx /kM+ ugha cuk;h tk ldhA12 egkuanth dk fookgjŸkk.kh O;kl ifjokj eas gqvkA ,sls le; esa egkjktk vuwiflag13 us egkuanth vkpk;Zls dgk fd Jh jŸkk.kh O;klksa dk mUgsa lkekftd Lrj ij O;kid leFkZu fey tk;sarks mUgsa (egkjktk vuwiflag) izLrkfor uohu /kM+ dks Lohd`fr nsus esa dksbZ dfBukbZugha gksxhA varr% egkuanth dks jŸkk.kh O;klksa ls uohu /kM+ cukus esa lg;ksx feykAfQj rRdkyhu egkjktk vuwiflag14 (1695 fo-la-&1728 fo-la-) us egkuanth dksuohu /kM+ xfBu djus dh LohÑfr iznku dj nhA egkuanth us ml /kM+ dk uke ^JhyehukFkth dh /kM+** j[kk FkkA15 ;|fi /kM+ foHkktu ykHknk;h ugha FkkA fQj Hkhbu /kM+ksa dk lkekftd egRo vc Hkh cuk jgkA fQj ,d fookn (nqvk nsus dksysdj] g"kZ&O;kl tkfr esa fookn) ds dkj.k egkuanth dks /kM+ifr16 o yehukFkthdh /kM+ dk vyx ls fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA17

bl izdkj iq"dj.kk U;kfr esa nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksus ij Hkh laHkor;kokafNr lq/kkj ugha gks ik;kA ftldk vkHkkl egkjktk Jh vuwiflag kjk Jh egkuanvkpk;Z dks o Jh /kj.kh/kjth dks fy[ks x;s i= ls feyrk gSaA ewy i= bl izdkjgSa& ^LofLr Jh egkjktf/kjkt egkuan /kj.kh/kj tksx 5 lqizlkn ckaphtksA rFkk dksbZczk„.k ewaMs ekjx gkys xksyh ?kj esa ?kkrs Fkksjh /kM+ jk ruw Fkks ltk nhoh vkSj ikar ekgs

th ek;ks rsjks vkyaHkks Fkkuw NSA vkSj dqekjx pkys xksyh ?kj ?kkrs rsus /kM+ lwa ckj dk<ksvkSj chth /kM+ jh ikar eksgs csus ?kkrlh lks ltk iklsA laor~ 1747 ferh tsB lqnh 5eqdke jkbZ pw: lwa dksl pkj ijsA**18

dgk tkrk gSa fd ^^iq"dj.kk czk„.kksa dh /kM+ dk y; lkekftd ,drk onks"keqDr lqlaLd`r lekt dh lajpuk djus ds fopkjkas ls Hkh vksrizksr FkkA jktkvksa ojkT;dqy fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa] oS';ksa o czk„.k leqnk; esa e`rd laLdkj ij czk„.kHkkst gksrk FkkA ftlesa chdkusj ds fofHkUu czk„.k leqnk; ^rhu /kM+s* Hkkstu djrsFksA bl Hkkstu ls iwoZ tkrh; laxBu dh iwokZuqefr vko';d FkhA Hkkstu ds mijkUrczk„.kksa dks udn nfk.kk nh tkrh FkhA izkjEHk esa izfr O;fDr nks #i;s kjk Hkhczk„.ksa dks nh tkrh FkhA bu /kM+ksa ds /kM+ifr czk„.kksa dh nfk.kk ds #i;s ,d eq'rizkir dj mudk viuh viuh /kM+ ds czk„.kksa esa foHkktu djrs FksA ;g rRdkyhulkekftd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw FkkA fQj /kM+s foHkkftr gksrhx;hA fQj ,d ,d ;k nks nks tkfr;ksa dk la;qDr HkkbZik cuuk izkjEHk gks x;kA**

mi;qZDr /kM+ fo"k;d foospu ls Li"V gksrk gSa fd iq"dj.kk czk„.k lekt esa/kM+ ds izeq[k O;fDr /kM+ifr dk lkekftd Lrj ij fof'k"V LFkku cuus yxk rFkkmlds kjk nfk.kk izkfIr o foHkktu djus tSls igyw us lekt ds O;fDr;ksa dksvyx&vyx /kM+ cukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA tkfr iapk;r o /kM+ vkfn fo"k;i`Fkd xgu 'kks/k ds fo"k; Hkh gSaA

lanHkZ1- rokjh[k jktJh&eqa'kh lksguyky] i`- 142- lQhy&ijdksVk3- 1795 fo-la- f'kykys[k dk voyksdu fd;k x;kA4- chdkusj 'kgj dh clkoV ,d O;ofLFkr rjhds ls dh x;h gS] ftlesa lekt ds

<k°ps dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk x;k gSA5- rokjh[k jktJh] eqa'kh lksguyky] i`- 14&156- ogh] i`- 167- enqZe'kqekjh ekjokM&1891] tks/kiqj] i`- 28- /kM+&flj jghr 'kjhj ('kkfCnd vFkZ) tkrh; laxBu ;k lewgA9- 16 laLdkjksa esa vafre laLdkj gksrk gSA10- iq"dj.kk czk„.k lekt esa ;g Hkkst 12osa fnu gksrk gS ftls ckjgoka dgrs gSA

enqZe'kqekjh ekjokM&i`- 180] 1895 tks/kiqj

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11- jŸkk.kh O;klksa dk bfrgkl ,oa oa'kkoyh] MkW- jktsUÊ izlkn O;kl] i`- 73] ijekuanifCyds'kUl] chdkusj

12- U;kr&lapkyu dk dk;Z yacs le; rd twBksth ds ikl jgkA vkpk;Z oa'kkoyh]jey.kyky vkpk;Z 1968] chdkusj i`- 14

13- dgk tkrk gS fd egkjkt vuwiflag dk ckSfºd jŸkk.kh O;klksa ls ?kfu"B laca/kFkkA

14- chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] xkSjh'kadj] ghjkpan vks>k] oksY;we&I] i`- 196&214tks/kiqj] frh; laLdj.k 2007

15- vkpk;Z oa'kkoyh i`- 14] je.k vkpk;Z 1968] chdkusj16- /kM+&tkfr; lewg o /kM+ifr&lewg dk izeq[k] ;g laLFkk vius izHkko esa tkfr

iapk;r ls ≈ij gqvk djrh FkhA17- jŸkk.kh O;klksa dk bfrgkl ,oa oa'kkoyh] MkW- jktsUÊ izlkn O;kl] i`- 98 chdkusj18- ;g /kM+ (tkfr iapk;r ls tqM+k) ds lanHkZ esa izkjaHk esa fn;k x;k vkns'k i= FkkA

chdkusj ks= esa tkfrokn ,oa NqvkNwr ds fo:ºLokeh ds'kokuUn (1883&1972 bZ-) dk ;ksxnku

MkW- reUuk flag

chdkusj lEHkkx dh laxfj;k uke dh NksVh lh e.Mh dks vius lkekftd'kSfkd dk;ksZa dk vk/kkj cukdj jk"V™h; Lrj rd igpku cukus okys vk/kqfud ;qxds cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds /kuh Lokeh ds'kokuUn lhdj ftys ds exyw.kk uke ds NksVs lsxkao es tUe ysus ds ckn vHkko xzLr ckY;dky dks >syrs gq, ;qokoLFkk ls igys ghvukFk gks x;s o iatkc ds QkftYdk esa lk/kq os'k /kkj.k dj iatkc ls gh jk"V™fgro lektfgr esa yx x;sA vlg;ksx vkanksyu o lfou; voKk vkanksyu esa Hkkxysdj os fczfV'k tsy esa jgsA blh nkSjku vcksgj&QkftYdk ks= esa f'kkk izlkj otu tkx`fr dk vfHk;ku izkjEHk fd;kA lu~ 1932 esa mUgksus laxfj;k esa igys lsLFkkfir tkV&,aXyks laLd`r fefMy Ldwy dk dk;ZHkkj laHkkykA ;gka ls pkyhl o"kksZads vius ?kVukiw.kZ thou esa Lokeh th us chdkusj laHkkx ds lqnwj xzkeh.k vapy esa287 'kkykvksa dh LFkkiuk dj mudk lapkyu fd;kA lHkh 'kkykvksa ds fy,ikB~;ÿe o iz'kklfud fu;eu laxfj;k ls Lokeh th kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA f'kkkizlkj ds lkFk&lkFk Lokeh th lkekftd dqizFkkvksa ds fo:º Hkh lrr~ iz;kljr~ FksAmudk lkekftd dn bruk o`gn~ gks pqdk Fkk fd lu~ 1956 esa ve`rlj ds izflºLo.kZ eafnj ds Lo.kZ i=dksa dk th.kksZaºkj tSlk cM+k vk;kstu muds gkFkksa djok;kx;kA jktLFkku dh fo/kkulHkk kjk mUgsa nks ckj loZ lEer mEehnokj ds rkSj ijjkT;lHkk esa fuokZfpr fd;k x;kA os lu~ 1952&1964 rd jkT;lHkk lnL; jgsA

Hkkjr ljdkj us muds jk"V™fgr dk;ksZa dk lEeku djrs gq, mu ij lu~ 1999esa Mkd fVdV tkjh fd;kA jktLFkku dh ljdkj us chdkusj fLFkr d`f"k fo-fo- dkukedj.k Lokeh ds'kokuan jktLFkku d`f"k fo-fo- dj muds lkekftd&'kSkf.kddk;ksZa dk lEeku fd;k gSA Lokeh th ds dk;ksZa dk nk;jk dkQh o`gn~ gSA bl'kks/k i= esa muds lkekftd lq/kkj dk;ksZa ds lanHkZ esa tkfr&Hksn o NqvkNwr dsfo:º muds dk;ksZa dh foospuk dh x;h gSA rRdkyhu lekt esa lkekftd&dqjhfr;ksa o cqjkb;ksa dh ,d yEch lwph FkhA Lokeh ds'kokuan us izR;sd dqizFkk ijizgkj djus o lqizFkk LFkkfir djus dk miÿe fd;kA lfn;ksa ls Hkkjrh; lekt

179


tkfr&ik°fr ds foHkktu ls ;qDr jgk gSA blh Hkko us NqvkNwr ;k vLi`';rk tSlslkekftd vijk/k dks tUe fn;kA ;g ?k`f.kr cqjkbZ gekjs lekt esa O;kIr ladqfprtkfroknh lksp ds dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ gSA oLrqr% tkfr ,d cUn&oxZ gS vkSj tkfroknml cUn ds lnL;ksa dh ge^ dh Hkkouk gSA lektfon~ dkdk dkysydj dk dgukgS fd] fltkfrokn vU/k vkSj ifjfer lewg HkfDr gS] tks U;k; ds lkekU; lkekftdekun.Mksa ds vkSfpR;] uSfrdrk rFkk lkoZHkkSfed&Hkzkr`Ro dh miskk djrh gSAfi tc,d tkfr ds lnL; nwljh tkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa viuh tkfr dks mPp ekurs gSa vkSjnwljh tkfr;ksa ds ykHk dh fpUrk fd, fcuk viuh tkfr ds LokFkZ dh jkk djrs gSarks bl izdkj dh Hkkouk rFkk d`R; tkfrokn dgykrk gSA ;gh ≈ap&uhp dh HkkoukvLi`';rk dks tUe nsrh gSA vius dks mPp le>us okyh tkfr ds yksx Lo;a lsfuEu le>us okyh tkfr ds yksxksa dks gs;&n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa vkSj NqvkNwr dh izo`frviukrs gSaA fdlh Hkh lH; lekt ds fy, tkfr&Hksn rFkk NqvkNwr dk voyEcu,d ihM+knk;h igyw gSA Lokeh ds'kokuan us tkfrokn ,oe~ NqvkNwr dh izFkk dksHkkjr ds lqUnj lkekftd <+kaps ij dks<+ dh rjg ekuk gSA1 Lokeh th us bl izo`fr dsfo#º vkthou&la?k"kZ fd;k rFkk vius thou esa bl izo`fr ds fo#º vkpj.k/kkj.k dj vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks izsfjr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA lk/kqRo /kkj.k djus dsipkr~ tSls gh Lokeh th dk ;k;kojh thou lekIr gqvk o lkekftd ljksdkjksa lstqM+ko gqvk rks tkfroknh lekt esa O;kIr NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk ls muds eu esa osnukvksj rhoz gqbZA Lokeh th us vius bl dk;Z dk izFke izkjEHk vcksgj&QkftYdk ks=ds xk°oksa ls fd;kA Lokeh th vius lq/kkj dk;ksZa esa izk;% ,d vuks[kk iz;ksx viukrsFksA bl gsrq os cM+s o lEiUu xk°oksa ls bldh 'kq:vkr djrs FksA2 tkfr&ik°fr dsf?kuksus Lo:i ij Lokeh th f[kUu FksA NqvkNwr dh dqizFkk ds laca/k esa mUgksus dgk]fleSa ml tkr&ik°r ds tgj dks ns[k jgk gw° fd blus fdl izdkj euq"; dks lqUnjcukrs gq, Hkh Hkhrj ls blds fny ij iDdk [kwa[kkjh jkklh jax p<+k fn;k gSA vkteuq"; dh dnz ugha jghA vkt rks viuh tkfr dk vkneh pkfg,] fQj pkgs ogfdruk gh cqjk D;ksa u gksA nwljh tkfr dk nsork Hkh mls ilUn ugha gSAfi3

Lokeh ds'kokuUn us tkfr&O;oLFkk ds cqjs Lo:i rFkk NqvkNwr dh ?k`f.krizFkk dks cpiu esa gh eglwl dj fy;k FkkA ckY;dky esa xk°o esa czk„.kksa dk egRorFkk opZLo ns[kkA ,d Xokys ds :i esa NqvkNwr dk vuks[kk Lo:i ns[kkA lHkhtkfr ds Xokys lkFk&lkFk xk;sa pjkrs] lkFk ?kwers] lkFk [ksyrs&dwnrs ijUrq [kkus dhxBM+h o ikuh dh yksVM+h vyx&vyx FkhA tkV dh yksVM+h vyx o pekj] ukbZ]eqlyeku lcdh vyx&vyxA vxj tkV dh yksVM+h dk ikuh [kRe gks tkrk rksI;kl ls izk.k Hkys gh fudys og pekj ;k eqlyeku] ukbZ dh yksVM+h dk ikuh ugha

ih ldrk FkkA thou vkSj e`R;q ds iz'uksa ls Hkh cM+k Fkk] tkfrokn o NqvkNwr dkvkMEcjA4 tkfroknh NqvkNwr dk cM+k vuqHko Lokeh ds'kokuan us rc fd;k tcQkftYdk esa mUgksus laLd`r i<+us dh bPNk tkfgj dhA chjek (Lokeh th dkcpiu dk uke) dks laLd`r i<+us dk gd dsoy blfy, ugha Fkk fd mldh tkfrtkV FkhA ;g gd mls rc gksrk tc og czk„.k gksrk] tks fd og cu ugha ldrkFkkA vr% tkfr cU/ku ls mUeqDr gksdj] lk/kq cudj] chjek laLd`r i<+us okyksa dhtekr esa 'kkfey gks ldkA chjek ls Lokeh ds'kokuan cuus rd ds lQj esatkfrokn ,oe~ NqvkNwr dh ?k`f.kr lkekftd dqizFkk dk na'k Lo;a Lokeh th us HkksxkFkkA Lokeh ds'kokuan cudj os tkfr&O;oLFkk ls eqDr gks x, FksA vc os mldqizFkk dh ihM+k ls ckgj FksA Lokeh th us lekt dks ml ihM+k ls mUeqDr djus dkchM+k mBk;kA tkfr O;oLFkk dh ;g cqjkbZ lekt ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ekStwn FkhA jktds vf/kdkjh rd blh uhfr dk ikyu dj jgs FksA5 Lokeh th ds kjk tkV Ldwyesa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa dks ,d lkFk j[kus o i<+kus ij chdkusj fj;klr dsvf/kdkjh mxz ukjktxh O;Dr djrs gq, izk;% dgrs Fks] ^blkbZ gh gks tkvks fQjA*6

tkfrxr HksnHkko jkt ds Lrj ij dk;e FkkA tkV kjk uke ds lkFk flag yxkus ijnjckj dks ,rjkt FkkA tkV] jktiwrksa ds cjkcj iyax ij ugh cSB ldrs FksA7 njksxksals Bkdqj tkfr ds yksx Hksn j[krs Fks o vR;kpkj djrs FksA8 Bkdqj fd'ku flagjklyk.kk dks vxj dksbZ tkV lkeuss fey tkrk rks mlls tkfr Hksn ds vk/kkj ij ,d#i;k utj ysrk] u nsus ij jax:Vksa ds lkFk tkdj tqYe djrkA9 tkfrHksn oNqvkNwr ds uke ij ;g fLFkfr mu yksxksa dh Fkh tks dkrdkjh djrs Fks o yxku Hkhnsrs Fks tks jkt dh vk; dk eq[; lk/ku Hkh FkkA rRdkyhu lekt esa fuEu dgh tkusokyh tkfr;ksa ds izfr rFkkdfFkr ≈aph tkfr okyksa dk rFkk jkt djus okyh tkfr;ksadk O;ogkj fdruk d"Vizn Fkk] bls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA Lokehds'kokuUn us bl fLFkfr ds fy, vf'kkk o vKkurk dks ftEesokj ekukA vr%lekt lq/kkj ds vius iz;klksa esa f'kkk&izpkj ds lkFk bl izdkj lq/kkj vfHk;kupyk;k ftlls ÿfed :i ls yksxksa esa NqvkNwr ds fo:º tkx:drk vkbZ otkfroknh&ladh.kZrk ds rkus&ckus esa VwVus dk ÿe 'kq: gqvkA Lokeh ds'kokuan uslkekftd <+kaps dks utnhd ls i<+k FkkA os tkurs Fks fd tkfr&O;oLFkk Hkkjrh;lkekftd <+kaps dh ,d izk;% vifjgk;Z O;oLFkk gSA vr% bl <+kaps dks rksM+us dkiz;kl djus dh viskk Lokeh th us tkrh;&HksnHkko dks de djus] mlesa lejlrkdk Hkko iSnk djus rFkk ≈ap&uhp ds Hkkoksa ij vk/kkfjr NqvkNwr dks feVkus dkiz;kl fd;kA mUgksaus Lo;a vius thou O;ogkj ls rFkk vius funsZ'ku esa lapkfyrf'kkk&laLFkkvksa o vU; laLFkkvksa esa bl izdkj dk okrkoj.k fuekZ.k fd;k fd

180


dkykUrj esa Lokeh ds'kokuan ds vkl&ikl ,oe~ muds vuq;kf;;ksa o Jºkyqvksa esatkrh; foHksn rFkk NqvkNwr tSls iz'u utj vkus cUn gks x,A

Lokeh th kjk fd, x, dk;Z O;ogkj ,oe~ iz;klksa ls tkfr&Hksn o NqvkNwrdh dqizFkk dks feVkus ds muds ln~iz;klksa dks mfpr :i ls le>k tk ldrk gSALokeh ds'kokuan ij egkRek xk°/kh ds NqvkNwr ds iz'u ij bl dFku dk O;kidvlj Fkk fd] fltc rd ,d Hkh O;fDr ihfM+r gS vkSj vU; ukxfjdksa ds lkFklekurk dk O;ogkj ugha gkfly dj ikrk gSA ge Lora=rk dk miHkksx (vkuan) ughays ldrsA10 Lokeh ds'kokuUn ,d ,slh lekt&O;oLFkk esa viuk dk;Z dj jgs Fksftlesa NqvkNwr dh ijkdk"Bk u dsoy ikfjokfjd&lkekftd Lrj ij Fkh vfirqjkt&O;oLFkk rd esa ;g lksp ekStwn FkhA bl izdkj ds lekt esa izxfr'khy vkSjlq/kkjoknh vkpj.k ds fy, vf/kd txg ugha FkhA Lokeh th dk Lo;a dk NqvkNwrfojks/kh tkfr&fujisk vkpj.k rFkk muds kjk pykbZ tk jgh f'kk.k&laLFkkvksa esafofHkUu tkfr;ksa] fo'ks"kdj ml tekus esa vNwr ekuh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa dslkFk lo.kZ ;k ≈aph dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds la;kstu ls cuk okrkoj.kdÍjiaFkh fopkj ds yksxksa dks v[kjrk FkkA LFkkuh; Lrj ij Lokeh th dk bldqizFkk ds fo:º vkpj.k Lokeh th dh f'kkk&laLFkk ds fojks/k djus dk cM+kdkj.k cu x;k FkkA tkV Ldwy laxfj;k dks migklkRed miek,a nh xbZA bls <sf<;kLdwy] ukfLrdksa dk vM+Mk] vkfn dgk tkus yxkA11 ysfdu Lokeh ds'kokuan blizdkj ds fojks/k ;k izfrdkj ls fopfyr gksus okys ugha FksA mUgksaus viuh jkg ughacnyh] vycrk viuh pky dh xfr vo'; c<+k nhA12

Lokeh ds'kokuUn us izkjEHk ls gh vNwrksºkj rFkk NqvkNwr fojks/k dk dk;ZizkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA vcksgj ks= esa iapdkslh igyk ,slk xk°o Fkk tgk° ds lo.kZyksxksa us rRdkyhu le; esa vNwr dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dks vius lkFk gh dq,a ijikuh Hkjus dh btktr ns nhA Lokeh ds'kokuan dh izsj.kk ls xk°o ds pkS/kjh eksg:jke iwfu;ka us bl dk;Z esa vxz.kh gksdj dk;Z fd;kA13 rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa Lokeh th rFkk xk°o okyksa dk ;g dk;Z lkekftd vk'p;Z iSnk djus okyk FkkAvusd :f<+oknh yksxksa us bl ij uqDrkphuh Hkh dh ysfdu Lokeh th ds O;fDrRo,oe~ izHkko ds lek mudk Loj ≈apk ugha FkkA14 Lokeh ds'kokuUn ds lkFk thoui;ZUr~ dksbZ&u&dksbZ rRdkyhu le; esa uhph dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dk lnL;fudVLFk lg;ksxh rFkk lgk;d jgkA izkjEHk esa /keZiky (ftldk ewy uke [kSjnhuesgrj Fkk vkSj Lokeh th us vius lkfun~; esa ysdj mldk uke /keZiky j[kk) mudkfuth lgk;d FkkA ckywjke (pekj tkfr) Lokeh th ds fy, fofHkUu ?kjksa ls [kkukekaxdj ykrk Fkk rFkk Lokeh th dh dqfV;k esa fLFkr vfrfFk&'kkyk esa jlksb;k FkkA

ckywjke ds gkFk dk cuk [kkuk gh Lokeh th ds vfrfFk;ksa dks [kkuk gksrk FkkA15 ;gle>us yk;d ckr gS fd Lokeh th dh izfr"Bk o Lrj dks ns[krs gq, muds ikllekt ds fdl gSfl;r ds yksxksa dk vkfrF; jgrk FkkA fu'p; gh tulkekU; dsvykok rRdkyhu lo.kZ yksxksa dh muesa cM+h la[;k gksrh FkhA Lokeh th dh dqfV;kesa ckywjke ds gkFk dk [kkuk&[kkdj os fuf'pr gh viuh lksp esa dqN&u&dqNcnyko ykus dks izsfjr ;k etcwj gksrs FksA Lokeh th dk Li"V lans'k Fkk fd] fl;gk°(xzkeksRFkku fo|kihB esa) u rks dkkvksa esa vkSj u Nk=koklksa esa fdlh izdkj dkHksnHkko (NqvkNwr) fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk° ge u dsoy izhfr&Hkkst o lgHkkstvk;ksftr djrs gSa] lkFk gh fofHkUu xk°oksa esa viuh eaMfy;ka Hkstdj NqvkNwrfojks/kh okrkoj.k cukus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA16 Lokeh ds'kokuan vius gfjtu deZpkfj;ksao muds cPpksa dh f'kkk vkfn dk iwjk /;ku j[krs FksA17

x.kir flag oekZ (/kkud) HkfV.Mk] Lokeh th ds lEidZ esa vk;kA ogvR;ar vlgk; fLFkfr esa o t:jr ean xjhc o vkaf'kd f'kfkr FkkA Lokeh th usmldh O;Fkk lqudj izFke rks ;g dgk fd dsoy e:LFky gh ugha cfYd iatkc esaiqu% f'kkk&tksr txkuh gksxh] lkFk gh mls laLFkk ds iqLrdky;k/;k ds lkfu/; esaj[kkA mls i<+k;k fy[kk;kA oekZ ckn esa oíkksZa rd laLFkk ds dsUnzh; dk;kZy; esa,dkmUVsaV jgsA18 mudh iq=h mPp jktif=r vf/kdkjh cuh] muds iq= mPp f'kfkrgSA jkethyky (/kkud) Lokeh th dk thi M™kboj ,oe~ futh lgk;d dh rjgFkkA mls xkaoksa esa o laLFkk esa fcuk tkfr&Hksn ds Lokeh th ds lg;ksxh ds :i esathou&i;ZUr~ lEeku feykA19

/keZiky okfYedh ([kSjnhu esgrj) Lokeh th ds lkfu/; esa jgdj f'kfkrcuk] fQj Hktuksins'kd cukA Lokeh th us mlds iq= dh mPp f'kkk dh O;oLFkkdhA /keZiky us ckn esa jktuhfr esa izos'k fd;k rFkk jktLFkku fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;cusA mudk iq= iqfyl esa jktif=r vf/kdkjh cukA mudk ikS= vf[ky Hkkjrh;lsok esa p;fur gqvkA mudh ikS=o/kq ,d mPp f'kfkr czk„.k yM+dh gSA20 /keZikyds ifjokj dks ;g lkekftd izfr"Bk rFkk ≈apkbZ Lokeh ds'kokuan ds dkj.k feyhA/keZiky us rHkh rks Lokeh th ds izfr d`rKrkiw.kZ 'kCnksa esa dgk gS] flgekjs egkiq:"krFkk ifo= xzaFk dgrs gSa fd vPNs dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr e`R;q ds i'pkr~ LoxZ esatkrk gSA ysfdu Lokeh th ds vk'khokZn ls] eSa vius thou esa gh LoxZ ds vkaun mBkjgk gw°A esjk csVk o iksrk vf/kdkjh gS rFkk ikS=&o/kq ,d mPp f'kfkr czk„.kyM+dh gSA eSa lcls [kq'k O;fDr gw°Afi21 oLrqr% Lokeh th ds lEidZ us u tkusfdrus /keZikyksa dk dY;k.k fd;k gSA22 /keZiky ds yM+ds pku.k dk igys MwaxjdkWyst chdkusj esa izos'k gks x;k Fkk ysfdu 'kh?kz gh mldh tkfr ds dkj.k cM+k

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coky epkA jkt'kkgh dk nkSj Fkk] vr% Lokeh th us mls ogka ls gVkdj mldkizosk ykgkSj esa djok fn;kA23

Lokeh ds'kokuan tkfr&ikafr ls nwj rFkk lkEiznkf;drk dh ladh.kZ eukso`frds l[r f[kykQ FksA ysfdu os Lokeh n;kuan ds fopkjksa ls dkQh izHkkfor FksAQyLo:i fgUnqoknh laLdkjksa ds ikyd FksA jk"V™h; vkanksyu ds nkSj esa bZlkbZ rFkkeqfLye /kekZoyfEc;ksa ds kjk /kekZUrj.k ds fujUrj iz;kl pyrs FksA ;ksoukoLFkk esagh vk;Z&lekt ds izHkko esa vkus ds dkj.k fgUnq&/keZ ij e.Mjk jgs /kekZUrj.k ds[krjs dks Lokeh ds'kokuan vuns[kk ugha dj ldrs FksA Lokeh th dks ;g tkudjcM+k vk?kkr yxk fd cgkoyiqj jkT; ds pku.kk xk°o ds lHkh okfknksa us fgUnq&/keZR;kx dj bLyke&/keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA pku.kk ,d ,slk xk°o Fkk ftlesa jgusokys lHkh okfkans gfjtu (es?koky) FksA eqfLye jkt ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ncko esalHkh xkao okyksa us /kekZUrj.k fd;k FkkA Lokeh ds'kokuan us pd uRFkw <+kdk ds pkS/kjh gfjpUnz <+kdk ds lg;ksx ls iwjs xk°o dk iqu% /kekZUrj.k djokdj fgUnw&/keZ esaokilh djokbZA iqu% /kekZUrj.k dk ;g dk;Z tkV fo|ky; laxfj;k ds vk;Z&lekthv/;kid eghiky 'kkL=h us lEiUu djok;kA Lokeh th us bl /kekZUrj.k (bLykexzg.k djuk) dk dkj.k eq[;r% vf'kkk dks ekuk FkkA vr% mlh le; ogk° ,dgfjtu ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dj nhA24

Lokeh th ds vkus ls iwoZ Hkh tkV fo|ky; laxfj;k esa ;|fi lHkh tkfr dsNk= i<+rs Fks] ysfdu fc'uksb;ksa dk [kkuk vyx jlksbZ;k cukrk FkkA25 gfjtuksa dscPps Hkh Nk=kokl esa jgrs Fks ijUrq mUgsa jksVh&ikuh vyx fcBkdj fn;k tkrk FkkA26

Lokeh th dk er fHkUu FkkA mudk dguk Fkk fd f'kkk&izlkj ls fLFkfr cnysxhAmi;ksxh dk;Z djus okys vius gh Hkkb;ksa dks f'kkk izkIr O;fDr vNwr ugha le>saxsaA27

Lokeh th us Nk=koklksa esa pyh vk jgh O;oLFkk ls f[kUurk O;Dr dh rFkk Nk=ksa dksle>k&cq>kdj ,d gh LFkku ij ,d lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djus dh izFkk Mky nhA28

Lokeh th us NqvkNwr ds fojks/k esa le>krs gq, yksxksa ls dgk] fl;g Hkkjr dk nqHkkZX;gS fd tks yksx gekjs ?kjksa dh lQkbZ djrs gSa] gesa jksxksa ls cpkrs gSa] gekjs fy, [ksrksaesa] dy&dkj[kkuksa esa dke djrs gSa] ilhus dh dekbZ [kkrs gSa] muls ge ?k`.kk djrsgSaA ;kn j[kks] og fnu nwj ugha fd tc vki lcdks viuk ey&ew= Lo;a lkQdjuk o <+ksuk iM+sxkA ;fn ge viuk Hkyk pkgrs gSa rks gesa vHkh ls NqvkNwr R;kxnsuh pkfg, vkSj LoPNrk&lQkbZ esa vkRefuHkZj gksuk pkfg,A29 Lokeh th ds iz;klksadk gh Qy Fkk fd lkfgR; lnu vcksgj esa vk;ksftr vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh lkfgR;lEesyu esa u dsoy gfjtuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh jgh vfirq lEesyu ds vk;kstu esa mudk

Hkjiwj lg;ksx jgkA30 8 Qjojh] 1944 dks Lokeh th dh v/;krk esa gfjtulEesyu vk;ksftr gqvkA31

Lokeh th us viuh fofHkUu f'kkk&;kstukvksa esa LFkkfir o lapkfyr 'kkykvksaesa Hkh lHkh tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa dks lekurk ds vk/kkj ij fcuk HksnHkko ds f'kkk nsusdh iDdh O;oLFkk dh FkhA Lokeh th 'kkykvksa dh fujhk.k fjiksVZ esa lHkhtkudkfj;k° fujarj izkIr Hkh djrs FksA Jhxaxkuxj ftys ds xk°o dsyf.k;k (orZekuesa guqekux<+ ftyk) esa Lokeh th kjk lapkfyr e:Hkwfe lsok dk;Z esa ikB'kkyk dsrRdkyhu Nk= eksguyky vk;Z ds laLej.k ls bls le>k tk ldrk gS & izFkev/;kid galklj (>wU>wuw) ds pkS- ys[kjke vk;ZA Ldwy ds ikl dsoy ,d>kSaiM+k FkkA dkkk,a [kqys esa yxrh FkhaA fcuk tkfrxr HksnHkko i<+k;k tkrk FkkANk=ksa esa 29 tkV] 2 czk„.k] 3 fl)] 2 ukbZ] 1 lqukj] 1 Lokeh] 1 pkj.k o 1 jktiwrtkfr ls FkkA ----------- pkS- ys[kjke jkf= esa izkS<+ksa dks Hkh i<+krs FksA izkS<+ksa esa 10 tkV]2 gfjtu] 1 lqFkkj] 1 jktiwr o 1 oS; FkkA32 dekscs'k ;gh fLFkfr Lokeh th kjklapkfyr mu lSdM+ksa Ldwyksa ,oa vU; lnuksa o laLFkkvksa dh FkhA Lokeh th tkfrokno NqvkNwr dh ?k`f.kr izFkk ds fo:º viuh iz.kkyh ls izgkj dj jgs FksA ftlesatcfj;k ;k ncko dh uhfr ugha oju~ Kkuoku cukdj tkxzr djuk FkkA tkfrikafrds nq"ifj.kkeksa dh Lokeh th fujUrj O;k[;k Nk=ksa esa Hkh izlkfjr djrs jgrs FksA33

Lokeh th ljdkj dh bl uhfr ds f[kykQ Fks fd gfjtuksa ds fy, i`Fkd~ Nk=koklfuekZ.k djus o buesa dsoy gfjtu Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus ij gh jktdh; lgk;rk feyldsxhA Lokeh th kjk lajfkr o lapkfyr tkV Ldwy o ckn esa xzkeksRFkkufo|kihB rFkk vU; leLr 'kkykvksa esa gfjtu Nk= vU; Nk=ksa ds lkFk gh i<+rs Fks olaxfj;k esa vU; tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds lkFk gh Nk=koklksa esa jgrs Fks o lkFk gh [kkrs&ihrsFksA Lokeh th dk ljdkjh&uhfr ds lEcU/k esa f[kUurk& iwoZd dguk Fkk] flgeusml tekus esa NqvkNwr ugha gksus nh tc ;g cqjkbZ tksjksa ij Fkha] vc gekjh viuhljdkj dgrh gS fd tkfr;ksa dks ,d lkFk er j[kksA gfjtuksa dks vksjksa ls vyx]vdsys esa D;ksa j[kuk gS\ le> ls ijs gSA34 ysfdu Lokeh th O;oLFkk ikyd FksAvr% ljdkjh&O;oLFkk ds vuqikyu esa gfjtuksa ds fy, laLFkk esa i`Fkd~ ls Nk=koklds fuekZ.k dh vuqefr iznku dj nh] ysfdu os bl vyxkookn dks lekt&fgr esaugha ekurs FksA35 24 ebZ lu~ 1947 dks chdkusj jkT; dk es?koa'k (pekj) lEesyuiUukyky ck:iky us cqyk;k FkkA ;gka ij Lokeh th us viuh f'kkk] lekt&lq/kkjrFkk jk"V™ksRFkku ;kstukvksa ij O;kid izdk'k Mkyk rFkk es?koa'k&lekt dks Hkh tkx`rgksus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA36 Lokeh ds'kokuUn dks bl lEesyu esa v/;krk dk ekunsdj lEekfur37 djuk nfyr lekt esa mudh yksdfiz;rk dk lwpd FkkA38

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Lokeh ds'kokuan ds lek tkfrokn ds lEcU/k esa ,d cM+k&iz'u o"kksZa ls[kM+k FkkA ;gk° ;g iz'u mBk;k tk ldrk gS fd tkfrokn ds /kqj fojks/kh Lokehds'kokuan us 1932&33 esa ,d ,slh laLFkk dk lapkyu D;ksa Lohdkj dj fy;kftldh LFkkiuk tkfroknh lksp ds lkFk dh xbZ Fkh rFkk ftlds uke ds lkFk tkfrlwpd lEcks/ku Fkk & tkV ,aXyksa laLd`r fefMy LdwyA Lokeh th kjk bl laLFkkdk dk;ZHkkj xzg.k djus rFkk ckn esa blds lapkyu ds rjhds o vUr esa blds ukeo Lo:i esa ifjorZu ds muds dk;ksZa esa gh bl iz'u dk mŸkj fufgr gSA ;g ,d rF;gS fd tkV ,aXyks laLd`r fefMy Ldwy ds laLFkkid pkS- cgknqj flag HkksfHk;k omuds lg;ksfx;ksa us bldh LFkkiuk eq[;r% tkV tkfr esa f'kkk&izpkj] tkV&tkfrdh lEiw.kZ mUufr ds iz;kl] tkV&tkfr esa ls dqizFkk fuokj.k] osn rFkk laLd`rlkfgR; dk izpkj] fgUnh lkfgR; dh mUufr rFkk izpkj] jkT; ds fy, lPpsjktHkDr iSnk djuk rFkk tkfr esa ikjLifjd izse rFkk ,drk dh LFkkiuk ds mÌs';ls dh FkhA39 ;fn laLFkk ds mÌs';ksa esa ls tkV 'kCn dks i`Fkd~ dj fn;k tk, rks bldsHkh ogh mÌs'; Fks tks Lokeh th us vius fy, fu/kkZfjr dj j[ks FksA laLFkk dslaLFkkid lkekU; lkekftd dk;ZdŸkkZ FksA vr% os viuh tkfr ds izfr lksp dksizkFkfedrk ns jgs Fks rFkkfi] bl Ldwy us izkjEHk ls gh lHkh tkfr;ksa ds cPpksa dhf'kkk ds fy, kj [kksy j[ks FksA blds laLFkkid Lokeh ds'kokuan dh rjg egku~ugha Fks] ysfdu mUgksaus Lokeh th dk lajk.k izkIr dj bykds ds fy, vutkus gh,d cM+k dk;Z dj fn;k FkkA Lokeh th us tkV Ldwy esa vius izkjfEHkd o"kksZa esaifjlj esa v/;;ujr~ Nk=ksa o lsokjr deZPkkfj;ksa esa tkfr&Hksn o NqvkNwr dk HkkolekIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA bl vksj mudks fey jgh lQyrk us mUgs mRlkfgrfd;k vkSj lu~ 1948 esa mUgksaus tkV Ldwy ds lkFk yxk tkfr lwpd 'kCn gVk fn;kvkSj cM+s n`f"Vdks.k dh vfHkO;fDr okyk ukedj.k dj fn;k tks xzkeksRFkku fo|kihB*FkkA

Lokeh th us vius fudVre lg;ksxh pkS/kjh gfj'pUnz uS.k ls lu~ 1948 esadgk fd Ldwy ls tkV 'kCn mM+k nksA gfj'pUnz blls f[kUu gks x, fd tkV 'kCnyksxksa dks D;ksa [kVdrk gSA40 Lokeh th us tYnckth ugha fd os FkksM+s le; ds fy,pqi gks x,A ysfdu vc os n`<+ fu'p; dj pqds Fks fd tkfr lwpd 'kCn gVkuk ghgSA laHkor% laLFkk ds vf/kdka'k Nk= o deZpkjh rFkk bykds ds yksx vc ekufldrkSj ij tkrh;&ladqfprrk ls ckgj vk jgs FksA laLFkk ds HkwriwoZ Nk=ksa dh cM+hla[;k dk lksp O;kid cu pqdk FkkA ;g fLFkfr Lokeh th Hkkai pqds FksA41 uoEcj]1948 esa tkV Ldwy dk uke cnyus ds iz'u ij ehfVax gqbZA Lokeh th n`<+ Fks fdtkfr lwpd *tkV^ 'kCn gVuk pkfg,A euhjke flgkx rFkk dqN yM+dksa us Hkkjh

fojks/k Hkh fd;kA Lokeh th vM+ x,] mxz gks x,A psrkouh nh fd ;k rks uke cnyksojuk eSa Ldwy NksM+rk gw°A ,d iUnzg&lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk mls;g ftEek lkSaik x;k fd tkV&egklHkk jksgrd oxSjg ls lykg djds 1 tuojh]1949 rd uke ds ckjs esa lq>ko nsaA Lokeh th ds fudVLFk lg;ksxh pkS/kjhgfj'pUnz uS.k us dgk fd tkV 'kCn gVkus ij yksx pank can dj nsaxsA bl ij Lokehth dk dguk Fkk] flijokg ugha] eSa ekaxus Hkh ugha tkmaxkA vM+ x,A42 pkS- gfj'pUnzus pkS- dqEHkkjke vk;Z dks dgk fd tkVksa dks Lokeh th us HkM+dk fn;k gS] pUnk dkSunsxkA43 pkS- dqEHkkjke dk #[k Lokeh th ds ik esa gh FkkA44 Ldwy ds ukedj.k ijfHkUu&fHkUu er vk jgs FksA tkV lHkk us Nktwjke gkbZ Ldwy uke j[kus dk lq>kofn;kA pkS- gfj'pUnz us izFke cgknqj flag dk uke lq>k;k o ckn esa Lokeh th dsuke ij j[kus dk lq>ko fn;kA Lokeh th us fdlh izLrko dks ugha ekukA Lo;aLokeh ds'kokuan us *xzkeksRFkku fo|kihB* ukedj.k djus dk lq>ko j[kk vkSj oghaeatwj gqvkA45 Lokeh ds'kokuan us viuh f'kkk o lekt lq/kkj ;kstukvksa esa viuhlokZf/kd fiz;&laLFkk ls bl ladqfpr izrhd 'kCn dks gVk fn;k FkkA Lokeh th dky; xzkeksRFkku Fkk mldk izrhd mUgksus laxfj;k fLFkr bl laLFkk dks cuk fn;k FkkA

tkfrizFkk ,oa NqvkNwr dh dqizFkk ij Lokeh th dk la?k"kZ vuojr~ ,oavck/k FkkA vktknh ds ckn rks mudh f'kk.k&laLFkkvksa ls fudys lSadM+ksa iwoZNk=&Nk=k,a rFkk muds vuq;kf;;ksa us bl ladh.kZ lksp ls vius dks yxHkx nwj j[kkgSA ljdkjh ewY;kadu esa Hkh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds mUewyu ,oa fiNM+s oxZ dsmRFkku esa Lokeh th dh laLFkk ds ;ksxnku dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA46

Lokeh ds'kokuan rks bl ckr ij Hkh vk'p;Z O;Dr djrs Fks fd lekt esavLi`'; (ftls Lokeh th ?kksj vijk/k ds cjkcj ekurs Fks) dgs tkus okyh tkfr;ksads vanj Hkh NqvkNwr gSA flfdruh vlgt ckr gS fd vLi`';rk ds iz'u ij lektls ukjktxh O;Dr djus okys yksx [kqn vius lewg esa ≈ap&uhp dk Hkko j[krs gSa]nq[k dh ckr gSA47 es?koa'k lEesyu esa Lokeh th us bl izo`fr ds R;kx gsrq izsfjrfd;kA48

Lokeh ds'kokuan ,d vfr fiNM+h lkekftd O;oLFkk okys ifjokj esackY;dky Hkksx dj vk;s FksA rRdkyhu lekt ,oe~ ifjokj O;oLFkk dh dfBukb;ka,oe~ nnZ mudh Le`fr;ksa esa fpjLFkk;h FksA mUgksaus y; fu/kkZfjr fd;k Fkk fd vkusokyh larkus ,d ljy] lqn`<+ RkFkk xfreku lekt ds lq[k Hkksxs] blds fy, mik;djuk vko';d gSA49 os lkekftd U;k; ds leFkZd FksA os fiNM+s rFkk nfyr oxksZads vkfFkZd ,oe~ lkekftd mRFkku ds fy, thou i;ZUr~ tqVs jgsA50 Lokeh th dsdk;Zks= ds 'kks/k losZk.k esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd lu~ 1932 ls chdkusj jkT; ks= esa

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Lokeh ds'kokuan ds lfÿ; gksus ds ckn lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds flyflys esa rsthvk;hA ;|fi blesa vk;Z lekt dk Hkh dqN izHkko jgk rFkk lq/kkjoknh izfÿ;k esamldh Hkh Hkwfedk jgh ijUrq losZk.kksa esa ;g ik;k x;k fd ;gka ds vf/kdka'klq/kkjoknh yksxksa rFkk lkekftd dk;ZdŸkkZvksa us vius lq/kkjoknh dk;ksZa rFkk ifjofrZrthou 'kSyh ij Lokeh ds'kokuan ds f'kkk o lekt lq/kkj iz;Ruksa dk gh O;kidizHkko ekuk gSA Lokeh th us bl ks= esa vius lq/kkjoknh dk;ksZa ls ,d iwjh ih<+h dks,sls lkekftd usr`Ro ds :i esa rS;kj dj fn;k tks u dsoy Lo;a lq/kkjoknh fopkjksads /kuh Fks vfirq mUgksaus ,d cM+k oxZ lkfRod n`f"Vdks.k okys yksxksa dk [kM+k djfn;k FkkA51 ,d lekt&lq/kkjd ds :i esa vius N% n'kd yEcs iz;klksa ls Lokehds'kokuan ledkyhu bfrgkl ds ,d egRoiw.kZ ik= cu x;s gSA

lanHkZ1- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~_ miyC/k] Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV] laxfj;kA2- lkkkRdkj_ T;k.kh] jkeukjk;.k (Lo- jkeukjk;.k T;k.kh Lokeh ds'kokuan ds

fudV lg;ksxh rFkk pkS/kjh ckgnqjflag HkksfHk;k lekt tkx`fr ijekFkZ laLFkku oLokeh dskokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV laxfj;k ds laLFkkidksa esa ls Fks)

3- Lokeh ds'kokuan dk i= dqyHkw"k.k dks fnlEcj 23] 1946] miyC/k] Lokehdskokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV] laxfj;kA

4- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~A5- futh Mk;jh_ pkS- gfj'pUnz uS.k] miyC/k] lj NksVwjke Lekjd dykRed laxzgky;]

laxfj;k] flrEcj 19] 1938 (jkeuxj] Jhxaxkuxj fuoklh uS.k isks ls odhy FksrFkk Lokeh ds'kokuan dks iatkc ls laxfj;k ykus okys yksxksa esa ls FksA os iz[kjlkekftd dk;ZdrkZ FksA os chdkusj jkT; esa dkrdkjku dh rjQ ls jktlHkk dslnL; uketn Fks chdkusj ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh ds i= ÿekad 838 fnukad1&12&1929 kjk mudh fu;qfDr gqbZA mUgksus lu~ 1905 ls lu~ 1974 rdfu;fer :i ls nSfud Mk;jh fy[khA bu Mk;fj;ksa esa muds lR; ys[ku dk ;gizek.k gS fd mUgksus viuh dfe;ksa o =qfV;ksa dk Hkh csckdh ls ftÿ fd;k gSledkyhu lekt ,oe~ O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh dk ;g vPNk ewy lzksr gS)

6- ogh] vizSy 11] 19417- ogh] ebZ 10 ,oe~ 11] 19418- ogh] flrEcj 3] 19419- ogh] flrEcj 19] 194110- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~A11- ìksjflag] Lokeh ds'kokuan & lsok] Je vkSj f'kkk dk ,d v/;k;] laxfj;k

1975] i`"B 135_ tqustk] ,e-,e-] , ck;ksxzkQh vkWQ Lokeh ds'kokuan] fglkj]1996] i`"B 140] lkkRdkj] T;k.kh] jkeukjk;.kA

12- lkkkRdkj] lkj.k] nkSyrjke (iwoZ dsUnzh; ea=h ,oe~ Lokeh th ds lekt lq/kkjdk;Zÿe esa fudV lg;ksxh)

13- Lokeh dskokuan isijl~] ekLVj rsxjke isijl~] miyC/k] Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`frpSfjVscy V™LV (LoxhZ; ekLVj rsxjke Lokeh th ds fudV lg;ksxh o iatkc dsHkwriwoZ fo/kk;d Fks)] fo|kHkkLdj] jkekorkj] ckyxhr] vcksgj] vizSy 1952-

14- lkkkRdkj] MkW- tk[kM] cyjke (HkwriwoZ ykssdlHkk v/;k o iwoZ jkT;iky MkW-tk[kM+ Lokeh th dh laLFkk ds iwoZ Nk= vkSj fudV lg;ksxh jgs gS)

15- MkW- fou; dqekj isijl~( miyC/k] Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV (MkW-dqekj pkS/kjh pj.k flag gfj;k.kk d`f"k fo'ofo|ky; fglkj ds dqyifr jgs osLokeh th dh laLFkk esa dsUnzh; dk;kZy; esa v/khkd in ij dk;Z dj pqds FksΩ

16- ds'kokuan] Lokeh' lekt f'kkk dk vxznwr xzkeksRFkku fo|kihB] laxfj;k] tqykbZ10] 1954] i`"B 6

17- Lokeh dskokuan dk i=] vknsk ikyukFkZ] tkV ,aXyksa laLd`r fefMy LdwyfjdkWM~Zl] laxfj;k] vDVwcj 26] 1942

18- dfiynso 'kkL=h isijl~] miyC/k] Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV] laxfj;kA19- lkkkRdkj] rwj] ljnkj 'ksjflag (Lokeh th ds fudV lg;ksxh] mudh thouh ds

ys[kd rFkk Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV ds dks"kk/;k)20- pkS/kjh dqEHkkjke vk;Z isijl~] miyC/k] Lokeh ds'kokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LVA21- Lekfjdk( flrEcj 13] 1990 (Lokeh th ds thou ,oe~ f'kkkvksa rFkk dk;ksZa

ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, Lokeh dskokuan Le`fr pSfjVscy V™LV laxfj;k kjk lu~1984 ls lu~ 1997 rd rF;kRed lkezxh ;qDr izdk'ku djok;k x;k gSA ;sLekfjdk,sa Lokeh th ds ledkyhu o fudV lg;ksfx;ksa kjk fyf[kr lkezxh lsifjiw.kZ gS)

22- ogh] flrEcj 13] 198423- lkkkRdkj] rwj] ljnkj 'ksjflagA24- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~] tqustk] ,e-,e-] ogh] i`"B 142&143] lkj.k] Mh lh]

Lokeh ds'kokuan] vkxjk] 1985] i`"B 1525- tkV ,aXyks laLd`r fefMy Ldwy dk;Z&fooj.k] ekg tqykbZ] 193626- 'ksjflag] ogh] i`"B 13527- nhid] vcksgj] Qjojh] 193728- 'ksjflag] ogh] Lekfjdk] flrEcj 13] 198429- 'ksjflag] ogh] i`íB 138] Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~A

184


30- nhid] fnlEcj&tuojh] 1941&4231- ogh] twu] 194432- Lekfjdk] flrEcj 13] 199633- xzkeksRFkku if=dk] izca/k laiknd] lDlSuk xksfoUn] laiknd] Hkkjrh;] jked`".k

(lajkd&Lokeh ds'kokuan) flrEcj] 1952] i`"B 7 ls 1034- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~A35- lkkkRdkj] rwj] ljnkj 'ksjflag] lkj.k] nkSyrjkeA36- prqosZnh] cukjlh nkl ,oe~ t?khuk] Bkdqj ns'kjkt] laiknd] ds'kokuan& vfHkuanu

xzaFk] laxfj;k] 1958] lans'k ,oe~ Jºktafy] i`"B 1337- lkj.k] Mh lh] ogh] i`"B 1638- lkkkRdkj] lkj.k] nkSyrjkeA39- Jh tkV ,aXyks&laLd`r fefMy Ldwy] laxfj;k e.Mh] jkT; Jh chdkusj dk 1

tuojh lu~ 1917 yxk;r vXohj flrEcj lu~ 1925 bZLoh rd ds vk;&O;;dk fooj.k] izdk'kd & eSusftax desVh] vtesj] vDVwcj] 1925

40- futh Mk;jh] ogh] ekpZ 29] 194841- lkkkRdkj] rwj] ljnkj 'ksjflag] MkW- tkSgjh] vo/k fcgkjh (MkW- tkSgjh Lokeh th

ds fudV lg;ksxh o Lokeh dskokuan egkfo|ky; laxfj;k ds jktuSfrd foKkufoHkkx ds lsokfuo`r foHkkxk/;k gS)

42- futh Mk;jh] ogh] uoEcj 13] 194843- ogh] uoEcj 15] 194844- pkS/kjh dqEHkkjke vk;Z isijl~ A45- futh Mk;jh] ogh] fnlEcj 26] 194846- fMfLV™DV xftfV;j] xaxkuxj] jktLFkku ljdkj] i`"B 57247- Lokeh ds'kokuan isijl~A48- oghA49- lkkkRdkj] MkW- tk[kM+] cyjkeA50- Lekfjdk] flrEcj 13] 1996 (nsosxkSM+k] ,p Mh&HkwriwoZ iz/kkuea=h Hkkjr ljdkj)51- MkW- tkSgjh] , ch] ikSfyfVdy ,yhV ,.M n izkslsl vkWWQ iksfyfVdy ekWMukZbtsku

(, LVMh bu n dUVsLV vkWQ xaxkuxj fMfLV™DV)] ih,p-Mh- fFkfll] ;qfuoflZVhvkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj] 1991] i`"B 188&199

ofdj.k fpfdRlk % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u(chdkusj dk fo'ks"k lanHkZ)

MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr ,oa lq'khy eks;y

orZeku fo'o esa ,yksiSFkh fpfdRlk iºfr dk lokZf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrkgS rFkk blls lVhd bZykt gksrk gSA MkW- ejht ds jksx dh tkap ds fy, fo'ks"k tkapsadjokrk gSA ftlesa ,Dljs ,d izeq[k tkap gSA blls 'kjhj ds vkarfjd vaxksa dkfp=.k fd;k tkrk gSA ,Dljs esa fo'ks"k :i ls gM~Mh;ka] QsaQM+s] vkgkjuky vkfnvax Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA gM~Mh jksx fo'ks"kK fo'ks"k :i ls ,Dljs tkap dkiz;ksx djrk gSA 'kjhj esa iFkjh] vkgkjuky esa :dkoV] efLr"d dh :f/kjokfgfu;ksadh :dkoV dh tkap ds fy, fo'ks"k ,Dljs tkapksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

,Dljs o dEI;wVj rduhd ds feyki ls flVh Ldsu o fMthVy ,Dljsiz.kkyh fodflr gqbZ gS ftldh izkekf.kdrk esa dksbZ lansg ugha gSA flVh Ldsu 'kjhjds izR;sd Hkkx dk lqere fp=.k ysus esa lke gksrh gSA izks- MCY;w-lh- jkWUtu us,Dljs fdj.kksa dh [kkst 8 uoEcj 1895 esa dhA ;g [kkst ,d peRdkfjd [kkstksaesa ls ,d Fkh tks vdLekr~ gqbZA ;g Bhd rjhds ls ugha crk;k tk ldrk dh Hkkjresa izFke ,Dljs e'khu dc LFkkfir gqbZ Fkh A MkW- ds-ih- eksnh us vius v/;;u^b.Mh;u tujy vkWQ besftax* esa ;g crk;k fd lu~ 1902 esa ,d dsfeLV us,Dljs e'khu Hkkjr esa eaxokbZ FkhA lu~ 1912 esa fnYyh vaxzsth gdqer dh jkt/kkuhcuh Fkh vkSj lu~ 1918 esa fnYyh esa izFke ,Dljs e'khu ysMh gkfMZax gkWfLiVy esaLFkkfir gqbZ FkhA lu~ 1923 esa blh gkWfLiVy esa jsfM;ksykWth fMikVZesaV dh LFkkiukgqbZ FkhA ;s ,Dljs e'khu flaxy Qst dh gksrh FkhA

chdkusj esa fofdj.k fpfdRlk dk bfrgklchdkusj jkT; esa ,syksiSFkh fpfdRlk iºfr dh 'kq:vkr lu~ 1848 esa MkW-

dkWyfjl ds vkxeu ls 'kq: gqbZ FkhA os dqaoj ljnkj flag ds bykt gsrq chdkusjvk;s FksA chdkusj ds eq[; fpfdRlky; ih-ch-,e- dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1894 esa gqvkFkkA lu~ 1937 esa bls ih-ch-,e- (fizUl fct; flag eseksfj;y gkWfLiVy) ukefn;k x;kA lu~ 1940 esa egkjktk xaxkflag us vius 'kklu ds xksYMu tqcyh dsvolj ij Vh-ch- gkWLihVy dk fuekZ.k djok;kA blh o"kZ Vh-ch- vLirky esa

185


,Dljs e'khu dh LFkkiuk djokbZ tks lu~ 1996 rd dk;Z djrh jghA ;g e'khuth-bZ- dEiuh dh FkhA ih-ch-,e- vLirky esa ,Dljs foHkkx dh LFkkiuk lu~1911&12 esa egkjktk xaxkflag th ds vFkd iz;klksa ls gqbZ FkhA lu~ 1919&20 esau;h ,Dljs e'khusa vkbZ tks 10 dsoh Vk™aLQkeZj dh Fkh ftlds lkFk fLÿfuax dhlqfo/kk 'kkfey FkhA lu~ 1943 esa 200 ,e-,- dh ,d e'khu LFkkfir dh xbZftldks orZeku esa mUur djds dke esa fy;k tk jgk gS ftldh xq.koŸkk mPpLrjh;gSA

chdkusj dk dsalj mipkj esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnkuegkjktk xaxkflag th us ,Dljs foHkkx dk foLrkj dj bls ^xaxk ,Dljs o

jsfM;e baLVhV~;wV* uke fn;kA egkjktk xaxkflagth ds vFkd iz;klksa kjk dsaljihfM+rksa dks ,Dljs o jsfM;e FkSjsih nh tkuh laHko gqbZ tks ml le; esa mŸkj&if'pehHkkjr dk ,dek= dsUnz FkkA ih-ch-,e gkWLihVy ds ,Dljs foHkkx ds fuekZ.k esacEcbZ ds okLrqfonksa dh lsok,a yh xbZ FkhA jsfM;ksykWth foHkkx esa dsalj ds mipkjds fy, lu~ 1942 esa 140 ,eth jsfM;e [kjhnk x;k tks dsalj ejhtksa ds bZykt esaMhi FkSjsih gsrq iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk FkkA Mhi FkSjsih gsrq e'khu egkjktk xaxkflagthdukMk ls yk, FksA

ckn esa dsalj foHkkx esa dksckYV 60 e'khu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk tks lu~1957 esa ljdkj kjk LFkkfir djokbZ xbZ Fkh A orZeku esa chdkusj esa dsalj dsmipkj esa mŸkjh Hkkjr esa ,d izeq[k dsUnz ds :i esa LFkkfir gSA chdkusj esa dsalj dsmipkj ds fy, iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkfn jkT;ksa ls ihfM+r O;fDr bZykt gsrq vkrs gSaA,Dljs dh vR;f/kd mi;ksfxrk gkfudkjd gksrh gS D;ksafd Lo;a ,Dljs fdj.ksa 'kjhjds fy, ?kkrd gS ftlls dsalj Hkh gks ldrk gSA vr% vko';drk gS fd ,Dljs dkmi;ksx t:jh gksus ij gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

Ckhdkusj jkT; esa jsy ;krk;kr dk fodkl(1887&1943ÃbZ-)

MkW- (lqJh) fcUnq Hklhu

Ekgkjktk xaxkflag th us ;g vuqHko fd;k Fkk fd chdkusj jkT; dk Hkfo";flapkbZ vkSj jsy ;krk;kr ds fodkl ij fuHkZj djrk gSA1 tgk° rd flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksadk iz'u Fkk] mlesa vusd dfBukÃ;k° FkhA chdkusj jkT; dh viuh dksbZ unh ughaFkh] jsfxLrkuh ks= esa ugj&fuekZ.k Hkh ljy dk;Z ugha Fkk] ;g ;kstuk vU; iM+kSlhjkT;ksa dh n;k ij fuHkZj Fkh vr% mUgksaus ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkk°irs gq, jsy m|ksx dsfodkl ij cy fn;kA chdkusj ds fy, jsy m|ksx ,d LFkkbZ vkSj ykHkdkjhfofu;kstu gS tks ;gk° ds fuokfl;ksa dks jkstxkj ds volj iznku djsxk vkSj chdkusjjkT; dh turk dks mudh ,d LFkkbZ leL;k vdkyksa dh Hkh"k.k foHkhf"kdk ls jkgrfnyk ldsxkA vr% tks/kiqj jkT; ds rduhdh vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, 13tqykbZ] 1889 bZ- dks tks/kiqj egkjktk ds lkFk ,d le>kSrk fd;k2 ftlds vuqlkj&

1- Ckhdkusj vkSj tks/kiqj egkjktk us tks/kiqj chdkusj dks jsy ykbZu lstksM+us dh Lohd`fr iznku dhA ;g jsy ykbZu tks/kiqj chdkusj jsYkos dgyk;sxh rFkkiw.kZ :Ik ls nksuksa jkT;ksa dh lEifŸk gksxhA nksuksa jkT; vius&vius ks=ksa esa jsyksa dhvk; ds Lokeh gksaxsA

2- jsy ykbZu fcNkus] mlds j[k&j[kko ,oa vU; O;; ds fy, chdkusjjkT; /ku miyC/k djk;sxkA

3- chdkusj jkT; tks/kiqj jkT; dks 20 yk[k :Ik;s 4 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;ktdh nj ij m/kkj nsxk ftldh vnk;xh 3 yk[k :Ik;s okf"kZd fd'r ds :Ik esa tks/kiqj jkT; djsxkA

4- jsy ykbZu fcNkus ij vuqekfur O;; dk C;kSjk nksuksa jkT; Hkkjr ljdkjdks nsaxsA

5- jsy ykbZu fcNkus vkSj ns[kHkky djus dk dk;Z tks/kiqj jsYkos dk eSustjvLFkkbZ rkSj ij djsxk ,oa jsy ykbZu fcNkus dk dk;Z tks/kiqj ls vkjEHk fd;ktk;sxkA

186


6- jsy deZpkjh ,oa iqfyl vkfn dh O;oLFkk eSustj ds v/khu gksxhAchdkusj jkT; ds ks= esa ;g O;oLFkk chdkusj egkjktk dh Lohd`fr ls gksxhA

7- chdkusj ks= dh jsy ykbZu ij nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh dk vf/kdkjchdkusj egkjktk dk gksxkA

8- Hkkjr ljdkj dh Lohd`fr ls ;g jsy ykbZu fcNkus dk dk;Z 'kq: gksxk,oa mldk izfrfuf/k bl jsy ykbZu dk fujhk.k dj ldsxkA

9- jsy ykbZu ds lkFk&lkFk rkj ykbZu fcNkbZ tk;sxh ftldk mi;ksx nksuksajkT; djsaxsA nksuksa jkT; vius&vius ks= esa rkj ykbZu dk O;; Hkh ogu djsaxsA rkjykbZu ds mi;ksx esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds jsy&rkj fu;e ykxw gksaxsA

tks/kiqj egkjktk us 30 tqykbZ] 1889 bZ- dks vkSj ok;ljk; kjk 27 vxLr]1889 bZ- dks mi;qZDr le>kSrs dks Lohd`fr iznku dhA3 ;g le>kSrk jkT; ds lhferlk/kuksa dks ns[krs gq, jsYkos ls vk; c<+kus gsrq cqfºerkiw.kZ dk;Z FkkA blus jkT; dsO;kikfjd ekxksZa dks iqu% jsYkos ds ek/;e ls thfor djus dk dk;Z dj fn;kA 8vizSy] 1891 bZ- dks tks/kiqj ls esM+rk rd] 16 vDVwcj] 1891 bZ- dks esM+rk lsukxkSj rd ,oa 9 fnlEcj] 1891 bZ- dks ukxkSj ls chdkusj rd jsy ykbZu dks ;kf=;ksavkSj eky <ksus ds fy;s [kksydj chdkusj ls lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA4

Ckhdkusj jkT; esa jsyksa dk fodklCkhdkusj jkT; esa jsyksa dk fodkl cM+h rhozrk ls gqvkA 2 twu] 1898 Ã- dks

mŸkjh ks= esa chdkusj ls nqyesjk rd jsy [kksy nh xbZ ftlls nqyesjk dh iRFkj dh[kkuksa ls ykHk mBk;k tk ldkA 1 tuojh] 1901 bZ- dks nqyesjk ls lwjrx<+ rd jsy;kf=;ksa ds fy, [kksy nh xbZA 9 flrEcj] 1902 bZ- dks lwjrx<+ ls HkfVaMk rd jsyykbZu [kksy nsus ls chdkusj jkT; dk iatkc ls lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir gks x;kA

mŸkj&if'peh chdkusj esa 1 vxLr] 1923 bZ- dks guqekux<+ ls Jh xaxkuxj]1 ebZ] 1927 bZ- dks Jh xaxkuxj ls dsljhflagiqj ,oa 1 flrEcj] 1927 bZ- dksdsljhflagiqj ls jk;flaguxj] 1 vDVwcj] 1927 bZ- dks lwjrx<+ ls jk;flaguxj] 30ekpZ] 1929 bZ- dks l:Iklj ls vuwix<+ dks ;kf=;ksa gsrq jsysa [kksy dj chdkusj dklEidZ flafpr ks= ls LFkkfir fd;kA jkT; ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa 15 flrEcj] 1927 bZ-dks guqekux<+ ls uksgj rd] 15 flrEcj] 1928 bZ- dks uksgj ls Hkknjk rd ,oa 13uoEcj] 1930 bZ- dks Hkknjk ls lknqyiqj (jktx<+) rd ;kf=;ksa ds fy;s jsysa [kksynh xbZA5

jkT; ds iwohZ ks= esa 24 uoEcj] 1912 bZ- dks chdkusj ls jrux<+ ,oa 1ekpZ] 1941 bZ- dks lknqyiqj ls jsokM+h rd ;kf=;ksa vkSj eky <ksus gsrq jsy [kksydj

fnYyh ls lEcU/k LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA chdkusj ds nfk.kh Hkkx esa 30 vDVwcj]1922 bZ- dks chdkusj ls Jh dksyk;r rd jsy ykbZu fcNkÃ xbZ tks ;kf=;ksa ds fy,vkjEHk dh xbZA6

mi;qZDr jsy ykbuksa ds vykok nks czkap ykÃusa ÿe'k% jrux<+ ls ljnkj'kgjvkSj lqtkux<+ ls fglkj rd rS;kj djkbZ xbZA chdkusj jkT; esa vU; jkT;ksa dhrqyuk esa jsyksa dk fodkl rhoz xfr ls gqvkA chdkusj jkT; esa jsy ekxksZa dh yEckÃizfr gtkj izfr oxZ fdyksehVj 56 fd-eh- Fkh tks vU; jkT;ksa dh viskk cgqr vf/kd FkhA jsy ykÃu dh yEckÃ izfr gtkj izfr oxZ fd-eh- dks n'kkZrh gqbZ lkj.kh ÿ-1 n`"VO; gS7 %&

lkj.kh ÿekad&1

rqyukRed vk°dM+s

ÿe- la- jkT; jsy ykbZu dh y- izfr gtkj izfr oxZ fd-eh-

1- Ckhdkusj 56

2- Tkks/kiqj 40

3- eSlwj 39-32

4- Xokfy;j 33-52

5- gSnjkckn 32

1891 bZ- dh rqyuk esa 1943 bZ- esa chdkusj jkT; dh jsyksa dh yEckÃ 1118-35 fd-eh- c<+ xbZA 1943 bZ- esa bu jsyksa ls 37]45]333 #i;s dh vk; izkIr gqbZA8

jsy iz'kkluchdkusj jkT; esa jsyksa dh yEckbZ c<+ tkus ls mldh vyx iz'kklfud

O;oLFkk djuk vko';d le>k tkus yxkA ,d eSustj nks jkT;ksa dh jsyksa dhns[kHkky vPNh rjg ugha dj ldrk FkkA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls jsyksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsusdh vko';drk Fkh tks lfEefyr iz'kklu esa lEHko ugha Fkh vr% egkjktk xaxkflagth us 22 tuojh] 1922 bZ- dks tks/kiqj egkjktk dks ,d O;fDrxr i= fy[kkftlesa dgk x;k fd tks/kiqj&chdkusj jsYkos dk lfEefyr iz'kklu nksuksa jkT;ksa dsfy;s cM+k lQy vkSj mi;ksxh flº gqvkA vkt nksuksa dh jsysa foLr`r gks xbZ gSa vr%vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mu ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsdj gesa jkT; ds izfr vius mŸkjnkf;Ro dksiwjk djuk pkfg;sA bl n`f"V ls lfEefyr iz'kklu lekIr dj vyx iz'kkluLFkkfir djuk mfpr gh ugha mi;ksxh Hkh jgsxkA9

187


1 uoEcj] 1924 bZ- dks chdkusj jkT; dh Lora=rk jsy iz'kklu O;oLFkkLFkkfir dj lfEefyr iz'kklu lekIr dj fn;k x;kA tks/kiqj jkT; us chdkusjjsYkos ds jsy batu vkSj vU; egŸoiw.kZ ejEer dk dk;Z ml le; rd djrs jgusdk opu fn;k tc rd chdkusj jsYkoss viuk dkj[kkuk ugha [kksy ysrhA10 1925 bZ-esa chdkusj jsYkos us 22 yk[k 25 gtkj :Ik;s [kpZ djds ykyx<+ esa ,d dkj[kkus(odZ'kkWi) dh LFkkiuk dhA11 dqN le; ckn 20 yk[k #Ik;s O;; djds ,d jfuax'kSM dh Hkh LFkkiuk dj yh xbZA12

j[k&j[kko ,oa ;k=h lqfo/kk,°chdkusj esa jsyksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vU; O;oLFkkvksa ij Hkh cgqr /ku

[kpZ fd;k x;kA nsikylj] gM+eky vkSj Jhdj.kiqj esa 'kSM fufeZr fd;s x;sA13

tkelj] nqyesjk vkSj iykuk esa lkbZM ykbusa Mkyh xbZA14 ekyxkM+h ds [kqys fMCcksadks cUn fMCcksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA15 ;k=k dks vkjkensg ,oa lqfo/kktudcuk;k x;kA 1937&38 bZ- esa fnYyh vkus&tkus okys ;kf=;ksa ds fy;s r`rh; Js.kh esavkjk.k lqfo/kk,° miyC/k djk;k x;kA16 1940&41 bZ- esa ;k=h fMCcksa dh yEckÃ53 QqV ls c<+kdj 57 QqV dj nh xbZ ysfdu izfr ;k=h cSBus dk LFkku ;Fkkor ghcuk jgkA17

1941 bZ- esa 21 ;kf=;ksa ij fMCcs esa 1 'kkSpx`g dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA jsyksa esafctyh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA18 1942&43 bZ- esa fMCcksa esa izfr ;k=h cSBus dkLFkku 18fiX18fi ls c<+kdj 20fiX19fi dj fn;k x;kA19 jsYkos LVs'kuksa ij ;kf=;ksa dhlqfo/kk gsrq vYikgkj dh O;oLFkk] Bgjus gsrq dejs vkSj gkWy fufeZr djok, x,ALVs'kuksa ij ;kf=;ksa gsrq ihus ds ikuh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA20 fL=;ksa ds fy;s ;k=klqjfkr djus gsrq muds fMCcksa ds njoktksa ij Fke cksYV yxok, x,A21 jsyksa dsfodkl ,oa ;k=h lqfo/kkvksa esa o`fº ds dkj.k ;kf=;ksa dh la[;k esa o`fº gksukLokHkkfod FkkA ;kf=;ksa dh la[;k ,oa ftrus Vu pkjk <+ks;k x;k mls lkj.kh ÿa- 2 esamfYyf[kr vk°dM+ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS22%&

Lkkj.kh ÿekad & 2

;kf=;ksa dh la[;k o pkjk <qykbZ (o"kZokj)

Ok"kZ ;kf=;ksa dh la[;k jsyksa kjk eky <ks;k (Vuksa esa)

1939&40 20]58]245 6]90]90]773

1940&41 24]36]756 5]48]37]2871941&42 29]27]256 6]33]45]233

jsy nq?kZVuk,°jsy ;krk;kr fodkl ds lkFk jsy nq?kZVukvksa dk ÿe tqM+k gqvk gSA chsdkusj

jsYkos Hkh bldk viokn ugha FkhA 1939&40 bZ- esa 69 jsy nq?kZVuk,° gqbZ ftuesa ,djsydeZpkjh ekjk x;kA lu~ 1940&41 esa dsoy 46 jsy nq?kZVuk,° gqbZ ftuesa 15 ;k=hekjs x;s ,oa lu~ 1941&42 esa 70 jsy nq?kZVuk,° gqbZ ftuesa 10 ;k=h vkSj 2 jsydeZpkjh ekjs x;sA23

fcuk fVdV ;k=k1941&42 bZ- esa chdkusj jsYkos esa 14]539 ;k=h fcuk fVdV ;k=k djrs gq,

idM+s x, vkSj 1942&43 bZ- esa 22]052 ;k=h fcuk fVdV ;k=k djrs gq, idM+sx,A 14]539 ;kf=;ksa ls 20]794 :- vkSj 22]052 ;kf=;ksa ls 45]751 :- tqekZus ds:Ik esa olwy fd, x,A 1942 bZ- esa fcuk fVdV ;k=k djus okys ;kf=;ksa ds fy,fo'ks"k fujhk.k O;oLFkk vkjEHk dh xbZA24

jsy lkeku1935&36 bZ- esa jsyksa dk jksfyax LVkWd lkj.kh ÿa- 3 ds vk°dM+ksa ls le>k tk

ldrk gS25 %&Lkkj.kh ÿekad & 3

jsyksa dk jksfyax LVkWdÿ- la- Ukke oLrq Lka[;k1- jsy batu 542- jsy eksVj o fujhk.k V™kWyh 063- Lkokjh fMCcs 1424- vU; ;k=h fMCcs 425- Ekgkjktk ds lSywu 036- Lkkeku Hk.Mkj.k 1260

1941&42 bZ- esa jsy batuksa dh la[;k esa 3 dh o`fº gqbZ vkSj ,d jsy dkj[kjhnh xÃA

jsyksa ij O;; %&jsy ykbusa fcNkus rFkk muds j[k&j[kko ,oa u;k lkeku [kjhnus rFkk ;k=h

lqfo/kk,° c<+kus ij le;≤ ij cgqr vf/kd /ku [kpZ fd;k x;kA izfro"kZfofu;kstu c<+rk gh x;k tks lkj.kh ÿekad 4 esa mfYyf[kr vk°dM+ksa ls le>k tkldrk gS26 %&

188


lkj.kh ÿekad & 4jsYkos ij o"kZokj fd;k x;k O;;

Ok"kZ dqy fofu;kstu :Ik;ksa esa1897&98 9]73]4731898&99 22]12]2301905&06 52]53]8781909&10 81]69]5351910&11 95]56]5761911&12 1]04]86]7281912&13 1]08]56]8221913&14 1]13]60]5801914&15 1]20]16]0231915&16 1]20]79]2771916&17 1]20]96]9351917&18 1]21]18]8331918&19 1]20]89]9581919&20 1]27]92]3441920&21 1]53]67]8051921&22 1]86]73]5541922&23 1]99]11]7721923&24 2]10]99]8521924&25 2]60]36]5861925&26 2]78]21]5081926&27 2]98]60]7581927&28 3]27]66]8771928&29 3]37]63]5121929&30 3]53]84]0281930&31 3]61]40]3941931&32 3]64]32]1891932&33 3]64]37]4181933&34 3]64]58]051

1934&35 3]64]87]0841935&36 3]66]15]5281936&37 3]74]00]5191937&38 3]71]01]1941938&39 3]82]71]2461939&40 3]86]74]5541940&41 4]30]17]6211941&42 4]28]15]4991942&43 4]28]87]565

1897&98 bZ- esa tks /ku jsyksa ij O;; fd;k og 1942&43 bZ- esa c<+dj 13xquk gks x;kA

jsyksa ls vk;1897&98 bZ- esa jsyksa ij fofu;ksftr /ku ls 1]17]456 #Ik;s dk ykHk izkIr

gqvk tks 1942&43 bZ- esa c<++++++dj 71]76]314 #Ik;s gks x;k tks 60 izfr'kr vf/kdFkkA

jsyksa ds fodkl dk jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkkochdkusj jkT; esa jsyksa ds fodkl us tgk° jkT; dks ,d uohu rFkk LFkkÃ vk;

dk lk/ku miyC/k djk;k ogha nwljh vksj chdkusj jkT; dk lEcU/k vU; jkT;ksa lsLFkkfir fd;kA chdkusj jkT; esa gksus okys fuekZ.k dk;ksZa dks rhozrk ls iwjk djus esajsyksa dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; jghA xax ugj ds fuekZ.k gsrq pwuk] dkadj ys tkus dk;Zjsyksa kjk fd;k x;k ftlls ugj fuekZ.k 'kh?kz lEHko gks ldkA O;kikfjd n`f"V lstkelj dh :M~Mh] nqyesjk dk iRFkj vkSj iykuk dh [kku ls dks;yk vU; jkT;ksadks cspdj jkT; us vlhfer /ku vftZr fd;kA chdkusj dh turk dks gj o"kZiM+us okys vdkyksa ls lqjkk iznku djus dk dk;Z jsyksa ds fodkl ls gh lEHko gksldkA Ckhdkusj dk O;kikjh oxZ jsyksa kjk ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa x;k vkSj 'kh?kz ghns'k dk egŸoiw.kZ O;kikjh cu x;k vkSj jkT; esa vlhfer /ku lEink muds ek/;els vkus yxhA Ekgkjktk xaxkflag th dk 56 o"kZ dk 'kkludky jsyksa ds foLrkj dsbfrgkl esa chdkusj dk Lo.kZ;qx FkkA 1891 bZ- esa tgk° jsyksa dh yEckÃ 76-40 fd-eh- Fkh rFkk vk; 'kwU; Fkh ogk° 1943 bZ- esa 1394-75 fd-eh- jsyksa dh yEckÃ rFkk71]76]314 #- dh vk; gks xÃA ;g mudh lw>&cw>] n`<+ ladYi] nwjnf'kZrk vkSjtu dY;k.k dh Hkkouk dk izrhd gSA

189


lUnHkZ1- iUuhdj] ds- ,e- & fgt gkbZuSl n egkjktk vkWQ chdkusj] , ck;ksxzkQh i`- 652- dkUV™sDV fjysfVax Vw tks/kiqj&chdkusj jsYkos flLVe (dydŸkk&lqifjUkVs.Ms.V]

xouZuesaV fizafVax bafM;k] 1922 bZ-)3- ogh4- Qksj fMdsM~l vkWQ izksxzsl bu chdkusj] i`- 995- Qksj fMdsM~l vkWQ izksaxzsl bu chdkusj] i`- 996- Okgh7- Okgh] i`- 1038- ,MÒ fjiksVZ 1942&43 bZ-] vuqPNsn&259- iUuhdj] ds-,e & iwoksZDr] i`- 282&28310- ogh11- flag] okÃ- ih- & lu vkWQ n lks'ky egkjktk xaxkflag] i`- 13612- iUuhdj] ds- ,e- & iwoksZDr] i`- 28513- ,MÒ fjiksVZ 1935&36 bZ-] vuqPNsn&9414- Okgh15- Okgh16- Okgh] 1936&37 bZ-] vuqPNsn&6117- Okgh] 1939&42 bZ-] vuqPNsn&4218- Okgh] vuqPNsn&3219- Okgh] vuqPNsn&3520- Okgh] vuqPNsn&39&4021- Okgh] 1941&42 bZ-] vuqPNsn&4322- Okgh] 1939&42 bZ-] vuqPNsn&3823- ,M- fjiksVZ] 1939&42 bZ-] vuqPNsn&4424- Okgh] 1942&43 bZ-] vuqPNsn&3225- Okgh] 1935&36 bZ-] vuqPNsn&9626- Okgh] 1939&42 bZ-] vuqPNsn&104

chdkusj jkT; esa fdlkuksa dh Ω.kxzLrrk oljdkjh uhfr;k° (1887 bZ-&1947 bZ-)

Mk- e;ad xqIrk

lehkk/khu dky (1887 bZ&1947 bZ-) ds rn~fo"k;d L=ksrksa ds vuq'khyuls Kkr gksrk gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa d`"kd lkekU;r% d`f"ktU; dkj.kksa ls Ω.k ysrkFkkA vdky o vU; izkd`frd vkinkvksa ds QyLo:Ik Qlyksa dks gq, uqdlku rFkkvU; vkdfLed t:jrksa dh iwfrZ gsrq og Ω.k ysus tSls dneksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksrkFkkA ogha lkekU; o"kksZa esa Hkh cht] d`f"k midj.k o Ik'kq [kjhnus ds fy, vko';d/ku dh O;oLFkk Hkh vDlj og Ω.k kjk gh djrk FkkA1 ;s Ω.k ;k rks jkT; ls^rdkoh* ds :Ik esa feyrk Fkk vFkok xkao ds egktu (lkgwdkj) lsA lkekU;r% ,slsΩ.k pqdkus esa vf/kd dfBukbZ ugha gksrh Fkh] D;ksafd budh ek=k vf/kd ugha gksrhFkhA2 dbZ ckj d`"kdksa ds d`f"k mRiknksa dh dher de jgus ds dkj.k Ω.kxzLr jgusds mYys[k Hkh feyrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa mUgs Hkw&jktLo pqdkus o vU; t:jrksa dsfy, /ku dh O;oLFkk djus ds fy, mit dk vf/kd Hkkx cspuk iM+rk FkkA vr%muds ikl mit de cprh Fkh] ftl dkj.k mUgsa Ω.k dh vko';drk iM+rh FkhA3

LFkkuh; egktu O;fDrxr tekur] Qly o Hkwfe fxjoh j[kdj gh Ω.k nsrs FksA;gka ;g rF; mYys[kuh; gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa lokZf/kd 25 izfr'kr Hkwfexaxkuxj ks= esa lkgwdkjksa ds ikl fxjoh j[kh gqbZ FkhA4 dbZ ckj lkgwdkj fdlkuksadks Ik'kq] cht o pkjk [kjhnus gsrq bl 'krZ ij Ω.k nsrs Fks fd og mit ml lkgwdkjdks gh cspsA bl iºfr ls fdlku dks Hkqxrku ds :Ik esa vf/kd /ku nsuk iM+rk FkkA

blds vfrfjDr lkekftd dk;ksZ tSls& fookg] tUe] e`R;q ds volj ij/ku dh t:jr Hkh fdlkuksa dh Ω.kxzLrrk dk cM+k dkj.k FkhA ;g fLFkfr lkgwdkjksadks d`"kdksa dk 'kks"k.k djus dk volj iznku djrh Fkh] D;ksafd jkT; flQZ d`f"kdk;ksZa ds fy, gh ^rdkoh* nsrk FkkA fo'ks"kr% jkT; dh uksgj o Hkknjk rglhy esad`"kdksa kjk lhek ls vf/kd O;; djus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA5 bl izdkj fdlkufu;fer Ω.k Hkqxrku ds ckn Hkh lkgwdkjksa ds vfoosd o ykyp ds dkj.k fujUrjΩ.kh cuk jgrk FkkA lkFk gh C;kt njksa dk vR;f/kd gksuk (12 izfr'kr ls 24izfr'kr) Hkh bldk ,d dkj.k FkkA6

190


chdkusj jkT; esa d`f"k eq[;r% o"kkZ ij fuHkZj FkhA vr% ekulwu vkus ijlkgwdkj bl mi;qDr volj ekudj nsunkj d`"kdksa dks olwyh gsrq U;k;ky; esaO;fDrxr :Ik ls ryc djokrk FkkA ,sls esa fdlku ds dk'r ls vyx jgus dsdkj.k mfpr dk'r ugha gks ikrh Fkh] ftlls mRiknu de gksrk Fkk vkSj og fu;ferHkwjktLo pqdkus esa Hkh vleFkZ gks tkrk FkkA7 vr% d`"kdksa dks jkgr nsus ds fy,ljdkj us 1890 bZ- esa mUgsa nhokuh U;k;ky;ksa] dkSafly] rglhy o futker dk;kZy;ksaesa 15 twu ls 15 vDVwcj rd ryc djus ij izfrca/k yxk fn;k rkfd o"kkZ ds fnuksaesa [ksr NksM+us ls mUgsa gkfu u gksA8 bl ckr ds mYys[k Hkh feyrs gS fd dbZ ckjlkgwdkj fdlkuksa ij vdky ds le; Hkh Ω.k pqdkus ;k viuh Hkwfe de dher ijcspus ds fy, ncko Mkyrs FksA vU;Fkk os fdlkuksa dks dSn dh ltk fnykus ls Hkhugha pwdrs FksA vr% ljdkj dbZ ckj fdlkuksa ds fgr esa vdky ds dkj.k Ω.kpqdkus esa vlQy jgs fdlkuksa dks dSn dh ltk dk fu;e LFkfxr Hkh dj nsrh FkhA9

ijUrq bl NwV dh vkM+ esa dbZ lke fdlku Hkh Ω.k pqdkus ls bUdkj dj nsrs FksAvr% ljdkj us lkgwdkjksa dks vPNh Qly gksus dh fLFkfr esa Ω.kh fdlkuksa dhQly tCr djokdj Ω.k olwyus dk vf/kdkj ns fn;kA ysfdu Qly dk ,dfuf"pr fgLlk tCrh ls eqDr jgrk Fkk rkfd fdlku viuk xqtkjk dj ldsA10

chdkusj jkT; kjk fdlkuksa dh Ω.kxzLrrk dks jksdus gsrq dbZ mik; fd,x,A ftuesa lkgwdkjksa dk iathdj.k vfuok;Z djuk] mUgsa ykblsUl nsuk] eksgj ;qDrys[kk iqLrdksa dk iz;ksx] rglhynkj kjk bu iqLrdksa dk vkdfLed fujhk.k olgdkj vkUnksyu dks izksRlkfgr djuk 'kkfey FkkA11 ;|fi bl ckr ds mYys[k Hkhfeyrs gSa fd ljdkj lkgwdkjksa ds fgrksa dh Hkh iw.kZr% miskk ugha djrh FkhA jkT;kjk C;kt dh vf/kdre nj ,d :Ik;k izfr lSadM+k djus ds izLrko dks lkgwdkjksakjk vLohd`r djus ds ckn ljdkj us C;kt dh vf/kdre nj 24 izfr'kr okf"kZdfuf'pr dj nhA12 blds vfrfjDr jkT; d`f"k dk;ksZa tSls& cht] gy] Ik'kqvksa dh[kjhn] u, dqa, cuokus o mudh ejEer vkfn ds fy, d`"kdksa dks rdkoh (ljdkjhd`f"k Ω.k) Hkh nsrk FkkA13 bu Ω.kksa dh C;kt nj 6 izfr'kr okf"kZd FkhA14 1891 bZ-esa cht o cSyksa dh [kjhn gsrq 40]000 :- rdkoh* Ω.k ds fy, Lohd`r fd, x,vkSj LFkkuh; rglhynkjksa kjk budk forj.k fd;k x;kA15 1899 bZ- ds vdky dsnkSjku d`"kdksa dks cht] vukt] Ik'kq o d`f"k midj.k [kjhnus ds fy, 120000 :-Lohd`r fd, x,A16 blh izdkj 1911&12 bZ- esa 28680 #- rFkk 1915&16 bZ- dslw[ks ds nkSjku 200000 #- bl gsrq tkjh fd, x,A17 1921&22 bZ- esa 145319#i;s] 1922&23 bZ- esa 15121 #- o 1925&26 bZ- esa 12200 :- ^rdkoh* ds :Ikesa fn, x,A18 1938&39 bZ- ds vdky ds ckn ekulwu izkjaHk gksus ij jkgr f'kfojksa

esa jg jgs yksxksa dks d`f"k dk;ksZa gsrq 163096 :- rdkoh ds :Ik esa fn, x,A19 ogh1939&40 bZ- ds vdky esa d`"kdksa dks nks o"kZ ds fy, fcuk C;kt ds 500000 :-dk _.k fn;k x;k D;ksafd yxkrkj nks o"kksZa ds vdky ds dkj.k os C;kt pqdkus dhfLFkfr esa ugha FksA20

rn~fo"k;d L=ksr lkexzh ls ;g rF; Hkh izdV gksrk gS fd chdkusj jkT; uslkgwdkjksa ij fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus o ^rdkoh* Ω.k nsus tSls mik;ksa ds lkFk&lkFklgdkfjrk dk;Zÿeksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;kA bldk mn~ns'; d`"kdksa dh Ω.kxzLrrkde djuk] mUgsa lk[k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk o cpr dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA bl ÿeesa 1920 bZ- esa lgdkfjrk lfefr dk jftLV™kj fu;qDr djds ^lgdkfjrk lfefr,DV* ikfjr fd;k x;kA21 lgdkfjrk dk;Zÿe ds vUrxZr ^dks&vkWijsfVo ÿsfMVlkslkbfV;k°* [kksyh xbZ vkSj buds ek/;e ls 12-5 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt ij Ω.kfn;k tkus yxkA 1936 bZ- rd izkFkfed lfefr;ksa dh la[;k 106 rFkk lnL; la[;k2338 Fkh rFkk budh dk;Z'khy iwath 592093 :- FkhA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkknjkrglhy esa bls vR;f/kd lQyrk feyhA ;gka 1200 lnL;ksa lfgr 57 lgdkjhlfefr;k° FkhA ogha xaxkuxj fMohtu esa 62 lfefr;k° Fkh ftudh lnL; la[;k1550 FkhA blds vfrfjDr xaxkuxj esa 1930 bZ- esa YkSaM eksjxst lasV™y dks&vkWijsfVocSad* dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA bldk mn~ns'; t:jr ds le; HkwLokfe;ksa dks Ω.kmiyC/k djokuk FkkA bldh fÿ;k'khy iwath 177658 :- FkhA22 mYys[kuh; gS fd;g cSad bl ugjh ks= esa mUufr'khy d`"kdksa esa dkQh yksdfiz; gqvk vkSj bldhnh?kkZof/k Ω.k ;kstuk dk ykHk dbZ d`"kdksa us mBk;kA23 bl izdkj lgdkjh lfefr;ksads ek/;e ls d`"kdksa dh Ω.kxzLrrk dh leL;k dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kAogha nwljh vksj buds ek/;e ls d`"kdksa esa LokoyEcu o cpr dh izo`fr fodflrgqbZA

mijksDRk rF;ksa ds vuq'khyu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd chdkusj jkT; d`"kdksa lsHkw&jktLo olwyus ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa mnkj 'krksZa ij Ω.k Hkh miyC/k djokrk FkkAijUrq ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; rF; gS fd jkT; kjk de C;kt ij ^rdkoh* Ω.k fn,tkus ds ckn Hkh d`"kdksa dh LFkkuh; lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZjrk lekIr ugha gqbZ D;ksafd,d rks jkT; flQZ d`f"k dk;ksZa ds fy, gh Ω.k iznku djrk Fkk vkSj fdlkuksa dksikfjokfjd o lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkgwdkjksa ij gh fuHkZj jgukiM+rk FkkA ogha fofHkUu o"kksZa ds rdkoh Ω.k ds vkadM+ksa ls Hkh ;gh izrhr gksrk gS fd^rdkoh* Ω.k dh jkf"k chdkusj tSls cM+s jkT; ds fy, dkQh de Fkh] fQj Hkh*rdkoh* Ω.k ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dh lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZjrk dqN de vo'; gqbZA

191


vr% Lora=rk ds ckn ljdkj us bl leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy;s d`"kdksa dks d`f"kΩ.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk vd`f"k Ω.k Hkh iznku djus dh uhfr izkjaHk dhA

lanHkZ1- fjiksVZ vkWQ chdkusj cSafdax ,UDok;jh desVh] 1930 bZ-] i`-13] jktLFkku jkT;

vfHkys[kkxkj iqLrdky;] chdkusjA2- Qksj fMdsM~l vkWQ izksxzsl bu chdkusj LVsV] 1937 bZ-] i`- 37&38] jk-jk-v-iq3- Ckhdkusj lsUll fjiksVZ] 1931 bZ-] i`-139] jk-jk-v-iq-ch-4- jsosU;w dfe"uj xaxkuxj] QkbZy ua- 2666] 1946 bZ-] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj5- chdkusj lsUll fjiksVZ] 1931 bZ-] i`- 139] jk-jk-v-iq-ch-6- jsosU;w fMikVZesUV chdkusj] Qkby ua- ch 307&349] 1926 bZ-] jk-jk-v-ch-7- izksflfMXal vkWQ ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh chdkusj] 3-9-1915] i`- 34&358- jsosU;w fMikVZesaV chdkusj] uksfVfQds"ku ua- 9] 17-6-1916] jk-jk-v-ch-9- jsosU;w fMikVZesUV chdkusj] Qkby ua- ch 307&349] 1926 bZ- jk-jk-v-ch-10- vkWfQl vkWQ jsosU;w fefuLVj] chdkusj] uksfVfQds'ku ua- 13] 6-4-192911- chdkusj lsUll fjiksVZ] 1931 bZ-] i` 138&141] jk-jk-v-iq-ch-12- izksflfMaXl vkWQ ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh chdkusj] 7-5-1923] i`- 54] jk-jk-v-iq-

ch-% jsosU;w fMikVZesUV chdkusj] Qkby ua- ch 307&349] 1926 bZ-] jk-jk-v-ch-13- jsosU;w fMikVZesUV chdkusj] Qkby ua- ch 124&127] 1926 bZ] jk-jk-v-ch14- izksflfMaXl vkWQ ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh chdkusj 10-1-1913] i`-3] jk-jk-v-iq-15- fjiksVZ vkWu fjyhQ vkijs"kUl v.MjVsdu bu usfVo LVsV~l&ekjokM+] tSlyesj]

chdkusj] 1891&92 bZ] i`- 35] jk-jk-v-iq-ch-16- fjiksVZ vkWu Qsfeu fjyhQ vkijs'kUl bu chdkusj LVsV] 1899&1900 bZ] i`-2017- egdek [kkl] chdkusj] Qkby ua- 1562] 1906&10 bZ-] jk-jk-v-ch-18- ih-,e- vkWfQl chdkusj] Qkby ua- , 510] 1929 bZ-] jk-jk-v-ch-19- fjiksVZ vkWu Qsfeu fjyhQ vkijs'kUl bu chdkusj LVsV] 1938&1939] i`- 2320- fjiksVZ vkWu Qsfeu fjyhQ vkijs'kUl bu chdkusj LVsV] 1939&40 bZ-] i`- 7021- n`'VO; dks&vkWijsfVo lkslkbZfVt ,DV chdkusj ua- 3] 1920 bZ-] jk-jk-v-iq-ch-22- jsosU;w dfe"uj xaxkuxj] Qkby ua th@518] 1937&38] jk-jk-v-ch-23- fjiksVZ vkWu n ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ chdkusj LVsV] 1945&47 bZ] i`- 58

fljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'k dh mRifŸkmn;flag nsoM+k

Hkkjro"kZ esa nsoM+k pkSgku dqy dk ,d ek= jkT; fljksgh jgk gSA orZeku dklEiw.kZ fljksgh ftyk ,oa vkl&ikl dk Hkw&Hkkx HkwriwoZ fljksgh fj;klr dk ks= jgkgS] ftldk izkphu dky esa vcqZn&izns'k] vcqZnkapy] vcqZn e.My vkfn ukekas lsmYys[k feyrk gSA ekS;ksZ] xqIrksa] gw.kksa] izfrgkjksa] pkyqD;ksa ,oa ijekjksa ds i'pkr~ blHkw&Hkkx ij nsoM+k pkSgkuksa dk vf/kdkj jgk] tks LorU=rk izkfIr i'pkr~ Hkh 05tuojh] 1949 rd fljksgh fj;klr ds Hkkjr la?k esa foy; gksus rd cuk jgkA1

pkSgkuksa dh dbZ izeq[k 'kk[kkvksa esa nsoM+k Hkh ,d izflº 'kk[kk jgh gS] ftldhmRifŸk ds lEcU/k esa fHkUu&fHkUu er izpfyr jgs gSA fljksgh fj;klr dh [;krvuqlkj ukMksy 'kk[kk ds pkSgku 'kkld ekuo flag mQZ ek.khth ds iq= nsojkt lsnsoM+k 'kk[kk izpfyr gksuk ekuk x;k gSA2 ogh oa'k HkkLdj esa pkSgkuksa dh fuokZ.k"kk[kk ls nsoMk "kk[kk dh mRifRr ekuh xbZ gSA eqg.kksr uS.klh dh [;kr esa vyx gher izLrqr fd;k x;k gSaA bl [;kr ds vuqlkj ukMksy ds vkljkt uked jktk dsogka opucº gksdj dksbZ nsoh iRuh ds :i esa jgha ,oa mldh larku nsohiq= gksus lsnsoMk dgykbZA3 uhejk.kk dh oa'kkoyh ds vuqlkj jko yk[ku ds 24 iq=ksa esa lspkSchlosa iq= nsojkt ls nsoM+k 'kk[kk dh mRifRr ekuh xbZ gSA4

mi;qZDr lkfgR;d erksa ds lkFk gh lkFk f'kykys[kksa esa Hkh nsoMk jktoa"k dsmRifŸk fo"k;d fHkUu&fHkUu er feyrs gSaA nsoMk jktoa'k ds bu fofHkUu erksa esafrfFkÿe] jkT; LFkku ,oa ewy iq:'k dks ysdj bfrgkldkj ,d er ugh gSaAlafkIrr% nsoMk* pkSgkuksa ds mRifRr fo'k;d fuEukuqlkj er izpfyr jgs gS%&

egkdfo pUnzcjnk;h kjk izLrqr 36 jktiwr jktoa'kksa dh lwph esa nsoMkjktoa"k dk i`Fkd jktoa'k ds :i esa mYys[k gqvk gSA5 dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh lsKkr gksrk gS fd lu~ 1148 bZ- ls iwoZ gh 36 jktoa'k cu pqds FksA ml le; nsoMkpkSgkuksa dh mRifRr gks pqdh Fkh vkSj Hkhueky ij mudk LorU= "kklu gks pqdk FkkALi'V gS mDr jktoa"kkoyh ^nsoMk* jktoa'k dks fljksgh o tkyksj jkT; LFkkiuk lsiwoZ gksuk izekf.kr djrh gSA ijUrq i`Fohjkt jklksa dh ,frgkfldrk lansgkLin gSA;g xzUFk dkO; ek= gS] bfrgkl ughaA

192


eqg.kksr uS.klh dh [;kr esa ukMksy ds jko yk[k.k ds oa"k esa vkljko(v'ojkt) uked jktk gqvk ftlds ogka opucº gksus ds dkj.k nsoh (iRuhcudj) jghaA mlh ds xHkZ ls v'ojkt ds rhu iq= gq, tks nsoMk dgyk;saA6 mDrdFkk dh jpuk] nsoMk pkSgkuksa dh dqy nsoh vk'kkiqjk dh mikluk ls laca/k gksus dkvuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd fdlh nsoh dk opucº gksdj jktk dh jkuhcudj jguk ,oa opuHkax gksus ij vUr/;kZu gksuk bfrgkl esa dfo;ksa dh dYiukek= jgh gSA lkFk gh nsoh ds iq= nsoMk gksrs rks vkljkt ds vU; iq= nsoMk D;ksa ughdgyk;sA oa'k HkkLdj esa lkaHkj ds ekf.kdjkt dk iq= fuokZ.k ls uhjok.ka o nsoMk*"kk[kk,a izpfyr gksus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA7 mDr xzUFk esa nsoMksa dh mRifRr ds laca/k esa fuEu in Hkh ik;k tkrk gS%&

b.k dqy gh nsoV vfHkekuh] egh Hkqtax gqoks j.kekuh]dqy ft.kjks nsoMk dgkosa] nku lej vuqie njlkosA 8

ijUrq fuokZ.k ls nsoMk 'kk[kk fudyuk rdZ lEer ugha gSaA uhejk.kk dhoa'kkoyh esa fy[kk gS fd ukMksy /k.kh jko yk[k.k ds pkSchlosa iq= nsojkt ls nsoMk'kk[kk dh mRifRr gksuk crk;k x;k gSA9 tks ukMksy ls nsoMkvksa dh mRifRr n'kkZrhgSA f[kyphiqj dh gLrfyf[kr [;kr esa lkaHkj ds jktk fo'kynso ds pkSchl iq=ksa esals ,d nsoh flag ds oa'kt nsoMk dgyk;s x;sA10 ,slk vafdr gSA ;g [;kr ukMksyls i`Fkd lkaHkj ls nsoMk oa"k ds pyus dk ladsr djrh gSA vkcw ioZr ij vpys"ojds eafnj ds ckgj fo-l- 1225 vkSj 1229 (bZ-l- 1168 vkSj 1172) ds f'kykys[kesa ^nsoMk* uke feyrk gSA11 tks egRoiw.kZ lk; ekuk tk ldrk gSA vpys'ojegknso eafnj esas yxs fo-l- 1377 (bZ-l- 1320) ds f'kykys[k esa ekuoflag dksmn; flag (tkyksj) dk cMk HkkbZ fy[kk gSA12 blh f'kykys[k esa nsoMk 'kk[kk dkmYys[k feyrk gS] tks tkyksj ds lksuxjksa ls mRifRr izekf.kr djrh gSaA jk;cgknqjxkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k ds vuqlkj fljksgh dh [;kr esa fy[kk gS fd jkoekuoflag ds iq= dk uke nsojkt Fkk] ftlds uke ij mlds oa'kt nsoM+k pkSgkudgyk;sA13 ijUrq vks>kth us Hkh ukMksy ;k tkyksj ls oa'kÿe ls mRifRr fo"k;dbl iz'u dk lgh [kqyklk ugha fd;k gSA

fljksgh jkT; ds cM+oksa dh cgh] jktiqjksfgrksa ,oa dqyxq:vksa dh iqLrd esatkyksj ds lksuxjk pkSgku 'kkld lejflag ds iq= ekuoflag ds iq= nsojkt ls nsoMkpkSgku dgykus dk o`rkUr feyrk gSA14 ;gka izrkiey dk uke rd ugha gSA

ckadhnkl dh [;kr esa fy[kk gS fd ^^lksuxjk eg.klh jS ?kjokls nsoh jgSAm.k jS iq= gqvks uke nsoksa] nsokjS oa'k jk nsoMk dgk.kksaA15 vFkkZr~ lksuxjk ekuoflag ds

nsoh Lo:ika jkuh dh dks[k ls mRiUu nsok uked iq= ls nsoMk 'kk[kk pyhA pkSgkudqy dYinzqe esas 'kkdEHkjh ls ukMksy ,oa ukMksy ls tkyksj "kk[kk ds lksuxjk pkSgkuksals fljksgh ds nsoMk pkSgkuksa dk mn~Hko crk;k x;k gSA16 lkFk gh iqjkus ^nsoMksa* dsyqIr ;k xqe gks tkus dk fy[kk gSA vkcw fLFkr foeyolfg nsoky; ys[k esaekuoflag ds iq= izrkieYy* dk mYys[k gSA bl izLrj ys[k esa **nsojkt** dk ukerd ugha gSA17 dbZ bfrgkldkjksa us nsoMk pkSgku jktoa'k dks vfrizkphu ekuk gS rksdbZ;ksa us fljksgh ds nsoMkvksa dh mRifRr tkyksj ds lksuhxjk pkSgkuksa ls ekuh gSA Mk-fot; dqekj f=osnh ,oa egkjktk fljksgh ftUgksaus fljksgh ds bfrgkl ij fo'knizdk'k Mkyk gS mUgksaus Hkh fljksgh nsoMk jktoa'k dks tkyksj ds lksuhxjk oa'k ls mn;gksuk ekuk gSA18 jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ fljksgh esa fljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'kdk vH;qn; tkyksj ds lksuhxjk pkSgku lejflag ds iq= ekuoflag ls gksuk ,derLohdkj fd;k x;k gSA19 bl laca/k esa mDr erksa ds vfrfjDr ,d vU; jkspd ,oaegRoiw.kZ o`rkUr tks fd tuJqfr;ksa ,oa fljksgh ds u;s jktk ds jktfryd dhijEijk ds izek.kksa ls Hkh iq"V gS og bl izdkj gS&vkcw fot; ls iwoZ tkyksj lsfuokZflr lksuhxjk ekuoflag dk cjywV dh tkxhj ij vf/kdkj FkkA lksuhxjkekuoflag ,d fnu la/;kdky esa flj.kok igkM+ ds fudV ls xqtj jgs Fks] tgka,d xzke esa mUgksaus dqN ;qofr;ksa dks [ksyrs gq, ns[kkA jktk us dqN iy #ddj mu;qofr;ksa dk [ksy ns[kkA bl nkSjkt os mu ;qofr;ksa eas ls ,d vfr lqUnj ;qorh ijeksfgr gks x;s] tks ,d Nhik tkfr dh dU;k FkhA

[ksy lekfIr ij lHkh dU;k,a vius&vius ?kj tkus yxh rc lksuhxjkeg.klh ml vfrlqUnj dU;k ds ihNs&ihNs mlds ?kj dk irk yxkus py fn;sA ogdU;k nsoh Lo:ik gksus ls jktk dk eu Hkkai xbZ vkSj ?kj tkus ds ctk; lehi dsflj.kok ioZr dh vksj py nhA jktk us ihNk fd;k] tgka ,dkUr ioZr ij igqapdjog dU;k vius vlyh :i esa nsoh ds :i esa izdV gqbZA rc jktk dks Hkwy dkvglkl gqvkA jktk us kek;kpuk dhA nsoh us jktk dks viuh vxqayh phjdj jDrls fryd dj iq=oku ,oa jkT;oku gksus dk vk'khokZn fn;k vkSj rRi'pkr~ igkM+ksa esaHk;adj ukn ds lkFk lek x;hA tgka vkt Hkh igkM+ksa ds ≈aps njsZ ij ekrj ekrk ds:i esa ml nsoh dk izkphu eafnj LFkkfir gS] tks vkLFkk dk izeq[k LFky Hkh gSAdgrs gS fd ml fnu ls lksuhxjk eg.kth ekuoflag LorU= jktk ds :i esa viusjkT; dk mRrjksRrj foLrkj dj ckdfM;ka cMxke ds LorU= "kkld cusaA muds iq=nsohizlkn Lo:i nsojkt gq, vkSj ;gh ls nsoMk jktoa"k pykA Nhik tkfr dhdU;k kjk u;s jktk dk jktfryd djus dh ijEijk vkt fnu rd dk;e gSA20

193


mDr ?kVukÿe ds laca/k esa egkjktk fljksgh us ^fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl*uked ys[k esa flj.kok igkM dh vf/k"Bk=h nsoh ekr`&ekrk (ekrj ekrk) ds ekuoflag (eg.klh) ds LFkku ij muds iq= nsojkt ij ojnk;h gksus dk mYys[k fd;kgSA21 fljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'k dh mRifRr ds laca/k esa mi;qZDr erksa dk xgurk lsv/;;u ,oa fo'ys'k.k djus ij eq[; :i ls nks fopkj/kkjk;sa lkeus vkrh gSA izFkeerkuqlkj rks tkyksj ds lksuhxjk ls iwoZ ukMksy ;k lkaHkj ls nsoMk jktoa'k dhmRifRr ekuh xbZ gS ogha frh; er ds vuqlkj tkyksj ds lksuhxjks esa ls gh i`Fkdgksdj fljksgh dk nsoMk jktoa'k pykA mijksDr nksuksa gh erksa ds laca/k esa ,sfrgkfldlk; gS ,oa oa'kkoyh Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA izkphu f'kykys[k] lkfgR; ,oa Hkhuekyvkfn esa nsoMksa dk jkT; LFkku gksuk tgka izkphu er dk izfriknu djrs gSA22

ogha nsoMk pkSgkuksa dk ,dek= jkT; LFkku fljksgh gksuk ,oa tkyksj dslksuhxjksa ls oa'kkoyh ,oa ,sfrgkfld lEcºrk izekf.kr gksuk lksuhxjk tkyksj lsfljksgh jkT; LFkkiuk ds lkFk nsoMk 'kk[kk dh mRifRr fo"k;d frh; flºkUr dhiqf"V djrs gSaA23 ;|fi nsoMk pkSgkuksa dh mRifRr fo"k;d mijksDr nksuksa gh flºkUrrdZ lEer izrhr gksrs gSA mRifRr ds bl izFke flºkUr vuqlkj fljksgh iwoZ nsoMkjktoa'k U;wu ;k vf/kd :i ls izpfyr gksuk flº gksrk gSA mDr oa'k ds lkapksj ;kHkhueky lesr dqN ks= ij vf/kdkj Hkh gksuk izekf.kr gksrk gS ijUrq bu lc dsmijkUr fljksgh ds orZeku nsoMk jktoa"k dk mu izkphu nsoMk 'kk[kk ls lEcºrkflº ugha gksrh gSA vr% ;gka ;g dguk mfpr gksxk fd fljksgh iwoZ Hkh nsoMkjktoa'k dk mn; gks pqdk Fkk ijUrq fljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'k dk vH;qn; ekuoflaglksuhxjk ls gh ekuk tkuk pkfg;s] D;kasfd ;fn ukMksy es gh nsoMk 'kk[kk dk vH;qn;gksrk rks mlds oa'k esa dhfrZiky nsoMk dgykrs] tcfd tkyksj esa jkT; LFkkiuk dsQyLo:i ;ssa pkSgku Lo.kZfxjh nqxZ ij vf/kdkj gksus ls Lo.kZfxjk pkSgku vkSjdkykUrj esa viHkza'k o'k lksuhxjk pkSgku dgyk;saA24 Bhd oSls gh pkSgkuksa dh vU;'kk[kk;sa ukMksy ls ukMksyk] lkapksj ls lkapksjk] ckyh ls ckyspk vkfn jkT; LFkku lsi`Fkd 'kk[kk ukedj.k izpfyr gqbZA

;gka ;g Hkh mYys[k djuk vko";d gS fd tkyksj ls fuokZflr ekuoflag(ek.khth ;k ekf.kD;jk;) us loZizFke cjywV esa 1206 bZ- esa viuh tkxhj dk;edh tgka mls lksuhxjk dgka x;k gSA25 cjywV esa izkphu ckoMh tks ekuoflag kjkfufeZr gS] dks vkt Hkh lksuhxjk ckoMh iqdkjk tkrk gSA26 ;fn mDr ekuoflag nsoMkoa"k dk gksrk rks mls lksuhxjk ugha dgk tkrkA blh izdkj ckadhnkl dh [;kr esa Hkheg.klh lksuhxjk ds ?kj nsoh gksuk fy[kk gSA27

;fn mDr eg.klh nsoMk 'kk[kk ds gksrs rks mldk xkS= lksuhxjk D;ksa fy[krs\lkFk gh nsoMk 'kk[kk igys ls ekStwn gksrh rks tkyksj ds "kkld lksuhxjk ugha nsoMkdgs tkrsaA fljksgh jktoa'k ds nsoMk pkSgku viuh mRifRr lksuhxjk ls ekurs gS u fdlh/ks gh ukMksy ;k vU; 'kk[kk lsA fljksgh jkT; esa u;s jktk dk jktfryd Nhiktkfr dh dU;k ds vaxqyh ds jDr ls gksus dh ijEijk Hkh nsoh iq= nsoMk gksus dh?kVuk dks lksuhxjk ekuoflag ls tksMrh gS u fd ukMksy ds vkljkt lsA bruk ghugha tgka nsojkt ;k izrkieYy ds firk ekuoflag ds fy, lksuhxjk ,oa muds iq=chtM (fot;jkt) ds fy, nsoMk 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA28 tks fljksgh ds nsoMkjktoa"k ds izpyu dk izkjfEHkd uke gSA lu~ 1276 bZLoh ds Vksdjk f"kykys[k esachtM dks nsoMk dgk x;k gS tks fd ekuoflag ds ikS= FksA29 mDr fo'ys"k.k lsLi"V gS fd fljksgh ds orZeku nsoMk jktoa'k ds l'kDr :i ls fljksgh esa lRrklhugksus ,oa mldh lEcºrk lksuhxjk tkyksj ls vf/kd izekf.kr gksrh gSA

;gh dkj.k gS fd fljksgh iwoZ dh izkphu nsoMk 'kk[kk jkT; lRrk ds vHkkoesa misfkr ,oa detksj gks pqdh gksxh ,slh fLFkfr esa izkphu nsoMk oa'k us viuspkSgku oa'kh; fljksgh ds uohu l"kDr nsoMk jktoa'k ls viuh lEcºrk tkfgj djnh gksxh vr% vuqeku gS fd izkphu nsoMk 'kk[kk us fljksgh ds orZeku nsoMk jktoa'kesa Lo;a dks foyhu dj fn;k gksuk izrhr gksrk gSaA fljksgh dk orZeku nsoMk jktoa"ktkyksj ds lksuhxjk lejflag ds iq= ekuoflag ls lEcº gS vkSj blh er dksLohdkj djrs gq, fljksgh ds nsoMk viuh mRifRr lkaHkj ls ukMksy] ukMksy lstkyksj] tkyksj ls fljksgh esa ekurs gSA vr% fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fljksghds nsoMk jktoa'k dh mRifRr tkyksj dh lksuhxjk pkSgku jktoa"k ls gqbZA

lUnHkZ1- ch-,u <kasf<;ky % jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ] fljksgh % xouZesaV lsUV™y izsl

t;iqj 1967 i`"B 822- jkeoYyHk lksekuh % jktLFkku ds ,frgkfld 'kks/k ys[k] i`"B 159-3- eqg.kkSr uS.klh dh [;kr % lEiknd Mk0 euksgj flag jk.kkor % Jh uVukxj

'kks/k laLFkku 1987] i`"B 137-4- gjuke flag pkSgku % pkSgku pafnzdk % gjukeflag pkSgku % lksgkxiqj] gks'kaxkiqj

1925 i`"B 183-5- j?kqukFkflag dkyh igkMh % kf=; jktoa'k % Jh 'kknwZy 'ks[kkokVh bfrgkl 'kks/k

laLFkku dkyh igkMh] >qU>quq (jkt-) 1993 i`"B 2696- eqg.kksr uS.klh dh [;kr % iwokZsDr % i`"B 137

194


7- lw;ZeYy feJ.k % oa'k HkkLdj ewy ys[kd [kaM&2 laiknd iafMr jked.kZvklksik % e:/kj izdk'ku pkSMk jkLrk t;iqj&3 i`"B 1188

8- lw;ZeYy feJ.k oa'k HkkLdj % iwoksZDr % i`"B 1188] 17

9- gjuke flag pkSgku iwoksZDr i`"B 183

10- yYywHkkbZ HkheHkkbZ nslkbZ % pkSgku dqy dYinqze Hkkx 1] i`"B 198

11- f'kykys[k % vpys'oj egknso efUnj vkcwioZr fo-l- 1225 ,oa 1229 (bZ-l-1168 o 1172)

12- f'kykys[k % vpys'oj egknso efUnj vkcwioZr fo-l- 1377 (1320 bZLoh)

13- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k % iwoksZDr % ikn fVIi.kh i`"B la- 99

14- fljksgh ds nsoMk pkSgkuksa ds cM+ok deyflag fu- eUnlkSj (,e-ih-) ds pksiMsdk voyksdu djus ij ik;k x;k fd tkyksj ds lksuhxjk ekuoaflag ds iq=^nsojkt* ls nsoMk jktoa'k pykA

15- ckadhnkl jh [;kr (nsoMk jh okrkZ) laiknd ia- ujksRrenkl Lokeh % jktLFkkuiqjkrRokUos"k.k eafnj t;iqj 1956 ok-l- 1828

16- yYywHkkbZ HkheHkkbZ % iwoksZDr i`"B 199] 200

17- eg.k flag HkV lqHkVkxz.kh i`Fkq; vtfu"V unxat%

izrkieYy Lrnuq izrkih cHkwo HkwikylnLrq ekU;%AA

(foeyolfg tSu eafnj vkcwioZr fo-l- 1378 'yksd 15 o 16)

18- (v) Mk- oh-ds-f=osnh ;qx ;qxhu fljksgh % izdk'kd fgLV™h dkaxszl fljksgh2001 i`"B 09

(c) egkjktk j?kqohj flag fljksgh % vkys[k % fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl jktiwrxkSjo lu~ 2006 i`"B

19- ch-,u <ksaf<;ky % iwoksZDr i`"B 58

20- fljksgh fj;klr esa u;s jktk dks fryd nLrwj vkt Hkh Nhik tkfr dh dU;k dhvaxqyh dks phjdj mlds kjk jDr ls fd;k tkrk gS] tks ijEijk vkt rd dk;egSA

21- egkjktk fljksgh % fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl uked ys[k % jktiwr laik- lq/khjdqekj % lquhy xkSjo vkWQlsV fizUVlZ LVs'ku jksM fpMkok ftyk&>qU>quq (jkt-)2006 i`"B 09

22- vkj-ch-flag % fgLV™h vkWQ pkgokUl % uan fd'kksj ,oa lal] pkSd okjk.klh1964 i`"B 54

23- pkj.k egs'k nkl vk<k kjk eqg.kksr uS.klh dks nh xbZ nsoMk jktoa'k dh oa'kkoyhfljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'k dk oa'kdze lkaHkj ds lezkV okDifrjkt ds iq= yk[k.k(ukMksy laLFkkid) ds oa'k esa dhfrZiky (tkyksj ds 'kkld) ds lejflaglksuhxjk ds iq= ekuoflag ls cryk;k gS] tks fd fljksgh ds nsoMk jktoa'k dkewy iq:"k ekuk x;k gSA fljksgh fj;klr ds cM+ok] dqyxq: ,oa jktiqjksfgr dhcgh esa Hkh mDr oa'kdze dks gh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

24- Mk- f=osnh % ;qx;qxhu fljksgh % iwoksZDr i`"B 225- egkjktk j?kqohj flag % iwoksZDr i`"B 0926- fljksgh ls 16 fdeh- if'pe esa tkyksj lMd ekxZ ij cjywV xzke fLFkr gSA27- ckadhnkl dh [;kr % lEiknd % ia- ujksRre nkl Lokeh % jktLFkku iqjkrRokUos"k.k

efUnj tks/kiqj 1956 ckr la- 182828- fljksgh eaas ;g ijEijk nsoMksa ds u;s jktk ds jktfryd ds le; vkt Hkh Nhik

tkfr dh dU;k dh vaxqyh ds jDr ls fryd fd;k tkrk gSA29- f'kykys[k % xzke Vksdjk rglhy jsonj fo-l- 1333 QkYxqu cnh 6

195


dyk&ks= esa t;iqj fj;klr dk ;ksxnkuMWk- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- izxfr frokjh

Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; esa jktLFkku dk lkaLÑfrd oSHko cstksM+ gSA R;kxe;hyyukvksa] lkglh ohjksa vkSj xfjeke;h laLd`fr dk ;g izns'k vusd ,sfrgkfldeksM+ksa ls xqtjus ds mijkUr Hkh viuh leUo;kRed thou iºfr ds fy;s izflº jgkgSA jktLFkku dk uke Lo;a ,d lkaLd`frd ,drk dk lwpd gS] tks ;qxksa ls Hkkjrh;ijEijk ls tqM+k jgk gSA1 jktLFkku dh jkt/kkuh t;iqj oLrqr% ,d ,slk uxj gSftldh jpuk] bfrgkl] laLd`fr] lkfgR;] dyk] gLrf'kYi vkSj tu thou ds jaxlkaxksikax o.kZUk djus ;ksX; gSaA

t;iqj ,d u;ukfHkjke uxj ek= Ukgha] ,d lkaLd`frd cks/k ,oa lkdkjLoIUk gS] ftlesa thou ds ajx&<+ax] lq:fp vkSj vkUkUnkHkwfr ds ekun.M] ;ksºk ds'kkS;Z] fo|kO;luh dh dYiuk vkSj gLrf'kYiksa ds gquj dk rkuk&ckuk bl izdkjxqaFkk gqvk gS fd ,d vius gh izdkj dh ekSfydrk dh l``f"V gks xbZ gSA t;iqj dkviuk O;fDRkRo gS tks u dsoy bl uxj esa fo|k] foKku vkSj dyk dkS'ky dsf=os.kh laxe ls mHkjk gS] oju~ mu ewY;ksa dk Hkh izrhd gS tks thou dks lq[kn vksjlejl cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd t;iqj dks vkt ds okLrqdkjvkSj LFkkiR;&eeZK Hkh lalkj ds loZlqUnj uxjksa esa fxurs gSaA t;iqj mu bus&fxusuxjksa esa ls gS ftUgsa ns[kdj n'kZd dk mudh vkRek ls rknkRE; gksrk gSA2 egkjktklokbZ t;flag us t;iqj 'kgj dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1727 bZ- esa (ikS"k d`".kk 1 laor~ 1784fo- & ml fnu 18 uoEcj iM+k Fkk)3 djkuk izkjEHk fd;k vkSj t;iqj dks cM+soSKkfud vkSj fu;ec) rjhds ls clkdj mls viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA os egku~xf.krK] T;ksfrf"k] ul='kkL=h rFkk dyk&izseh jktk Fks] vr% mUgksaus os/k'kkyk]pUÊegy] t;fuokl ckx] rkydVksjk] fllksfn;k jkuh dk egy tSlh HkO; bekjrsacukdj t;iqj dks ,d uohu vk;ke fn;kA4 vius egy ds vkl&ikl ds pkSdksa esagh t;iqj ds laLFkkid lokbZ t;flag us NŸkhl dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd;s FksA jkT;dh ^ckou dpsgfj;k° vkSj NŸkhl dkj[kkus* t;iqj fuokfl;ksa dh tqcku ijckj&ckj vkrs FksA tc rd jktkvksa dk jkt jgk] t;iqj es rks dksbZ NqÍh ;k rkrhyrHkh eqdfEey ekuh tkrh Fkh tc NŸkhl dkj[kkus Hkh can jgsa vkSj muesa dksbZdke&dkt u gksA5

lokbZ t;flag us gh dkj[kkuksa dh dYiuk dh vkSj bls ewrZ :Ik fn;kA viusdYkkRed OkLrqvksa ds laxzg vkSj vko';drkvksa dks ns[krs gq;s mlus dkj[kkukas dhla[;k 36 fu/kkZfjr dhA vk/kkj rks eqxyksa okyk gh Fkk] fdUrq t;iqj esa bu dkj[kkuksadh la[;k vkSj buds uke loZFkk u;s Fks&,sls tks t;iqj ds tu&lk/kkj.k dh le>esa vk;saA c[krjke lkg bl lEcU/k esa dgrk gS&

;g gqrkS dkj"kkuS rukSl~AIkkjlh uke rk e/; nksLkAAUk`Ik dkf< fganoh uke dhuAXk`g laX;k ;g Bkuh uohuAA52A 6

Li"V gS fd dkj[kkuksa dh O;oLFkk rks Li"Vr% eqxy ;k Qkjlh vuqdj.kij dh xbZ Fkh] ij muds uke nks"kiw.kZ ekudj t;flag us ^fgnaoh* uke gh j[ks vkSjmudh la[;k viuh vko';drk vkSj lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj fuf'pr dhA if.Mrxksikyukjk;.k cgqjk ds vuqlkj mu fnuksa ds dkj[kkuksa dh iwjh lwph rks vHkh rdmiyC/k ugha gks ikbZ gSA7 fdUrq t;flag ds iq= ek/kksflag izFke us bl vksj fo'ks"k/;ku fn;k FkkA mldh vkKk ls nyirjk; us laLd`r esa ^jkt&uhfr fu:i.k'krde~* uked xzaFk fy[kk Fkk ftlesa ^;ou ifjikV~;uqlkj* dkj[kkuksa ds uke blizdkj fn;s x;s gS%&

'k∏;kxkj&lq[klst[kkuk

eTTkux`g&xqly[kkuk] gEekeA

nsok;ru&rlchg[kkukA

iqLrdky;&dqrqc[kkukA

fp=kxkj&rlchj[kkukA

HkS"kT; x`g&vkS"kf/k[kkuk] nokbZ[kkukA

Qykxkj&esok[kkukA

dks"Bkxkj&t[khjk] vEcj] dksBkjA

egkS"kf/k'kkyk&eksnh[kkukA

dqIi'kkyk&fjdkc[kkukA

dkaL;kxkj&BBsj[kkukA

egkul&ccphZ[kkuk (jlkSM+k)

tyx`g&vkcnkj[kkuk] ik.ksjkA

rkacwyx`g&racksy[kkuk

196


izfrJ;&fcyksj[kkuk] yaxjAÿ;'kkyk&bcfr;k[kkukAlhoukxkj&fdjfdjk;[kkukAusiF;kxkj&rkS'kd[kkuk] diM+kjkAlqxU/kkxkj&[kq'kcks;[kkuk] lksa/k[kkukAo.kkZxkj&jax[kkukAdyknkx`g&tjxj[kkukAjRukxkj&tokgj[kkuk] jRux`gAizgj.kdks'k&dksV[kkuk] flyg[kkukAlaLrjx`g&QjkZ'k[kkukAJhx`g&[ktkukAnkudks'k&csgykAeUnqjk&vLrcy] rcsykAxt'kkyk&Qhy[kkukAlankfuuh&xko[kkukAm"V™'kkyk&'kqrj[kkukA;ku'kkyk&jFk[kkukAIkkydkxkj&ikydh[kkukAnk:dekZy;&[kkfrecan[kkukAnhfidkxkj&'kev] fpjkx[kkukAT;ksfrjky;&e'kky[kkukAYks[k'kkyk&nrj[kukAe`x;kxkj&f'kdkj[kkukA'kdqfudky;&dks'k[kkuk A

;g lwph tSlk dgk tk pqdk gS] ;ou ifjikVh ds vuqlkj gSA lokbZ t;flagus blh vk/kkj ij vius dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd;s gksaxs vkSj lokbZ ek/kksflag izFke usdnkfpr~ mudk iquxZBu fd;k gksxkA dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk ds ihNs mÌs'; ;gh Fkkfd foku] dfo] ys[kd] fp=dkj] xk;d&oknd vkSj urZd] dykdkj vkSjf'kYihtu dks jktdh; lajk.k fn;k tk;s rFkk mUgsa izf'kfkr djds vPNh ls vPNhdykd`fr;k° vkSj vU; vko';drk dh oLrq;sa rS;kj djkbZ tk;saA Lkc dkj[kkuksa dsdke dks ns[kus ds fy;s ,d foHkkx Fkk dkj[kkuk &tkrA blds vUrxZr ;s dkj[kkus

vyx&vyx vFkok dqN ds lewg cu dj t;iqj fj;klr ds orZZeku jktLFkku esafoyhu gksus rd cjkcj py jgs FksA vc rks uxj&izklkn esa egkjktk lokbZ ekuflagfrh; laxzgky; cu x;k gS vkSj dqNsd ^[kkus* tks vc Hkh vfLRkRo esa gSa] bllaxzgky; ds vUrxZr gh dke dj jgs gSaA8 iksFkh[kkuk bl jkt?kjkus dh ,d cgqriqjkuh laLFkk gS tks t;iqj clus ls igys vkesj esa gh dk;e gks xbZ Fkh vkSj lokbZt;flag us bls vius kjk LFkkfir NŸkhl dkj[kkuksa esa izeq[k LFkku fn;k FkkAiksFkh[kkus ls vk'k; ^iqLrdky;* dk gS] ysfdu bls ^dkj[kkuk* ekuuk cM+k egRoj[krk gSA iqLrdky; rks ,d ckj cudj ltkoV dh pht+ Hkh cuk jg ldrk gS]ysfdu bls ^dkj[kkuk* cukus esa iz;kstu ;gh Fkk fd og vuojr~ pyrk jgs vkSjvkxs c<+rk jgsA blhfy;s iksFkh[kkus esa rHkh ls ys[kd] dfo vkSj dkfrc (lqys[kd)tc rd fj;klr jgh] cjkcj dke djrs jgsA egRoiw.kZ xazFkksa dh izfrfyfi;ksa dslkFk&lkFk ekSfyd xzaFkksa dh jpuk;sa Hkh ;gk° cjkcj gksrh jghaA pw°fd ^lwjr[kkuk*vkSj ^[;ky[kkuk* Hkh igys iksFkh[kkus ds fgLls Fks] blfy;s igys esa fp=dkj vkSjlwjrxj vkSj nwljs esa feÍh] dqÍh] dkxt] diM+s vkfn ds rjg&rjg ds f[kykSuscukus okys vius&vius gquj dk tkSgj fn[kkrs jgrs Fks vkSj iksFkh[kkus esa lkfgR;]dyk vkSj nLrdkjh dh f=os.kh cgrh jgrh FkhA9

t;iqj ds jkt njckj dks lokbZ t;flag us ftl ckSfºd /kjkry ij tekfn;k Fkk mlesa dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa dh ys[kuh ds lkFk fp=dkjksa dh rwfydk us Hkh,slk deky fn[kk;k fd vkt rd mlds jax vkSj js[kk;sa ped&ned jgh gSaAvkSjaxtsc dh uhfr ls =Lr gksdj tc 'kkgh lajk.k ikus okys eqlfOoj vkSj lwjrxjfnYYkh vkSj vkxjk dks NksM+dj vU;= vkJ; [kkstus yxs rks ;g LokHkkfod gh Fkkfd t;iqj tSls njckj esa mUgsa lcls vf/kd lajk.k feyrkA VwVrs&fc[kjrseqxy&lkezkT; dk lkaLd`frd mŸkjkf/kdkj rc dh fgUnq fj;klrksa vkSj jktiwrjtokM+ksa dks gh feyk Fkk vkSj t;qij dk njckj buesa lcls vkxs FkkA ;|fi t;iqjesa fodflr 'kSyh esa ^^LorU= dYiuk dk vHkko vkSj izfrfyfi;ksa dk izHkkovf/kd** jgk] rFkkfi mŸkj dky ds ml lkaLd`frd iqutkZxj.k esa ;g dyemŸkjksŸkj eatrh vkSj izkaty gksrh xbZ tks vUrr% eqxy izHkko ls vius vkidks loZFkkeqDr dj ,d Lora= 'kSyh ekuh xbZ & t;iqj 'kSyh ftlus Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dhegku~ ijEijk dks dqN ,sls fp= HksaV fd;s tks vkd`fr&fp=ksa ds Hkh lokZsRd`"V uewusgSa vkSj lewg fp=ksa ds HkhA

iksFkh[kkus dh rjg t;iqj ds lwjr[kkus ds oSHko dks Hkh laLkkj ds lkeusizdV gq;s vf/kd le; ugha gqvk gSA egkjktk ekuflag frh; dh ukckyxh esat;iqj dh jhtsalh dkSafly us igyh ckj lwjr[kkus dh Ng cM+h rLOkhjksa dks QLVZ

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vky bafM;k vkVZ ,Dthfc'ku esa iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s Hkstk FkkA dyk izsfe;ksa dks;g rks irk Fkk fd jktiwr 'kSyh Hkh dksbZ 'kSyh gS vkSj cgqr fodflr 'kSyh gS]ysfdu t;iqj ds bu fp=ksa dks ns[kdj rks os nax jg x;sA buesa nks vknedn fp=Fks] lokbZ t;flag vkSj egkjktk izrkiflag dsA ftl rjg bUgsa cuk;k x;k Fkk mlesavkÑfr fp=ksa ds ijEijkxr fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq;s bu nksuksa gh jktkvksa dh gwcgwvuqÑfr FkhA ;g esy eqxyksa ds njckjh fp=dkjksa esa dgha ugha gks ikrkA nksuksa gh jktkxys esa tks daBs vkSjss eksfr;ksa ds gkj igus gq;s gSa] og fp=dkj us bl izdkj mHkkj djiguk;s gSa vkSj ,sls eksrh&IkUus] ek.kd vkfn tM+s gSa tSls okLrfod gksaA js[kk;sa bruhl'kDr vkSj latho gSa fd t;flag vkSj izrkiflag tSls lkeus vk tkrs gSaA10

lqizflº dyk eeZK ukukyky peuyky esgrk] vkbZ-lh-,e- us fy[kk gS fdt;iqj dh bu 'kchgksa dks vc rd Kkr fgUnq vkd`frfp=ksa dk loksZre uewuk ekuktkuk pkfg,A11 t;iqj ds fo[;kr fp=dkj vkSj dykikj[kh jkexksiky fot;oxhZ;ds 'kCnkssa esa izrkiflag dk fp= vR;Ur lqUnj vkSj dyk dh n`f"V ls vuqie gSA bljktk us jk/kkÑ".kk] jklyhyk] ukf;dk Hksn] jkx&jkfxfu;ksa vkSj _rqvksa ds fp= Lo;acukok;s vkSj bldh jpuvksa ij fp=dkjksa us Lora= :Ik ls Hkh vusd fp= cuk;saA^^buds le; esa fp=dkjksa dsk bruk izksRlkgu feyk fd t;iqj esa fp=ksa dk ,d u;k;qx&fuekZ.k gqvkA lqo.kZ dk ≈°pk mBk gqvk dke] eksfr;ksa dh tM+kbZ] ek.kd vkSjiUuksa ds NksVs&NksVs uxksa dh ;U=&rU= fp=ksa esa ltkoV bUgha ds le; esa izkjEHk gksrhgSA cMs+&cM+s fp= buds funsZ'k ls cuk;s x;s FksA**12 fot;oxhZ; ds vuqlkj t;iqjds fp=ksa esa eqxy fp=ksa dk izHkko bruk vf/kd gS tks vU; jktLFkkuh jkT;ksa esaugha feyrkA bldk dkj.k eqxy njckjksa esa ;gk° ds jktkvksa dk vkokxeu rFkk oglEcU/k gS tks iwoZ ls gh pyk vkrk FkkA ;gka ds fp=dkj eqxy fp=ksa dh izfrfyfidjus esa brus flºgLr gq, fd ewy vkSj izfrfyfi esa dksbZ Hksn izfryfkr ugha gksrkA,sls vusd fp= fo|eku gSa tks eqxy fp=ksa dh izfrfyfi gksrs gq, Hkh ewy gh tkuiMrs gSaaA bu fp=ksa dh ifjJe&lk/; jpuk cgqr lqUnj vkSj ukuk vyadj.kksa lsifjiw.kZ gSA

t;iqj ds dykdkjksa dk lcls cM+k deky t;flag vkSj izrkiflag ds fp=ugha] os nks lewg fp= gSa tks izrkiflag ds gh le; esa cus vkSj ftuesa jk?kkd`".k dsegkjkl vkSj xkso/kZu&/kkj.k dh yhykvksa dk fp=.k gSA ,u-lh- esgrk us bu nksuksa dks,d gh dykdkj dh Ñfr;k° ekuk gSA vkSj mUgsa Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk ^loZJs"Bmnkgj.k* Hkh crk;k gSA buesa ^jkle.My* dk vdsyk fp= gh ;gka dh dye dh/kkd tekus ds fy;s dkQh gSA fp= ds chpksa&chp jk/kkd`".k vkSj muds pkjksa vksj

rhu o`Ÿkksa esa u`R;kaxuk,a vkSj okfndk;sa gSaA vuqlkj ^^bl fp= dk lqo.kZ vkys[ku]jaxks dh leku iqrkbZ] js[kkvksa dh yko.;;qDr xfr dyk dh n`f"V ls pje lhek rdigq°p xbZ gSA ,slk lqUnj fp= vc rd jktLFkku esa nwljk ugha cu ldk vkSj u cuusdh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gSA bl fp= dk Hkko ik] :Ik ek/kqjh] yko.; vkSj LQwfrZvkSj xfr lkSUn;Z vkn'kZ dgk tk ldrk gSa ,slk Hkkookgh fp= cukuk vkt dsfp=dkjksa dh lkeF;Z ls ckgj gSA** t;iqj dh fp=dyk vdsys bl ,d fp= ijvfHkeku dj ldrh gSA ;g Ñfr dfo;ksa dh dkO;&fuf/k dh Hkk°fr vej dgh tkldrh gSA**13 ,u- lh- esgrk ds vuqlkj xkso/kZUk&yhyk* dk fo"k; fgUnw fp=dkjhdk ,d fiz; fo"k; gS vkSj t;iqj ds lwjr[kkus esa bldk tks fp= gS og vrqyuh;vkSj loksZŸke gS] ftls ^^jkle.My** gh iNkM+ ldrk gSA blds e/; esa fd'kksjd`".k gS] ogh Nfo tks jkle.My esa gS vkSj tks flº djrh gS fd nksuksa fp= ,d ghrwfydk dk deky gSaA jkle.My vkSj xkso/kZu/kkj.k mu ≈°pkb;ksa ds izrhd gSa ftuij t;iqj ds fp=dkj vBkjgoha lnh ds vUr esa igq°p pqds FksA bu fp=ksa ds LRkjrd ig°qpus okyk ukprh gqbZ xksfi;ksa dk ,d vkSj fp= lwjr[kkus dh /kjksgj gSAbldh izfrÑfr;ka vkUkUn dqekjLokeh ds ^bafM;u M™kbaXl* dh 'kksHkk c<+k pqdh gSaAfp= dk vkdkj vkSj jaxksa dh vkc xtc <krh gSA bUgsa ftruk ns[kk tk; vkSjftruk buds fo"k; esa fy[kk tk;] lc de vkSj ukdkQh gSA

t;iqj njckj ds fp=dkjksa us js[kkvksa ds vkys[ku esa cM+h flfº vkSjdq'kyrk ikbZA L;kg dye* ls cus fp=ksa esa jaxksa dh lekurk vkSj lqo.kZ ds nedrsvkys[ku mudh fo'ks"krk jghA Ng QqV yECks vkSj rhu QqV pkSMs+ nks vkSj fp= tksigyh vky bf.M;k vkVZ ,Dthch'ku esa Hksts x;s Fks] 'khr Ωrq vkSj xzh"e Ωrq dsizrhd gSaA fo'ks"kKksa us bu fp=ksa dh rqyuk frCcr dh ^cSuj isfVax* vkSj tkikuh^dkdhehuksa fp=dyk* dh rduhd ls dh gSA ,d esa ,d r:.kh ftldk fyckljktiwr vkSj eqxy iks'kkdksa dk feyk&tqyk :Ik gS] ,d vke ds isM+ ds uhps [kM+hgS vkSj ,d e`x NkSuk viuh Hkksyh&Hkkyh vk°[kksa ls mlds lkeus [kM+k] ml e`xu;uhds :Ik dks fugkj jgk gSA 'khr ds fp= esa e`x Nksus dk LFkku lkjl us fy;k gS vkSjvke ds o`k dh txg Qwyksa ls ynk pEid gSA ;gk° r:.kh ds nk;sa gkFk esa ,d eSukHkh gSA

^ehfu;spj* ;k y?kq&fp= rks lHkh txg cus gS] ysfdu ,sls cMs+&cM+s fp=t;iqj ds lwjr[kkus dh gh 'kksHkk gSA ftl izdkj iksFkh[kkus dks pkj Hkkxksa eas ckaVkx;k gS] mlh izdkj lwjr[kkus ds Hkh rhu foHkkx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ifgys esa ogfp= vkrs gSa tks ckgj ls miyC/k gq, vkSj ;gka laxzghr fd, x,A buesa eqxy 'kSyh

198


ds fnYyh vkSj vkxjk ls izkIr fp= rFkk cwanh dh fo[;kr dye ds fp=ksa dk laxzgcM+k egRoiw.kZ gSA bu fp=ksa esa cgqr ls ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftudkeqxy njckj esa cM+k :rck Fkk vkSj ftudk mYys[k bfrgkl esa feyrk gSA nwljsfoHkkx esa ,sls fp= gSa tks lokbZ t;flag vkSj mlds ijorhZ jktkvksa us ;gka dslwjrxjksa vkSj eqlfOojksa dks vkKk nsdj cuok;sA jke eaMy vkSj xkso/kZu&/kkj.k dsegku fp= blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] lkFk gh jktkvksa ds vkd`fr fp= HkhA t;flag dscsVs ek/kksflag izFke ds cgqr fp= cus] rjg&rjg ds ^ikst* esa vkSj izrkiflag dsHkhA rhljs foHkkx esa og fp= gSa tks le;≤ ij dykdkjksa us viuh bPNk lscukdj jktkvksa dks HkasV fd,A t;iqj ds vusd bfrgkl iq:"kksa ds fp= tks vkSjdgha ugha fey ldrs] lwjr[kkus ds laxzg esa ik;s tkrs gSaA izrkiflag (1779&1803)ds ckn jkeflag ds le; esa fp=dkjksa dks cgqr lajk.k vkSj izksRlkgu feykA bljktk us dykdkjksa dks vius euksHkkoksa dks bPNkuqlkj O;Dr djus fn;k vkSj ,slhdykd`fr;ksa dh Hkjiwj dher Hkh nhA jktjkts'ojh ds eafnj esa Hkxoku f'ko dks tksfo'kky fp= gS] og blh izdkj ds fp=ksa esa ls gSA blh le; esa egkHkkjr vkSjHkxoku dh dFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjr fp= Hkh cgqr cus vkSj cgqr ls rks jkeflag dhe`R;q gks tkus ds dkj.k v/kwjs gh jg x;s tks mlh gkyr esa nhokjksa ij Vkax fn;s x;s gSaA;gh vk/ks&v/kwjs fp= t;iqj dh fp=dyk ds vafre izfrfuf/k gSa vkSj buls fiNyhlnh esa ;gka ds dykdkjksa dh rduhd le>us esa cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA

ftl izdkj jkeflag dh cuokbZ gqbZ bekjrksa esa ;wjksi dk izHkko Li"V gS] mlhizdkj bl dky ds fp=ksa esa Hkh ;wjksih; 'kSyh dh Nki gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA eqxydky dk 1857 esa iwjh rjg iVkksi gks pqdk Fkk vkSj jktkvksa ds jkt&njckj vaxzstksals vius lEcU/k c<+kus es ayxs gq, FkA blfy;s bl le; vaxszst iq:"kksa vkSjefgykvksa ds fp= Hkh ;gk° dkQh cus vkSj muds ikyrw dqŸks fcYyh Hkh bu rLohjksaesa fn[kk;s x;sA /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa ds fp= rks curs gh jgs] ysfdu muesa ;wjksih; 'kSyhdk izHkko vk x;kA bl ij Hkh bl dky ds fp=ksa esa dykdkjksa dk ifjJe ns[krs ghcurk gSA cMs+&cMs+ fp=ksa esa ^^Nk;k izdk'k dk vuqikr fn[kkuk] leku jax yxkukvkSj ns[kk&lkSUn;Z ij vf/kdkj j[kuk dfBu gksrk gS**] ij jkeflag ds l;e esa ,slhÑfr;kka ljyrk ls cukbZ xbZA 1880 esa jkeflag ds ejus ds ckn ;g ijEijkxr 'kSyhfoyqIr gks xbZA jkeflag Lo;a blh lwjr[kkus esa vius dSejs ls fiazl ,yCkVZ ºckn esa,MoMZ lIreΩ dk QksVks mRkkj pqds FksA blds ckn rks dSejk gh gkoh gks x;k vkSjlwjr[kkuk iqjkus fp=ksa dk ,d lqjfkr laxzg cudj jg x;kA14 vaxsth izHkko ,oadykdkjksa dh bl izo`fŸk dks ns[kdj egkjktk us ^egkjktk Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ~l ,.MÿkVLk** dh LFkkiuk dj ;gk° dh fp=dyk dks u;k eksM+ fn;kA15

lUnHkZ1- MkW- t;flag uhjt] jkLFkkuh fp=dyk] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k&1994] i`- 92- uUn fd'kksj ikjhd] jkt&njckj vkSj jfuokl] 1984] i`- 173- ogh & i`- 184- MkW- t;flag uhjt] jkLFkkuh fp=dyk] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k&1994] i`- 785- uUn fd'kksj ikjhd] jkt&njckj vkSj jfuokl] jktLFkku if=dk (izk-) fy-]

t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k&1984] i`- 456- c[krjke lkg d`r] cqfº foykl] jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 19647. Literary Heritage of the Rulers of Amber and Jaipur, G. N. Bahura (Editor)

Maharaja Sawai Man Singh 2nd Museum, City Palace, Jaipur, 1976,Page 13

8- ogh&i`- 416&179- uUn fd'kksj ikjhd] jkt&njckj vkSj jfuokl] jktLFkku if=dk (izk-) fy-]

t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k&1984] i`- 5010- ogh] i`- 5511. Studies In Indian Painting, Nanalal Chamanlal Mehta, D.B.Taraporewala

Sons & Co.Bombay, 1926, Page 3212- jkexksiky fot;oxhZ;] jktLFkkuh fp=dyk] t;iqj] 1953] i`- 2513- ogh] i`- 2614- uUn fd'kksj ikjhd] jkt&njckj vkSj jfuokl] i`- 57&6015- MkW- t;flag uhjt] jkLFkkuh fp=dyk] i`- 80

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jktLFkku esa fganh gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst vkSjmldk ,sfrgkfld egRo (1947 bZ- rd)

MkW- ,u-ds- prqosZnh ,oa MkW- jkds'k dqekj nwcsssssssssss

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds fuekZ.k] fodkl ,oa izlkj esa Hkkjro"kZ dsftu&ftu izkarksa us Hkkx fy;k gS muesa jktLFkku dk viuk ,d fo'ks"k LFkku gSAjktLFkkuokfl;ksa dks bl ckr dk xoZ gS fd muds dfo&dksfonksa us fganh lkfgR; dsizk;% lHkh vaxksa ij vusad xzaFkksa dh jpuk dj muds kjk fganh ds HkaMkj dks Hkjk gSAfganh ds vkfndky dk bfrgkl rks ,d rjg ls jktLFkku ds dfo;ksa gh dh d`fr;ksadk bfrgkl gSA ;g leLr lkfgR; cgqr ltho] cgqr mTToy ,oa cgqr ekfeZd gSvkSj lkfgfR;d ,oa Hkk"kk'kkL= dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfldn`f"V ls Hkh cgqr mi;ksxh gSA vk/kqfud dky esa Hkh jktLFkku ds fokuksa us fganh dsks= esa egRoiiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj fganh dh gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkstdj fganhHkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds lkFk gh bfrgkl ds ks= esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

u dsoy jktLFkku cfYd lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa ;fn fganh dh gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksadh [kkst ds bfrgkl ij izdk'k Mkyk tk; rks irk pyrk gS fd loZizFke 1868 bZ-esa ykgkSj fuoklh ia- jk/kkd`".k ds lq>ko ij Hkkjr ljdkj] ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh]cEcbZ] enzkl vkSj iatkc dh ljdkjksa ,oa vU; vuasd laLFkkvksa vkSj fokuksa kjklaLd`r dh iqLrdksa dh [kkst dk dke O;ofLFkr :i ls 'kq# gksrk gSA1 lu~ 1900 bZ-ls dk'kh dh ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk us loZizFke fganh dh izkphu gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh[kkst dk dk;Z O;ofLFkr ,oa lqfu;ksftr :i esa vkjaHk fd;k ftldk Hkkjrh;uotkxj.k rFkk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds mRFkku ls ?kuk laca/k FkkA lHkk ds lHkklnksa dk;g iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd tc rd fganh ds izkphu xzaFkksa dh [kkst dk dke ugha gksxkrc rd Hkkjr] fo'ks"kdj mRrj Hkkjr dh cgqr lh lkfgfR;d rFkk ,sfrgkfld ckrsava/kdkj esa foyhu jgsxhaA lHkk dh LFkkiuk ds igys gh o"kZ (lu~ 1893bZ-) esa bldslapkydksa dk /;ku bl egRoiw.kZ fo"k; dh vksj vkdf"kZr gqvk FkkA2 lHkk us ;gfopkj fd;k fd ;fn jktiwrkus] cqansy[k.M] la;qDr izns'k rFkk vo/k vkSj iatkc esaizkphu gLrfyf[kr fganh iqLrdksa ds laxzgksa ds [kkstus dh ps"Vk dh tk; vkSj mudhlwph cukbZ tk lds rks vk"kk gS fd ljdkj ds lajk.k] vf/kdkj rFkk ns[kjs[k esa bl

[kkst dh vPNh lkexzh fey tk;A3 ;g fopkj dj 22 ebZ] 1894 bZ0 ds ,dizLrkokuqlkj fd ^^fganh ds cgqr ls izkphu] lqanj vkSj mi;ksxh xzaFk ,sls gSa tks vcrd izdkf'kr ugha gq, vkSj u mudk irk loZlk/kkj.k dks yxrk gS fd os mUgsa izkIrdjsa vkSj izdkf'kr djds lkfgR; dk midkj djsaA** Hkkjr ljdkj] ,f'k;kfVdlkslkbVh] if"peksRrj izns"k dh ljdkj vkSj iatkc ljdkj ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ fd oglaLd`r iqLrdksa dh [kkst ds le; laLd`r&iqLrdky;ksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa dh[kkst djk;s vkSj mudh lwph izdkf'kr djus dh d`ik djsaA4

lHkk ds bl izLrko ds vk/kkj ij ,f"k;kfVd lkslkbVh] Hkkjr ljdkj]iatkc ,oa if'peksRrj izns'k dh ljdkjksa ls i=&O;ogkj fd;k x;k ftldk Qy;g gqvk fd ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh us ;g dk;Z mlh o"kZ izkjaHk dj fn;k vkSj izFkeo"kZ esa gh 600 mRd`"B izkphu xzaFkksa dk fooj.k izdkf"kr fd;k fdUrq vkxs og;g dk;Z u dj ldh rc lHkk us if'peksRrj izns'k dh ljdkj dh vkfFkZd lgk;rkij lu~ 1900 bZ- ls vius iz/kku LraHk ckcw ';kelqanjnkl ds fujhk.k esa [kkstfoHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ;g dk;Z izkjaHk fd;kA bl dk;Z gsrq lHkk us ';kelqanjnkl]jk/kkd`".knkl vkSj dkfrZdizlkn dh lfefr cuk nh vkSj igys gh o"kZ esa cukjl]jhoka] t;iqj] ukxkSn] y[ku≈] dkyih] vkxjk vkSj eFkqjk esa [kkst dk dk;Z fd;kx;k vkSj 257 xzaFkksa ds fooj.k fy, x;s ftuesa 169 xzaFkksa dh fjiksVZ dh xbZ tks fdckjgoha lnh ls ysdj 19oha lnh rc dh FksA5

1901 bZ- esa Hkh [kkst dk dk;Z ';kelqUnj nkl ds fujhk.k esa gh gqvkA blo"kZ jhoka] cukjl] tks/kiqj] dydRrk] v;ks/;k] y[ku≈] ckank vkSj fetkZiqj esadk;Z gqvk ftlesa 250 iqLrdksa dk irk pyk vkSj ftuesa 129 iqLrdksa ds 136fooj.k fy;s x;sA bu iqLrdksa dh [kkst dk fooj.k ckcw ';kelqUnjnkl kjk rS;kjfd;k x;k vkSj iqLrdksa ij ,sfrgkfld fVIif.k;ka fy[kus esa ckcw jk/kkd`".knkl]d`".kcynso oekZ] eqa'kh nsohizlkn eqaflQ] HkokuhnRr tks'kh vkSj tSuoS| ls fo"ks'klgk;rk izkIr gqbZA bl fjiksVZ dk D;k ,sfrgkfld egRo Fkk] bl ckr dk irk blh lspyrk gS fd tc ljdkj us 1900 bZ- vkSj 1901 bZ- dh fjiksVZ izdkf"kr dj bldhizfr;ka ns'k&fons'k ds vuasd fokuksa ds ikl Hkstha] rks MkW- gkuZyh] MkW- fxz;lZu] JhfxzfQFk] Jh ckFkZ] MkW- fi'ksy vkfn fokuksa us bl fjiksVZ dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dhvkSj ';kelqanjnkl th dks O;fDrxr :i ls i= fy[kdj cgqr c/kkbZ;ka nhA6

;fn jktLFkku esa fganh xzaFkksa dh [kkst ds bfrgkl ij izdk'k Mkyk tk; rksKkr gksrk gS fd izkjEHk esa ;gka ij vf/kdka'kr% [kkst dk dk;Z O;fDrxr #i esafd;k x;k ftldk iz;kstu ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa dh jpuk djuk FkkA duZy tsEl VkWM]

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dfojktk ';keynkl] MkW- ,y-ih- VSlhVjh] eqa'kh nsohizlkn] ckcw jkeukjk;.knwxM+] gjizlkn 'kkL=h] Bkdqj Hkwjflag 'ks[kkor] Jh lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] ia- jked.kZvklksik] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] iqjksfgr gfjukjk;.k] feJcU/kq =;] fo'os'ojukFk js≈] Jh ujksRrenkl Lokeh] Jh vxjpan ukgVk vkSj ia- eksrhyky esukfj;k dsuke bl lanHkZ esa mYys[kuh; gSaA duZy VkWM us [kkst dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx vius^jktLFkku ds bfrgkl* esa vkSj ';keynkl us vius ôhj fouksn* uked iqLrd esa]ftlesa mUgksaus mn;iqj dk bfrgkl [kM+h cksyh i| esa fy[kk gS] cgqr gh vPNk fd;kgS A7 blds ckn jktLFkku esa [kkst djus dk ljkguh; iz;kl dk'kh dh ukxjhizpkfj.khlHkk dk jgk ftlus 1900 bZ- vkSj 1901 bZ- esa t;iqj] uknkSn vkSj tks/kiqj esa [kkstdk dk;Z fd;k vkSj [kkst ds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr vk/kkj Hkh j[kk ijUrq la;qDr izkardh ljdkj ds izLrko ds vuqlkj fd ^lHkk ,d gh izns'k esa [kkst dk dke iw.kZdjs*] lHkk dks jktLFkku esa [kkst dk dk;Z jksd nsuk iM+kA8

dk'kh dh ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk ds ckn jktLFkku esa fganh xzaFkksa dh [kkst esatks/kiqj ds eqa'kh nsohizlkn dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk ftlds fy, fganh lnkmudk Ω.kh jgsxhA eqa'khth us jktLFkku vkSj jktLFkku ds ckgj ds yxHkx 800fganh dfo;ksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dh ftuesa 200 ds yxHkx dfo fcYdqy u;s FksAeqa'khth us ^jktjluke`r*] êfgyk e`nqok.kh*] ^dfojRuekyk* vkSj ^jktLFkku esafganh iqLrdksaa dh [kkst* 'kh"kZd [kkst ls lacaf/kr iqLrdsa fy[khaA jktjluke`r esaeqa'khth us jktiwrkus ds 'kkld dfo;ksa dk foospu fd;k gSA bl iqLrd dks eqa'khthus D;ksa fy[kk blds vkSfpR; dks crkrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk fd ^Qkjlh bfrgklksa vkSjeqlyeku dfo;ksa dh fy[kh thofu;ksa esa eqlyeku ujs'kksa dh dkO;dq'kyrk vkSjfo|kuqjkx dh ckrsa i<+dj lkspk djrk fd gekjs fganw jktk egkjktk ds dkO; vkSjbfro`Rr Hkh dgha feyrs rks ,d= djds iqLrdkdkj NiokrkA ;k dksbZ cuk cuk;kxzaFk gh ,slk fey tkrk ftlls jktkvksa ds jluke`r iku djus dk volj feyrk rksifjrÌr gksrkA cgqr [kkst dh] dfork vkSj bfrgkl ds xzaFk Hkh cgqr i<+s ij euksjFkflº u gqvkA dgha fdlh uìfr dh dfork feyh rks thou o`Rrkar u feyk vkSjfdlh ujs'k ds dfo gksus dh ckr dk irk yxk rks mldh dfork u feyhA bllsiqLrdksa dk Hkjkslk NksM+dj fpV~Bh i=h ls dke fy;kA9 bl iqLrd esa eqa'khth ustSlyesj] mn;iqj] t;iqj] chdkusj] d`".kx<+ vkSj cwanh ds 'kkld dfo;ksa dk o.kZufd;k gS vkSj lkFk gh mudh dforkvksa dk Hkh izek.k fn;k gSA blds lkFk gh bliqLrd esa bu jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa dh iwjh oa'kkoyh dkydze ls nh gS tks fd laor~800 ds ckn ls gS vkSj ;g ckr ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSA

dfojRuekyk* uked xzaFk esa eqa'khth us jktLFkkuh fj;klrksa ds izkphu&uohu108 dfo;ksa dk thou pfj= vkSj ifjp; fy[kk gS vkSj ;g xzaFk fy[kus dkvkSfpR; bu 'kCnksa esa izdkf'kr fd;k gS fd ^vusd dfo gks x;s gSa vkSj vusd vHkhfo|eku gSa] ijUrq dfo;ksa ds thou pfj= fy[kus vkSj mudh dfork izkIr djds,d iqLrd esa ,d= djus dh pky gekjs ns'k esa de jgh gS] ftlls cgqr ls dfo;ksadh dfork u"V gks x;h vkSj cgqr ls dfo;ksa ds uke gh i`Fohry ls tkrs jgsa gSa vkSjtks vHkh fdlh us ,dk/k xzaFk bl fo"k; dk cuk;k Hkh gS rks og larks"knk;d ugha gSD;ksafd tks mlesa dfork dk laxzg gS rks dfo;ksa dk o`Rrkar ugha gSA blds mijkar ;gcM+k iki gS fd ftl fdlh ds ikl ,slk dksbZ xzaFk gqvk Hkh rks og nsrk ughA**10

^dfojRuekyk* uked iqLrd ds izFke Hkkx esa jktiwrkus ds 65 dfo;ksa dkfooj.k fn;k gS ftuesa vyoj ds 13¼ djksyh ds 5¼ t;iqj ds 16¼ cWwanh ds26¼ dksVs ds 1¼ >kykokM+ ds 1 vkSj tSlyesj ds 3 dfo;ksa dsa thou pfj= vkSjmudh dfork;sa nh x;h gSa ftuds le; 'kkgtgkW ds dky ls ysdj 20oha lnh dsizFke n'kd rd gSA bu dforkvksa ls rRdkyhu le; ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd]jktuSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd fLFkfr ij ij dkQh izdk'k iM+rk gSA

êfgyk e`nqok.kh* uked iqLrd esa vf/kdka'kr% jktLFkku ds L=h dfo;ksadk ifjp; fy[kk gS vkSj iqLrd dh Hkwfedk esa ;g fn[kyk;k gS fd fL=;kWa Hkhizkphu dky ls gh f'kfkr jgh gSa vkSj fofo/k dykvksa esa mUgksaus Hkh ikjaxrrk izkIrdj viuk uke xkSjokfUor fd;k gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS ^^Hkkjro"kZ dh iq.; Hkwfe esavdsys iq#"k gh pkSng fo|k fu/kku ugha gq, gSa cju~ fL=;ka Hkh le;≤ esa ,slhgksrh jgh gSa tks lksus pkanh vkSj jRu tfM+r vkHkw"k.kksa ds vfrfjDr fo|k cqfº vkSjdkO; dkS'ky ds fnO; Hkw"k.kksa ls Jh Hkwf"kr Fkha vkSj vc Hkh gSa ftu ds c[kku vusdiqLrdksa vkSj tuJqfr;ksa esa fo|eku gSaA ij gedks ;gkW dsoy dfo;kdkarkvksa lsiz;kstu gS ftudh Hkk"kk dfork dk vc rd dksbZ Lora= xzaFk gekjs ns[kus esa ughavk;k Fkk vkSj geus tks Hkk"kk dfo;ksa dk bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy, izkphu xzaFkksa vkSjdfo o`Rrkarksa dh [kkst dh Fkh rks ml izlax esa dqN dfork ,slh Hkh feyh tksdkO;dq'kyk deykvksa ds eq[kkfoaZnksa dh fudyh gqbZ FkhA geus mlh dks laxzg djds;g NksVk lk xzaFk cuk;k gS vkSj êfgyk e`nqok.kh* uke jD[kk gSA**11

bl iqLrd esa dqy 35 dfof=;ksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gS ftlesa muds uke]firk dk uke (tks Kkr gks ldk gS)] tkfr] LFkku vkSj o"kZ (laor~ esa) fn;k gS tksvf/kdka'kr% mudh e`R;q ds gSaA bu 35 dof;f=;ksa esa 2 cwanh dh_ 2 ekjokM+ dh_ 1lkxj dh_ 2 vo/k dh_ 2 chdkusj dh_ 1 dksVk dh_ 1 iatkc dh_ 1 t;iqj dh_

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3 :iuxj dh_ 8 tks/kiqj dh_ 1 fpRrkSM+ dh_ 3 dk'kh dh_ 1 fljksgh dh_ 1 jhokadh_ 2 eFkqjk dh_ 1 jktiwrkuk dh vkSj 2 ds LFkku dk dksbZ ys[kk ugha fn;k gSA budfof=;ksa ds tks lky laor~ fn;s gSa mlls Kkr gksrk gS fd 35 dfof=;ksa esa lclsizkphu laor~ 1460 ds yxHkx dk gS vkSj lcls vokZphu 20oha lnh ds izFke n'kddk gSA

^jktLFkku esa fganh&iqLrdksa dh [kkst* uked xzaFk esa eqa"kh nsohizlkn th us338 xzaFkksa vkSj muds jpf;rkvksa dk uke fn;k gS vkSj blds lkFk gh lkFk mudsfo'k;] jpukdky vkSj ;fn ml iqLrd ds ckjs esa dqN [kkl ckr gS rks fo'ks"k djdslwpuk fn;k gS ftuesa lcls izkphu xzaFk 15oha lnh dk gSA12

eqa'kh nsohizlkn th us jktLFkku vkSj jktLFkku ds ckgj ds vusd fganh dsys[kdksa vkSj vkSj dfo;ksa dk ifjp; fganh txr dks fn;kA f'koflag lsaxj ds ckneqa'kh nsohizlkn ds flok vkSj dksabZ Hkh O;fDr fganh esaa ,slk ugha gqvk ftlus vdsysgh vuqla/kku ls bruh cM+h la[;k esa fganh ds izkphu dfo;ksa dk ifjp; fganh lalkjdks fn;k gksA f'koflag lsaxj us ys[ku ds nkSjku vf/kdka"k txg tgkW vuqeku ls dkefy;k gS ogha] eqa'kh nsohizlkn th us jktjluke`r*] efgyk e`nqok.kh*] dfojRuekyk*vkSj ^jktLFkku esa fganh&iqLrdksa dh [kkst* vkfn esa dfo;ksa ds tks thou&pfj=fy[ks gSa os izek.k&iq"V vkSj rdZlaxr gS vkSj bfrgkl dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs gSA13

eqa'kh nsohizlkn ds ckn jktLFkku esa fganh xzaFkksa dh [kkst dk dk;Z mn;iqjdh fganh fo|kihB ds lg;ksx ls ia- eksrhyky esukfj;k vkSj vxjpan ukgVk kjkfd;k x;kA jktLFkku fganh lkfgR; lEesyu ds izFke vf/kos'ku esa gh ia- eksrhykyesukfj;k dk izLrko is'k gqvk fd ^lc ls igys jktLFkku esa fganh ds gLrfyf[krxzaFkksa dh [kkst dk dk;Z fd;k tk; vkSj tc ;g dke iwjk gks tk; vFkok Bhd rjgls pyus yxs rc blh rjg ds nwljs Bksl lkfgfR;d dk;Z dks gkFk esa fy;k tk;A* dsvk/kkj ij mn;iqj dh fganh fo|kihB dh dk;Z lfefr us bl dk;Z ds Jhx.ks'k dkHkkj ia- eksrhyky esukfj;k ij gh Mky fn;k rc mUgksus olar iapeh] la- 1997 dsfnu vUos"k.k dk;Z mUgksaus vkjaHk fd;k vkSj loZizFke esokM+ ds rhu iqLrdky;ksa&ljLorhHkaMkj] lTtuok.kh foykl vkSj foDVksfj;k gkWy ykbczsjh esa [kkst dk dke fd;kA14

[kkst ds nkSjku mUgksaus 1200 xzaFkksa dh 1400 ds yxHkx izfr;ka ns[kha vkSjmudh uksfVls fy;s vkSj 175 xzaFkksa ds fooj.k fn;sA bu 175 xzaFkksa esa 26 xzaFk ,sls gSaftuds jpf;rkvksa ds uke igys ls Kkr Fks ij ;s xzaFk muds u;s feys] 44 xzaFkdkjksads 50 xzaFk ,sls feys ftuds uke feJca/kq fouksn esa ugha gSa vkSj 13 xzaFk ,sls feysftuds jpf;rkvksa ds uke vKkr gSaA bl izdkj 80 ds yxHkx xzaFk bl [kkst esa u;s

feysA15 leLr 175 xzaFk fofHkUu fo'k;ksa esa bl izdkj gSa&HkfDr&27] jhfr vkSjfpaxy&23] lkekU; dkO;&22] dFkk&dgkuh&12] ‹k`xkj dkO;&5] ukVd&4]laxhr&2] jktuhfr&1] 'kkfygks=&1] o`f"V&foKku&1] xf.kr&1] L=ksr&1] oS|d&1]dks'k&1] /kuqfoZ|k&1 vkSj laxzg &10 vkSj fofo/k fo'k;ksa ij dqy 18 xzaFk feysftuesa lcls izkphu dh frfFk la- 1699 vkSj lcls vokZphu dh 19oha lnh gSA

ia- eksrhyky esukfj;k ds ckn Jh vxjpan ukgVk kjk [kkst dk dk;Zmn;iqj dh fganh fo|kihB ds funsZ'ku esa fd;k x;k vkSj mudh iqLrd 1947 bZ0 esaizdkf'kr gqbZA fofHkUu laxzgky;ksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa esa [kkst dk dk;Z dj dqy 183gLrfyf[kr vKkr fganh xzaFkksa dk irk yxk;k tks fd 102 dfo;ksa kjk jfpr gSa16

vkSj tks izk;% 17oha lnh ls ysdj 19oha lnh rd ds gSa ftuds fo"k; bl izdkj gSa&

dks"k&10] Nan&7] vyadkj xzaFk&31] oS|d&21] jRu&ijhkk&6] laxhr&11]ukVd&3] dkO;&23] ,sfrgkfld dkO;&9] uxj o.kZu&32] 'kdqu] lkeqfnzd] T;ksfr"k]Lojksn;] jey vkSj banztky ds 29 vkSj Vhdkvksa ds 4 xzaFkA

bl izdkj jktLFkku esa tks fganh ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst dk dke gqvkmlds QyLo#i izHkwr xzaFk izdk'k esa vk;s ftuds fo"k; jklks] bfrgkl vkSjfo#nkofy;ka] lkfgR; (;ksx/kkjk)] lkfgR;'kkL= (jl] vyadkj] dkO; jpuk vkSjuhfr)] fiaxy] ukVd] dka'k] ifjp; ,oa okrkZ] ;k=k] uxj&n'kZu] T;ksfr"k] oS|d]'kkfygks=] laxhr] jey] 'kdqu fopkj] xf.kr] Hkwxksy] jRu ijhkk vkSj f"kdkj dslkFk gh vU; vusd nwljs fo"k;ksa ds Hkh xzaFk izdk'k esa vk;s ftuds QyLo#i fdrusgh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa dks yksxksa us tkuk vkSj muds xzaFkksa ds vk/kkj ij fdrusa ghegRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa dh jpuk,a gqbZA

loZizFke ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk vkSj ckn esa jktLFkku ds fofHkUu ys[kdksa vkSjlaLFkkvksa kjk tks [kkst dk dke fd;k x;k mlds QyLo#i leLr lwQh ,oa HkfDrlkfgR; dk mºkj gks x;kA tk;lh] ehjk] jghe] ukud bR;kfn ds lkFk gh flºksa]ukFkksa] lrukfe;ksa] tSfu;ksa vkSj okeekfxZ;ksa ds dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa dk Hkh irk [kkstds QyLo#i gh lewps lalkj dks feyk vkSj yksx buls ykHkkfUor gq,A

bl [kkst ds QyLo#i gh Hkwxksy] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k] oS|d] /kuqfoZ|k] lkeqfnzd]jRu&ijhkk ln`'k Kku&foKku ds fofo/k fo'k;ksa ij Hkh xzaFk izdk'k esa vk;s tks blckr ds |ksrd gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa e/;dky vkSj mRrj e/; dky esa bu ckrksa dkKku yksxksa dks Fkk vkSj blls fdrus gh fons'kh vkSj dfri; Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa dsoDrO; fd ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] fo'ks"kdj mldk e/;dky vkSj mRrj e/;dky]Kku&fodkl dh uohu fo/kkvksa ds l`tu esa 'kwU; jgk gS* dk HkkaMkQksM+ gksrk gSA

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bl [kkst ds QyLo#i gh bl ckr dk foLr`r izek.k feyk fd eqfLyedky esa Hkh eqlyekuksa us u dsoy Qkjlh oju~ ns'kHkk"kk fganh dks Hkh fofo/k fo'k;ksads fu#i.k ds fy, Hkh viuk;k FkkA 19oha lnh ds mRrjkºZ ,oa 20oha lnh esa pysfganh vkanksyu dks bl ckr ls dkQh cy feyk tks ;g izekf.kr djrk Fkk fd fganhdsoy fganqvksa dh Hkk"kk ugha gS oju~ ogha ns'kHkk"kk gS vkSj lTtu eqlyekuksa dk Hkhmlds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA

ftl izdkj fdlh tkfr ;k jk"V™ dh mUufr ds fy, ml ns'k dh Hkk"kk vkSjizkphu lkfgR; vko';d gS oSls gh mldk izkphu bfrgkl jk"V™ dks uwru 'kfDr vkSjLQwfrZ iznku djrk gS vkSj ;g bfrgkl tkfr;ksa ds iqjkus iksFkksa esa cM+h fgQktr ls canjgk gSA iqjkus iksFkksa dk D;k egRo gS] bls js[kkafdr djrs gq, jek'kadj feJ th usfy[kk gS fd ^^tc rd tkfr;ksa esa muds iwoZ iq#"kksa dk olh;r fd;k gqvk ;gveks?k vL= ekStwn jgrk gS] os ejrh ugha] HksM+&cdfj;ksa dh Hkkafr in nfyr vkSjihfM+r ugha gksrhaA**15 jktLFkku esa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa us fganh dhgLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkstdj tgkW vusad dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa dk ifjp; lewpslalkj dks fn;k ogha] fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk mºkj fd;kA [kkst ds QyLo#igh izek.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g flº fd;k x;k fd fganh ,sD; dh Hkk"kk gS] vyxkodh ughaA fganh dh gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst ds kjk gh jktLFkku vkSj Hkkjr dsbfrgkl] fo"ks'kdj e/;dkyhu vkSj vk/kqfud bfrgkl] ds xkSjoe; vrhr dkmn~?kkVu gqvk ftlds QyLo#i jktHkk"kk vkanksyu vkSj jk"V™h; vkanksyu esa cgqrenn feyhA

lanHkZ1- ,uqvy fjiksVZ vkWu fn lpZ QkWj fganh eSuqLÿhIV QkWj nh b;j 1900] ;qukbVsM

izkfoal] xouZesaV izsl] bykgkckn] 1901] i`- 1-2- ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk dk izFke okf"kZd fooj.k 1893&94 bZ- i`'B&6-3- ,uqvy fjiksVZ vkWu nh lpZ QkWj fganh eSuqLÿhIV QkWj nh b;j 1900] ist 2-4- 'kkL=h] osnozr] dk'kh ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk dk vºZ&'krkCnh dk bfrgkl] ukxjh

izpkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klh] la- 2000 fo-] i`- 90-5- ,uqvy fjiksVZ vkWu nh lpZ QkWj fganh eSuqLÿhIV QkWj nh b;j 1900] ist 2-6- bu egk'k;ksa ds i= ';kelqanjnkl d`r ^esjh vkRedgkuh*] bafM;u izsl] bykgkckn]

1957 bZ-] esa izdkf'kr gSA7- lEesyu if=dk] Hkkx&94] la[;k&4] la- 2066 fo-] fganh lkfgR; lEesyu]

bykgkckn] i`- 37-8- 'kkL=h] osnozr] dk'kh ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk dk vºZ&'krkCnh dk bfrgkl] i`- 95-

9- jktjluke`r] igyk Hkkx] Hkkjrfe= izsl] dydRrk] 1906 bZ-] Hkwfedk] i`- 1-10- dfojRuekyk] izFke Hkkx] eqa'kh nsohizlkn] Hkkjrfe= izsl] dydRrk] la- 1968

fo-] Hkwfedk] i`- 1-11- efgyk e`nqok.kh] ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh] 1905 bZ-] Hkwfedk] i`- 1-12- foLr`r v/;;u ds fy, nsf[k, ^jktiwrkuk esa fganh&iqLrdksa dh [kkst* 'kh"kZd

ys[k] frh; fganh lkfgR; lEesyu dk dk;Z fooj.k] Hkkx&2] fganh lkfgR;lEesyu] iz;kx] la- 1981 fo-] i`- 6&13-

13- esukfj;k] eksrhyky jktLFkku esa fganh ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst] izFke Hkkx]fganh fo|kihB mn;iqj] 1942 bZ-] Hkwfedk] i`- 10-

14- ogh] izkDdFku] i`- d-15- ogh] izkDdFku] i`- ?k-16- ukgVk] vxjpan] jktLFkku esa fganh ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst] frh; Hkkx]

izkphu lkfgR; 'kks/k laLFkku] mn;iqj fo|kihB] 1947 bZ-] izkDdFku] i`- 2-17- egku Hkkjr] nqxkZnkl izsl iqLrdky;] ve`rlj] la- 1993 fo-] izLrkouk] i`- d-

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19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh esa jktLFkku esa vkSlj&ekSlj (e`R;qHkkst) dh O;kidrk rFkk mlds

mUewyu gsrq iz;klksa dk v/;;ulqesLrk

izLrqr 'kks/k&i= ^19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh esa jktLFkku esa vkSlj&ekSlj(e`R;qHkkst) dh O;kidrk rFkk mlds mUewyu gsrq iz;klksa dk v/;;u* dk mÌs';foosP; dky esa vU; lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dh gh rjg vkSlj&ekSlj tSlh lkekftddqjhfr ds ihNs Hkh va/kfo'okl o dqN Hkzked feFkdksa dks lkeus ykuk jgk gS] tSls;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius iwoZtksa dh e`R;q ds ckjgosa ij idoku ugha cuokrk rks og(e`rd O;fDr) ujd esa tk;sxk vkSj mls rFkkdfFkr eksk dh izkfIr ugha gksxh]bR;kfnA nwljk] fd vkfFkZd cngkyh ds pyrs ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkSlj&ekSlj djusdh fLFkfr esa ugha Hkh gksrk Fkk rks Hkh mijksDr feFkdksa ds lkFk&lkFk mls viuslkekftd cfg"dkj ls cpus ds fy;s dtZ ysdj Hkh bl izFkk dks fuHkkuk iM+rk Fkkftlls mldh (dtZ ysus okys O;fDr dh) o mlds ifjokj dh ftUnxh ij csgncqjk vlj iM+rk Fkk] ;Fkk og viuh reke mez lkgqdkj egktu ls fy;s dtZ dkspqdkus esa yxk nsrk Fkk] cPpksa dks rkyhe Hkh ugha fnyok ldrk FkkA

vr% vkSlj&ekSlj o vU; lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] lkekftd ncko o vkfFkZdcngkyh dh fLFkfr esa mudk thou nwHkj gks tkrk FkkA rhljk] bl i= esa ;g Hkhns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd e`R;qHkkst gj fLFkfr esa djus dh vfuok;Zrk dksjkT; dh rjQ ls dqN gn rd ekU;rk izkIr FkhA ftlls lEcfU/kr mnkgj.k blv/;;u esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA pkSFkk] bl i= ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd ,oalkekftd Lrj ij vkSlj&ekSlj tSlh Hk;adj dqjhfr dks lekIr djus ds fy;s mBhvkokt o muds iz;klksa dk mfpr v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

bu mÌs';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s vizdkf'kr izkFkfed lzksrksa (vfHkys[kh;lkexzh) rFkk izdkf'kr izkFkfed lzksrksa (fjiksV~Zl] lekpkj&i=) bR;kfn ds lkFk&lkFkfofHkUu fokuksa kjk izdkf'kr mPp Js.kh ds xzUFkksa dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA

vkSlj&ekSlj (e`R;qHkkst) izpyu o O;kidrke/;dky ls igys vkSlj&ekSlj dsoy e`rd laLdkj dk ,d fgLlk ek=

FkkA ijUrq e/;dky ds vkrs&vkrs vkSlj&ekSlj djus dh vfuok;Zrk us tM+s tekyh vkSj 19oha lnh esa rks blesa vkSj vf/kd tfVyrk vk xbZ FkhA vFkkZr~ e`R;q dsckn e`R;qHkkst ds :i esa ckjgoka] rsjgoka] ekSlj ;k fÿ;kokj] N%eklh] ojlh ds:i esa [kjkc fjokt izpfyr gks x,A1 lekt esa viuh izfr'Bk cpk, j[kus dsfy, izfrf"Br le>s tkus okys yksx rks viuh tehu tk;nkn cspdj rFkk lkekU;tu tks oksgjk egktu dks ml nq%[k dh ?kM+h esa Hkyk pkgus okyk (Well Wisher)ekurs Fks ls iSls m/kkj ysdj e`R;qHkkst dk vk;kstu djrs FksA bl egk&tyls esalSadM+ksa&gtkjksa dh la[;k esa xzkeh.k o fudV lEcU/kh Hkkstu ds fy, ,df=r gksrs Fkso egktyls ds ckn [kpZ ds cks> ls ncs ml larIr ifjokj dks vyfonk dj tkrsFksA blds ckn oksgjk&egktu ('kks"k.kdrkZ) vius #i;ksa ds cnys dtZ u ykSVk ikusdh fLFkfr esa lkjh py&vpy lEifŸk gM+i ysrk FkkA bl izdkj dk ,d mnkgj.kmn;iqj fjdkM~Zl esa ^Qwy ia[kwM+h okyh cgh* ls feyrk gS fd 1750 bZ- esa ,dxzkeh.k /kuth dh fo/kok iRuh us vius ifr dk e`rd Hkkst djus ds fy;s viuhtehu tkno th ds ikl 70 #i;s esa fxjoh j[k nhA2 blh izdkj lky&nj&lkylSadM+ksa&gtkjksa ifjokj e`R;qHkkst tSlh dqjhfr dh otg ls cckZn gks tkrs FksA ftllslekt ds lHkh oxks± ds gtkjksa cPps f'kkk tSls vfr egŸoiw.kZ dkeksa ls eg:e jgtkrs FksA3 e`R;qHkkst lkekU;r% lHkh tkfr;ksa esa gksrk FkkA

jktiwrkuk dh fofHkUu fj;klrksa esa blds fofHkUu Lo:i FksA mnkgj.kkFkZtSlyesj esa ;g vkSlj&ekSlj ds uke ls izpfyr FkhA vkSlj&ekSlj djus okysifjokj dks gh izfr"Bk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk rFkk ogh ifjokj fookg ds ;kvU; 'kqHk voljksa ij ik°p idoku cuok ldrk FkkA4 e`r O;fDr ds ckn mldsifjokj okyksa esa nks fjoktksa dk izpyu Fkk (d) Hknj5 gksuk ([k) e`rdHkkstA6 dksVkesa rks 19oha lnh esa bl laca/k esa jktdh; vkns'k Hkh ikfjr fd;s x;s FksA7 chdkusjjkT; esa Hkh blds izpyu ds lk; jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esa miyC/k dkxndh cfg;ksa* esa feyrs gSaA mnkgj.kr% 19oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa ,d xqtZj ftldk uketyky Fkk og ej x;k vkSj mlds vkxs&ihNs dksbZ Hkh lxk&lEcU/kh ugha Fkk fQjHkh Jh njckj ls lgefr izkIr dj o fiz;tuksa ds ncko esa vkdj mlds fj'rs esayxus okys lxs Hkrhts us e`R;qHkkst fd;kA8 tks/kiqj jh [;kr ds vuqlkj esgrklk;cpUn us vius firk ds e`rdHkkst ij 52 xk°oksa ds egktu vkeaf=r fd;s FksA9

dksVk fjdkM~Zl ds vuqlkj dksVk ds egkjko vthr flag dh e`R;q ij 1839 bZ- esae`rdHkkst esa 62]944 #i;s [kpZ fd;s x;s FksA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd

204


vkSlj&ekSlj 'kkldh; jktiwr lekt ds lkFk&lkFk jktiwr lkearksa esa Hkh vR;f/kdfn[kkos o vf/kd ls vf/kd [kpZ djus dh ijEijk ds :i esa FkkA ijUrq vly esa;g vke vkneh dh ftanxh esa vkfFkZd cngkyh ds o feFkdksa ds :i esa FkkA10chdkusj dh ^dkxn cgh* ds vuqlkj xk°o jho.k; ds pkS/kjh lhxsa :iks.kh us viusfirk ds e`R;qHkkst ds le; ,d xk; czk„.k lq[ks dks nh FkhA11 mijksDr fooj.k lsLi"V gksrk gS fd yksx >wBh 'kku ds fy;s vf/kd ls vf/kd [kpZ gh ugha djrs Fks]cfYd vU/kfo'oklh Hkh Fks lkFk gh lEcfU/k;ksa o fj'rsnkjksa dk e`R;qHkkst esa 'kkfeygksuk vfuok;Z ekuk tkrk Fkk ,slk u gksus ij mUgsa #i;s nsdj euk;k tkrk Fkk] ;Fkk %jkepan uke dk ,d czk„.k xk°o tloarlj ds czk„.k [kses dh iq=h ls fookfgr FkkvkSj [kses ds [kksyk;r12 (nŸkd iq=)] y[kq eksgs [keks.kh us tc [kses dk e`R;qHkkstfd;k rks jkepan dks cqyk;k fdUrq jkepan us ;g cgdj e`R;qHkkst esa "kkfey gksus lseuk fd;k vkSj dgk fd mls fookg ds le; 4 xk; nsus dks dgk x;k Fkk] fdUrq [ksesus mls nh ugha vr% og mlds e`rdHkkst esa 'kkfey gksdj Hkkstu ugha djsxkA vr%var esa mls 40 #i;s nsdj thek;k x;k vkSj y[kq eksgs us njckj ls dkxn Hkhdjok;k fd jkepan o mlds csVs&iksrs mlls fQj dHkh >xM+k u djsaA13 e`R;qHkkst esajkT; deZpkfj;ksa ds 'kkfey gksus ls lEcfU/kr fu;e&dk;ns Hkh lekt o ljdkjkjk iquZfu/kkZfjr FksA mnkgj.kkFkZ flikgh lS;n [kku dks MhMokf.k;k Hkkstus ij mlsogk° gksus okys fookg] e`R;qHkkst vkfn esa 'kkfey djus ds fy, pkSgku kjk fyf[krdkxn fn;k x;kA14 lkekftd :i ls cfg"d`r fd;s tkus ij n.M fn;s tkus dkizko/kku FkkA15 viuk e`rdHkkst djokus ds fy;s Lo;a dks dksbZ vkSykn u gksus ij Hkhyksx bl izFkk dks fuHkkus ds fy;s cPps xksn ysrs Fks ;gk° rd fd mUgsa #i;ksa esa xksnfy;k tkrk FkkA mnkgj.kr% foÿe laor~ 1894 esa ckxM+h xksj/ku gjnklks.kh us viuhethZ ls Bkdqj dks 65 #i;s esa [kksys16 fy;k rkfd mldh e`R;q ds ckn og mldke`R;qHkkst dj ldsA17 pkaMd ifjokj dh jke jk/kk dluks.kh dh cgw us Hkh 75 #i;sesa xqokynkl ds csVs dks xksn fy;k o mls ys.k&ns.k o vkSlj&dkt djus dk dk;ZlkSaik x;kA18 bl izdkj Li"V gS fd ;g dqjhfr cgqr yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh FkhvkSj ;g jktLFkku lekt ds yxHkx lHkh oxks± esa cgqr gh O;kid :i ls izpfyrFkhA izkS<+ o o`ºksa dh e`R;q ij e`R;qHkkst dk vk;kstu vfr vko';d FkkA19 ;fn dksbZO;fDr e`R;qHkkst ugha djrk Fkk rks yksx mls rkuk nsrs Fks20 o bl izdkj dh dVq ckrsadgrs Fks] tSls& ^>ksyh esa fljk21 ckl* gSA

vkSlj&ekSlj mUewyu ds iz;kle`R;qHkkst dh ;g dqizFkk ftls jktdh; rkSj ij tgk° ekU;rk izkIr Fkh rFkk

tgk° O;ogkj esa ;g izFkk lHkh lkekftd oxks± ('kkldh;] lkearh; o lkekU; tu)

esa izpfyr Fkh mls lekIr djuk bruk vklku ugha FkkA okLro esa rks ;g izFkk orZekulekt esa u dsoy jktiwrkuk cfYd iwjs Hkkjr esa izpyu esa gSA foosP; dky esa bldqjhfr ls lekt dks cpkus ds fy;s jktdh; o vjktdh; Lrj ij dqN l"krZiz;kl gq;s ftudk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gSA

chdkusj esa ljnkj flag ds iz;kl % 1851 esa ljnkj flag chdkusj dh xÌhij cSBs vkSj ;g jktkKk izlkfjr djokbZ fd e`R;qHkkst esa flok; ykilh22 ds vkSjdksbZ [kkuk ugha cusxk rFkk e`R;qHkkst esa fcjknjh ds vykok ;fn dksbZ vkSj O;fDr"kkfey gksxk rks ml ij jkT; dh vkSj ls tqekZuk yxk;k tk;sxkA23

ekjokM+ ds egkjktk dk iz;kl& ekjokM+ ds egkjktk tloUr flag frh;(1873&95) us vk;Z lekt ls izHkkfor gksdj vius jkT; esa 'kjkc ihus ouqDrk&izFkk dks fu"ks/k ?kksf"kr djus ds vkns'k ikfjr fd;sA24 blds i'pkr~ tks/kiqjljdkj us 9 fnlEcj 1942 dks ekSlj ij jksd yxk nh vkSj bldk mYya?ku djusokys ij ,d gtkj #i, tqekZus dk izko/kku j[kkA25 ckn esa 20 Qjojh 1946 bZ- dksblh vkns'k dks fQj nksgjk;k x;kA26

vk;Z lekt ds iz;kl o mn;iqj egkjk.kk dk lg;ksx % vk;Z lekt dk Hkhbl dqizFkk ds fuokj.k esa egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh dhf'kkkvksa us jktiwrkuk dh fj;klrksa ds lHkh oxks± dks (turk vkSj dqyhu oxZ nksuksadks) vius flºkUrksa vkSj f'kkkvksa ds ek/;e ls izHkkfor fd;kA mn;iqj esa jgrs gq,Lokeh th us ^lR;kFkZ izdk'k* dk frh; laLdj.k rS;kj fd;k vkSj fo-la- 1939 esamldh Hkwfedk fy[khA lekt esa fookg o e`R;qHkkst ij [kpZ de djokus ds fy,^ijksidkfj.kh lHkk* dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj mn;iqj egkjk.kk dks bldk lHkkifrfu;qDr fd;kA egkjk.kk us bl laLFkk ds dks"k esa nl gtkj dk vuqnku fn;kA27 lHkkus viuh Hktu e.Mfy;ksa] mins'kdksa ds ek/;e ls lekt esa O;kIr vU; dqjhfr;ksa dslkFk&lkFk e`R;qHkkst ij vuko';d :i ls gksus okys [kpZ dks cPpksa dks vPNhrkfye (f'kkk) nsus ij [kpZ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

okYVjd`r jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh lHkk (1887&88 bZ- esa LFkkfir) dsiz;kl % 1887 bZ- esa ,tsUV Vw n xoZuj tujy* lh-ds-,e- okYVj us vtesj esa bllHkk dh LFkkiuk dhA lHkk ds igys vf/kos'ku] 1888 bZ- esa e`R;qHkkst ls lEcfU/kr[kpZ dks de djus ds fu;e fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s rFkk vko';drkuqlkj lfefr;k°cuk;h x;hA28 duZy okYVj ds bl dk;Z dk yxHkx lHkh fj;klrksa us Lokxrfd;k vkSj e`R;qHkkst tSlh dqjhfr dks lekIr djus ds fy;s mBk;s x;s dneksa dsfy, vkSipkfjd i= Hkstdj mudk 'kqfÿ;k vnk fd;kA29 lHkk ds 1889 bZ- ds

205


vf/kos'ku esa e`R;qHkkst ij lkeUrksa kjk fd;s tkus okys [kpZ dks fu;fU=r30 djus dsfy, dqN fu;e fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s mnkgj.kr%&lkykuk vkenuh (#i;s esa) e`R;qHkkst [kpZ dh lhek

--- & 112 75150 & 160 107200 & 210 140300 & 310 207500 & 510 340900 & 910 6071]200 & 1]225 7122]000 & 2]050 8773]400 & 3]450 1]1575]050 & 5]150 1]4977]700 & 7]750 2]01712]000 & 12]500 2]77970]000 & 71]000 10]09288]000 & 89]000 12]34299]000 & 1]00]000 13]717

le;≤ ij lHkk us mDr fu;eksa dk iquZfu/kkZj.k Hkh fd;k ;Fkk&

lEifŸk ls 1]000 #i;s ls de okf"kZd vkenuh gksus ij [kpZ vkenuh dk2@3 Hkkx

fi fi 1]000&5]000 #i;s rd dh fi fi fi fi fi vkneuh 1@4 Hkkx

fi fi 5]000&10]000 #i;s rd dh fi fi fi fi fi vkneuh 1@5 Hkkx

fi fi 10]000 #i;s ls ≈ij rd dh fi fi fi fi fi vkneuh 1@8 Hkkx

e`R;qHkkst ls lEcfU/kr mijksDr ekin.Mksa ls de [kpZ djus dk izko/kku FkkijUrq vf/kd dk ughaA xSj lEifŸk /kkjdksa ;kfu ftuds ikl dksbZ tk;nkn ugha gksrhFkh muds fy;s e`R;qHkkst djrs le; dsoy 75 #i;s [kpZ djus dk izko/kku FkkA31

1894 bZÒ ds vf/kos'ku esa fjtksY;w'ku ikl gqvk fd 'kksd lHkkvksa esa ljnkjvkSj dEiuh vius lkFk ,d fuf'pr la[;k ls vf/kd yksxksa dks ugha ys tk ldrsFks ;Fkk&,d ljnkj ftldh vkenuh dk ewY; 50]000 #i;s ls ≈ij gks og viuslkFk 20 yksxksa dks ys tk ldrk FkkA

50]000 ls 20]000 #i;s rd dh vkenuh okyk vius lkFk 12 yksxksa dks ystk ldrk FkkA



5]000 #i;s ls de vkenuh okyk vius lkFk 02 yksxksa dks ys tk ldrkFkkA

okYVjd`r jktiwr fgrdkfj.kh lHkk us izkjEHk ls gh jktiwr lekt esa O;kIrvU; dqjhfr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk e`R;qHkkst ij vR;f/kd o csfglkc gksus okys [kpZ lsyksxksa dks cpkus ds fu;e o dk;ns fu/kkZfjr fd;s rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij n.Mdk izko/kku Hkh j[kk x;k FkkA ijUrq fQj Hkh lHkk dh izksflfMaXl o vU; nLrkostksaesa fn;s x;s ljdkjh vk°dM+ksa ds vuqlkj dqN ekeyksa esa e`R;qHkkst ds fu;eksa dkmYya?ku gqvkA ijUrq lHkk ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksus okys ekeys vf/kd FksA vr%;g e`R;qHkkst tSlh dqjhfr dks fu;fU=r djus dh fn'kk esa cgqr vPNk ladsr FkkA

1903 bZÒ ,oa 1906 bZ- esa leLr jktiwrkuk (vtesj&esjokM+k lfgr)jktiwrksa ,oa pkj.kksa esa lHkk ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj o fu;e Hkax (e`R;qHkkst ds laca/kesa) ds ekeyksa dk mYys[k fuEukuqlkj gSA

1903 bZ- esa fu;ekuqlkj fu;e rksM+s v/kwjs

jktiwrksa esa 1552 11 22

pj.kksa esa 123 02 12

1906 bZ- esa fu;ekuqlkj fu;e rksM+s v/kwjs

jktiwrksa esa 1347 10 68

pkj.kksa esa 98 05 ---

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd okYVjd`r jktiwr fgrdkfj.kh lHkk dsiz;klksa ds ckotwn e`R;qHkkst ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa esa budk ikyu gksus dslkFk&lkFk fu;eksa dk mYya?ku Hkh gks jgk FkkA 1907&08 bZ- ls ysdj 1929&30 bZ-rd ds okf"kZd izfrosnuksa ls Hkh ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd e`R;qHkkst ds ekeyksa dsiathdj.k] fu;eksa ds ikyu o mYya?ku ds ekeyksa dh la[;k esa mrkj&p<+ko yxkrkjtkjh jgkA32

206


1940 bZ- esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; pkj.k lHkk ds v/;k us t;iqj ds iz/kkuea=hdks i= fy[kdj crk;k fd u dsoy tSlyesj esa cfYd lHkh jktiwrkuk fj;klrksa esaokYVj fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ds lq/kkjksa dk izHkko gqvk vkSj vU; lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dslkFk gh e`R;qHkkstksa dh okf"kZd la[;k esa deh vkbZ gSA33 fu%lansg okYVj lHkk dsiz;klksa ls Hkh e`R;qHkkstksa dh la[;k dks fu;fU=r djus esa lQyrk feyh ijUrq nwljhrjQ lHkk dh xfrfof/k;ksa o vk°dM+sckth ij cgqr ls bfrgklfonksa us loky mBk;sgSaA bu lcdh O;k[;k o Li'Vhdj.k bl NksVs ls 'kks/k&i= esa lEHko ugha gSA ijUrqbldk foLr`r mYys[k vU;= djus dk iz;kl vo"; fd;k tk;sxkA

tkfr; lq/kkjd lHkk,° rFkk e`R;qHkkst dks fu;fU=r djus dk iz;kl % yxHkxlHkh oxks± o tkfr;ksa esa tkfr; lq/kkjd lHkk,° o tkfr; iapk;rsa cukbZ xbZ Fkh tks mltkfr fo'ks"k ds 'kSkf.kd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd fgrksa ds fy, dk;Z djrh FkhA bulq/kkjd lHkkvksa us Hkh viuh&viuh tkfr esa e`R;qHkkst ij gksus okys vuko';d[kpZ ls cckZn gksus okys ifjokjksa dks cpkus dk iz;kl fd;kA mnkgj.kr% vf[kyHkkjrh; tkV egklHkk_ LFkkuh; tkV lHkk,°_ ekjokM+] tkV&d`"kd lq/kkjd lHkk_vf[ky Hkkjrh; pkj.k lHkk_ eh.kk&jktiwr egklHkk_ vxzoky fgrdkfj.kh lHkk]dk;LFk izksfofUl;y dkWUQjsUl] jktiwrkuk] bR;kfn us fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa e`R;qHkksttSlh dqjhfr dks lekIr djus ds fy;s tu&psruk vfHk;ku pykdj yksxksa dksvkSlj&ekSlj ij vR;f/kd vuko';d [kpZ djus dh viskk vius cPpksa dksvPNh f'kkk nsus ij cy nsus dk vkxzg fd;kA mijksDr lHkkvksa o iapk;rksa usyksdxhrksa] Hktuksa] mins'kksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks tkx:d cukdj e`R;qHkkst dksfu;fU=r djus ds iz;kl fd;sA34

fu%lansg mijksDr lHkh izdkj ds ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh iz;klksa ls e`R;qHkkstdks lkekftd ncko esa djus dh vfuok;Zrk o mlls cckZn gksus okys ifjokjksa dkscpkus ds Hkjiwj iz;kl fd;s x;s vkSj dqN gn rd bl ij fu;U=.k Hkh LFkkfirfd;k tk ldkA ijUrq] bls iwjh rjg ls lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldkA ifj.kkeLo:iorZeku esa ;g dqjhfr iwjs jktLFkku esa fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa izpyu esa gS ftldksgesa bfrgkl ls f'kkk ysdj iqu% fu;fU=r djus ds iz;kl djus gksaxsA

lUnHkZ1- okYVjd`r jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] jktiwrkuk] QkWj n b;j&1888 bZ-] i`- 36]

QkbZy uEcj 43@80] (esa miyC/k) jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA(blds ckn jk- jk- v-] chdkusj)

2- izdk'k O;kl] jktLFkku dk lkekftd bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2001]i`- 103

3- okYVjd`r] jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] iwoZ mº`r] i`- 36] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj4- egdek [kkl] QkbZy uEcj 288] th@252] 1907 jk- jk- v-] chdkusj( jktLFkku

fgLV™h dkaxszl] izksflfMaXl] okWY;we XVII ] pkSikluh (tks/kiqj)&2001] i`- 1305- Hknj&fgUnw tkfr esa cM+s&cw<+s dh e`R;q ij mlds fudV fj'rsnkjksa kjk flj ds

cky] nk<+h o ew°N eqaMokuk6- e`rdHkkst& e`rd ds 12osa nhu lxs&lEcfU/k;ksa dks Hkkstu djokuk7- dksVk fjdkM~Zl] Hk.Mkj uEcj 22] cLrk uEcj 193] fo-la- 1922 jk- jk- v-]

chdkusj8- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 11] fo-l- 1857 º1800 bZÒΩ] i`- 226 ,] jk- jk- v-]

chdkusj(xqtZj tyky xbZoky gqoks lq xqtj b; ek;ys lq nhis lkgqoks.kh Jhnjckj ekye dhoh tyky js ?kj ,d jg.k jks Ns rs ≈ij [ksr (#i;s 45) jksckxM+h jkesljh uFkksa.kh jks Ns vj xk;k 5 NS lq ?kjjh Jh esMgh lq rkdhn gqbZ NS lqeSg lkxh Hkrhtk Nk] gqdqe gqoS rks mosjs iqBS pkyhlks djh Qdhj&Qqdjs us dqghnsok ekSyoh u nslh lq Jh njckj lq QjekbZ jbZr NS ?kj Fkkus njk;ksa tyky js iqBsmosjks dqgh lqokjFk gqoS lq djtks the.k dj ns tks gesa ?kj xkeksjh vlek;ys lqnhis lq [kspy u gqlh lko.k on 9)

9- uS.klh eqg.kksr] tks/kiqj jh [;kr] i`- 80] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj10- izdk'k O;kl] iwoZ mº`r] i`- 10311- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 11] fo-la- 1857] i`- 271ch] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj12- [kksyk;r&xksn fy;k gqvk13- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 11] fo-la- 1857] i`- 226ch] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj14- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 12] fo-la- 1859] i`- 12ch] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj15- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 12] fo-la- 1859] i`- 23] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj16- [kksys&Lo;a dk cPpk u gksus ij vU; ds cPps dks xksn ysuk17- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 44] fo-la- 1894] i`- 61,] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj18- dkxn jh cgh uEcj 44] fo-la- 1894] i`- 73ch] 192ch] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj19- tks/kiqj fj;klr] fcykM+k] Qkby ua- 5 ^c*_ tks/kiqj jh [;kr (ekuflag vkfn)]

i`- 78] 80] 103] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj20- txnh'k xgyksr ekjokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 230] ekuflag vkfn tks/kiqj jh

[;kr] i`- 8021- fljk&gyok22- ykilh&xsgw° dks mckydj cuk;k x;k ehBk Hkkstu23- eksguyky xqIrk] chdkusj dk ftysokj lkaLd`frd&,sfrgkfld v/;;u] i`- 1424- gdhdr cgh uEcj 37] i`- 25] 222] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj

207


25- tks/kij xouZesaV xtV] fnukad 12 fnlEcj 1942 bZÒ i`- 307] jk- jk- v-26- tks/kiqj xouZesaV xtV] uksfVfQds'ku uEcj 8749] fnukad 26 vizSy] 1946 bZÒ27- fglkc nrj iVkdk] fo-la- 1940] jk- jk- v- (czkap)] mn;iqj28- vtesj fjdkM~Zl] okYVj dk i= uEcj 277 lh] fnukad 23 ekpZ 1888] QkbZy

uEcj 2@1886 jk- jk- v-] chdkusj_ QkWjsu fMikVZesaV izksflfMaXl] QkbZy uEcj3@1844] tqykbZ 1888 uEcj 19&24] b.Vjuy ,] QkWfju fMikVZesaV] jk'V™h;vfHkys[kkxkj] ubZ fnYyh

29- okYVjd`r jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] jktiwrkuk QkWj n bZ;j 1888 bZ-] QkbZyuEcj 43@80] i`- 1] jk- jk- v-] chdkusj

30- ogh31- ,U;woy tujy fjiksVZ QkWeZ n desVh vkWQ n] okYVjd`r jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh

lHkk] ,U;woy tujy fjiksVZ QkWj n bZ;j 1903_ QkbZy uEcj 43@443] i`- 4] jk-jk- v-] chdkusj

32- fjiksVZ vkWu nh ,MfeLV™s'ku vkWQ chdkusj QkWj 1907&08] i`- 37_ 1909&10]i`- 46_ 1910&11] i`- 4_ 1911&12] i`- 11_ 1912&13] i`- 18_ 1913&14] i`-5_ 1926&27_ 1927&28_ 1928&29_ 1929&30] (jk"V™h; vfHkys[kkxkj ubZfnYyh esa miyC/k)

33- t;iqj xouZesaV lsÿsV™sV fjdkM~Zl] th&20] QkbZy uEcj 150] jk- jk- v-34- t;iqj fjdkWMZ~l] egdek [kkl] QkbZy uEcj 33] ikVZ 1] i= la[;k NksVs yky

pkS/kjh (vkWujsjh lsÿsVjh vxzoky fgrdkfj.kh lHkkΩ dk i= fnukad 23 tuojh]1926] jk- jk- v- (czkap)] t;iqj

LorU=rkiwoZ if'peh jktLFkku ds m|ksx';keyky

orZeku ;qx vkS|ksfxd rduhdh dk ;qx gS bl ;qx esa dksbZ Hkh jk"V™ dh egrkbl ckr dks ysdj gS fd jk"V™ dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl fdl Lrj ij gqvk gSA blh lsvUrjkZ"V™h; Lrj ij igpku curh gS rFkk fo'o ds lkFk oS'ohdj.k dk fgLlk culdkrk gSA blh dkj.k fo'o ds ns'k vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa yxs gq, gS rFkk fo'o dsfodflr jk"V™ksa us rks vkS|ksfxdj.k dks viuk ukjk cuk fy;k gSA blh vkS|ksfxdj.kukjs dks fodkl'khy rFkk fiNM+s jk"V™ksa us viukuk t:jh le>k D;ksfd dksbZ Hkh jk"V™tc rd viuk vkS|ksfxd fodkl ugha dj ysrk rc rd vius ukxfjdksa dksleqfpr Lrj dk thou iznku ugh dj ldrk rkRi;Z ukxfjdksa dk loksZafx.k fodklugha dj ldrk vkSj ml fLFkfr esa vk igq°prk gS fd og fiNM+s jk"V™ksa dh Js.kh esa vktkrk gS mudks NksVh&NksVh ;kstuvksa ds fy, fodflr ns'kksa ds lkeus ureLrd gksukiM+rk gSA vkt fo'o esa ftrus Hkh fodflr ;k fodkl'khy ns'k gS muesa vkS|ksfxdj.kdh gksM+ yxh gSA

ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ jkT; jktLFkku vktknh lsiwoZ jktiwrkuk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA jktiwrkuk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr rFkkizkd`frd fo'ks"krk,° vU; jkT;ksa ls fHkUu gS ;gka dk Fkkj e:LFky] fc[kjh gqbZtula[;k ;krk;kr rFkk lalkj ds lk/kuksa dk vHkko o ≈tkZ ds lzksrksa dh deh usjktiwrkuk ds yksxksa dks deZB cuk fn;k rFkk viuh vkthfodk pykus ds fy,lhfer lk/kuksa ds lkFk rkyesy cSBkdj NksVs m|ksxksa dk ?kj cuk fn;kA vkS|ksfxdfodkl ds fy, ;krk;kr ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gS ysfdu jktiwrkuk esa ≈°VxkM+h]cSyxkM+h gh ;krk;kr dk izeq[k lk/ku FkkA izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds vHkko ds ckotwnge ;g ugha dg ldrs dh if'peh jktLFkku vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh n`f"V lsfiNMk Fkk ;gka ds yksxksa esa dk;Z ds izfr yxu dyk vkSj 'kkldksa kjk lajk.k nsus dsdkj.k jktiwrkuk dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl Hkh vU; fj;klrksa ls de ugha vkadk tkldrkA LorU=rk iwoZ jktiwrkuk dh vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dh dyk ls rks fo'ovk'p;Z esa gS fd bruh izkd`frd fo"kerk ds ckotwr Hkh ;gka ds ukxfjdksa esa dykds izfr bruk yxko ftlds dkj.k izkd`frd vHkko dks Hkh iNkM+ fn;kA blesajktiwruk ds dkjhxjksa dh kerk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

208


LorU=rkiwoZ jktiwrkuk esa d`f"k o i'kqikyu vkthfodk dk izeq[k lk/ku Fkkblds ckotwn Hkh m|ksxksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA mPp dksfV dh dyk dkS'kyftlesa dykRed os"kHkw"kk ds vfrfjDr iPphdkjh fd;s gq, crZu] pkanh] ihry dscrZu] ≈uh xyhps] gkFkh nkar ds f[kykSus o vU; lkexzh ftlesa laxejej dh ewfrZ;savkHkw"k.k] jaxkbZ] NikbZ dh lkafM+;ka] izeq[k FkhA jktiwrkuk esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ijvkfFkZd fÿ;k,a dh tkrh Fkh rFkk vyx&vyx tkfr ds yksx ih<+h nj ih<+h m|ksxfo'ks"k dks tkjh j[krs Fks rFkk vU; m|ksx dks ugha viukrs FksA m|ksxksa dh nks Js.kh;kaFkhA xzkeh.k m|ksx o 'kgjh m|ksx] LFkkuh; ekax dh iwfrZ ds fy, xk°oksa esa dqVhjm|ksx /kU/ks Fks1A izR;sd xkao esa dqEgkj] eksph] c<+bZ] yqgkj tqykgs gksrs Fks tks LFkkuh;t:jrksa dh iwfrZ djrs FksA ml le; 'kgjksa o xkaoksa esa vusd m|ksx pyrs FksAtSlyesj esa vPNh fdLe ds dEcy cuk;s tkrs Fks2A ogka ds yksxksa dk HksM+] cdjh]≈°V] ikyuk rks izeq[k dk;Z jgk gSA ekjokM+ dk ewaMok dk"B dk;Z dk izeq[k dsUnzFkkA ikyh diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds fy, izflº FkkA tokgjkr O;olk; ds fy,t;iqj izflº Fkk3A ftldh Nfo vkt Hkh fo'o cktkj esa vyx igpku j[krh gSAukxkSj jkT; esa Hkh m|ksx /kU/kksa ds ks= esa vR;f/kd izxfr gqbZ A bu m|ksx /kU/kksa esayksgs rFkk ihry ds x`gLFkh ds dk;Z esa iz;ksx gksus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds crZuksa] gkFkhnkar ds f[kykSuksa] ≈°V dh dkfB;ksa ,oa ≈uh rFkk lwrh diM+ksa dk m|ksx loZizeq[k FkkA eqxy dky esa rks ukxkSj esa ≈uh diM+ksa dk O;kikj vR;f/kd le`º n'kk esa FkkD;ksafd ukxkSj ≈uh diM+s ds m|ksx dk izeq[k uxj FkkA ;gka de ls de chl izdkjds ≈uh diM+ksa dk mRiknu gksrk Fkk4A ftldh ekax lEiw.kZ jktiwrkus esa jgrh FkhrFkk ;gka ds m|ksxksa esa yxs yksxksa dk thou Lrj vPNk FkkA ;gka lwrh m|ksx Hkh izk;%iwoZ e/;dky ls gh vius pje ij Fkk budk fodkl xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa QSyk gqvk FkkAoL= m|ksx ds vfrfjDr vU; m|ksx Hkh ukxkSj esa vPNh fLFkfr esa Fks ;gka dsdkjhxjksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds yksgs rFkk ihry ds dke djus okys lksus rFkk pkanh dsvkHkw"k.kksa dk fuekZ.k dju sokys] gkFkh nkar ij lqUnj ,oa dykRed d<kbZ rFkk [kqnkbZdjus okys lqugjh okfuZ'k p<kus okys rFkk js'keh ,oa e[keyh diM+ksa ij dlhnsvkSj tjnksth dh d<+kbZ dk de djus okys izeq[k Fks5A ekjokM+ vkS|ksfxd n`f"V lsvU; fj;klrksa ls vkxs izrhr gksrk gS ;gka ckny cukus dk dke vius vke esa vyigpku j[krk gSA tks/kiqj esa fufeZr gksus okys tLrs ds cknys fdlh le; iwjs Hkkjresa izflº Fks rFkk Hkkjr ls ckgj vU; ns'kksa essa Hkh tkrs FksA fo'ks"k :i ls viuk;stkrs FksA tks/kiqj esa yxHkx 64 izdkj dh vkd`fr;ksa okys cknys cuk;s tkrs FksAblesa lqjkghnkj dSVyhuqek] e;wjkdfr] v.Mkdkj rFkk ukynkj cknys vf/kd yksdfiz;FksA cknyksa dh dher cktkj esa pkyhl :i;s ls ysdj Ms<+ gtkj :i;s rd gksrh

Fkh6A tks orZeku ds jsQzhtjsVj o nksgjh irZokyh cksryksa dks Hkh ekr nsrs FksA ;gdyk dk cstksM+ uequk vU; fj;klrksa esa ugha feyrk FkkA tks/kiqj jkT; ds ikyh]ukxksj] lkstr vknh uxjksa esa yksgs dh oLrq, cukbZ tkrh FkhA ikyh dh yksgs dhlUnwdsa] dM+kbZ;ka o cM+s dM+ko izflº FksA lksus&pkanh o ghjs tokgjkr cukus dkdk;Z Hkh tks/kiqj dk izflº FkkA tks/kiqj esa ia[ks ds dke okys vkHkw"k.k cuk;s tkrsFksA tks/kiqj o ikyh esa gkFkh nkar dh pqfM+;k cukbZ tkrh Fkh7A jktiwrkuk esa yqgkj dsdke dh xzkeh.k ks=ksa essa egRowi.kZ Hkwfedk Fkh D;ksafd d`f"kxr vkStkj muds kjk ghcuk, tkrs FksA ftuesa yksgs ds gy cukuk] xSrh QkoM+k] dqYgkM+h rxkjh] cSyxkfM+;ksadks ykssgs esa e<uk blds vfrfjDr ?kjsyq lkexzh tSls rok] ckyVh] pEep bR;knhcukus esa egRowi.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh FkhA yqgkjxhjh dk dke [ksrh dk de [ksrh o ?kjsywlkexzh ls Hkh vkxs FkkA

yqgkj ;qº esa dke vkus okys gfFk;kj o f'kdkj ds fy, gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.kdjrs FksA ryokj] dVkj] [kkaMk pkdw] nky] ckaN Hkkys ns'kh canwdksa dk fuekZ.kjktiwrkuk ds fofHkUu izkUrksa esa gksrk FkkA fljksgh dh ryokjsa izflº FkhA ryokjksa ijlksus pkanh dk dke gksrk FkkA tks/kiqj esa peM+s dh lanwdksa dh ekax jgrh FkhA tkykSjo tSlyesj esa ?kksM+s dh dkfB;ka vkSj ekyiqjk esa canwd dh [kksfy;ka vPNh curhFkhA ikyh mrjh Hkkjr dk ,d cM+k O;kikfjd dsUnz Fkk ;gka ij ns'kh fons'kh lkekudk vknku&iznku o O;kikj gksrk FkkA chdkusj jkT; esa jktx<+ Hkh eq[; O;kikfjde.Mh FkhA ;gka fofHkUu fn'kkvksa ls vkus okys dkjoka Bgjrs Fks8A ≈u dh lcls cM+he.Mh tSlyesj esa FkhA yk[k m|ksx izkphu m|ksxksa esa izeq[k gS izk;% fgUnw vkSjrksa esayk[k dh cuh pqfM+;ka igurh Fkh tks fookg ds volj ij lkekU; oxZ dh vkSjrsigurh FkhA budks cukus dk dke cutkjs (y[kkjs) djrs Fks tks izk;% xkaoksa esadLcksa esa djrs Fks bu ij vyx&vyx jax ds dkap ds VqdM+ksa ls fMtk;u nh tkrhFkhA jktiwrkus esa xkaoksa jLlh lwryh cukus dk m|ksx Hkh fodflr FkkA jfLl;ka izk;%ewat dh cukbZ tkrh FkhA ftudk iz;ksx dqavksa ls ikuh f[kapus] [kkV cukus pVkbZcukus vkfn mi;ksx FksA ekjokM+ esa yEi vkSj ewat uked etcwr ?kkl ls jfLl;kacukus dk dke catkjk (Xokfj;k) uked tkfr oa'kkuqxr djrh FkhA ydM+h dsf[kykSus lkstr o ukxkSj esa Hkh cuk;s tkrs FksA vR;f/kd dykRed f[kykSus 100pfÿ;k 25 tksM+h pViVk o 60 yqu yqfu;k vkfn jktoxhZ; mi;ksx gsrq lkstr esacuk, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gS9A jktiwrkuk ds 'kkld bu m|ksxksa dks viuhfj;klr dh fjM~< ekurs FksA muds kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa ls jkT; dks vkenuh gksrhFkh rFkk jkT; dh t:jras iwjh gksrh FkhA lkFk gh vf/kd mRiknu ls jkT; vU;fj;klrksa ls t:jr dh oLrqvksa dk vknku iznku djds viuh t:jr dh lkexzh

209


[kjhn ysrs FksA izkphu dky ls gh cu jgh dkykd`fr;ka ftldh orZeku esa Hkh ekaxgS rFkk tks is'ksoj bl dk;Z ls orZeku esa Hkh tqM+s gq, gSa os ykHk gh ugha dek jgs gScfYd bl dyk dh vewY; /kjksgj dks thfor j[kdj vrhr dh ;kn fnykrs gSA

bu ijEijkxr dykvksa dks thfor j[kus ,oa vrhr ds ifjizs; esa orZekuds vuq:i vkSj Hkkoh mTtoy vkadkakkvksa dks ifjyfkr djrs gq, fu'py Hkko lsJe dh xfjek dks fuHkkrs gq, vxzlj jgus dk Js; gekjs dqy dkjhxjksa dks gSftUgksus viuh dyk dks :fpdj vkSj mi;ksxh cukrs gq, tu&tu rd igqapk;kgS10A orZeku esa gekjk nkf;ro curk gS fd ge bu izkphu dykvksa dks thfor j[ksarFkk muds fodkl ds fy, ljdkj dks Hkh izsfjr djrs jguk pkfg, rkfd viusvrhr us tks vewY; /kjksgj ges dyk ds ek/;e ls gLrkUrj.k dh gS oks ,d bfrgklcudj u jg tk,A orZeku esa Hkh vk/kqfudrk ds izHkko ds ckotwn Hkh ge mumRiknksa dks de ugha vkad ldrs ysfdu oSKkfud ;qx esa rduhdh iz;ksx ds c<rsorZeku esa ;s m|ksx vius vfLrRo cpkus ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSA vr% geas viusxkSjoe; bfrgkl ls feyh fojklr dks latksdj j[kuk gh gekjk nkf;Ro curk gSAge lcdks lfEefyr iz;kl djuk pkfg,A rkfd vrhr dks gesa lxzgky;ksa ;k fp=ksaesa u [kkstuk iM+s vkSj bfrgkl ys[ku esa Hkh lqfo/kk fey ldsA

lUnHkZ1- ch-,y-xqIrk & V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku] t;iqj & 1987 i`-la- 542- iz'kklfud fjiksZVZ] tSlyesj jkT; o"kZ 1904&05 jk-jk-vfHk- tks/kiqj i`- 103- ch-,y-xqIrk & iwoksZDr] i`-la- 624- eksgEen gyhe flÌhdh&e/;dkyhu ukxkSj dk bfrgkl] i`- 255&565- eksgEen gyhe flÌhdh&iwoksZDr i`- 2586- eksguyky xqIrk&tks/kiqj laHkkx dk ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u]

tks/kiqj & 2011 i`- 1077- vkj-ih-O;kl & vk/kqfud jkTLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl] t;iqj&1998 i`- 3898- vkj-ih-O;kl & iwoksZDr i`- 3919- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25 fo-la- 1838 ,Q 257 tks/kiqj fj;klr&jk-jk-vfHk-

chdkusj10- dqa- egsUnzflag raoj&jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk,a tks/kiqj&2006] i`- 130

<ksyu dqatdyh %jktLFkkuh (<ksy tkfr dh) laLd`fr

vpZuk 'kekZ

laLd`fr 'kCn laLdkj ls cuk gSA fgUnw lekt esa tUe ls gh O;fDr dks vusdizdkj ds laLdkjksa ds kjk lekt esa fofHkUu dk;Z djus ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gSAlaLd`fr Kku] O;ogkj] fo'okl dh mu vkn'kZ ifr;ksa dks rFkk Kku vkSj O;ogkj lsmRiUu gq, lk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk dks dgrs gS tks lkekftd #i ls ,d ih<+h ls nwljhih<+h dks nh tkrh gSA laLd`fr esa og lcdqN 'kkfey gS tks lekt esa ,d ih<+h lsnwljh ih<+h dks fn;k tkrk gS] tSls & Kku] /kkfeZd fo'okl] dyk] dkuwu] jhfr&fjokt]uSfrd&fu;e] rkSj&rjhdsa] lkfgR;] laxhr] Hkk"kk] bR;kfnA1 cksxkMZl ds vuqlkj^^laLd`fr ,d leqg ds le`º jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa vkSj pkyw O;ogkj izfrekuksals curh gSA laLd`fr ,d lewg dk ewy /ku gSA og ewY;ksa dh ,d ,slh iwoZorhZlef"V gS] ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr iSnk gksrk gSA og ,d ek/;e gS] ftlesa O;fDr iSnkgksrs gS vkSj fodflr gksrs gSA**

jktLFkkuh laLd`fr Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ,d vge~ Hkwfedk j[krh gSA jktLFkkuhlaLd`fr esa vusd /keZ o tkfr;ka vkbZ vkSj feyh gSA jktLFkku ds vyx&vyx ks=ksaesa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh viuh Hkk"kk] dyk] Kku] jhfr&fjokt] R;kSgkj] /kkfeZdfo'okl gSA jktLFkku dh gh <ksy tkfr ftlds yksdxhr iwjs Hkkjr esa izflº gS &

^^mM+ mM+ js egjka dkyk js dkxyk A dc EgkjkSa ihao th ?kj vkosyk-------AA**

jktLFkkuh laLd`fr ds yksdxhr dh lqUnjrk dks fpf=r djrk gSA jktLFkkuesa gh tUesa lkfgR;dkj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz us vius miU;kl ^<ksyu dqatdyh* esajktLFkkuh <ksy tkfr dk lqUnj fp=.k fd;k gSA jktLFkkuh laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr;knosUnz 'kekZ dk <ksyu dqatdyh yksd laLd`fr dk ,d vuqBk miU;kl gSA <ksyudqatdyh esa ,d lkekU; tkfr dh laLd`fr dk c[kwch mYys[k n'kZuh; gSA <ksycktkdj viuh thfodk vftZr djuk bl tkfr dk izeq[k O;olk; gksrk gSA <ksyctkus okyh tkfr esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh vius u`R; o laxhr kjk jktkvksa]uokcksa o Bkdqjksa dks c/kkbZ nsrs gSaA bl tkfr esa L=h&iq#"k vkfFkZd #i ls Lora= jgrs

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gSA ^<ksyu daqtdyh* dh efgyk #ikyh viuh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds ckjs esa dgrhgS & ^êSa fdlh ds BLls ugha lg ldrhA-------ncSy FkksM+s gh gwaA vius cwafd;ksa dhdekbZ [kkrh gwaA**2 bl lkekU; tkfr ds yksxksa dk ºiq#"k&L=hΩ igukok Hkh cgqrgh jkspd gSA fL=;ksa ds igukosa esa dkapyh] ygaxk o vks<+uk eq[; gksrk gS o iq#"k dsigukosa esa /kksrh o dqrkZ eq[; gksrk gSA /kkfeZd fo'okl ds vuqlkj bl tkfr ds yksxjkensoth dks viuk b"Vnso ekurs gSA bl tkfr ds yksxksa ds ?kjksa ij tks ekaM.ks cuk;stkrs gSa] mlesa jkensoth dk fp= izeq[k gksrk gSA ;sa jaxksyh xzkeh.k fp=dkjh dhizrhd gksrh gSA euksjatu o O;olk; ds rkSj ij <ksy tkfr kjk vyx&vyx ukVdo xhr izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSA ukVdksa esa vejflag jkBkSM+] lR; gfj'kpUnz] lrh&lkfo=hvfn ij dykdkjh is'k dh tkrh gSA ^<ksyu dqatdyh* esa jkofr;k uked iq#"k^fgM+k≈&eSjh* dh jEer is'k djrk gSA jkofr;k gM+k≈* curk gS vkSj xksfi;k vkSjlfV;k mldh nks êSfj;ka (jkfu;ka)*A nkew cuk ûwjlk*] uwjlk mldk rkcsnkj FkkAfgM+k≈ th vkSj mldh jkfu;ksa dk fcpkSfy;kA

jkofr;ka vkSj mlds lkFkh ukVd dks bl rjhds ls izLrqr djrs gS fdn'kZdx.k mYykflr gks izlUurk ls ifjiw.kZrk izkIr djrs gSA ukVd ds izn'kZu dsle; budh os'kHkw"kk kjk ge jktLFkkuh jktkvksa o uokcksa dh os'kHkw"kk ls Hkhifjfpr gksrs gSA fgM+k≈ us vLlh dyh dk dslfj;k tkek igu j[kk FkkA mldsuhps pwM+hnkj itkekA dejiV~Vs esa udyh lksus dh ewB dh ryokj vkSj pkanh dh<kyA ixfM+;ksa esa [kM+fd;k ixM+h] tM+k≈ pkScanh xys esaA ukVd ds vkxs c<+us ijnksuks eSfj;ka fgM+k≈ dks I;kj ds fy, vkOgku~ djrh gS &

jax vkEck] jax vkEcyh] jax nkM+e] jax nk[k]jax nS egkjktk jh lst esa]gs jelks eka>y jkr]gks jax ekS.kksa & jax ekS.kksa !! 3

jktLFkkuh laLd`fr esa iys gq;s bl tkfr ds yksxksa esa gj volj ds xhrmiyC/k jgrs gSA bl tkfr ds yksx jktkvksa o uokcksa dks izlUu djus ds xhr xkrs gSrks vius volkn o d#.kk izdV djus ds fy;s Hkh xhr gksrs gSA vius eu ds nq[k]volkn dks bl tkfr ds yksx xhrksa kjk cgk nsrs gSaA

bl tkfr ds yksxksa dh izse fofur xhrksa dh rks dksbZ cjkcjh ugha gks ldrhAeu ds Hkkoksa dks xhrksa dh ekyk ds kjk bl izdkj O;Dr djrs gS fd Jksrkx.kea=eqX/k gks tkrk gSA <ksyu dqatdyh ukf;dk dqatM+h izse fourh dk xhr xkrh gS &

^^daqjtk , Egkjks Hkaoj feyk ns ,]rw dajtk Egkjksa Hkk;yh]

rw Egkjh /kje dh cSu--------daqjtk ,------],sM+s&NsM+s vksyek chp esa lkr lyke]dqajtk , dkxt ys j pkyh ,--------^^!! 4

bl xhr esa dqjatk ikh dks izhre ls feykus dh fourh dh tkrh gSA bl rjggj volj ds fy;s <ksy tkfr ds yksx vyx&vyx xhr izLrqr dj viuhdyk&dkS'ky dk ifjp; nsrs gSA bl lkekU; tkfr dk [kku&iku Hkh cgqr lh/kk&lk/kk jgrk gSA jktLFkku dk izeq[k [kk|kUu cktjk] budk izeq[k Hkkstu gksrk gSA^cktjs dk f[kpM+k*] pkoy&nky] xqM+ dk lhjk buds eq[; Hkkstu ds vUrxZr vkrkgSA5 laLd`fr ds rRo xhrksa] ukVdksa vkfn esa iw.kZ gksus ds ckn Hkh vf'kkk ds dkj.kbl tkfr dh fL=;ksa dk thou viw.kZ gh jgrk gSA bl tkfr dh efgykvksa dksukpus&xkus ds vykok jktkvksa o Bkdqjksa ls viuh 'kjhj dk lkSnk Hkh djuk iM+rkgSA ^<ksyu daqtdyh* esa dqatM+h dk ifr galdj dgrk gS & ^^blesa cnkZ'r djusdh D;k ckr gS \ ;s rks gekjh tkr dk /kje gSA lc <ksyh Hkh rks viuh yqxkbZ;ksa dksHkstrs gSA <ksyh <ksyu ds fy, ;g jkLrk mYVk ugha gS] ,dne lqyVk gSA ukpsxh&xk;sxhugha rks isV dSls HkjsxhA**6

vf'kkk ds dkj.k brus dykfon~ gksus ds ckn Hkh <ksy tkfr ds yksxlkeUrokn ds f'kdkj gksrs gSA vkfFkZd #i ls Lora= gkssus ds ckn Hkh L=h dks ?kj esao jktkvksa ds egyksa esa 'kksf"kr gksuk iM+rk gSA vius 'kksf"kr thou dks thrs gq, Hkh<ksy tkfr ds yksx viuh laLd`fr ds xq.kksa dks vkq..k j[ks gq, gSA vius jgu&lgu]os'kHkw"kk] xhrksa&ukVdksa ds dkj.k ;s yksx vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz jgs gSA viuh jktLFkkuhHkk"kk esa fuiq.k xhrksa ds kjk eu ds Hkkoksa dks vka[kksa ls mrkj nsus esa lkeF;Zoku gSA

lanHkZ1- MkW- vuqjkx oktis;h] Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLd`fr] jkt ifCyds'ku gk≈l]

t;iqjA2- ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUn] <ksyu dqatdyh] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz^ eseksfj;y V™LV] chdkusjA3- ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUn] <ksyu dqatdyh] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz^ eseksfj;y V™LV] chdkusjA4- ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUn] <ksyu dqatdyh] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz^ eseksfj;y V™LV] chdkusjA5- MkW- ,y-vkj- HkYyk] jktLFkkuh lekt] dyk ,oa laLd`fr] dqynhi ifCyds'kul]

vtesjA6- ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] <ksyu dqatdyh] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz^ eseksfj;y V™LV] chdkusj

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esokM+ fj;klr esa iku laLd`frizks- ehuk xkSM

izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa iku dk fo'ks"k egRo jgk gSA 'kknh &fookg] iwtk ikB ,oa ifo= vuq"Bkuksa dk ;g ,d vko';d vax gSA laLd`r esa ikudks ^rkEcqy^^ dgrs gSa] blh dkj.k iku dk O;olk; djus okyksa dks ^rEcksyh^^ dsuke ls tkuk x;kA1 iku vkS"k/kh; xq.k ;qDr gS tks ikpu ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA izk;%Hkkstu ds ckn iku ds iRrs dks eksM+dj mlds vanj pwuk] lqikjh] dRFkk yxkdjpck;k tkrk gSA

rEcksfy;ksa dk viuh tkfr dh mRifRr ds lEcU/k esa ;g ekU;rk gS fd ikuigys lkrosa ikrky esa gksrk Fkk] fdUrq tc jktk ifjfkr us i`Foh ij ;K fd;k vkSjbl gsrq ikuksa dh t#jr gqbZ rks ukjn ikrky tkdj ikap iku yk;sA rhu iku rks ;Keas [kpZ gks x, vkSj 'ks"k nks iku ds iRrksa dks jktk ifjfkr us vius nks iq=ksa dks fn;kAcM+s iq= us rks viuk iku [kk fy;k exj NksVs iq= uss mls tehu esa cks fn;k] ftldhcsy fodflr gks xbZ vkSj bl izdkj /kjrh ij Hkh iku mRikfnr gksus yxk rFkk mlscspus okys ^reksyh ;k rEcksyh^^ dgyk;sA ;s viuh 84 tkfr;ka crkrs gSaA2 ukxkSjds dcwykor* Lo;a dks vlyh rEcksyh dgrs gS vkSj viuk oru v;ks/;k esa crkrsgSaa tgka ls os ;gka vk;sA3

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vuq#i esokM+ esa Hkh iku dk izkphu dky ls gh dkQhegRo jgk gSA ;gka Hkh 'kknh fookg] iwtk] vuq"Bku vkSj ifo= dke esa ;g vko';doLrq ds :Ik esa ekuk x;k gSA esokM+ esa Jh ,dfyax th ,oa JhukFk th ds eafnjksa esaHkh iku chM+ksa ds viZ.k dk cgqr egRo ,oa izpyu gSA esokM+ fj;klr ds egkjk.kkds njckj O;oLFkk esa Hkh iku chM+s dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk] ftlesa f'k"Vkpkj]vuq'kklu vkSj eS=h ds Hkko gesa ,d lkFk ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA laHkor% ;g ,d,slh izrhdkRed iz.kkyh Fkh ftlesa egkjk.kk fcuk dqN dgs iku&chM+s ds ek/;e lsviuh Hkkouk O;Dr djrs FksA4 ;g izfr"Bk ls tqM+k gqvk fo"k; Fkk] vr% lqpk#izcU/k djus ds fy, fo'oLr vf/kdkjh jgrs FksA chM+s cukus dk dke rEcksyhdjrs FksA5 ,slh ekU;rk gS esokM+ ds fpRrkSM+ ftys dk rEcksfy;k xkao nks gtkj lkyigys rEcksfy;ksa kjk clk;k x;k FkkA ;g tkfr iku dk ijEijkxr O;olk; djrh

gSA dqN rEcksyh ifjokj bl dk;Z esa cgqr fuiq.k ,oa izf'kfkr gksrs FksA esokM+ dslkaLd`frd thou esa iku dk fdruk vf/kd egRo Fkk og bl ckr ls Li"V gS fdesokM+ njckj esa iku dh O;oLFkk ds fy, ^racksy[kkuk* uked ,d vyx foHkkxFkk] ftlds eq[; vf/kdkjh dks ^[kokl th*] dg dj iqdkjk tkrk FkkA6 Hkkstu dsckn egkjk.kk] dqyhu ,oa le`º yksxksa kjk rkEcqy ;k iku lsou] egkjk.kk kjk djusdk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA7 izfrfnu fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls iku&chM+ksa dh ekax lwfprdh tkrh Fkh] blds vykok dqN fuf'pr la[;k esa chM+s] dnhe nLrwj] (iwoZijEijk ds vuqlkj mfpr ijEijk cuk, j[kuk) tukuk ,oa enkZuk egyksa esa Hkststkrs FksA fo'ks"k mRlo] R;kSgkj ,oa njh[kkuk] ikaR;k (lkewfgd Hkkstu ds fy, iafDresa cSBuk) gksus ij vko';drkuqlkj chM+s rS;kj fd;s tkrs FksA lk/kkj.k iku chM+ksa dsvykok fuEufyf[kr chM+ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo FkkA esokM+ dh njckj O;oLFkk esa lHkhmejkoksa dks ^njh[kkus*8 dk chM+k o ^lh[k ds chM+s*9 dk ^jkg&ejtkn*10 izkIr FkkAmejkoksa ds egkjk.kk ds njckj esa vkus ij fuEu izdkj ls iku dk chMk izLrqr fd;ktkrk FkkA

1- nks;e chM+k & dqN mejkoksa dks egy esa vkus ij igys cM+s njh[kkus esafcBk fn;k tkrk FkkA ogka mifLFkr iqjksfgr (njckjh izcU/kdŸkkZ) ,d Fkky esa nkschM+s ysdj egkjk.kk ds izfrfuf/k ds #i esa mejko ds LokxrkFkZ tkrk FkkA mejko munksuksa chM+ksa dks vius LFkku ij cSBs gq, vius vk°[kksas Li'kZ dj lEeku izdV djrkFkkA ,d chM+k og Lo;a vius ikl j[kdj nwljk okil iqjksfgr dks ns nsrk FkkAblds ckn og njckjh izcU/kdŸkkZ ds lkFk egkjk.kk dh mifLFkfr okys njh[kkus esaizos'k djrk FkkA11 bl izdkj dk chM+k egkjk.kk dh vksj ls mejko dks njckj esafuea=.k ds #i esa igqapk;k tkrk FkkA ;g izFkk dsoy mejkoksa ds fy, gh FkhA ;gchM+k fo'ks"k lEeku dk lwpd FkkA

2- njh[kkus dk chM+k & ^utj*12] ^uNjkoy*13 ,oa njckj dh eq[;dk;Zokgh laiw.kZ gks tkus ij njh[kkus dk chM+k utj fd;k tkrk FkkA rkacwy[kkus lschM+ksa dh Vksdjh vk tkrh Fkh ftls egkjk.kk vius gkFk ls Li'kZ dj nsrs Fks ,oanjckj izcU/kdrkZ ÿekuqlkj jktiqjksfgr] mejko] ljnkj] futh lEca/kh] xksy dsljnkj tks chM+k izkIr djus ds vf/kd`r Fks] mudks chM+k utj djrk FkkA bu chM+ksaij dqy X;kjg lhdsa yxrh FkhA ftuesa 6 vkxs ds Hkkx esa vkSj 5 i`"B Hkkx esa gksrhFkhA14 dHkh dHkh egkjk.kk fdlh mejko&ljnkj ds izfr viuh vizlUurk izdVdjus gsrq iku chM+s esa ls rhu lhads fudky nsrk FkkA ,slk chM+k feyuk ljnkj omejko ds fy, fpark dk fo"k; cu tkrk FkkA15 bl dkj.k chM+k feyus ij igyk

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dke mldh lhdsa fxuus dk gksrk FkkA fdUrq iku ds chM+s esa lhads yxkus ds ckjs esafHkUu fHkUu er feyrs gSa vr% fu'p;iwoZd dqN dguk dfBu gSA

3- lh[k (fonkbZ) dk chM+k & njckj dh lekfIr ij njh[kkus esa lh[k dschM+s* forfjr fd;s tkrs FksA ;g yEch vkd`fr dk gksrk FkkA bl ij dqy 13 lhdsayxh gksrh Fkh] vkxs ds Hkkx esa 8 vkSj ihNs ds Hkkx esa 5 gksrs FksA ;g chM+k njh[kkusds foltZu dk ladsr FkkA bl chM+k dks izkIr fd;s cxSj tkuk oftZr FkkA fdUrq ;glc dks ugha feyrk FkkA dsoy mejkoksa ,oa egkjk.kk ls fo'ks"k Lohd`fr izkIrnjckfj;ksa dks gh ;g chM+k izkIr FkkA16 ;g chM+k Lo;a egkjk.kk iznku djrs FksA'kkgiqjk ,oa cusM+k dks ,d lkFk nksuksa gkFkksa ls ;g chM+k fn;k tkrk Fkk] ;g mudkfo'ks"kkf/kdkj FkkA viuh pkdjh dh vof/k lekIr djus ds ckn tkxhj ykSVus lsiwoZ mejkoksa dks ^lh[k dk chM+k* egkjk.kk ls ysuk vfuok;Z FkkA17 bl volj ijegkjk.kk kjk fu;ekuqlkj lh[k dk chM+k ds lkFk lkFk mejko dks fljks ikx*18 nhtkrh FkhA egkjk.kk ;fn f'kdkj ds le; vksnh (f'kdkj&xkg) esa gksrs vkSj fdlhtkxhjnkj dks viuh tkxhj esa ykSVuk t#jh gksrk rks og egkjk.kk dks vtZ djokrkbl ij lh[k dk chM+k oYye dh uksd ij cka/kdj Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA bldkrkRi;Z ;g Fkk fd fBdkusnkj dks vius fBdkus esS tkus ds igys lh[k dk chM+k ysukvko';d FkkA19

4- n'kgjk&nhikoyh dk R;kSgkjh chM+k & x.kxkSj] n'kgjk ,oa vU; eq[;R;ksgkjksa ij Hkh chM+s forfjr fd;s tkrs FksA bu eq[; R;kSgkjksa ij iku dk chM+kegkjk.kk dh vksj ls fBdkusnkjksa dh gosfy;ksa ij Hkstk tkrk FkkA bls ys tkus dk dk;Zegkjk.kk ds utnhdh ikloku vkfn djrs FksA fBdkusnkj ds lEeku ds vuqlkj gh ystkus okyk ik= t#jh FkkA bl R;ksgkjh chM+s esa 5 ykSaax vkSj vUnj lw[ks esos feJh Hkjsjgrs FksA x.kxkSj ds chM+ es 14 lhdsa yxh gksrh FkhaA fBdkusnkj oL=kHkw"k.k lslqlfTtr gksdj bls Lohdkj djrk Fkk izR;sd fBdkus dk usx ca/kk gqvk Fkk tks chM+kykus okys dks fn;k tkrk FkkA 2 #i;s ls 50 #i;s rd ds usx iznku fd;s tkus dsizek.k feyrs gSA ;g egkjk.kk ds utnhdh yksxksa dks R;kSgkjh fnykuk FkkA20 n'kgjkij gkfFkvksa ,oa ?kksM+ks dks Hkh iku dk chM+k f[kyk;s tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA

5- tukus[kkus dk chM+k & jkf= dks ^tukuk* esa] fu/kkZfjr jkuh ds lkfu/;esa egkjk.kk 'k;u djus gsrq fu/kkZfjr jkuh ds ikl iku dk chM+k fHktokrs] ;fn jkuhml chM+s dks Lohdkj dj ysrh rks bls jkuh dh Lohd`fr eku yh tkrhA ;fn jkuhiku ds chM+s dks ykSVk nsrh] rks bls vLohd`fr eku dj chM+k nwljh jkuh ds iklfHktok;k tkrkA21

6- js'keh chM+k & egkjk.kk fdlh fof'k"V vfrfFk dk Lokxr djrs Fks ;kdksbZ fof'k"V O;fDr egkjk.kk dh viuh gosyh esa i/kkjko.kh* (Lokxr) djrk Fkk]ml le; lksus ds odZ ls lq'kksfHkr lw[ks esos ls iw.kZ chM+s utj fd;s tkrs FksA

7- diwjh chM+s & vusd LFkkuksa ij diwjh chM+s dk mYys[k feyrk gSaAbldk rkRi;Z diwj ls fufeZr chM+s ls gSA ^'kksd fuokj.k*22 esa Hkh iku chM+ksa dkegRo FkkA ,slk mYys[k feyrk gS fd 1828 bZ- esa egkjk.kk Hkheflag dh e`R;q ds cknblh fnu gq, ekreh njckj esa esokM++ ds jsthMsaV dIrku dkWQ bl njckj esa vU;ljnkjksa ds lkFk lfEefyr gq, rFkk lHkh mifLFkr x.kekU; O;fDr;ksa dks bl voljij diwjh chM+s* forfjr fd;s x;sA23 tks/kiqj ds egkjktk tloar flag ds nsoyksdgksus dh lwpuk feyus ij mn;iqj esa xeh dk njckj gqvkA ftlesa iku chM+s esafdruh [khysa yxrh Fkh bldk ftÿ gqvk gSA24 esokM+ ds fdlh Hkh ljnkj dh e`R;qij mlds mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks egkjk.kk kjk iqu% iSr`d tkxhj ds iÍs dk uohuhdj.kiznku fd;k tkrk FkkA blds kjk mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks ekU;rk iznku dh tkrh FkhAbl izFkk dks ^ryokj canh* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ryokj canh ds iwoZegkjk.kk 'kksd fuokj.kkFkZ lEcfU/kr ljnkj ds fuokl LFkku ij tk dj rFkk mldsmŸkjkf/kdkjh ds flj ij vks<+h gqbZ lQsn pknj gVkdj mls diwjh chMk iznku djrsFksA25 iku f'k"Vkpkj dk Hkh izrhd FkkA bl rjg dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gS fdeuksekfyU; gksrs gq, Hkh egkjk.kk izrki us jktk ekuflag dks 100 lqokflr rkEcwyHkstsA26

;nk&dnk iku esa fo"k nsdj izfrLi/khZ dks ekjus rFkk LokfeHkfDr dh ijhkkysus ds mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gSaA egkjk.kk vfjflag us lywEcj ds jkor tks/kflag dksfo"k;qDr iku dk chM+k ukgj exjk esa fn;k FkkA tks/kflag us tkurs gq, Hkh viuhLokehHkfDr dk izn'kZu djrs gq, fo"k;qDr iku dk chM+k [kkdj vius izk.k R;kxfn;sA27 vR;f/kd dfBu ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksus ij jktnjckj esa mifLFkr tkxhjnkjksads lkeus iku dk chM+k ?kqek;k tkrk Fkk] tks ml chM+s dks mBk ysrk Fkk og mlnqLlkgl iw.kZ dk;Z dks iwjk djus dk nkf;Ro ysdj vius izk.kksRlxZ djus dks rRijgks tkrk FkkA28 bl izdkj esokM+ dh laLd`fr esa iku gj izdkj ls jpk clk Fkk tksifo=rk] [kq'kh] lEeku] izfr"Bk o f'k"Vkpkj dk izrhd rks Fkk gh lkFk gh 'kksd dsvolj ij Hkh bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA esokM+ ds vfHktkR; oxZ esa iku ds izfrcgqr vkd"kZ.k FkkA laHkor% blh dkj.k iku dks esokM+ ds lkekftd thou esa brukxkSjo'kkyh LFkku izkIr gks ldkA

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lUnHkZ1- fjiksZV ejnqe'kqekjh jktekjokM+] 1891 bZ-] tks/kiqj] i`- 497&4982- mijksDrA3- mijksDrA4- esokM+ laLd`fr ,oa ijEijk] /keZiky 'kekZ] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] 1999] i`- 985- jktLFkku if=dk] 25 ekpZ] 19986- [koklth] ukxnk czk„.k ifjokj ds FksA fdarq ,sls Hkh mnkgj.k feyrs gS fd

racksy[kkus ds njksxs nwljh tkfr;ksa ds Hkh jgs FksA7- iqjksfgr nsoukFk dk gLrfyf[kr xzUFk] i`- 1138- fdlh Hkh fj;klr dk njckj mldh 'kku 'kkSdr eku e;kZnk dk izrhd gksrk gS]

tgka 'kkld ,oa njckjh ,d lqfuf'pr O;oLFkk o f'k"Vkpkj ds fu;eksa ls ca/ksjgrs gSaaA esokM+ esa blds fy, dk;Z fo'ks"k ds uke ds lkFk ^njh[kkuk* 'kCn dkiz;ksx gksrk FkkA tSls& lk/kkj.k njh[kkuk] iV~VkfHk"ksd dk njh[kkuk] R;kSgkfjdnjh[kkuk] xeh dk njh[kkuk] ryokj canh dk njh[kkuk] vke njh[kkuk vkfnA

9- lh[k dk chM+k ls rkRi;Z gS 15 [khyksa okyk iku dk chM+k tks njckj foltZu dsi'pkr~ fonkbZ ds volj ij mejkvksa rFkk fo'ks"k lEeku izkIr njckfjvksa dksegkjk.kk Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls iznku djrs FksA

10- tkxhjnkjksa ds eku lEeku Lo:i cuk, x, dqjc dk;nksa dks ^jkg ejtkn* dhlaKk nh xbZ gSA esokM+ ds izR;sd fBdkusnkj ds ^jkg ejtkn* vyx&vyx FksA

11- esokM+ ujs'k vkSj muds lkeUrksa ds fo:n] Hkkx&11] vad] 112- migkj13- utjkus ds rRdky ckn utjkuk djus okyk egkjk.kk ij fu/kkZfjr jde U;kSNkoj

djrk FkkA bl jLe ds rgr egkjk.kk ij okj dj uhps pj.kksa esa j[k fn;k tkrkFkk] ;k njh[kkus dk vf/kdkjh ^njksxk* bls >sydj vius ikl ,d= dj ysrk FkkA

14- [;kr ewgark uS.klh] tks/kiqj] i`- 100 (blesa o.kZu vkrk gS) mnSiqj lksys mejkokuqlkr lhad jks chM+k fnjh tSA ns'k fudkyks MS fu.kuq rhu lhad jksa chM+ks nSA

15- esokM+ laLd`fr ,oa ijEijk] /keZiky 'kekZ] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku mn;iqj] 1999]i`- 99-

16- izFke Js.kh ds rktheh fBdkuksa dh lwph ftUgsa ^njh[kkuksa* esa lh[k ds chM+k dk^jkg ejtkn* izkIr FkkA 1- lknM+h cM+h 2 csnyk 3- dksBkfj;k 4- lywEcj 5-fctksfy;k 6- nsox<+ 7- csaxw 8- nsyokM+k 9- Hkstk 10- vkesV 11- xksxqUnk 12-dkuksM+ 13- Hkh.Mj 14- cnuksj 15- HkSaljksMx<+ 16- ckalh 17- dqjkcM+ 18-ikjlksyh 19- ljnkjx<+ 20- cusM+k 21- 'kkgiqjk 22- djtkyh 23- f'kojrh 24-e≈okM+k (flU/kh eqlyeku] 17oka mejko)] esokM+ vaMj Hkksiky flag th 1935

17- egkjk.kk Hkhe flag tkxhjnkjka jh lk[k cgh 1880 loar~] jktLFkku vfHkys[kkxkj]mn;iqj] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj] 1993] pqaMkor oa'kizdk'k] laiknd]gqde flag HkkVh

18- flj ls iko rd iguus ds oL= vkfnA19- esokM+ laLd`fr ,oa ijEijk] /keZiky 'kekZ] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku mn;iqj] 1999]

i`- 99-20- mijksDr] i`- 100-21- vkj-,l-,-ch- cgh la[;k 51 ('kk-nk-la-) fo-l- 1927] 28] 3122- vkj-,l-,-ch- la[;k 190 ('kk-nk-la-) fo-l- 1885] i`- 323- egkjk.kk Qrgflag gdhdr cgh] laiknd Mk°- xksihukFk 'kekZ Hkkx&1] i`- 3024- xksxqUnk dh [;kr] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] i`- 19625- mijksDr26- vejdkO;e] j.kNksM+ HkÍ iz.khr] lxZ 16 'yksd] 43&48] 24527- mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] xkSjh 'kadj ghjkpUnz vks>k] Hkkx&2] i`- 64928- esokM+ laLd`fr ,oa ijEijk] /keZiky 'kekZ] i`- 101

214


fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuh laLd`freerk efyd

^laLd`fr* 'kCn ^le* milxZ&iwoZd ^d`* /kkrq ls fu"iUu gksrk gS tks euq";dh lgt izo`fŸk;ksa] uSlfxZd 'kfDr;ksa rFkk muds ifj"dkj dk |ksrd gSA laLd`freuq"; ds Hkwr] orZeku rFkk Hkkoh thou dk vius esa iw.kZ fodflr :i gSA ;g ekuods laLdkjksa dk og ldy :i gS ftlls mlds lkekftd vkpkj&fopkj] ioZ]R;kSgkj] jgu&lgu] jhfr&fjokt] uhfr vkfn dh izrhfr gksrh gSA laLd`fr ,d rjQrks ekuo dh fo/kkf;dk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ ifjpkf;dk HkhA leqUur vkSj lkSUn;Ze;hlaLd`fr LoLFk ,oa lqUnj lekt dh ltZuk djrh gSA

laLd`fr dk euq"; thou ls vVwV laca/k ds fo"k; esa jke/kkjh flag fnudjus fy[kk gS&^^laLd`fr ,d ,slk xq.k gS tks gekjs thou esa O;kIr gSA ,d vkfRedxq.k gS tks euq"; LoHkko esa mlh izdkj O;kIr gS] ftl izdkj Qwyksa esa lqxU/k vkSjnw/k esa eD[kuA**1

^yksd* vkSj ^laLd`fr* gekjs thou ls fofo/k :iksa ls tq+Ms+ gq, gSaA gekjsthou dk gh nwljk uke yksd laLd`fr gS vkSj ;g yksd ;fn jktLFkku dk gks rksbldh le`º laLd`fr dh ijEijk dks Lor% gh le>k tk ldrk gSA fot;nku nsFkkHkh bl ikou Hkwfe ds gh iq= gSa ftUgksaus jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dh [kq'kcw dks viusdFkk lkfgR; esa izlkfjr fd;kA thou ewY;ksa ds lkFk jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dsfofo/k ikksa dks lelkef;d fLFkfr;ksa ls tksM+rs gq,] lkfgR; dk iz.k;u djrs Jhfot;nku nsFkk dk lkfgR; Hkkjrh; yksd laLd`fr dks le`º djus dh ,d l'kDrdM+h gSA

fot;nku nsFkk ds jpuk lalkj esa jktFkku dk yksd thou vkSj yksd jljpk&clk gqvk gSA mudk lkfgR; jktLFkku ds ikjEifjd lekt dk lexz oizfrfuf/k fp= izLrqr djrk gSA nsFkk us jktLFkku ds lkaLd`frd thou dk fo'ys"k.kfofo/k :iksa esa fd;k gS tks fd xzkeh.k lekt vFkkZr~ yksd thou dk okLrfodLianu gSA yksd thou dh xgjkb;ksa esa mrjs fcuk nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa of.kZr laLd`frds cgqvk;keh Lo:i dks ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA ioZ&R;kSgkj] esys] yksdxhr]yksd dFkk,° laLdkj] jhfr&fjokt] os'kHkw"kk vkfn laLd`fr ds fu;ked rRo gSaA

yksd thou esa fofHkUu lkaLd`frd rRoksa dk nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa o.kZu bl izdkjgS&

1- laLdkj % euq"; thou dks l°okjdj mls vkn'kZ :i iznku djus esalaLdkjksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA fot;nku nsFkk us ekuo thou ds tUe ls e`R;q rd dsfofHkUu laLdkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dFkk ds ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls vius dFkk lkfgR; esadh gSA

tUe laLdkj nsFkk dh dgkfu;ksa esa lwe :i esa of.kZr gS ftlesa yksd thouds fo'ks"k mYykl dh >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA nqfo/kk* dgkuh esa tUe laLdkjdk o.kZu djrs gq, nsFkk dgrs gS fd lsB ds iq= ds ?kj ykSVus ij pkjksa rjQ mYykldk ekgkSy gSA tPpk us ihyh paqnjh vks<+dj rkykc ij ty nsork dh iwtk dhAnsFkk us tUe laLdkj ds mRloksa kjk ;qxhu lekt dh >k°dh vius dFkk lkfgR; esaizLrqr dh gSA

fo|kjEHk laLdkj dk o.kZu nsFkk us vizR;k :i ls dFkk lkfgR; esa fd;kgSA bl laLdkj esa ckyd xq: ds ikl jgdj fu"Bk] /kS;Z] lkgl ls xq: dh lsoklqJq"kk djrs gq, viuh fo|k vkjaHk djrk gS vkSj v/;;u lekIr gksus ij xq:nfk.kk nsdj ?kj ykSVrk gSA ^vuks[kh ijhkk* esa xq: vkSj f'k"; ds ,sls gh laLdkjdk o.kZu gSA

fookg laLdkj Hkkjrh; lekt dk vfr egRoiw.kZ laLdkj gSA fot;nku nsFkkds dFkk lkfgR; esa fookg laLdkj foLr`r :i esa of.kZr gSA ;g laLdkj nsFkk dkslokZf/kd fiz; gSA fookg ds le; gksus okys fofHkUu fÿ;kdykiksa dks ge buiafDr;ksa esa Li"V ns[k ldrs gS& ^^os oanksyk] oS xhr] ok paojh] okS /kwtrS gkFkkagFkysokS] ok v.kphrh gkdkgkd] os eka jh >kify;ka] oS cjlkrh esa ca/;k iM+;kHkkbZA*2 nsFkk us fookg ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu :f<+;ksa] ijEijkvksa dk foLr`r vkSj lthoo.kZu fd;k gSA mUgksaus fookg ls iwoZ vkSj i'pkr dh vusd yksd jhfr;ksa dk o.kZudj vius dFkk lkfgR; dks ltho dj fn;k gSA

2- jhfr&fjokt % ,d LoLFk lekt dks la;fer vkSj ijEijk ikyd cukusesa jhfr&fjoktksa dk fof'k"V ;ksxnku gksrk gSA thou pÿ ds fÿ;k&dykiksa lsmith bu izFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa thou dh fofo/k Hkkouk,° eq[kfjr gksrh gSAfot;nku nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa mUeqDr Hkko ls bu jhfr&fjoktksa dksvfHkO;fDr nh gSA thou ls tqM+s fofo/k laLdkj] izFkk] ozr&miokl] f'k"Vkpkj]vfrfFk lRdkj vkfn vusd jhfr&fjoktksa dks nsFkk us vius lkfgR; esa O;Dr fd;kgSA

215


^liufiz;k* esa ,sls gh jhfr&fjokt dk o.kZu gS ftlesa o`º tu dh e`R;q ijlHkh dks Hkkst ij cqyk;k tkrk gSA ^^iqj[kksa dh iq.;kbZ vHkh 'ks"k FkhA mlh dkiquhr lq;ksx ?kfVr gqvk rks xk°o ds pkS/kjh us nknk ds e`R;q Hkkst esa Bkdqj ds lHkhveyksa dks U;kSrk fn;kA Bkdqj us iq[rk oknk fd;k rHkh xk°o ds pkS/kjh us mlds ik°oNksM+sA mlh flyflys esa x<+ dk duokfj;k <ksyh dks U;kSrk nsus vk;kA*3

nsFkk us lekt esa izpfyr yksd fo'oklksa ds varxZr 'kdqu&vi'kdqu vkfndk Hkh o.kZu vius lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA nsFkk us lekt esa O;kIr vusd va/kfo'okl]/kkfeZd] lkekftd jhfr;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dks viuh dgkfu;ksa esa thoUr :i iznkufd;k gS tks muds LoLFk lkaLd`frd n`f"Vdks.k dk ifjpk;d gSA

3- ioZ vkSj R;kSgkj % izkphu dky ls gh euq"; viuh izlUurk dksvfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, ioZ] R;kSgkj] ;k=k ,oa esys vkfn mRloksa dk vk;kstudjrk jgk gSA yksd thou esa ioZ ,oa R;kSgkjksa dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA fofHkUu voljksaij euk, tkus okys ioZ&R;kSgkj yksd O;fDrRo dks lkaLd`frd lanHkksZa ls tksM+rs gSaAnsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa lekt ds /kuh&fu/kZu] mPp&fuEu lHkh oxksZa ds yksx viuhvkfFkZd lEiUurk ds vk/kkj ij NksVs&cM+s fofHkUu ioksZa&R;kSgkjksa dk vk;kstu djrsgSaA

nsFkk us ^nqedrk HkkbZ* vkSj ^vkleku tksxh* esa lkou dh rht vkSj jkk&ca/ku dk ltho o.kZu fd;k gSA nhikoyh] gksyh] x.kxkSj] vk[kk rht vkSj xksxsvkfn dk ltho fp=.k muds dFkk lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA buds vfrfjDr jktk&lkearfot;ksRlo] ;qojkt vfHk"ksd mRlo] iq=&iq=h ds mRiUu gksus ij g"kZ ,oa izlUurkds lkFk mRlo euk, tkus dk mYys[k nsFkk us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa fd;k gSA bu mRloksaesa jktk] Bkdqj /ku o"kkZ djds] nku&nsdj iztk esa ;'k dk ik= cu tkrk gS tksijEijkxr izkphu jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks n'kkZrk gSA

4- os'kHkw"kk % os'kHkw"kk] laLd`fr ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA fdlh HkhO;fDr ds igukos kjk ge mldh lkaLd`frd i`"BHkwfe dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaAjktLFkkuh laLd`fr esa os'kHkw"kk dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA fofHkUu jaxksa ls ljkcksjjktLFkku dh os'kHkw"kk lHkh dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA nsFkk us vius dFkklkfgR; esa fL=;ksa vkSj iq:"kksa ds igukos dks muds mPp] fuEu o e/; oxZ ds vuqlkjcgqr gh je.kh; fpf=r fd;k gSA iq#"kksa ds eq[; oL=kHkw"k.kksa esa ikx] nqjkZ] ixjh]/kksrh] dM+s] eqjdh (dq.My) vkfn gksrs gSaA

fL=;ksa dh detksjh vkHkw"k.k ekus tkrs gSaA nsFkk ;qxhu lekt esa lkekU;r%fL=;ksa ds fy, ygaxk] vks<+uh] dapqdh] lkM+h vkfn oL=ksa dk izpyu FkkA nsFkk us

;qxhu lekt esa izpfyr L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dh os'kHkw"kk dks vius dFkk lkfgR; esaof.kZr fd;k gS tks mudh ifjos'k ds izfr tkx:drk dks izdV djrk gSA

5- [kku&iku % [kku&iku vFkok Hkkstu izR;sd izk.kh dh vfuok;Z vko';drkgSA nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa 'kqº lkfRod Hkkstu vFkkZr~ 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu dk o.kZuvf/kd feyrk gSA lekt ds oxZ Hksn dk izHkko [kku&iku ij Hkh iM+rk gSA mPpoxZ ds jktk] tehankj] lkear ds ikl [kku&iku dh i;kZIr lqfo/kk,° gksrh gS vkSjmudk thou foykflrkiw.kZ gksrk gSA blds foijhr lkekU; tu dk [kku&ikuvd`f=e ,oa ljy gSA lk/ku o lqfo/kk ds vHkko esa fdlh izdkj dsoy Hkw[k 'kkardjuk gh budk mn~ns'; gksrk gSA ^ejhfpdk*] ^liufiz;k*] ^dkUg&xqoky* vkfnblh izdkj dh dgkfu;k° gSaA

nsFkk us xzkeh.k thou ds [kku&iku dk fo'ks"k rkSj ij o.kZu fd;k gSA tcfdlh vfrfFk dk vkxeu gksrk gS rks fof'k"V vkgkj cuk, tkrs gSaA nsFkk ds dFkklkfgR; kjk Li"V gksrk gS fd efnjk ihus dh izFkk lEiw.kZ lekt esa izpfyr FkhA ;gfof'k"V voljksa ,oa Hkkstu dk vko';d vax cuh gqbZ FkhA rRdkyhu mPp oxZ]jktk] lkear] tehankj] ,s'o;Z lEiUu oS'; ,oa izfrf"Br yksx fnu&jkr efnjkiku eaMwcs jgrs FksA

lekt esa oxZ ds vuqlkj gh Hkkstu ijkslus ds crZu Hkh gksrs gSaA nsFkk us lektesa izpfyr fofo/k O;atuksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS ftUgsa ijkslus ds fy, jktk ;k mPp oxZesa lksus&pk°nh ds crZuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu oxZ nky&jksVh esa gh [kq'kjgrk gS tks muds [kwu&ilhus dh dekbZ gSA

6- yfyr dyk % dyk dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku vR;Ur le`º gSA yksdlaxhr] yksd ok|] yksd ukV~;] yksd dyk] yksd lkfgR;] yksd xhr] yksd dFkkvkfn dk o.kZu nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA ^yksd* ls lacaf/kr gksus dsdkj.k bu dykvksa esa tu dh HkkokfHkO;fDr lwe :i esa gksrh gSA nsFkk us budykvksa dk fp=.k fofHkUu izlaxksa esa vius dFkk lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA

yksd laxhr thou ds izR;sd k.k dks viuh lgt izd`fr ,oa izo`fŸk esaO;aftr djrk gSA nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa dgha pjokgksa kjk] dgha ifugkfju kjk]dgha ekaxfyd volj ij xk, x, yksd laxhr ds Loj lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA ^dk°xjh dh>adkj ds lkFk gh ^<ksyk&ejo.k* ds izsek[;ku dh igyh iafDr dk 'kqHkkjaHk ghmlus ,sls ehBs Loj esa fd;k fd lquus okyksa ds dysts d.Bksa esa lek x,A dqN gh nsji'pkr lcdh vk°[kksa ls vugn vkuUn ds vk°lw cgus yxs lks Fkes gh ughaA fo;ksxdh jkfxuh fNM+rs gh pk°nuh dk varl~ Hkh Hkj vk;kA**5

216


yksd ok| dks nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa leqfpr LFkku feyk gSA tgk° Hkh ioksZa]mRloksa ;k fdlh 'kqHk volj dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ogk° yksd ok| ds e/kqj Loj lqukbZnsrs izrhr gksrs gSaA nsFkk us <ksy] <ksyd] ?kqa?k:] ?kafV;k°] eathj] 'kgukbZ] vyxkstk]chu vkfn yksd ok|ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

yksd ukV~; dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku esa [;kr] jEersa] ekp] rqjkZ&dyaxh]jkl/kkjh] jklyhyk] HkokbZ vkfn izeq[k gSaA nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuizkar ds fofo/k yksd ukV~;ksa dk fu:i.k fd;k gS fo'ks"k :i ls jEer yksd ukV~; dkbUgsa i<+us ij ,slk eglwl gksrk gS ekuks lkjk dk;Z O;kikj vk°[kksa ds lkeus thoar gksmBk gksA

yksd dykvksa dk o.kZu Hkh nsFkk us vius lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA ^^dkyhu]'kky vkSj dEcyksa esa csy&cw°Vs] >kM+&>a[kkM+ o Qwy iŸks ,sls cqurk Fkk xks;klpeqp ds gksaA mlds gkFkksa cqus dkyhu ds Qwyksa ij Hkaojs Hkze ls eaMjkrs Fks vkSjdHkh ids Qyksa ds Hkqykos esa rksrs pksaps ekjrs FksA**6 nsFkk dh yksd dyk esa fo|ekumlds lgt Lo:i ds dkj.k og tufHk:fp dk dkj.k cuh jgrh gSA

yksd lkfgR; esa O;kogkfjd txr~ dh leLr ekU;rk,° 'kCnksa esa <ydjviuk :i /kkj.k djrh gSA nsFkk ds lkfgR; dks yksd lkfgR; gh dgk tk ldrk gSD;ksafd yksdekul dh fpŸko`fŸk;ksa] ewY;ksa] fopkjksa] fo'oklksa] Hkkoukvksa] laosnukvksadk bfro`Ÿk fy[kus dk dk;Z nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa gqvkA

yksd xhr] yksd d.B ls fu%lr lgt dkO; gSA jktLFkkuh laLdfr yksdxhrksals foHkwf"kr jgh gSA ;gk° brus izdkj ds xhr gksus ds dkj.k bl Hkwfe dks ^xhrjRukdj* rd dgk x;k gSA nsFkk us vius xhrksa esa jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks iw.kZ oSHko dslkFk izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA mUgksaus laLdkj] Ωrq] ozr] Je vkfn fofHkUu izdkj dsxhrksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA fpjeh dh Qly cksrs le; yksxksa kjk fpjeh dk Je xhrxkus dk mnkgj.k nz"VO; gS&

^^vcS Egkjh fpjeh uS oko.k ykxh

okbZ okbZ osyw jsrk esa fpjeh rksM+ d: rjdkjh

vcS Egkjh fpjeh lhap.k ykxhA** 7

yksd dFkk ds ek/;e ls fot;nku nsFkk us jktLFkkuh yksd thou ,oa yksdlaLd`fr dks vius lkfgR; esa thoar dj fn;k gSA ckrka jh QqyokM+h* ds rsjg Hkkxksaesa yksd dFkkvksa dks gh izLrqr fd;k gSA nsFkk dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fdmUgksaus vius dFkk lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls yksd dFkk dh vkRek dks thfor j[kkA

varr% dg ldrs gSa fd fot;nku nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfeesa jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks gh mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA ;gk° ds laLdkj] jhfr&fjokt]ioZ&R;kSgkj] os'kHkw"kk] [kku&iku fofHkUu yfyr dykvksa vkfn dks viuh dFkk]ik=ksa] izlaxksa ds ek/;e ls O;aftr dj mUgksaus jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks ikBd ds lkeusltho dj fn;k gSA lekt vkSj laLd`fr dk vn~Hkqr lkeatL; vkSj dFkk esa mldhmRd`"V rFkk HkO; vfHkO;fDr muds lkfgR; dks thoarrk iznku djrh gSA

lanHkZ1- laLd`fr ds pkj v/;k;&MkW- jke/kkjh flag fnudj] i`-&52- ckrka jh QqyokM+h] Hkkx&6&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&1943- liufiz;k&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&1924- rhMk jko&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&175- mtkys ds eqlkfgc&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&1776- ytoarh&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&247- ehBkS ohjk jkS cksy.kks&fot;nku nsFkk] i`-&36

217


egkjkuh fd'kksjh % jktuhfrd dkS'ky ,oa miyfC/k;k°MkW- jkds'k dqekj 'kekZ

Hkjriqj ds tkV jkT; dk xkSjo vkq..k cuk;s j[kus esa ;'kLoh egkjktklwjtey dh efgeke;h v/kkZafx.kh fd'kksjh jkuh dk Bksl ;ksxnku gSaA ladViw.kZifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jktuhfrd dkS'ky dk ifjp; nsdj vusdksa ckj egkjkuh fd'kksjhjkuh us Hkjriqj jkT; dk lajk.k fd;k vkSj mlds vfLrRo ij vk°p u vkus nhAtkVksa ds leku gh eqxyksa vkSj ejkBksa esa mldk lEeku FkkA eqxy lsukifr utQ [kk°vkSj ejkBksa ds ew/kZU; lsukifr egknth flfU/k;k egkjkuh fd'kksjh dks ekr`rqY;le>rs FksA

/keZizk.k egkjkuh fd'kksjh us jktuhfr ds ks= esa gh viuh dq'kkxzrk vkSjcqfºerk dk ifjp; ugha fn;k lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds ks= esa Hkh vxz.kh FkhA mUgksauslkfgfR;d izfrHkkvksa dks le;≤ ij izksRlkgu fn;kA dfooj t; flag] jkekuUn]lq/kkdj] f'kojke vkfn us buds vkJ; esa jgdj lkfgR;&l`tu dk dk;Z fd;kAblh dky esa jkekuan dfo us yhyk jru pwM+ke.kh uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA1

nwjnf'kZrk] vkfrF;] laokn fuiq.krk] vkRe lEeku ,oa /keZijk;.krk dh izfrewfrZegkjkuh fd'kksjh dk pfj= fu'p; gh thou dks xfjekiw.kZ cukus ds fy, izsj.kklzksr gSA fd'kksjh dh f'kkk&nhkk ds fo"k; esa dksbZ tkudkjh miyC/k ugha gS ijUrqyksddFkkvksa esa lwjtey ls mlds fookg ds izlax ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ogvR;Ur lqLadkfjr vkRe lEeku ls Hkjiwj rFkk ydhj dh Qdhj ugha FkhA gkFkh ijfojkteku jktdqekj lwjtey ds fy, gksM+y ds cktkj jkLrk [kkyh djkus ds fy,lSfudksa ds iz;kl dks ckfydk fd'kksjh us ekxZ esa [kMs gksdj pqukSrh nsrs gq, dgk fdjkLrk rks dkQh [kkyh iM+k gS vkSj vxj vknfe;ksa ls bruh uQjr gS rks jktdqekjviuh lokjh cktkj ds ctk, taxy ls fudky ysrsA ,d xzkeckyk ds bl izdkjds lkgl us jktdqekj lwjtey dk g`n; thr fy;kA dk'khjke dh lkekU; fLFkfrdks n`f"Vxr j[k lwjtey us fookg gsrq QsaVk vkSj dVkjh fHktok fn;k ijUrq fd'kksjhus bls viuk vieku le>kA mlds firk us csVh ds eu dh ckr dks j[kk rFkkdgyk fn;k fd jktdqekj Lo;a i/kkjs rFkk C;kg dj ys tk,aA jktdqekj lwjteyus fd'kksjh dk eku j[kk rFkk Lo;aa gksM+y i/kkjdj mUgksaus fd'kksjh ls fookg fd;kA2

vkRelEeku dh jkk ds fy, cpiu ls gh fd'kksjh dks izpfyr ijEijkvksa rFkkdU;kvksa dh vU;kU; otZukvksa dks rksMus dh igy djus esa dksbZ fgpd u FkhA

us=jksx dh Hk;adjrk ls ihfMr cnu flag ds jktdk;ksZ ls fuo`r gksus dsdkj.k uoEcj 1745 bZ0 esa ;qojkt lwjtey 'kklu lapkyu ds iwjs vf/kdkjksa dslkFk tkV jkT; dk okLrfod 'kklu cu x;k FkkA fd'kksjh dsoy vius vizfreyko.; ds dkj.k gh lwjtey ds g`n; dh vf/k"Bk=h u cuh Fkh] vfirq viuslkgl ,oa uhfr uSiq.; ls Hkh mlus vius ifr ds jkT; ds ifjo/kZu ifjjk.k esa ,degRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkghA3

ijUrq ml dky ds fujUrj cnyrs 'kfDr&lUrqyuksa vkSj jktuhfrd mFkyiqFky ls Hkjriqj ,d cgqr gh uktqd dsUnz cu x;k FkkA eqxyksa] ejkBksa] jktiwrksavkSj :gsyk vQxkuksa dks Hkjriqj dk mRFkku QwVh vk°[kksa u lqgkrk FkkA bu 'kfDr;ksads e/; lwjtey us viuh fLFkfr dks dkQh n`<+ dj fy;k FkkA

eqxy lezkV ds fo#º gq, x`g;qº lwjtey us lQnjtax dk lkFk fn;kFkkA ;|fi lezkV us mldks fof/kiwoZd kek dj fn;k Fkk ijUrq og fnYyh njckjrFkk xkthmn~nhu frh; dh ?k`.kk dk ik= FkkA xkthmnnhu us bl le; lwjtey dksn.M nsus dk fu'p; dj fy;kA ejkBksa dks gky gh esa vkxjk rFkk vtesj ds lwcsizkIr gq, Fks] rFkk mudk fopkj ogka ij viuk okLrfod fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus dkFkkA vkxjk dk lwck lwjtey ds fy, fo'ks"k ykHk dk dkj.k Fkk D;ksafd og mldsHkjriqj rFkk eFkqjk ds viskkd`r izns'kksa ds fudV FkkA vtesj dk lwck ekjokM dsjktk dks leku :i ls fiz; Fkk rFkk mlus t;Iik flfU/k;k ds yksHk dks Hkh tkx`r djfn;k FkkA eYgkj jko gksYdj us vius iq= [kk.Msjko dks vius fo'oLr xaxk/kjrkR;k ds lkFk fnYyh Hkstk rkfd og xkthmn~nhu ls feydj vfHk;ku dh ;kstukdh jpuk djsaA

lwjtey viuh prqj iRuh jkuh fd'kksjh mQZ gafl;k ls izR;sd ladV dsvolj ij lnSo ijke'kZ djrk FkkA4 jkuh dh jktdkt esa #fp Fkh vkSj og viusvk°[k&dku [kksydj j[krh Fkh vkSj ladV ds le; lqfopkfjr ijke'kZ nsdj dksbZ udksbZ ekxZ fudky ysrh FkhA dqEgsj ds ?ksjs ds volj ij lu~ 1754 esa ,slh gh fodVfLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZA ;g gh og LFkku Fkk tgk° lwjtey us 80]000 lSfudks dhlfEefyr eqxy&ejkBk lsuk dk 20 tuojh 1754 ls 18 ebZ 1754 rd MVdjlkeuk fd;kA5 Hkh"k.k la?k"kZ esa ,d xksyh ls 17 ekpZ dks eYgkj jko gksYdj ds fiz;,oa bdykSrs iq= [kk.Msjko gksYdj dk nsgkar gks x;k ftlds dkj.k mlds firk dkso`ºkoLFkk esa Hkkjh nq%[k gqvkA6 bl ?kksj osnuk esa eYgkj jko gksYdj us tkVksa ds

218


fo#º Hkh"k.k izfr'kks/k dh izfrKk dh vkSj fdlh le>kSrs dks Lohdkj u fd;k vkSjvkÿe.kksa dk ncko bruk c<+k fn;k fd lwjtey grizHk gks x;kA mldh lgk;rkdks dksbZ ugha vk;kA ;gk° rd fd lQnjtax Hkh ugha ftlds fy, mlus enn esa dksbZdlj u NksM+h FkhA thou esa igyh vkSj vfUre ckj lwjtey dks fujk'kk vkSjmnklh us vk ?ksjkA ijkt; vkSj fouk'k dks vc nsj rd Vkyk ugha tk ldrk FkkAtc ,slk yxus yxk fd lc dqN u"V gksdj gh jgsxk rc jkuh fd'kksjh mQZ gafl;kus vius ifr ds HkXu gksrs mRlkg dks fQj txk;k vkSj dgk fd eq> ij Hkjkslk j[kksAvius eu ls fujk'kk dks fcYdqy fudky nksA7 jkuh fd'kksjh dks ejkBk f'kfoj dhQwV vkSj xqVcfUn;ksa dk iwjk irk FkkA eYgkj jko gksYdj vkSj ft;kth jko flfU/k;k,d nwljs ls tyrs FksA jkuh dks bl fo"k; esa iwjh tkudkjh Fkh vkSj og ;g Hkhtkurh Fkh fd flfU/k;k mnkjfpr vkSj fu"diV LoHkko dk O;fDr gSA ,d jkr jkuhfd'kksjh mQZ gafl;k us :ijke ds iq= rstjke dVkfj;k dks lwjtey dk ,d i=ysdj mlds ikl HkstkA mlus lgk;rk ekaxus vkSj fe=rk LFkkfir djus ds fy,lwjtey dh ixM+h Hkh ft;kth jko flfU/k;ka ds ikl HksthA mu fnuksa blds fy,ixfM+;ksa ds fofue; dh izFkk izpfyr FkhA Xokfy;j ds ljnkj us rqjar mRlkg ,oamnkjrk ds lkFk mRrj fn;kA mlus cnys esa ,d ixMh] muds lkFk ,d fcYo i=Hkh Hkstk tks mlh lR;fu"Bk dk lcls iDdk izek.k FkkA mls migkjksa rFkk eS=hiw.kZizkFkZukvksa kjk vius ik esa dj fy;kA8 flfU/k;k vkSj flufluokj ds e/; gq, bllEidZ dk lekpkj 'kh?kz gh izdV gks x;k vkSj bldk ;g vHkh"V ifj.kke gqvk fdeYgkj jko gksYdj ds gkSlys VwV x;sA9

ft;kthjko vius izHkko dk mi;ksx djds j?kqukFk jko kjk ?ksjk mBk nsus dsfy, lger gks x;kA ft;kthjko (t;Iik) us vkxzg fd;k fd tkVksa ls le>kSrkdj ysuk Bhd gS vkSj bl fujFkZd ;qº dks lekIr dj nsuk gh mRre gksxkA m/kj tkVjktk 30 yk[k :i;s okf"kZd Hkkxksa esa nsus dks lger gks x;kA 'kkfUr LFkkfir gks xbZAljnslkbZ fy[krs gSa fd ;g j?kqukFkjko dh vlQyrk FkhA ;qº ls iwoZ jktk lwjtey'kkfUr ds ewYl ds :i esa 40 yk[k :i;s nsus dks rRij Fkk vkSj j?kqukFkjko ,ddjksM dh ekax dj jgk FkkA dqEgsj ds bl izdj.k dh lehkk djrs gq, Qknj oSnsydgrs gS ^^lwjt ey dh /kkd bl ?ksjs ds fnuksa esa vkSj Hkh c< x;h Fkh vkSj lkjsfgUnqLrku ij Nk x;h FkhA vc mls ;g ;'k vkSj izkIr gks x;k fd mu nks ljnkjksa lstks viuh viuh lsukvksa esa mlds ledk Fks] lkSnsckth djus esa vkSj muls viuheupkgh 'krsZ euokus esa lQy gqvkA10 dqEgsj ds ?ksjs esa ejkBksa vkSj eqxyksa ls ldq'kyvkSj vkr cp tkus esa jkuh fd'kksjh mQZ gafl;k ds lkgl ,oa cqfºpkrq;Z dhftruh ljkguk dh tk;s] de gSA

14 twu 1761 esa ejkBksa vkSj vgen'kkg vCnkyh dk ikuhir esa Hk;kud;qº gqvk ftlesa ejkBs ijkftr gks x;sA bl ;qº esa cps gq, yxHkx ,d yk[k ejkBsfcuk 'kL=] oL= vkSj Hkw[ks dksbZ pkjk u ikdj egkjktk lwjtey ds jkT; ks= dhvksj tku cpkdj nkSMsA ;|fi ;qº ls iwoZ egkjkt lwjtey us ejkBk lsukifrlnkf'kojko Hkk≈ dk mldh gB/kfeZrk ds dkj.k mldk lkFk NksM+ fn;k Fkk ijUrqbl volj ij mlus rFkk mldh egkjkuh fd'kksjh us izse vkSj mRlkg ls mUgsa lkaRouknh] mudk lRdkj vkSj vkfrF; fd;kA gkjs ejkBs lSfud vuqpjksa dks eq∂r [kkuk&ihukfn;k rFkk ?kk;yksa dh lsok lqJq"kk dh xbZA xzkaV MQ us ejkBs 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFkfd;s x;s O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS ^^tks Hkh HkxksMs mlds jkT; esa vk;s] mudslkFk lwjtey us vR;Ur n;kyqrk dk cjrko fd;k vkSj ejkBs ml volj ij fd;sx;s tkVksa ds O;ogkj dks vkt Hkh d`rKrk rFkk vknj ds lkFk ;kn djrs gSA11 ukukQMuohl us ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk& lwjtey ds O;ogkj ls is'kok ds fpŸk dks cMhlkaRouk feyh**12 ;g lc egkjkuh fd'kksjh dk izHkko Fkk fd mlus bl ladV dsle; vuqdj.kh; ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k dk ifjp; fn;kA Hkk≈ dh iRuh ikoZrh ckbZMhx igqapdj dbZ fnu rd jksrh fcy[krh jghA egkjkuh fd'kksjh us /kS;Z ca/kk;k]lkaRouk nh vkSj nfk.k rd vius lSfudksa dks lqjkk esa HkstkA vU; 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dksHkh lqjfkr Xokfy;j rd igqpk;k°A ;g lgk;rk ,sls le; dh tk jgh Fkh fd tcejkBksa dks lgk;rk dk vFkZ Fkk vCnkyh dks :"B djkuk FkkA13 bl ladV ds le;fdlh jktiwr 'kkld us ejkBk 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh ekSf[kd lgkuqHkwfr rd ds fy,n`f"Vikr ugha fd;kA

egkjkuh fd'kksjh us egkjk"V™h; czk„.kksa dks ikap&ikap :i;k rFkk oL=kfnHksaV nsdj iq.; vftZr fd;kA ejkBksa dh vkoHkxr esa nl yk[k :i;k O;; gqvkA14

lj tku ek'kZy ekYdksYe tkVks kjk nh xbZ bl l‚n;rk ds fy, ftldh izsj.kkL=ksr egkjkuh fd'kksjh Fkh fy[krs gSa ^^ejkBksa dk tkVks ds izfr vkt Hkh vR;f/kdlEeku gS ftUgksaus ikuhir dh Hk;kud ijkt; ds mijkUr mlds iwoZtksa dks 'kj.k]lgk;rk vkSj lqjkk nhA mlus oL= vkSj Hkkstu gh ugha nfk.k esa vius ?kjksa dsigqpaus rd lqfo/kk ,oa lqjkk iznku dhA blh ds ifj.kkeLo:i ejkBk tkfr esa dksbZgh fcjyk gksxk tks tkVks ds izfr d`rKrk vuqHko u djrk gksA15 bfrgkl esa ,slhmnkgj.k izk;% ux.; gh gS tgka eu eqVko ds mijkUr Hkh fdlh egkjkuh us bruhlnk'k;rk] mnkjrk vksj fo'kky g`n;rk dk ifjp; fn;k gksA

25 fnlEcj 1763 dks uthc :gys ls ;qº esa jgL;e; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esalwjtey ds nsgkolku ij ds-vkj- dkuwuxks fy[krs gSa fd tkV tkfr dh vk°[k vkSj

219


T;ksfr xr iUnzg o"kksZ ls fgUnqLrku dk lcls nq/kZ"kZ jktk vius dke dks v/kwjkNksMdj thou ds jaxeap ls yqIr gks x;kA16 vijkftr] usrk foghu HkXu g`n; tkVlsok j.kHkwfe ls YkkSV vkbZA jktdqekj rFkk fo/kok egkjkfu;ka 'kksd fog~oy gks xbZvkSj ekxZ iwjk rjg va/kdkje; gks x;kA egkjkuh fd'kksjh ds HkkbZ cyjke us rqjUregkjktk ds T;s"B iq= tokgj flag ds ctk; dfu"B iq= ukgj flag dks ftlsegkjktk lwjtey Hkh pkgrs Fks jktk ?kksf"kr djds Mhx esa xn~nh ij cSBk fn;kA ;gvR;Ur ladV dh ?kM+h Fkh D;ksafd bl le; ds fdlh Hkh xyr fu.kZ; ds nwjxkehifj.kke gksrsA mRrjkf/kdkj ds bl fu.kZ; ds leFkZu esa [kkis ds o`º usrkvksa dh ,difj"kn us Hkh ukgj flag dks gh mRrjkf/kdkjh eku fy;kA ijUrq egkjkuh fd'kksjh uslkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, cMs ekfeZd <ax ls vihy dh fd mldh,dek= bPNk ;g gS fd egkjkt dh gR;k dk cnyk ysus ds leFkZ mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksadks gh jktk cuk;k tk;sA ;|fi egkjkuh fd'kksjh fu%lUrku Fkh ijUrq lkefjddq'kyrk vkSj lkgl dks ns[krs gq, mlus vius nRrd iq= tokgj flag ds ik esaviuk leFkZu fn;kA Lo;a tokgj flag us bl ladV dh ?kMh esa vius Hkh"e ladYidks nksgjk;kA lnL; Lo;a le>rs Fks fd bl dk;Z dks tokgj flag ds vfrfjDr dksbZvU; ugha dj ldrkA Qyr% lHkh us tokgj flag dks viuk jktk Lohdkj djfy;k vkSj cyjke dk "kM;a= foQy gks x;kA flagkluklhu gksrs le; tks ixMhcka/kh tkrh gS ml le; Hkh egkjkuh fd'kksjh us tks uhfriw.kZ opu dgs mUgsa vkt rdHkh yksd xhrksa esa xk;k tkrk gSA yksd xk;dkas ds 'kCnksa esa egkjkuh fd'kksjh us cMs+ ghekfeZd 'kCnksa esa dgk Fkk &

ckaf/k;ksa rks ckaf/k;s izrki dh ixMh

fnYyh esa /kDds [kkrh fQjS rsjs cki dh ixMhA

vius firk dh gR;k ds izfr'kks/k ds fy, rqjUr gh tokgj flag us vkÿe.kdk fu'p; fd;kA ijUrq uthcqÌksyk ls ;qº djus ds fy, /ku vkSj lSfud 'kfDrnksuksa dh vko';drk FkhA vr% mlus viuh ekrk egkjkuh fd'kksjh ls vkfFkZdlgk;rk ds fy, fuosnu fd;k] rc mls jktekrk fd'kksjh ls i;kZIr /ku izkIr gksx;kA17 bl fLFkfr esa vfuPNqd gksrs gq, tkV lkeUrksa dks tokgj flag dk lkFk nsusds fy, lger gksuk iMkA18 jktekrk fd'kksjh ls i;kZIr /ku&lEifŸk izkIr djdstokgj flag us eYgkjko gksYdj ls lEidZ fd;k vkSj 22 yk[k :i;s ls 20]000ejkBk v'o lsuk dk lg;ksx izkIr dj fy;k ,oa 15]000 flD[kksa dh lsuk Hkhvkeaf=r dhA e/; nksvkc dh pkSfd;ksa ij dCtk dj uoEcj 1764 esa uthcqÌkSykij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA ;g fnYyh vfHk;ku uoEcj 1764 ls Qjojh 1765 rd

pykA19 bl ;qº ls okafNr ifj.kke rks ugha fudy lds ijUrq rRdkyhu jktuhfrd'kfDr;ksa dh lsukvksa ds xkSjoiw.kZ lsukifrRo dks djrs gq, tokgj flag us bl fnYyhvfHk;ku dks jk"V™h; egŸkk iznku dj nh vkSj fnYyh vkÿe.k ywV dh vk/kh lkexzhHkjriqj esa vkbZ bl ks= esa fnYyh okjs dh ywV* uked dgkor vkt Hkh lquh tkrhgSA tokgj flag ds bl vfHk;ku dh izsj.kkL=ksr egkjkuh fd'kksjh FkhA yksd xhrksa esavkt Hkh ;s iafDr;ka lquus dks feyrh gSA

fd;ks flagx< Qgr flok us lqurs gh ekr ds cSu

esjs flok djs lj fnYyh rc vkosxks eks dks pSu

egkjkuh fd'kksjh /keZijk;.k efgyk FkhA /kkfeZd Luku dh efgek ds vUrxZriq"dj esys dk o.kZu] iqjk.kksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd tc rd iq"dj dsdq.M esa Luku u dj fy;k tk;s pkjk /keksZ dh ;k=k lEiw.kZ ugha ekuh tkrhA iq"djesa cz„k dh cM+h izkphu ewfrZ gSA bl LFkku ij ;k=h Luku dj vius dks iq.; ykHkds Hkkxh le>rs gSA b/kj jktiwr tkVksa dks ghu Hkkouk ls ns[krs Fks rFkk mUgsa iq"djLuku ds ik= gh ugha ekurs FksA tokgj flag jktiwrksa dks gs; n`f"V ls ns[krk Fkk vkSjfo'ks"kr;k t;iqj ds jktiwrksa dks ftUgksaus eqxyksa dks viuh csfV;ka nh FkhA tokgjflag xkts&ckts ds lkFk iq"dj igqapk] egkjkuh fd'kksjh us Luku&/;ku fd;k rFkkvrqy jkf'k nku iq.; esa czk„.kksa rFkk vU; lqik=ksa dks forfjr dhA ijUrq okfilykSVrh le; 14 fnlEcj 1767 ds jktiwrksa us tokgj flag ij /kkok cksy fn;kAijUrq tokgj flag vius dkS'ky rFkk vius lsuk lgk;d le: vkSj jSu ekns dhohjrk ls lqjfkr cp fudykA20 lu~ 1768 bZ esa vxLr ekl esa egkjkt tokgj flagdh gR;k dj nh xbZA21

egkjktk tokgj flag dh gR;k ls Hkjriqj jkT; ij ladV ds ckny Nk x;sAtokgj flg dks mRrjkf/kdkjh jru flag iw.kZr;k v;ksX; Fkk vkSj dsoy ukS ekl gh'kklu dj ik;kA mldk iq= ds'kjh flag vYi O;Ld Fkk vkSj 'kklu dh ckxMksjuoy flag dks nh xbZ ijUrq mldk HkkbZ j.kthr flag mlds fo#º FkkA blikfjokfjd dyg ls ykHk mBkdj utQ[kka us uoy flag dks cjlkuk ds ;qº esaijkLr dj lu~ 1774 esa Mhx Hkh tkVksa ls Nhu fy;kA22 tkVksa dh 'kfDr dks fNUu&fHkUu dj fn;kA Hkjriqj ijxus ds vfrfjDr tkVksa ds lkjs ks= dks vius vf/kdkjesa ys fy;kA /kkSyiqj ks= ij Hkh mlh dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA23 bu fo"ke vkSjHk;kud ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa egkjkuh fd'kksjh us pje vkRefo'okl] mRdV nwjnf'kZrkvkSj viwoZ lkgl dk ifjp; fn;kA og Lo;a utQ [kka ds [kses esa xbZ vkSj viuhdq'kyrk] okd~iVqrk vkSj /kS;Z ls utQ [kka dks izHkkfor djus esa lQy gks xbZA

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utQ [kka us egkjkuh fd'kksjh ls ekr`rqY; O;ogkj fd;k vkSj mldh vihy ijHkjriqj jkT; ds nl ijxus okfil ykSVk fn;sA24 utQ[kka ds mRrjkf/kdkjh fetkZ'kQh [kka us bu ij viuk vf/kdkj trk;kA egkjkuh fd'kksjh us rqjar pkSFk olwyhdh izFkk pkyw dh rFkk jktdks"k esa /ku laxzg fd;kA bl izdkj pjejkbZ vFkZO;oLFkkdks egkjkuh us nq:Lr dj lsuk dk [kpkZ fudkyk vkSj fetkZ 'kQh [kka dh ;kstukvksadks fu"Qy dj fn;kA m/kj fetkZ 'kQh dh Mhx esa gR;k gks xbZ vkSj j.kthr flagus ijxuksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k dj fy;kA25

vHkh j.kthr flag viuh fLFkfr iwjh rjg n`<+ Hkh ugha dj ik;s Fks fd bZLohlu~ 1784 esa ejkBk ljnkj egknth flfU/k;k us Hkjriqj vkSj /kkSyiqj ks= ij viukvf/kdkj dj fy;kA tkVksa dh fLFkfr iqu% ladVxzLr gks xbZA bl fo"ke fLFkfr esaHkh Hkjriqj jkT; dh lajfkdk ds :i esa egkjkuh fd'kksjh us vVwV /kS;Z vkSj viwoZdq'kyrk dk ifjp; fn;kA egkjkuh fd'kksjh us rqjar egkjkt flaf/k;k ls HksaV djusdk izLrko j[kkA ikuhir ds r`rh; ;qº ds mijkUr egkjkuh fd'kksjh us ijkLr ejkBksadh vkoHkxr esa dksbZ dlj u NksMh FkhA egkn th flaf/k;k us egkjkuh fd'kksjh dsizLrko dk eku j[kk vkSj muls feysA egkjkuh fd'kksjh ls egknth flaf/k;k vR;UrizHkkfor gq, vkSj mugksaus Hkjriqj ujs'k j.kthr flag dks 11 ijxus okfil ykSVkfn;sA egkjkuh fd'kksjh ds funsZ'kkuqlkj j.kthr flag us Hkh egknth ds izfr vR;UrvPNk O;ogkj j[kk vkSj lnSo leFkZu esa jgsA blls izHkkfor gksdj egknth flaf/k;kus Mhx ks= Hkh j.kthr flag dks okfil ykSVk fn;kA26 vkxs pydj j.kthr flag dslfÿ; vkSj fo'oluh; lg;ksx ds dkj.k 1795 esa rhu ijxus vkSj izkIr gks x;s27

bl izdkj egkjkuh fd'kksjh us viuh lw>cw> ls Hkjriqj jkT; dh jkk dhA ;fnjkuh ugha gksrh rks flfU/k;k ds gkFkks j.kthr flag ds gVrs gh Hkjriqj dk vfLrRoges'kk&ges'kk ds fy, lekIr gks tkrkA28

egkjkuh fd'kksjh ds O;fDrRo vkSj mldh miyfC/k;ksa dk vkadyu;fn izflº foku dks dkstqCldk kjk mfYyf[kr dfj'ekbZ usr`Ro ds lkr rRoksa dsvk/kkj ij fd;k tk;s rks mldh x.kuk fo'o dh f'kjksef.k efgykvksa esa dh tkldrh gSA pje vkRe fo'okl] xfjeke; y; ls ;qDr fopk.krk] lEizs"k.kkerk] vkxzgiw.kZ n`<rk ,oa /kqu] fof'k"V 'kSyh] nwjnf'kZrk rFkk pqEcdh; jgL;iw.kZO;fDrRo ds ekudksa ij egkjkuh fd'kksjh [kjh mrjrh gSA mudk O;fDrRo pqEcdh;FkkA dqEgsj ij ejkBk vfHk;ku ds le; tc egkjkt lwjtey vkSj mudk fo'oluh;ijke'kZnkrk :ijke dVkfj;k grizHk Fks rks egkjkuh fd'kksjh us pje vkRe fo'okliznf'kZr djrs gq, leL;k dk lek/kku dj MkykA mudh lEizs"k.k kerk vnHkqr

FkhA utQ [kka vkSj egknth flfU/k;k tSls egku lsuk uk;dksa ls okrkZyki djus esamUgsa FkksMh Hkh fgpd ugha gqbZ vkSj viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh rFkk xfjeke; y; ls ;qDrfopk.krk ds vk/kkj ij vkxzgiw.kZ n`<rk dk ifjp; fn;k rFkk [kks;s gq, jkT; dksizkIr djus esa vk'p;Ztud jktuhfrd dkS'ky dk ifjp; fn;kA ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vls ;fn lqizflº efgykvksa ls mudh rqyuk dh tk; rks Hkh egkjkuh fd'kksjh dkO;fDrRo loksZifj mHkj dj vkrk gSA jft;k lqYrku vR;Ur ;ksX; gksrs gq, Hkh vehjmejkoks ds dksiHkktu dk f'kdkj cu xbZA uwjtgka dh ped tgkaxhj ds ejus dsckn frjksfgr gks xbZ] csxe le: us ;|fi viuh tkxhj ij 58 o"kZ rd viusdkS'ky ls vkf/kiR; cuk;s j[kk ijUrq og vius nRrd iq= dks mRrjkf/kdkj fnykusesa vlQy jghA jktuhfrd dkS'ky ,oa miyfC/k;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] egkjkuhfd'kksjh dk LFkku Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa loksZifj dguk rdZlaxr gksxkA

lUnHkZ1- MkW- m"kk HkkxZo] jktLFkku ds ukjh jRu] izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k

ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh 1992] i`- 16

2- mi;qZDr] i`- 13

3- tkV ohjkaxuk,° lEikfnr lq[kchj flag nyky] izFke laLdj.k 1995] i`- 70

4- th-,l- ljnslkbZ] ejkBksa dk uohu bfrgkl] f'koyky vxzoky ,.M dEiuh]izFke fgUnh laLdj.k] 1961 i`- 486

5- mi;qZDr] i`- 486

6- QkYds lhjht] Xokfy;j ch] 204

7- ds-vkj- dkuwuxk] fgLV™h vkWQ n tkV~l (laikfnr MkW- ohj flag) vksfjuYl]fnYyh ifCyds'kul 2003] i`- 54

8- mi;qZDr] i`- 54

9- d°q- uVoj flag] egkjktk lwjtey] jk/kkd`".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh izFke fgUnhlaLdj.k 1985 i`- 76

10- mi;qZDr] i`- 77&78

11- xzkaV MQ] , fgLV™h vkWQ n ejkBkt] i`- 30

12- dq°- uVoj flag] egkjktk lwjtey] i`- 118

13 ds-vkj- dkuwuxks] fgLV™h vkWQ n tkV~l] i`- 82

14- mi;qZDr] i`- 118

15- eSek;lZ vkWQ lSUV™y bf.M;k A] 129] 1880 dk iquZeqnz.k

16- ds-vkj- dkuwuxks] fgLV™h vkWQ n tkV~l] i`- 90

221


17- euksgj flag] Hkjriqj egkjkt tokgj flag tkV] fgUnh lkfgR; efUnj] jk.kkor]tks/kiqj izFke laLdj.k i`0 40

18- mi;qZDr i`- 40] ;nqukFk ljdkj & QkWy vkQ n eqxy ,Eik;j 2] frh;laLdj.k i`- 335

19- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j] Hkjrij i`- 6720- euksgj flag jk.kkor] Hkjriqj egkjkt tokgj flag tkV i`- 8321- mi;qZDr] i`- 9022- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j & Hkjriqj lEiknd ds- ds- lgxy] 1971] i`- 6923- mi;qZDr24- mi;qZDr25 mi;qZDr26 mi;qZDr27 mi;qZDr28 MkW- m"kk HkkxZo] jktLFkku ds ukjh jRu] i`- 15

;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* d`r ^xqykcM+h* miU;klesa yksd laLd`fr ,oa ukjh psruk

uhrw flag pkSgku

ekuo tkfr ds fodkl esa laLd`fr dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA laLd`frfdlh jk"V™ dh psruk gksrh gSA lkfgR; vkSj dyk esa lekt dh laLd`fr yfkr gksrhgSA laLd`fr ds varxZr ge fdlh Hkh ks= dh dyk] lkfgR;] /keZ] n'kZu rFkkykSfdd thou ds vkn'kksZa vkfn dks mn~?kkfVr dj ldrs gSaA laLd`fr 'kCn dksvaxzsth esa ^dYpj* dgrs gSaA ftlesa euq"; us Kku] fo'okl] dyk] uSfrd eku]dkuwu os"k vkSj blh izdkj dh vU; ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj vknrksa dks lekt ds ,d lnL;gksus ds ukrs izkIr fd;k gSA Vh-,l- bfy;V us ^^lkekU; thou izfÿ;k dks ghlaLd`fr ekuk gSA**1

MkW- gtkjh izlkn fosnh ds vuqlkj ^yksd 'kCn dk vFkZ tuin* ;k xzkE;ugha gS cfYd uxjksa vkSj xk°oksa esa QSyh gqbZ og leLr turk gS ftuds O;ogkfjdKku dk vk/kkj iksfFk;k° ugha gSaA ;s yksd uxj esa ifj"d`r] :fp] lEiUu rFkklqlaLd`r le>s tkus okys yksxksa dh viskk vf/kd ljy rFkk vd`f=e thou dsvH;Lr gksrs gSa vkSj ifj"d`r :fp okys yksxksa dh lewph foykflrk vkSj lqdqekjrkdks thfor j[kus ds fy, tks Hkh oLrq,° vko';d gksrh gsa mUgsa mRiUu djrs gSaA**2

tks yksx lH; o vk/kqfud lekt ds ifj"d`r yksxksa ds izHkko ls eqDr gksrs gq, Hkhviuh izkphu ifjfLFkfr dks orZeku esa Hkh dk;e j[krs gSa mUgsa gh yksd dgk tkrkgSA laLd`fr* vkSj yksd* ls feydj gh yksd laLd`fr* dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA yksdlaLd`fr dk vfHkizk; tu lk/kkj.k dh ml laLd`fr ls gS tks yksd ls izkIr gksrh gSvFkkZr~ lkekU; oxZ ds vkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu] jhfr&fjoktksa vkfn dks lfEefyrfd;k tkrk gSA lekt dk ,d oxZ fdl izdkj vius jhfr&fjoktksa] yksd izFkkvksa]yksd fo'okl vkfn dks lekt esa LFkkfir djrk gS] ;g lc yksd laLd`fr dsvarxZr vkrk gS ^^yksd laLd`fr dks vaxzsth esa ^Qksjyksd* dgk tkrk gS rFkk lu~1846 bZ- esa fofy;e VkWEl us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx dj yksd laLd`fr* dks viuk;kA**3

^^yksd laLd`fr dk fo"k; ks= vR;ar O;kid gSaA fdlh Hkh vapy esa jgus okystu&leqnk; dk izd`fr ls laca/k o ekuo&ekuo ls lac/ak lc dqN yksd laLd`fr ds

222


varxZr vkrk gSA ^lksfQ;k cuZ* us yksd laLd`fr dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;kx;k gSA (1) yksd fo'okl] (2) jhfr&fjokt] (3) yksd lkfgR;A**4

;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* ,d lQy miU;kldkj gSaA ^pUnz* th us ^xqykcM+h*miU;kl ds ek/;e ls jktLFkku dh yksd laLd`fr dk fp=.k fd;k gS] lkFk ghlekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr dks izLrqr fd;k gSA fuEu oxZ dh ukjh fdl izdkj lkearhoxZ ds lekt esa jgdj viuk thou&;kiu djrh gSA xqykcM+h* ;gk° lR; o la?k"kZdk izrhd gSA ukjh yksd laLd`fr dh laokfgdk gksrh gSA ^^ukjh ekuo vkSj ifjokjds vfLrRo dh igyh fu'kkuh gSA d:.kk vkSj izse mlds izeq[k vyadj.k gSa ftudsvk/kkj ij yyuk] je.kh] dkfeuh] cfgu ek°] vcyk vkfn ukeksa ls igpkuh tkrhgSA**

^xqykcM+h* miU;kl ds varxZr ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* us chdkusj ftys dsHkkSxksfyd o xzkeh.k laLd`fr dk o.kZu gS xqykcM+h* miU;kl dh izeq[k ukf;dk gSA,d fuEu oxZ dh efgyk ds thou dks bl miU;kl dh jpuk dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSAblesa xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa jgus okys fuEu oxZ ds tu&thou] ogk° dh yksd laLd`frdks mtkxj fd;k gSA miU;kl dh dFkk ^xqykcM+h* ds la?k"kZ dh xkFkk gSA ;g ukjhvfLerk lR; o la?k"kZ dk izrhd gS] lkFk esa yksd laLd`fr dks voyksfdr fd;k gSA

^^miU;kl esa crk;k gS fd mPp oxZ ds yksxksa dk [kku&iku vyx gksrk gSvkSj fuEu yksxksa dk vyx gksrk gSA tc lkear oxZ ds kjk dHkh&dHkh fuEu oxZ dsyksxksa dks [kkus ij cqyk;k tkrk gSA rks ;s lkear yksx [kkus esa Hkh Hksn djrs gSaA dqNyksxksa dks rks ek°l&efnjk rFkk cktjs dk f[kpM+k cuk;k Fkk dqN yksx ?kh ds lkFk[kkrs gSa rks dqN nw/k ds lkFkA**5 tgk° tSlh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k° gksxh] euq"; oSlhgh os'kHkw"kk /kkj.k djsxk os'kHkw"kk ij vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k° Hkh lh/kk izHkko MkyrhgSaA os'kHkw"kk dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku viuh vyx igpku j[krk gS ^^;gk° yksxksa esalkQk (ixM+h) dk fo'ks"k fjokt gS] O;fDr dh 'kku le>h tkrh gSA ;gk° ds iq:"k/kksrh] vaxj[kh] deht] ixM+h vkfn rFkk ikoksa esa twfr;k° (ekspM+h) igurs gSaAefgyk,° ygaxk] dkapyh] dqrhZ igurh gSa rFkk vks<+uh vks<+rh gSaA xguksa esa lqgkxfpUg] flj dk cksfj;k] ukd dk dkaVk vkfn igurh gSaA bl izdkj miU;kl dsek/;e ls jktLFkku dh os'kHkw"kk o vkHkw"k.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lkekUr yksxvPNs diM+s o lksus ds vkHkw"k.k igurs gSaA fuEu oxZ ds yksx lkekU; oL=] pk°nh ;krkacs ds vkHkw"k.k igurs gSaA**6

jktLFkku ds ?kj LFkkiR; dyk ds fy, izflº gSA ;gk° dh gosfy;k° viuhcstksM+ LFkkiR; dyk o uDdk'kh ds fy, izflº gSaA ;gk° ds jktizlknksa] nqxksZa

gosfy;ksa o lk/kkj.k tu ds ?kjksa dk ltho fp= izLrqr fd;k gSA ^^miU;kl esaukf;dk ^xqykcM+h* ds jgu&lgu dks crk;k gS og ,d ^lkydh* (?kj) esa jgrhgSA lkjk ?kj dPpk gS rFkk dPph bZaVksa ls cuk gSA ml ij xs:, jax dh feV~Vh dkiyLrj gS lkydh esa nks vkys FksA**7 nwljh rjQ lsB jkejru dh gosyh ihys jaxdh rhu eaftyk Fkh NksVh&NksVh vufxur gosfy;k° dykRed iRFkj ls l`ftr rkSj.kkj ds fdokM+ Hkh c<+b;ksa dh dkjhxjh ds uewus Fks blls jktLFkku dh dyk iznf'kZrgksrh gSA

gekjs Hkkjrh; lekt esa fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh e`R;q ds ckn firjksa ds :i esamldh iwtk gksrh gS ,oa e`R;q ds ckjg eklksa ckn Jkn ik esa czk„.kksa dks Hkkstudjk;k tkrk gSA Jkº ls firjksa dks Hkkstu feyrk gSA ^xqykcM+h* ds ifr ^xksikys*dh e`R;q gks tkus ij 12 eghus ds ckn xqykcM+h mldk Jk) djokrh gSA ^jktLFkkuesa yksx yksdnsoh&nsorkvksa ij Hkh xgjh vkLFkk j[krs gSaA nsork :i esa mudh iwtkgksrh gSA buesa izeq[k % jkenso th] HkSa: th] ikcq th] gjHkw th] rstkth] ihik]dj.kh ekrk] 'khryk ekrk] th.kZekrk] dSyk nsoh vkfnA bu lHkh yksd nsorkvksa ustu&tu ds HkkSfrd d"Vksa rFkk ikiksa dk fuokj.k dj lekt esa /keZ Hkkouk dks c<+kokfn;k rFkk lekt&lq/kkj dj yksxksa esa lkekftd psruk tkxzr dhA ^pUnz* us bUghayksd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds izfr vkLFkk dks vius miU;kl ^xqykcM+h* ds ek/;e lsof.kZr fd;k gSA**8 ixMaM+h ij pyrh gqbZ ^xqykcM+h* ds jkLrs esa nksuksa vksj jsr ghjsr gSA dgha&dgha [kstM+s ds isM+ chp esa ^HkSa: th* dk eafnj gSA og ogk° ,d iy:d dj ixj[kh [kksyrh gSA gkFk tksM+dj HkSa: th dks /kksd nsrh gS] izkFkZuk djrhgSA gs HkS: ckck eq>s vUu&/ku lq[k larks"k nsukA

Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk lk/ku gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ds kjk euq"; lektdks tkurk gSA ^pUnz* us miU;kl esa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA jktLFkkuhHkk"kk dk iz;ksx] eqgkojs] yksdksfDr;k° rFkk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx kjk jktLFkku dhyksd laLd`fr dk fp=.k fd;k gSA ukjh izd`fr dk lqUnjre migkj gS_ l`f"V dk vk/kkj gSA ukjh lekt laLd`fr vkSj lkfgR; dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA vkfndky ls ekuolH;rk o laLd`fr ds fy, ukjh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ukjh dk loZizFke iz;ksxΩXosn esa feyrk gS ekuo tkfr dh lH;rk laLd`fr dk ewy vk/kkj ukjh gS vkSj oglkfgR; o lekt dk izsjd rRo Hkh jgh gSA oSfnd dky esa ukjh dks nsoh dk :iekuk tkrk jgk gS] /keZ lH;rk] laLd`fr ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSAeuqLe`fr esa fy[kk gS&^^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork%AA** vFkkZr~ tgk° ukjhdh iwtk gksrh gS ogk° nsork fuokl djrs gSaA loZizFke ukjh dks lekt esa lEekutudfLFkfr izkIr FkhA e/;dky esa vkdj ;g izfr"Bk de gks xbZA cky fookg] lrhizFkk]

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inkZizFkk] dbZ dqjhfr;ksa ls ukjh dh Lora=rk dk gzkl gks x;kA 19oha lnh rdvkrs&vkrs fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr esa cnyko vk;k lket esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa dks vusdlekt lq/kkjdksa us jksdk ftuesa jktkjke eksgu jk;] n;kuUn ljLorh] bZ'ojpUnzfo|klkxj] foosdkuUn] egkRek xk°/kh vkfn Fks bUgksaus cky fookg dks jksddj fo/kokfookg dks izksRlkgu fn;kA vktknh ds ckn yxkrkj Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh thou'kSyh esa ifjorZu gqvkA

vkt dh ukjh u nsoh gS uk nkuoh og n;k eerk rFkk fo'okl ls Hkjh euohgSA tks ekuo /keZ dk fuokZg djuk tkurh gSA vc og uSfrdrk ls ckgj vk pqdh gSog vkt lekt dh Lora= bZdkbZ ds :i esa gS vk/kqfud ;qx esa ukjh psruk dk lapkjgqvk gSA ukjh eqfDr dh Hkkouk fodflr gqbZ f'kkk vkSj vkfFkZd LokoyEcu dsLovfLrRo ds izfr lpsr gksus yxh ukjh thou esa vk, gq, bl ifjorZu dk ifj.kkelkfgR;] laLd`fr vkSj lkekftd thou ij Hkh iM+k blds ifj.kkeLo:i ukjh esau;h psruk dk fodkl gqvkA ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* us vius miU;kl ^xqykcM+h* dsek/;e ls ukjh psruk dks eq[kfjr fd;k gS rFkk ,d fuEu oxZ dh L=h dks viuhdFkk dk eq[; vk/kkj cukrs gq, lekt dh folaxfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;g ukjhthou dks fpf=r djus okyk eeZLi'khZ miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl dh ukf;dk^xqykcM+h* ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks >syrh gqbZ viuh vfLerk dks cjdjkj j[krh gSAmiU;kl dk dsUnz fcUnq xqykcM+h gS rFkk pUnz* th us xqykcM+h* ik= ds ek/e; lslekt dh fparu iz/kku efgykvksa dh lksp dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k kgSA ;g egRoiw.kZblfy, gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g efgyk Ldwyh&fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh f'kkk ls vufHkKgksrs gq, vius uSfrd fparu ls ;qDr Jethoh gSA xqykcM+h ;gk° ukjh psruk] ukjhtkxj.k lR; o la?k"kZ dk izrhd gSA mlesa vius deZ ds izfr n`<+ vkLFkk gS rFkk ogJe djrs gq, viuk thou ;kiu djuk pkgrh gSA

xaxk eklh ds ;g crkus ij dh mlds ukuh lkl dh rch;r lgh ugha gSAblfy, og tkdj muls fey vk, rc xqykcM+h dgrh gS fd ^^lqu ekalh ejus dsfy, xkfM+;k° ugha tqrrhA ekSr ftl iy vkuh gS] og vk,xh gh ysfdu isV dh yk;Hkh rks cq>kuh iM+rh gSA lsB xkSM+gfj us ;gk° ls nks dksl ij ,d I;k≈ [kksyh gSAmlds fy, gesa chl eVfd;k° nks ekVs nsus gSaA ;g dke gksrs gh eSa ukuh lkljs pyhtk≈°xhA bl izdkj xqykcM+h deZ dks iz/kkurk nsrs gq, lkekftd drZO;ksa dk fuokZgdjrh gSA**

lsB xkSM+gfj ds dgus ij fd ^xqykcM+h* ;g thou taxy gSA ,d fgaldtaxy esa fdrus tkuoj gSaA dHkh Hkh rq> ij vkÿe.k dj ldrs gSaA dHkh Hkh rq>s

foo'krkvksa esa Qalkdj rsjk vuqfpr ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA thou ,d u fn[kus okyhe`R;q gSA mlds dqN k.k izse ds gksrs gSa vkSj og L=h vius eu ds lcls vkuUnnk;dk.kksa dks th ldrh gSA xqykcM+h tcko nsrh gS] lsB thA L=h igys [kkyh L=h gksrhgS] fQj og fdlh dh iRuh cu tkrh gSA mls og vius lkjs /keZ] ;gk° rd nsg dkvf/kdkj Hkh lkSai nsrh gS vkSj og mldh nklh cu tkrh gSA vki Bhd dgrs gSa fddHkh&dHkh gj iRuh dks dsoy yqxkbZ cu tkuk pkfg,] ij og dSls cu ldrh gSbrus laLdkj vkM+s vk tkrs gSa fd og Mj tkrh gSA de ls de eSa yqxkbZ ugha culdrhA eq>s ,slk djuk iki yxrk gS----lsB th ;g rks vkReNy gS iki gSA blesa,d L=h kjk vius L=hRo dh jkk dh tkrh gS rFkk vius n`<+ fo'oklksa ds kjkvius vfLrRo dks cuk;s j[krh gSA xqykcM+h ,d fuEu oxZ gksrs gq, Hkh viuhfopkj/kkjk ls iq#"k oxZ dh lksp dks cnyus dh kerk j[krh gSA

miU;kl esa ^xqykcM+h* ds pfj= dh tks fo'ks"krk mHkj dj lkeus vkrh gS]og gS Lo;a ds cy ij vius lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk thou fuokZg djuk xqykcM+h viusifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dk;Z djus dks rRij gkstkrh gSA tc ,d rjQ mlds ifr xksikys dh rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rFkk nwljhrjQ mlds /kM+s cukus dk dke Hkh pkSiV gks tkrk gSA rc og vius ifr ls dgrhgS fd ^esjs izlo vkSj rsjh chekjh ds dkj.k lkjk /ak/kk pkSiV gks x;k gSA yx jgk gSfd pan gh fnuksa esa vUu&nk°rksa dk cSj gks tk,xkA ;fn rw dgs rks eSa lsB jkejru ds;gk° /kk; ek° dk dke dj yw°A bl rjg muds ykM+ys dh tku cpk nwaxh vkSj osrsjhA*9 bl rjg mlds eu esa vius ifjokj o vius iq:"kksa dh lEifŸk dks cpkusdh yyd gSA muds izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk gSA ^xqykcM+h* miU;kl esa xqykcM+h,d ,slk ukjh pfj= gS tks fuEu oxZ dk gksrs gq, Hkh lkjs tkfr] /keZ vkfn ijekuork ds :i esa fot; ik ysrk gSA ,d fuEu oxZ dh L=h kjk lkear oxZ ds cPpsdh Hkw[k dks 'kkar fd;k tkrk gS] rc xqykcM+h ,d ekuork dk ifjp; nsrh gS fuEutkfr dh gksus ij Hkh mPp oxZ kjk mldk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA10 ^xqykcM+h* esaekr`Ro dk Hkko vR;ar gS] eerkiu gS vkSj og ,d drZO;ijk;.krk ukjh gSA

;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* miU;kl esa ek/;e ls ukjh dk iq:"k iz/kku lekt dsizfr la?k"kZ dk o.kZu djrs gSa rFkk ukjh esa tkx`fr ykrs gSa bl miU;kl dh ukf;dk L=hgksrs gq, Hkh lekt ls vius ewY;ksa ds fy,] vfLrRo o igpku ds fy, la?k"kZ djrhgSA og ,d vkSj ukjh la?k"kZ dk ifjp; nsrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj vius vfLrRo ovfLerk dks cjdjkj j[krh gSA izkphu dky ls gh ukjh iq:"k ds v/khu jgh gS ovR;kpkj lgrh vk jgh gS ij orZeku ;qx esa ukjh esa Hkh izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk mtkxjgqbZ rFkk bUgksaus iq:"k oxZ ds fo#º la?k"kZ djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ^xqykcM+h* esa ,d

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vksj ukjh ik= xaxk ekWlh vius ifr ds vR;kpkjksa ls ihfM+r gksdj mlds fo#ºla?k"kZ djrh gS rFkk dgrh gS fd eSa mldh fiVkbZ ugha dj ldrh] ij eSa mldh twrhugha cu ldrhA vc eSa ugha lgu ugha dj ldrhA n`<+fu'p;h xaxk vius ifr dksNksM+dj ges'kk ds fy, nkbZ dk dke djus yx tkrh gSA11

bl izdkj ;knosUnz th us vius miU;kl ds kjk ukjh oxZ esa la?k"kZ dh Hkkoukdks mtkxj fd;k gSA ^xqykcM+h* ds ek/;e ls ukjh dks lqn`<+ vk/kkj iznku fd;k gSrFkk ukjh la?k"kZ] ukjh R;kx] leiZ.k dh Hkkouk] ukjh mRihM+u o ukjh dh ekufldfLFkfr dk o.kZu djds ukjh dks fodkl ds iFk dh vksj vxzlj fd;k gSA pUnz* usfuEu oxZ dh efgyk ds thou dk o.kZu] tks fd ,d Jethoh oxZ dh gSA mudsek/;e ls orZeku ;qx dh fL=;ksa ds thou dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

lanHkZ1- MkW- jkts'k flag] lkfgR; vkSj laLd`fr] i`-la-&12- MkW- d`".knso mik/;k;] yksd laLd`fr dh :ijs[kk] i`-la-&103- MkW- d`".knso mik/;k;] yksd laLd`fr dh :ijs[kk] i`-la-&74- MkW- fo|k pkSgku] yksd lkfgR;] i`-la-&155- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&356- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&867- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&118- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&139- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&2610- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&5811- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] xqykcM+h] i`-la-&17

jktLFkku dh QM+ fp=dyk ,oa jkes'oj flagizks- iq"ik nqYyj ,oa dq- dkosjh ns'koky

jktLFkku] ohjrk rFkk 'kks;Z dh Hkwfe gh ugha vfirq dyk ,oa laLd`fr dklajk.k LFky Hkh jgk gSA1 jktLFkku ,d fo'kky e#LFkyh gS] ftlesa lksygoha'krkCnh rd vusd NksVs&cM+s jkT; LFkkfir gks pqds FksA bl izns'k ds 'kkld jktiwrdgykrs FksA blfy, igys&igy bl izkUr dk uke jktiwrkuk gh iM+kA txnh'kflag xgyksr ds vuqlkj ;g ukedj.k vaxzstksa ds le; esa gh gqvk FkkA bZ- lu 1800esa feLVj tkZt VkWel us gh bl izkUr ds fy, bl uke dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA bldsckn duZy VkWM us bZ- lu 1829 esa bl izkUr ds fy, bfrgkl esa jktLFkku* 'kCn dkiz;ksx fd;kA uoEcj 1956 bZ0 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us jktLFkku la?k ,dhdj.k dsiz;klksa ds QyLo:i jktLFkku uke dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA jktLFkkuh fp=dyk*ds ukedj.k ds lEcU/k esa le;≤ ij fHkUu&fHkUu fokukas us vius vyx&vyxfopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA loZizFke LoxhZ; vkuUn dqekj Lokeh us viuh iqLrd^jktiwr isafUVx* esa bls ^jktiwr fp=dyk* dgk gSA blh ckr dk lrFkZu vks-lh-xkaxksyh] gSoy o ckfly xzs vkfn us Hkh fd;k gSA izkphu dky ls gh ;gk° fofHkUudyk,° ifYyfor gksrh jgh gSaA2

jktLFkku esa yksd dyk dh vusdkusd yko.;e;h >kfd;k° Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrhgSaA e#Hkwfe dh 'kq"drk dks ;gk° ds mRlo fiiklq eu us ekuks vius jax esa fHkxksdjljkcksj gh dj fn;k gSA ;ksa rks leLr Hkkjr gh mRloksa dh jax&Hkwfe jgk gS ysfdu;g izrhr gksrk gS fd lkjs rht&R;ksgkj jktLFkku esa dqN vf/kd gh xfjeke; vkSjmYykliw.kZ rjhds ls euk;s tkrs gSaA bu lHkh R;ksgkjksa vkSj mRloksa ds lkFk yksdlaLdkj] yksd fo'okl] ykssd O;ogkj vkSj yksd izFkkvksa ls ;qDr yksd dyk,° xqFkhgqbZ gSaA3 jktLFkku dh ,d ijEijkxr yksd fp=dyk QM+* us lfn;ksa ls yksdekuldks fp=dyk dh jlkRed vuqHkwfr ls vkufUnr fd;k gSA jktLFkku ds yksd nsorknsoukjk;.k] rstkth] ikcwth vkSj jkensoth dh yksd xkFkkvksa dks QM+ ij fpf=rfd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr iz;ksxkRed rkSj ij Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ,oa iqjk.kksa dhnUrdFkk,° Hkh fpf=r gqbZ gaSA jktLFkku esa vf/kdre nsoukjk;.k ,oa ikcwth dhthou xkFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjr QM+ fp= gh yksd fiz; jgs gSaA nsoukjk;.k dh QM+rsjg gkFk ls ysdj iPphl gkFk rd dh yEckbZ fy, gksrh gSA lcls vf/kd

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fp=kadu ,oa lcls yEch xkFkk Hkh blh QM+ esa feyrh gSA ikcwth dh QM+ ckjggkFk ls ysdj chl gkFk rd yEch gks tkrh gSA jktLFkku esa QM+ ckapus dh Hkhfo'ks"k ijEijk jgh gSA blesa nks ck°lksa ds lgkjs QM+ fp=ksa dks QSykdj mUgsa iznf'kZrdjrs gq, lEcfU/kr yksd nsork dh thou xkFkk dks Jksrkvksa ds lek izLrqr fd;ktkrk gSA4 foxr nks n'kd ls jktLFkku ds dyk fkfrt ij ,sls foyk.k izfrHkk'kkyh]iz;ksx/kehZ o l`tu'khy dykdkjksa dh ih<+h mHkj dj vk jgh gS] tks viuh vn~HkqrdYiuk&'kfDr o [kkstiw.kZ izo`fŸk ds dkj.k izns'k dh ledkyhu dyk dks fur u;svk;ke iznku djds le`fº'kkyh cukus esa layXu gSA jktLFkku ds fofHkUu dykdkjdsoy jk"V™h; Lrj ij gh ugha oju~ varjkZ"V™h; lkaLd`frd eap ij Hkh [;kfr vftZrdjus esa lQy gq, gSaA bl lanHkZ esa xqykch uxj t;iqj esa dk;Z'khy dykdkjjkes'oj flag dk uke fo'ks"k :i esa mYys[kuh; gSA

jkes'oj flag ,d ,sls vuwBs fprsjs gSa ftufd fp=kd`f=;ksa esa Bksl vkSjHkkoukRed rŸoksa ds iz;ksx ds lkFk xksnuk (VsVw) dk iz;ksx budh dyk dhmRd`"Vrk dks n'kkZrk gSA ckjhdh ds lkFk dh xbZ ^feuh,pj isafVax* vkSj ^VsVw* dkscM+s gh utkdr ds lkFk dSuokl ij cuk, x, fp=ksa ds lkFk lfEefyr djus vkSjjaxksa kjk mUgsa ^ltho* cukus dk gquj ,sls dykdkj esa gh ik;k tk ldrk gSAftldh n`f"V lwe ls ysdj fo'kkydk; rŸoksa esa Hkh dyk dks rjk'krh gSA dSuoklij js[kk,a [khapdj muesa jax Hkjuk rks gj dykdkj dk lkeF;Z gksrk gh gSA ijUrqfof'k"Vrk rc gksrh gS] tc Hkjs x, jaxksa esa js[kk,a [khapuh gksA jkes'oj flag us dghafp=ksa ij xksnus (VsVw) ds rkSj ij nsoukxjh fyfi ls iafDr;kWa fy[kh gS rks dgha^fefu,pj* (y?kqfp=) dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA buds leUo; ls fp=kdfr f=vk;kehizrhr gksrh gSA ijEijk dk iqu% vkfo"dkj vkSj iqu% ltZu vk/kqfud n`f"V ds vk/kkj ij gh lEHko gS fQj vkfnokfl;ksa ds tu&thou dh ;fn ckr gks rks yksd'kSyhds ek/;e ls tu&tu rd igWqqapkus ds vuq"Bku esa vgfuZ'k yxs gq, gSa] Jh jkes'ojflagA5

jkes'ojflag ds fp= ,d&nks ijEijkvksa ds feyu ds laf/kdky dh vuqHkwfriznku djrs gSaA ijEijkxr xzkeh.k laLdkjksa dks izrhdksa dk lgkjk ysrs gq,] vk/kqfud'kSyh esa izLrqr djus dh viwoZ kerk buesa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA mudh dyk esackjhfd;kWa fn[kykbZ iM+us dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd os iw.kZdkfyd :ils dyk dh lsok esa tqM+s jgus okys dykdkj gSa blfy, vius laLdkjksa dks dkQhxEHkhjrk ls viuh d`fr;ksa esa mrkjrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ,d fof'k"V Lo:i iznku djrs gSaA[kkldkj VwVrs /oLr gksrs lkeUroknh izrhd] xzkeh.k mRloksa] thou vkSj ykSfdd

O;ogkjksa dks buds jaxksa vkSj fp=ksa esa ladsr ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu izrhdksadks fcUnq ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA

jkes'oj flag ds fp= vius vki esa ,d mRd`"V jpukRedrk fy;s gaS ijjkes'oj ds dke esa fo'ks"k u;kiu [kklrkSj ls fo"k;oLrq vkSj fpUrkvksa@ljksdkjksa dksysdj gSa] ,slk muds dFku ls yxrk gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd gekjs lekt esa vrhrvkSj ijEijkvksa us gh bruh lkexzh o fo"k; NksM+ fn;s gSa fd muds ckgj ns[kus dh urks QqlZr gS u gh t:jr eglwl gksrh gSA jkes'oj ekurs gSa fd ijEijk vkSj vrhrus mUgsa jhfr&fjokt] nsoh&nsork] iqjk.k] iksfFk;ksa] dFkk,Wa] jktk&jtokM+s] xqQk,a]egy] o`k] i'kq&ikh] fdonafr;ka] feFkd jgL;] lkia vkf/kHkkSfrd izrhd] ra=&ea=]tknw&Vksuk] iqjkus [ksy&f[kykSus] O;ogkj] ijkÿe vkSj 'kkS;Z] vk/;kfRedrk oiqjkru lkSUn;Z] yksd&dFkk,Wa] yksdxhr] VwVs Hkou rFkk fxjrh igkfM+;ksa ds lkFk&lkFkjktLFkku dk viuk thou o vrhr eksg ºukWLVSyft;kΩ fn;k gSA ;s phtsa vkt Hkhlekt esa bruh egRoiw.kZ gaSA

jkes'oj flag dh d`fr;ksa esa thou] lekt vkSj ,d dykdkj ds lkekftdnkf;Roksa dh viuh fpUru&izfÿ;k ekStwn gSA jktLFkku ds reke ijEijkxr izrhr&i'kq&ikh] xqQk,a] dUnjk,a fdlh iq#"k dh Nfo x.ks'k ds :i esa nsoh&nsork dslgt izrhd vkSj bfrgkl ds fofHkUu vk;ke iksfFk;ksa tSlh fy[kkoV vkfn budhlHkh d`fr;ksaa esa ekStwn gSA ijEijk vkSj vrhr ds cks> ls gh ugha jaxksa ds cks> ls HkhHkkjh&Hkjde gSa jkes'oj dk ;g ltZu dkeA lkFk gh mudh tfVy jpuk&izfÿ;k;k mudk fcYdqy futh eqgkojk ;gka fn[kk;h nsrk gSA fp=dkj ds eu esa ,dvkyksMu* py jgk gks & vrhr vkSj ijEijk,a vius fofo/k :iksa esa ml ij fVdugha ikrhA dbZ&dbZ izrhd vkSj vrhr dh Le`fr;ksa dks vius dke esa lesVrk tkrkgSA dbZ ckj mu d`fr;ksa es vrhr ds <grs gq, :iksa ds :i esa mldk eksg fn[kk;hnsrk gSA phtsa (vksCtsDV~l) foJa`[kfyr :i esa vk jgh gS vkSj og mUgsa dSuokl ijmrkjrk tkrk gS ij blds ek/;e ls og dguk D;k pkgrk gS] lekt dks nsuk D;kpkgrk gSA ;g 'kk;n mls Hkh cgqr Bhd ls Li"V ugha gSA og cl phtksa dks j[krktkrk gS n'kZd mls vius <ax ls ns[ksa vkSj le>s pkgs bfrgkl ds ,d NViVkrs gq,VqdM+s ds :i eas Lohdkj djsa ;k vrhr dh Le`fr;ksa ds ,d jsys ds :i esa LohdkjdjsaA

ijEijk dh yisV&nj&yisV ds fy, og vius ftl dkS'ky dk bLrsekydjrs gSa mldk viuk vuqHko gks ldrk gS] mUgsa ns[kus dk Hkh ,d vuqHko gks ldrkgSA muds dke esa ,d lkFk dbZ 'kSfy;ksa ij jktLFkkuh yksd o lkearh thou ij gh

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mdsjh x;h 'kSfy;ksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA y?kq fp=.k&'kSyh dk Hkh mUgksaus [wkc bLrsekyfd;k vkSj dSfyxzkQh tSlh rduhd ds ftrus Hkh :i mUgksaus x<s gSa os dkQh iq"V gSavkSj yksdfp=ksa dh Nfo fy;s gq,A laHkor% ;gh dkj.k gSa bfrgkl ds /kjksgj ds :iesa mUgsa ljkgk Hkkh tkrk jgk gSA jkes'oj flag phtksa dks cpkdj j[kus esa fo'okldjrs gSaA tks mnkgj.k yqIr gksrs tk jgs gSa] mUgsa lgstus dh dksf'k'k os fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls dj jgs gSaaA i'kq&ifk;ksa dks cpkus dk iz;kl muds uohure fp=ksa esa gSA osvius fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh;rk dks eq[;/kkjk ds :i esa tksM+rs gSa] ftlesa jktLFkkuhijEijkxr yksd dyk izeq[k gSA yky] ihys vkSj uhys ijEijkxr jaxksa ds lkFkjkes'oj flag us vkfnoklh yksd dyk dks viuk fo"k; cuk;kA vkfnoklh bykdksa esatSlk mUgksaus ns[kk mls vk/kqfud 'kDy nsdj mls 21oha lnh tSlk izLrqr djus dkiz;kl fd;k gSA lts gq, ≈aV] gkFkh vkSj pkSiM+ [skyrh jkfu;kWa] xksnuk fd,vkfnoklh efgyk,a ;gh gekjh yksd dyk gS ftldks jkes'oj flag us u, :i esaizLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA iqjkus ok| ;a=ksa tSls Hkksiw dks mUgksaus lkadsfrd :iesa izLrqr fd;k gSA iqjkuh ?kfM+;kWa] dyenku] ySEiiksLV izrhd gSa iqjkuh lH;rk dstks vkt /kjksgj ds :i esa gSA iqjkuh phtsa tks vkt veweu] fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhjkes'oj flag ds fp=ksa esa vklkuh ls idM+h tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus cM+h prqjkbZ lspkSiM+ vkSj 'krjat dks iqjkus o u;s ik=ksa ds chp lek;ksftr fd;k gSA dqN rLohjksaesa mUgksaus fof'k"V izHkko ykus ds fy, tyk gqvk diM+k yx;k gS rks fefu,spj dstfj, i`"V Hkwfe dks etcwr fd;k gSA6

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa xksnuk* xqnokuk Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k ukjhdh 'kjhj&lTtk dk lEiw.kZ ,oa ltho vax gSA vktdy ds gypy Hkjs oSKkfud;qx esa Hkh xksnuk* xqnokuk xzkeh.k ukjh dk fiz;k vyadj.k gSA viuh nsg ij viusvkjk/; nso] izseh] ifr] i'kq&ikh vkfn dk ek= efgyk,° gh xksnuk ls izHkkfor gSAiq#"k Hkh vius 'kjhj ij fofHkUu nsorkvksa] izsfedk] iRuh ;k okafNr Hkkokadu dksxqnokdj larks"k ikrs gSA tks yksd laLd`fr dk ifjpk;d gSA7

^xksnuk* jktLFkku dh ,d cgqizpfyr dyk gSA jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k ks=ksa esatgk° dgha esys vkfn dk vk;kstu gksrk gS ogk° vius 'kjhj ij vadu vFkkZr xksnuk*ds fy, yksxksa dk mRlkg ns[krs gh curk gSA eq[k dks lqUnj cukus ds fy, fL=;k°Hkosa] BksM+h] xky] xnZu] vk°[k] ds ikl fcUnqvksa ls vyadj.k xqnokrh gSaA f=Hkqtkdkjesa rhu eu Tokj crkrs gSaA vk°[kksa ds ikl js[kk,a xksnus ls dkeqd lkSUn;Z esa o`fº gksrhgSA blh izdkj eksj&eksjuh] fpfM+;k°] rksrk] xeyk] Qwy] d`".k th] ?kM+h] gkjk dksgkFk&iSj ij xqnok;k tkrk gSA ekU;rk gS fd e`R;q ds le; ;s gh lc lkFk tk;sxsavkSj dqN ugha t;sxkA blh vkLFkk ds dkj.k rdyhQ ikdj Hkh xksnus xqnok;s tkrs

gSaA ewyr% xqtjkr dh ;g ijEijk jktLFkku esa Mkeksj] xjkfl;k] vkSj jsokM+h yksxksa esaizpfyr gS jkes'oj flag us vius fp=ksa esa bldk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k gSA

lewps jktLFkku esa yksd&vadu dk cM+k egRo gSA vkfnoklh thou&pfj=jkes'oj flag ds dSuokl ij iwjh xaHkhjrk ds lkFk fpf=r gksrk gSA vkfnoklh nsojs]dFkk,°] yksd xhr vkSj yksd dFkk,° mudh fp=dyk dk eq[; vk/kkj cudj mHkjjgh gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkfnoklh dyk vkSj laLd`fr ls nwj gksus dk lkgljkes'oj flag ugha tqVk ikrs gSa ijUrq ;gh dF; jkes'oj flag ds fp=ksa dh eq[;fo'ks"krk cu xbZ gSA mudk izR;sd fp= cksyus dk iz;kl dj jgk gks ;k ,d dFkkdgrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA jkes'oj flag fp= cukrs le; vius vkidks mlh ekgkSyesa ys tkrs gSa tks os fn[kkus dk iz;kl djrs gSA dqN Hkh gks mudh rduhd vkSjizLrqrhdj.k vfHkuo gSaA fopkjksa esa xgjkbZ gS n'kZd dks izkphu dky dh ngyhtrd ys tkdj fopkjksa dh HkwyHkwyb;k esa NksM+ nsrs gSaA fp=dyk ds ks= esa viuh blfp= 'kSyh ds fy, og lqfo[;kr gSaA

vfxznX/krk lqugjh dkfyek esa fyiVh bl yksd&dFkk ds fy, 'kk;n cgqrlVhd izrhd gSA vrhr dh leLr le`º ijEijk,° vkt fu"ÿe.k ds ftl,sfrgkfld nkSj ls xqtj jgh gS] mlesa ewY;ksa] ekU;rkvksa vkSj fo'oklksa dk cnyukfurkUr LokHkkfod gSA jkes'oj flag dh dyk esa tks QM+ fp=.k fd;k x;k gS og^^lk/;** ugha] vfirq ,d ^^lk/ku** gS] laÿe.k ds bl fu.kkZ;d dky&pÿ dhi`"BHkwfe] tks gesa fujUrj vius lanHkZ&ifjorZu ds lp ls lkkkRdkj djokrh tkuiM+rh gSA yksd&ijEijk ds vuq:i og Qyd ij ÿeokj vafdr Hkh ugha gSAvk;kstu ds vuq:i dqN dFkk&[kaM vius fy, jkes'oj flag pqu ysrs gSa ftUgsa ogfp=Qyd ij vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa vafdr djrs gSaA ijEijkxr dSyhxzkQh ;kfp=fyfi Hkh bl lcds lkFk tqM+h jgrh gSA8

jkes'oj flag ds dk;Z ds ckjs esa laHkor% ;g dguk T;knk mfpr gksxk fdmudh fo"k;oLrq ls T;knk] muds lkekftd ljksdkjksa rFkk fdlh dykdkj dslkekftd nkf;Roksa ls T;knk muds dk;Z dh rduhd] jaxksa dk iz;ksx vkSj Le`fr;ksa dsvk/kkj ij gh T;knk ckr dh tkrh gS D;ksafd jkes'oj flag dh d`fr esa muds jaxksa dsHkko] rduhd] mi;ksx o VsDpj vkfn dk iz;ksx lefUor gS o vkd"kZ.k ls ;qDr gSAvr% ,ÿsfyd jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bu jaxksa dk cgqrk;r Hkh muds dke dhfo'ks"krk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS o rduhdh mi;ksx esa mudh dYiuk dkQh nwj rdvkSj my>ko Hkjh [kkb;ksa o ≈°pkb;ksa rd tkrh gSA ijEijk dk bLrseky djrs gSmldk viuk ,d vuqHko gks ldrk gS] mUgsa ns[kus dk Hkh ,d vuqHko gS vkSj mudhxgjkbZ;ksa esa [kks tkus dk Hkh viuk ,d vuqHko iznf'kZr gksrk gSA ;g muds fcvkaM

227


,t I, II (Beyond age I, II) d`fr esa ifjyfkr gksrk gSA ftlds ek/;e lsokLro esa vrhr dh irks± esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA T;kfefrd o vkys[ku tSls QkeZ dkHkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

jkes'oj flag us viuh d`fr;ksa esa xqtjs gq, vrhr dks bdV~Bk djrs gq,lcds lkeus izLrqr fd;k gSA budh vUr% fopkj/kkjk cgqr foLr`r gS vkSj viuh'kSyh vkSj fof/k dh 'kqºrk cuk, gq,A bUgksaus jkek;.k vkSj HkhyokM+k ds QM+ fp=ksads fo"k;ksa ij fp=.k fd;kA jkes'oj flag us viuh d`fr;ksa dks yksd dyk o yksdrRoksa dh xgjkbZ ls mdsjk gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk eas xksnuk izkphu dky ls yksxksa esaizpfyr gS bUgksaus vius dSuokl ij Hkh mlh izkphu ijEijk dks viuh dykd`fr;ksals mrkjus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

jkes'oj flag dh dyk esa t;iqj] mn;iqj nsox<+ dh laLd`fr >ydrh gSnsox<+ budh tUeLFkyh gSA d`fr;ksa esa jktLFkku dh laLd`fr dSuokl ij vk;h gSAbu d`fr;ksa esa i'kq&ifk;ksa dk I;kj Hkh gSA rksrk] mM+uijh] ?kksM+k] ckbLdksi dktekoM+k jkes'oj flag dh tknqbZ d`fr;ksa dk fiVkjk gS tks le; ds pdz esa ihNs NwVsle; dks ;kn fnykrk gSA dykdkj us dykRed y; dks cuk, j[kk gSA dSuokl ijpV[k jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd jkes'oj flag usvius jaxksa ds fiVkjs esa izkphu laLd`fr ijkslh gS tks jktLFkku dh ijEijkxr yksddyk esa ;gk° fd laLd`fr dks n'kkZfr gSA

lUnHkZ1- MkW- isekjke] jktLFkku esa /keZ] lEiznk; o vkLFkk,°] izdk'kd bfrgkl foHkkx

ouLFkyh fo|kihB jktLFkku] izFke laLdj.k&2004] i`- la-&462- MkW- izse'kadj fosnh] jktLFkkuh fp=dyk] dyk izdk'kd lkdsr dkyksuh] ch-

,p- ;w- okjk.klh] izFke laLdj.k&2002 ] i`- la-&19]213- vk'kqrks"k xqIrk] jktLFkku lqtl lap;] Mksehfu;y ykW fMiks] t;iqj] laLdj.k&

1998] i`- la-&8304- ogh] i`- la-& 895] 8965- vk/kqfud n`f"V] dyk&fdj.k] Qjojh&vizSy&98] i`- la-&206- jktLFkku if=dk& t;iqj] 30 tqykbZ 20007- vk'kqrks"k xqIrk] jktLFkku lqtl lap;] Mksehfu;y ykW fMiks] t;iqj] laLdj.k&

1998] i`- la-&9768- fot; 'kadj JhokLro eksguyky xqIrk] :ik≥~du & i`- la-&212

tSlyesj dh ,sfrgkfld gosfy;ksa ds fHkfŸkfp=(iVqok gosyh ds lanHkZ esa)

?ku';ke xksLokeh

tSlyesj jktLFkku dh izkphure~ fj;klrksa esa ls ,d gSA jktLFkku dh vU;izflº fj;klrksa ftuesa tks/kiqj (1459 bZ-)] chdkusj (1488 bZ-)] mn;iqj (1559bZ-) vkSj t;iqj (1727 bZ-) dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] fdUrq tSlyesj fj;klr dh LFkkiuk1156 bZ- esa jko tSly kjk dh xbZA1 bl ifjizs; esa tSlyesj dh dyk vkSjLFkkiR; Hkh lokZf/kd izkphu jgs gSaA

tSlyesj fj;klr dh LFkkiuk nqxZ dh LFkkiuk ls gh ekuh tkrh gSA izkjafHkdlSdM+ksa o"kksaZ rd lqjkk vkSj vkcknh de gksus ds dkj.k nqxZ esa gh Hkou&fuekZ.k gq,vkSj leLr iztk blh nqxZ esa fuokl djrh FkhA dkykarj esa vkcknh ds ?kuRo foLrkjds dkj.k tSlyesj nqxZ ds ckgj tkrh; ckgqY; ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUUk tkfr;ksa dseksgYYks cusA bUgha eksgYyksa vkSj Hkouksa ds e/; tSlyesj dh izeq[k rhuksa izflºgosfy;ka ftuesa iVqok gosyh (1800&1860 bZ- ds e/; fufeZr)] lkfyeflag dhgosyh (1815 bZ- ds yxHkx fufeZr)] vkSj uFkey dh gosyh (1885 bZ- esa fufeZrgqbZ) Hkh fLFkr gSA lkfyeflag vkSj uFkey tSlyesj jkT; ds nhoku FksA iVqokgosyh ds fuekZrk ckQuk O;kikjh FksA

tSlyesj gosyh fHkfŸkfp=ksa dh rduhd] ek/;e ,oa fo"k;oLrqtSlyesj dh gosfy;ksa ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dks pwus ds ?kqVkbZ ;qDr fpdus IyLrj

ij lw[kh iºfr ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl pwus ds IyLrj lw[kus ds i'pkr~ bufp=ksa dh vkd`fr;ksa ,oa vyadj.kksa dk ckjhd js[kkadu dj fy;k tkrk FkkA ;gjs[kkadu izk;% dkyh js[kkvksa ls fd;k x;k gSA js[kkadu ds i'pkr~ bu vkd`fr;ksa esaLFkkuh; [kfut jaxksa dks Hkjdj vko';drkuqlkj Lo.kZ&jax ls Hkh iwfjr fd;k tkrkFkkA lw[kh iºfr ls fp=kadu gksus ds dkj.k vf/kdka'k fp=ksa ds jax mM+ x;s gSaAftudk ek= vkHkkl gh gksrk gSA lkFk gh js[kkadu dh dkyh js[kk,a n`f"Vxkspu gksrhgSA bu gosfy;ksa esa vkYgkn~] ‹k`axkj] lkefjd vfHk;ku] vkeksn&izeksn] vk[ksV]vyadj.k] i'kq&ikh vkSj O;fDrfp= Hkh cuk;s x;s gSaA

228


iVqok gosyh ds fHkfŸkfp=kas dk dykRed foospuiVqok gosyh dh mŸkjh iafDr dh ikapoh gosyh dks izrkiflag ckQuk us

cuok;hA2 bl gosyh ds ,d dk esa fHkfŸkfp= fo|eku gSa ftudk fooj.kfuEukafdr gS&

d`".k vkSj xksfi;k°& bl fp= dks xs#,a yky jax dh i`"BHkwfe ij fpf=rfd;k x;k gSA bls pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA fp= dh ck;ha vksj Hkou]igkM+ vkSj isM+ksa dk >qjeqV] e/; esa likV eSnku vkSj i`"B Hkkx esa nks mŸkqax igkfM+;ksads ikj iqu% eSnkuh Hkkx] vxzHkwfe esa unh dk izokg ftlesa dey iq"i f[kys gSaAfp= ds e/; yky xs#,a eSnku esa xksfi;k° flj ij eVfd;ka j[ks vk&tk jgh gSA buesad`".k us ,d xksih dk eVdk fxjk fn;k gS rFkk nwljh dk eVdk fxjkus dh eqnzk esa gSaA'ks"k xksfi;ka b'kkjs ls vius Hkkoksa dks O;Dr dj jgh gaSA nk;ha vksj ,d xksih unh esaugkdj ckgj [kM+h gS tks fd viuh os.kh dks laokjrs gqq, fpf=r dh xbZ gSA i`"BHkkx dh ,d igkM+h ij d`".k cSBs gSa] muds lkeus nks xksfi;ka vkSj nks xk;sa vkdf"kZrgksdj vk jgh gSaA blh igkM+h ds ik'oZ eas ,d vU; xksih xk;ksa dks ys tkrs gq,fpf=r dh x;h gSA fp= dk la;kstu vR;ar vkd"kZd gS] jax dkWUV™kLV;qDr gSaA lHkhxksfi;ksa dh iks'kkdsa jktLFkkuh gSA ftuesa ihyk] yky] gYdk tkequh] gjk vkSjdslfj;k jax Hkjs x;s gSaA bu xksfi;ksa dks yEch&yEch 'osr ekyk,a igus] Lo.kkZHkw"k.kigus fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA budh eq[kkd`fr esa xksy <+yqaok yykV] rh[kk fdUrqvxzHkkx ls fdafpr~ xksykbZ fy;s ukd] irys gksB] rh[ks u;u] ygjkrh yV esa vafdrfd;k x;k gSA

gkfFk;ksasa dk ou fopj.k & bl fHkfŸkfp= dh yky i`"BHkwfe ij xksy ?ksjsesa igkfM+;k°] unh dk izokg vkSj isM+ksa ds e/; pkSchl gkfFk;ksa dks LoNan fopj.kdjrs gq, rFkk isM+ksa dks fxjkrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA nwj kSfrth; igkM+h dse/; nks 'ksjksa dks fopj.k djrs gq, ,oa i`"BHkwfe ds vxzHkkx esa ,d igkM+h dh vksVesa nks 'ksjksa kjk ,d gkFkh dk f'kdkj djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl fp= esa,d 'ksj us gkFkh ds flj o dkuksa dks idM+ j[kk gS vkSj nwljk 'ksj gkFkh dh ihB ijp<+dj vkÿe.k dj jgk gSA blh fp= esa unh ds cgko ds nwljh rjQ nks igkfM+;ksadh vksV esa ikap 'osr xk;ksa dk fofHkUUk eqnzkvksa esa fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkjbl fp= ds ,fj;y ilZisfDVo dks fp=dkj us lQyrkiwoZd iznf'kZr fd;k gSAfp= dh igkfM+;ksa esa Hkh fofHkUUk jaxrksa dk iz;ksx djds ouLifr dks fpf=r fd;kx;k gSA isM+ksa eas Hkjs x;s gjs jax dh Hkh vusd jaxrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

f'kdkj n`'; & yky xs#,a jax dh i`"B Hkwfe ds e/; ,d gkFkh dks lokjlfgr rhoz xfr ls Hkkxrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA blds vkxs ,d ?kqM+lokj vR;ar

>qdh gqbZ eqnzk esa ekuksa fdlh NksVs tho dk utnhd ls f'kdkj dj jgk gksA gkFkh dsihNs nks ?kqM+lokj gkFkksa esa Hkkys fy, gq, vkSj ,d dqŸkk Hkh rst xfr ls Hkkxrs gq,fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA fp= ds leLr iq#"kksa dks mUUkr yykV] rh[kh ukd] xyeqPNksaesa] ixM+h] yEck tkek igus o dej esa iVdk ck°/ks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl fp=dh vxzHkwfe esa LysVh jax ds ≈cM+&[kkcM+ ry dk fp=.k dj ml ij gYds ykyjax dh vkHkk fn[kykbZ x;h gSA fp= vR;ar xfre; gSA

igyokuksa dk v[kkM+k & bl fp= esa N% ‚"V&iq"V igyokuksa dks fofHkUUkeqnzkvkas esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa e/; dh iq#"k tksM+h dks dq'rh djrs gq,]nksuksa fdukjs okys igyoku eqXny ?kqekrs gq, rFkk 'ks"k nksuksa iq#"k ,d gkFk ta?kkij vkSj nwljk gkFk lhus ij j[ks fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA lHkh dks cM+s&cMs+ dPNksa(v/kksoL=) ij yaxksV ck°/ks gq, fpf=r fd;k gSA bl fp= dh likV i`"BHkwfedkfyek ;qDr xgjs gjs jax dh gSA

;qº vfHk;ku & bl fp= dh i`"BHkwfe dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDrfd;k x;k gSA ,d Hkkx ds LysVh jax dh i`"BHkwfe ij 'osr jax ds egy dks vafdrdj mldh lqjkk eas lSfud rSukr fd;s x;s gSaA nwljs Hkkx esa izkd`frd okrkoj.k]igkM+ksa ds e/; yky Hkwfe ij iSny lSfud vk/kqfud os'kHkw"kk ºisaV&dksVΩ esa vkSjmuds ihNs gkFkh o v'o lsuk fpf=r dh xbZ gSA rksiksa dks xksys NksM+rs gq, fpf=rfd;k x;k gSA blh n`'; dh bl igkfM+;ksa ds e/; ls taxyh lwvj Hkh Hkkxrs gq,fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA ftuesa ls ,d ij 'ksj >iV jgk gSA

gkfFk;ksa dh yM+kbZ & bl fp= eas e/; esa nks gkFkh vkeus&lkeus yM+us esa jr~gSaA ftu ij p<+s gq, egkor vkSj ihNs ls dqN lSfud Hkkyksa ls gkfFk;ksa dks mdlk jgsgSaA bu gkfFk;ksa ds e/; ikoksa ds uhps frdksu yEck vojks/k j[kk gqvk gS] ftlijnksuksa gkfFk;ksa ds vxzikao j[ks gq, gSaA bl fp= esa lHkh iq#"k ?kqVuksa rd tkek igus]dej esa iVdk cka/ks vkSj flj ij xksy ixM+h igus fpf=r gSaA

gkfFk;ksa dh yM+kbZ ns[krs jktk & bl fHkfŸkfp= ds e/; nks dkys fo'kkydk;gkfFk;ksa dks yM+rs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA buds ≈ij Hkh egkor cSBs gq, gSa rFkkihNs ?kqM+lokj fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA nwj ,d egy ds >jks[ks ls jktk dks cSBs gq,vkSj muds lkeus o ihNs ,d&,d vuqpj dks [kM+h eqnzk esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSAlEeq[k [kM+s vuqpj ds xksy yky ixM+h ºekjokM+h O;olk;h tSlhΩ igus gq, gSaAjktk ds flj ds i`"B Hkkx esa js[kkvksa ls izdk'kiqat cuk;k x;k gSA bl fp= dsvkdk'k esa ?kqeM+rs dq.Myh; cknyksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gS tks fd tks/kiqjfp='kSyh ds ifjpk;d gSaA bu cknyksa ds fp=.k ls vuqqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fdbl fp= esa tks/kiqj ds fp=dkjksa dk Hkh lg;ksx fy;k x;k gksxkA fp= ds jax mrj

229


pqds gSaA jktk vkSj vuqpj okys egy ds uhps fdlh us lQsnh iksr nh gS ftllslexz fp= fn[kykbZ ugha iM+rkA

f'kdkj n`'; vkSj QkSth yoktek & ;g ,d Hk;kud f'kdkj n`'; gSAftlesa vkeus&lkeus ?kqM+lokjksa ,oa iSny lSfudksa us gfj.kksa] 'ksjksa vkSj taxyh lwvjksadks ?ksj fy;k gS tks fd Hkkyksa vkSj cjNksa ls izgkj dj jgs gSaA gfj.kksa dh Hk;krqjHkkxus o eqM+dj ns[kus dh eqnzk,a] 'ksjksa dk >iVuk vkSj lwvjksa dk ≈Ny dj nkSM+ukvkfn vR;ar LokHkkfod eqnzk esa gSaA bu lHkh vkd`fr;ksa ds e/; cgqr de vUrjkygksus ds dkj.k iwjs n`'; eas vQjk&rQjh eph gqbZ gSA fp= dh js[kk,a izcy vkSjizokgh gSA vkd`fr;ka Hkh iw.kZ vuqikfrd gSA ;|fi bl fp= ds jax mrj pqds gS fQjHkh dgha&dgha jaxksa dk vkHkkl feyrk gSA bl fp= ds js[kkadu esa iz;qDr dkyhjs[kk,a fn[kykbZ iM+rh gSA fp= dk la;kstu vR;ar dq'ky fp=dkj kjk fpf=rfd;k x;k gSA

fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd tSlyesj dh iVqok gosyh ds fHkfŸk fp=19oha lnh esa fpf=r fd;s x;sA bu fp=ksa dks lw[kh iºfr ls fpdus pwus ds IyLrjij dkyh js[kkvksa ds js[kkfp=ksa ls cukdj muesa jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bufp=ksa esa fofo/k fo"k;&oLrq ls lEcfU/kr /kkfeZd fp=] f'kdkj n`';] ;qº] gkfFk;ksadk ou&fopj.k] igyokuksa ds v[kkM+s] gkfFk;ksa dh yM+kbZ ,oa Qwy&ifŸk;ksa dsvyadj.k vkfn la;ksftr fd;s x;s gSaA iVqok gosyh ds bu fp=ksa esa tSlyesj dhekSfyd fp='kSyh dh >yd Hkh feyrh gSA bu fp=ksa esa LFkkuh; oL=kHkw"k.k]ukd&uD'k vkfn dk tSlyesj 'kSyh esa fp=.k gqvk gSA ftlesa d`".k vkSj xksfi;ksa*okyk fp= mYYks[kuh; gSA 19oha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs tSlyesj fj;klr ds tks/kiqj]chdkusj vkSj mn;iqj fj;klrksa ls Hkh oSokfgd lEcU/k LFkkfir gks pqds FksA QyLo#itSlyesj fp='kSyh ds cus bu fp=ksa eas futLo ds lkFk&lkFk tks/kiqj vkSj chdkusjfp='kSyh dk Hkh dqN fp=ksa esa izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA3 ^gkfFk;ksa dh yM+kbZ dksns[krs jktk* okys fHkfŸkfp= esa dq.Myhuqek ckny tks/kiqj fp='kSyh dh fof'k"Vigpku jgs gSaA bu fj;klrksa esa fp=dkjksa dk vknku&iznku Hkh gksrk jgk gSA blhizdkj vusd HkkVh fp=dkj tks/kiqj fj;klr esa Hkh fp=dkjh djrs FksA4

lanHkZ1 lqjs'ojkuUn&vkVZ ,.M vkfdZVsDpj vkWQ tSlyesj] fjlpZ ifCyllZ] tks/kiqj]

1990] i`"B&iii2 iwoksZDr] i`"B 773 iwoksZDr] i`"B 774 eqa'kh nsohizlkn& ekjokM+ ejnqe'kqekjh fjikVZ] 1891] i`"B 509

lfjLdk ks= ds izeq[k rhFkZLFky(fo'ks"kdj uhydaB eafnj)

MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ

,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls egkjktk t;flag us ;gk° lfjLdk esa jkt izklkn dkfuekZ.k djok;k Fkk ftlesa izk;% egkjkt ds vk[ksV f'kfoj yxk;s x;sA blesa ewyr%ns'kh&fons'kh jktdh; esgekuksa dks vk[ksV djk;s tkrs FksA Dohu foDVksfj;k ds iq=M~;wad vkWQ dykV ds lEeku esa mUgsa 19oha lnh ds var esa lfjLdk ds egy esaBgjk;k x;k FkkA

Hkkjr ds dbZ iz/kkuea=h viuh ;k=k esa ;gk° Bgj pqds gSaA vktdy lfjLdkdk ;g HkO; egy gksVy ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks pqdk gS] vkSj dbZ ns'kksa ds fons'kho ns'kh i;ZVd bl vHk;kj.; dks ns[kus vkrs gS ijUrq lfjLdk ks= fo'ks"k esa fLFkrizeq[k rhFkZLFkyksa ls vfufHkK gSa] vr% gekjk mÃs'; bu rhFkZLFkyksa esa fo'ks"kdjuhydaB eafnj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks mtkxj djrk gSA

ik.Mqiksy;g lfjLdk dk izeq[k rhFkZLFkyksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk° guqeku th dh ,d ysVh

gqbZ HkO; ewfrZ gS tks fd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,d ek= gSA bl efUnj dh izfr"Bk ckckfuHkZ;nkl us dh Fkh] ;gh fuHkZ;nkl ckck dh lekf/k gSA ;g rhFkZLFky lfjLdk xsVls 20 fdyksehVj vUnj ?kus taxyksa esa gSa] eafnj ls yxHkx Ms+< fd-eh- dh nwjh ijik.Mqiksy gSA ;g /kjkry ls iSarhl QqV dh ≈°pkbZ ij ,d izkd`frd igkM+ dkVdj cuk;k x;k gS] dgk tkrk gS fd vKkrokl ds le; ik.Moksa us ;gk° fuokl fd;kFkkA ,d ckj dkSjoksa us mUgsa ?ksj fy;k] vr% Hkhe us igkM+ esa xnk ekj dj ekxZcuk;kA ;gk° Hkknok 'kqDy prqFkhZ o iapeh dks guqeku th dk yD[kh esyk yxrk gSAbl izfrek ds izlax dks egkHkkjr dky ls tksM+k tkrk gS ftlesa jkLrs esa ysVs gq, o`ºcUnj dks Hkhe jkLrs ls gVus ds fy, dgrk gSa] rc cw<+s cUnj us Hkhe ls viuh iw°N,d vkSj gVkus ds fy, dgk] Hkhe us iwjh rkdr ls iw°N dks gVkuk pkgk ysfdu ogiw°N dks rfud Hkh ugha fgyk ldk] rc guqekuth us vius vlyh :i esa Hkhe dksn'kZu fn;sA

230


HkrZgfjlfjLdk ds vkapy esa vyoj ls 34 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr ;g riL;k LFkyh

HkrZgfj ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA izkÑfrd LFky gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g /kkfeZd ,oa,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA mTtSu ds ;ksxhjkt HkrZgfj us vius vafre fnuksaesa vyoj dks gh viuk riL;k LFky cuk;kA ;s mTtSu ds 'kkld foÿekfnR;ijekj ds cM+s HkkbZ FksA xq: xksj[kukFk ls izHkkfor gksdj os ukFk cu x, budspeRdkjksa dh dbZ xkFkk,° gSA bl lekf/k LFky ij yxkrkj T;ksfr tyrh gS vkSjlekf/k ds ikl ls gh ,d /kkjk fujarj izokfgr gksrh jgrh gSA ;gk° gj o"kZ Hkknz invkSj cSlk[k ekg esa Hkr`Zgfj dk esyk yxrk gSA

ukjk;.kh ekrk dk efUnj;g Hkh lfjLdk ds vapy esa jktx<+ ds cynsox<+ dLcs ls 2&3 ehy dh

nwjh ij cj[kk Mwaxjh dh rygVh esa vR;Ur je.kh;] izkd`frd rhFkZ LFkku gSA tgk°ukjk;.kh ekrk fojkteku gSA bl efUnj ds Bhd lkeus laxejej dk ,d dq.M gS tksfd izkÑfrd Fkk ftls laxejej esa cuk fn;k x;kA ;gk° xje ty dh /kkjk cgrh gS]dgrs gS fd blesa ugkus ls dksM+ Bhd gks tkrk gSS] bl rhFkZ ij ukbZ lekt dh cM+hvkLFkk gS] ;gk° dsyk] dsoyM+k vkSj dpukj bR;kfn ds l?ku ou gSaA ;gk° izfro"kZcSlk[k 'kqDy ,dkn'kh dks esyk yxrk gSA

rky o`klfjLdk ds lehi vyoj ls yxHkx 40 fdyksehVj nwj ukjk;.kiqj ekxZ ij

rky o`k uked LFky gSA bl LFky esa nks ikl&ikl dqaM gS ^^ftlesa ,d 'khryrFkk nwljs esa xeZ ty Hkjk gqvk gSA ikSjkf.kd dky esa ;gk° e.M.; _f"k dk vkJeFkkA ;gk° xaxk] lw;Z o guqeku ds eafnj gSaA ;g LFky viuh Nrfj;ksa ds fy;s Hkhizflº gS] ;gk° gesa lkr Nrfj;ka feyh gS tks Hk.Mkjok ds Bkdqjksa dh gS blesa ,dfo'kky Nrjh gS tks 10 QqV ≈°ps pcwrjs ij cuh gqbZ gSA budk le; 18oha 'krkCnhds mŸkjkºZ dk gSA blds lehi ,d izkphu nsoky; gSA nloha 'krkCnh dk dkysik"kk.k esa fufeZr ;g eafnj vc ek= xHkZx`g ds :i esa gh fLFkr gSA vkesj ds 'kkldjkeflag us 18oha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa ;gk° nks dqaM cuok, ftlesa ls ,d esa xHkZ onwljs esa BaMh /kkjk izHkkfor gS tks fd i;ZVu dh n`f"V ls vufHkK gSA

lhyhls<+vyoj ls 16 fdyksehVj nwj rhu vksj ls vjkoyh ioZr ‹k`a[kykvksa ls f?kjk

;g je.kh; LFky i;ZVdksa ds vkd"kZ.k dk izeq[k dsUnz gSA bl LFky dk lkSUn;Z ?kus

taxyksa vkSj igkM+h ls f?kjh uhyh >hy esa fleVk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA >hy ds fdukjsjktLFkku i;ZVu fodkl fuxe ds ysd iSysl gksVy esa Bgjus dh mfpr O;oLFkk gSAbl iSysl dk fuekZ.k egkjktk fou; flag us 1844 esa viuh jkuh 'khyk ds fy;sdjok;k tks fd vc vkj-Vh-Mh-lh- ds gksVy esa rCnhy gks x;kA

ukyns'oj;g vyoj vkSj Fkkukxkth ds e/; igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr gSA ukyns'oj esa

egknso th dk eafnj gS tks uSlfxZd igkM+h pV~Vkuksa ls cuk gqvk gSA ;gk° eafnjuqekpV~Vku ls fujUrj ikuh fxjrk jgrk gSA chgM+] taxy] igkM+h] ukyk vkSj ,duSlfxZd dqaM ;gk° dh 'kksHkk c<+krs gSaA

dkadokM+h fdyk,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls lfjLdk ls 22 fd-eh- nwj fLFkr dkadokM+h fdyk ,d

n'kZuh; LFkku gSA vkSjaxtsc us vius cM+s HkkbZ nkjk dks blh fdys esa canh cuk j[kkFkkA ;g txg Hkh i;ZVu dh n`f"V ls vufHkK gSA

uhyd.BlfjLdk dh izÑfr dh xksn esa fLFkr uhyd.B dk LFkku fojkVuxj ls 30

fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gS tks pkjksa rjQ ≈°ph&≈°ph vjkoyh ioZr J`a[kykvksa lsifjosf"Br gSA ;gk° lfjLdk dk la?ku taxy ks= gS] ftl lM+d ekxZ ls bl LFky esaizos'k fd;k tkrk gS] og bruk Vs<+k&es<+k ,oa [krjukd gS] ftls dkyh?kkVh ds uke lstkuk tkrk gSA dkyh ?kkVh ls tc bl jkLrs ij eqM+rs gSa rks isM+ksa ds >qjeqV esa fNik,d njokt+k vkrk gS] bl njokts dks ikj djrs gh lfjLdk dk l?ku taxy fQj'kq: gks tkrk gSA ;g ks= ^Vkbxj csYV* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA NksVs&NksVs igkM+]unh] ukyksa dks ikj dj iUnzg fdyksehVj pyus ds ckn vpkud ,d fdys ds n'kZugksrs gSa] pkjksa rjQ ijdksVs dh rjg fkfrt ls Nwrh igkM+h nhokj vkSj mlds chpisM+ksa ls vkPNkfnr ,d igkM+h ij cus dkadokM+h fdys dh rygVh ls ,d jkLrkuhyd.B dks pyk tkrk gSA ikjkruxj] jktkSjx<+ vkfn ukeksa ls fo[;kr ;g,sfrgkfld LFky 9oha 'krkCnh ls ysdj vkt rd gqbZ vusd mFky&iqFky dhlkaLÑfrd fojklr dks vius vkapy esa ltks, gq, gSA [kqtjkgksa dh 'kSyh esa [kqtjkgksls iwoZ cus eafnj LFkkiR; ,oa rk.k dyk dh n`f"V ls mRd`"V gSA

iqjkrRo foHkkx us uhyd.B esa vusd LFkkuksa dh [kqnkbZ dj vrhr ds xHkZ lsfNis jgL;ksa dks mt+kxj djus dk iz;kl fd;k] fdUrq vHkh Hkh ;g LFkku ,d vcw>igsyh cuk gqvk gSA ;gk° dsoy fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa dh gh ugha vfirq tSu rhFkZadj

231


vkSj u tkus fdrus nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ka fc[kjh iM+h gSaA oLrqr% ;gk° dh mRd"kZewfrZ;k° ml le; dh foyk.k dyk dk ifjp; nsrk gSA mUgsa ns[kdj lgt gh ;gvuqeku Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh le; ;g LFky dyk vkSj laLd`fr dk,d izeq[k dsUnz jgk gksxkA uhydaB esa fdrus gh eafnj dky dh xrZ esa lek x;s vkSjfdrus gh ekVh dh irZ esa vHkh Hkh ncs iMs+ gSA ysfdu uhyd.B egknso dk eafnjvc Hkh vU; eafnjksa dh viskk vf/kd lqjfkr gSA

uhydaB efUnjuhydaB eafnj dk fuekZ.k 10oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZºZ esa gqvk gksxkA ^^x.ks'k

izfrek** dh pj.k pkSdh ls izkIr foÿe laor~ 1010 (953 bZ-) ds y?kq vfHkys[kls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd mi;qZDr ewfrZ dh LFkkiuk ds le; uhydaB eafnj esa fuR; iwtkvpZuk vkfn gksrh FkhA blh ÿe esa gesa mYys[k feyrk gS fd foÿe laor~ 1016(956 bZ-) dk jkT;iqj ds cM+xqtj jktk eFkunso dk nku vfHkys[k ;g Li"Vdjrk gS fd bl frfFk ls cgqr igys eafnj vfLrRo esa vk pqdk FkkA ewfrZdyk ,oaLFkkiR; dh 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh lHkkeaMi ds LrEHkksa rFkkizfrHkkvksa dk vadu ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ;g uoha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa fufeZrgqvk gksxkA eafnj dk xHkZx`g] eaMi rFkk izos'k kj vHkh Hkh iwoZor~ gSa tcfd foÿelaor~ 1016 ds vfHkys[k esa mYysf[kr xkS.k vk;rr iw.kZr% /oLr gks pqds gSA eq[;uhydaB eafnj if'pekfHkeq[kh gSA blds xHkZx`g esa DokV™Zt dkys iRFkj dk f'kofyaxizfrf"Br gSA blh vk/kkj ij nsork ,oa vk;ru dk ukedj.k Hkh uhydaB iM+kAlHkkeaMi ds LrEHk xksykdkj gS ,oa izR;sd LrEHk ij u`R; n`';ksa ds vºZfp= vafdrgSA LrEHkksa ds pkjksa vkSj fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa viljkvksa dk fp=.k mUgsa xfre;rkiznku djrk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd viljk;sa LrEHk dh ifjÿek dj jgh gSA

^^xHkZx`g ds rhuksa izeq[k rk[kksa esa ÿe'k% ujflag] lw;Z] fo".kq&cz„k&f'ko dkla;qDr foxzg rFkk f=iqjkUrj f'ko dh ewfrZ;k° vf/kf"Br gSA** ujflag vorkj dkfp=.k ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj dk ,d vU;mnkgj.k lehiorhZ eafnj ds vo'ks"kksa esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA ^^uhydaB eafnj dsxHkZx`g dh i`"B Hkkx dh fHkfŸk ds izeq[k rk[k esa lw;Z&fo".kq&cz„k&f'ko dk la;qDr:i vafdr fd;k x;k gSA** ;gk° izeq[k 'kjhj lw;Z nso dk gSA ftlesa ije cz„ dsrhuksa Lo:i] fo".kq ,oa f'ko dk leUo; gks jgk gSA oLrqr% LFkkiR; dh ;g lHkhizeq[k fo'ks"krk,° xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dh fo'ks"krk dks Hkh crykrh gSA

^^uhydaB eafnj ds vn~Hkqr LFkkiR; ds lkFk bl LFky ls gesa tSu rhFkZdjdh ,d fo'kky izfrek lfn;ksa ckn Hkh dky dks vaxwBk fn[kkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa

tks fd lksyg QqV ≈°ph vkSj Ng QqV pkSM+h gS] bldks pkjksa rjQ eafnj dsdykRed vo'ks"kksa dk vEckj yxk gqvk gSA** blds vfrfjDr yxHkx 18 eafnjksads vo'ks"k 5 fdyksehVj ks= esa QSys gq;s gSA ijUrq ns[kHkky ds vHkko esa ;g /khjs&/khjs xrZ esa feyrs tk jgs gSaA ;|fi iqjkrkfRod foHkkx kjk dqN iz;kl fd;s tk jgsgSa ijUrq og Hkh i;kZIr ugha gS] ftlls izkphu Hkkjrh; ks=h; laLÑfr /kqyfey gks jghgSA ;|fi ljdkj kjk lfjLdk vapy ds fofHkUu rhFkZLFkyksa ij okf"kZd esyksa ijlqpk: O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS ijUrq LFky taxy ds dkj.k lk/kuksa dk lqpk: :i lsiz;ksx ugha gks ikrk gSA lfjLdk dk ;g vapy dsoy lM+d ekxZ ds kjk tqM+k gSijUrq lM+ds VwVh gqbZ vkSj ≈cM+ [kkcM+ gSA orZeku esa t;iqj vyoj ekxZ HkhFkkukxkth ls ysdj ekyk[ksM+k ekxZ rd [kjkc gS] ljdkj ds kjk dksbZ fo'ks"k /;kuugha fn;k tk jgk ftlesa rhFkZ ;kf=;ksa o ;gk° vk;s lSykfu;ksa dks dkQh fnDdr dklkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bl ks= esa ljdkjh clksa dh Hkh lqpk: lqfo/kk ugha gSAdsoy esys ds le; ls gh iz'kklu ds kjk vfrfjDr clksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSAtcfd lfjLdk ds vkl&ikl dbZ i;ZVd LFky gSA fo'ks"k :i ls lhyhls<+]HkrZ`gfj] rkyo`k vkfn tks fd i;ZVu dh n`f"V ls vufHkK gSA ;fn iz'kklu ds kjkbl ks= fo'ks"k ij /;ku fn;k tk;s rks uk dsoy rhFkZ ;kf=;ksa ds fy;s lqfo/kk gkstk;s] vfirq lSykfu;ksa dh la[;k c<+ ldrh gS vkSj yksxksa dks jkstxkj Hkh izkIr gksldrk gSA

232


jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks izfrfcfEcrdjrk <ksyk ek: jk nwgk

lquhrk oekZ

laLd`fr ds nks ik Lohdkj fd, x, gSa&HkkSfrd ik vkSj vH;karj ikAHkkSfrd ik dk laca/k gekjs [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kk] vkHkw"k.k vkfn ls gS tcfdvkH;Urj ik dyk] lkfgR;] /keZ ls lacaf/kr gSA1 ^^laLd`fr ds nks ik gksrsgSa&HkkSfrd ik rFkk vkH;kUrj ikA laLd`fr dh LFkwy HkkSfrdrk thou ds vk/kkjHkwr lzksrksa rd dsfUnzr jgrh gS ftlesa gekjk [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kk] [ksrh&ckM+hm|ksx&/ka/ks] O;olk; rFkk oL=&vkHkw"k.k dk ifjp; jgrk gSA laLd`fr ds vkH;kUrjik esa lkfgR;] /keZ] dyk] euksjatu ds fofo/k lk/kuksa dh ifjx.kuk dh tkrh gSAlaLd`fr dk HkkSfrd /kjkry gekjh nSfgd kq/kk dks ifjr`Ir djrk gS rks mldhvarjaxrk gekjh vkRek dks ifjrks"k iznku djrh gSA**2 Hkkjro"kZ dk ‚n;LFkyjktLFkku fo'kky izns'k gSA ;gk° yksd lkfgR; dh le`º ijEijk jgh gS] ftldkv/;;u ;gk° dh lH;rk] laLd`fr] /keZ] jhfr&fjokt] dyk ,oa lkfgR;] lkekftdtkxj.k ,oa vkdkakkvksa dk lwe voyksdu djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA jktLFkku dhlkaLd`frd fof'k"Vrkvksa dh >yd ;gk° ds yksd lkfgR; esa Hkyh&Hkk°fr ns[kh tkldrh gSA yksxkFkk yksd lkfgR; dk ,d :i gSA

^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* izflº yksd xkFkk gSA blesa iwxy ds jkt fiaxy dhiq=h ekjo.kh rFkk ujojx<+ ds jktk uy ds iq= lkYg dq°oj (<ksyk) dh izsedFkkdgha xbZ gSA blesa lEiw.kZ yksd lekt] jhfr&fjokt laca/k laLdkj] R;kSgkj ijEijkvksadk fp=.k gSA ;g yksd xkFkkvksa yksd laLd`fr dh iksf"kr djrh gSA bl yksd xkFkkesa jktLFkku dh laLd`fr lkdkj gks xbZ gSA <ksyk ek: jk nwgk jktLFkku dh tkrh;fo'ks"krkvksa dk vfrh; dkO; gSA jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dk bruk ljl] O;kid vkSjLokHkkfod fp= vU;= nqyZHk gSA rRdkyhu jgu&lgu] jhfr&O;ogkj] ekuo ewY;vkfn lHkh n`f"V;ksa ls lacaf/kr thou dh dksbZ u dksbZ >yd bl dkO; esa fo|ekugSA oLrqr% fdlh Hkh yksdxkFkk dk v/;;u blh n`f"V ls gksuk Hkh pkfg,A ^<ksykek: dk nwgk* esa fpf=r laLd`fr dks jktLFkku ds [kku&iku] os'k&Hkw"kk] vkHkw"k.k]ioZ ,oa R;kSgkj] yksd O;ogkj vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk dk lekt jktLFkkuh lekt gSA vr% fo'ks"k voljksa ijcuk, tkus okys ykilh fe"Bku dk mYys[k blds :id kjk gqvk gS&fnu esa T;kSukjgqbZ ftlesa eu pkoy] ru ykilh ,oa us= ?kh dh /kkjk gSA mnkgj.k nz"VO; gS&NV~BsizgjSa fnol dS gq, t the.kgkj eu pkoy] ru ykilh] uS.kk t ?kh dh /kkjkA3

ykilh gyq, dh rjg gksrh gSA fo'ks"kr% mRloksa ij ykilh cM+s pko ls [kkbZ vkSjf[kykbZ tkrh gSA ,d vU; LFky ij xje Hkkr dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk izhre rksjbdkj.kb] rkrk Hkkr u [kkfgA4 bl izdkj [kku&iku dk o.kZu bl yksdxkFkk esa feyrkgSA os'k&Hkw"kk laca/kh mYys[k Hkh blesa feyrk gSA jktLFkku esa fookg ds volj ijoj yky jax ds oL= /kkj.k djrk gSA izLrqr dkO; esa Hkh bl izdkj ds oL=ksa dko.kZu gSA ekjok.kh <ksyk dks lEcksf/kr djds dgrh gS&

<ksyk] <hyh gj eq>] nksBm /kjkks tjkksgpksy cjUus dIiM+s] lkoj ?ku tjs.kgA 5

jktLFkku esa flj ij ixM+h dk Hkh izpyu gSA bldk mYys[k Hkh dkO; esagqvk gSA ;Fkk&

ldrh cka/ks ohVqyh <hyh esYgs yTtA 6

jktLFkku esa fL=;k° ?kk?kjk o dk°pyh /kkj.k djrh gSA ?kk?kjs laca/kh o.kZunsf[k,A

?kEe ?kEearb ?kk?kjs] my>;kS tk.k x;anA 7

jktLFkku ds L=h iq:"k nksuksa gh vkHkw"k.k igurs gSaA ekjok.kh ds dkuksa esa'kksfHkr dqMy o xys esa 'kksfHkr Vadkoy gkj dk o.kZu nz"VO; gSA

dkus dq.My HkygybZ daB Vadkoy gkj 8

jktLFkku vius jax&fcjaxs oL=ksa o vkHkw"k.kksa ds dkj.k viuh vyx igpkuj[krk gSA ;gk° izR;sd R;ksgkj] laLdkjksa ij uj&ukjh jax fcjaxs ifj/kkuksa esa utj vkrsgSaA

jktLFkku ds yksd thou esa R;kSgkjksa dk Hkh cgqr egŸo gSA lkouh rht]dktyh rht] x.kxkS.k gksyh] n'kgjk vkfn R;ksgkjksa dk mYys[k <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk esafeyrk gSA lkouh rht Jkoy 'kqDyk r`rh;k dks euk;h tkrh gSA ekjo.kh dgrhgS&<ksyk! ;fn rqe Jko.kh r`rh;k dks Hkh ugha vk;s rks eSa izk.k ns nw°xhA

tm raaw lkfgc ukfo;m lko.kk igyh rhtAchty rjkb] >cwdM+b eaw?k ejslh [khtA 9

rFkk dtyh rht Hkknz d`".k r`rh;k dks gksrh gSA lqgkfxuksa ds fy, bldk HkhegŸo gSA ekjo.kh dgrh gS&

233


tb rwa <ksyk ukfo;m dktfy;kjh rhtAped ejslh ekjoh] ns[k f[korka chtAA 10

blds vfrfjDr gksyh dk R;kSgkj Hkh jktLFkku dk yksdfiz; R;ksgkj gSAbldk mYys[k Hkh bl yksd xkFkk esa feyrk gSA jax vkSj mYykl ds bl mRlo esafL=;k° ^pkpj* [ksyrh gSa] xhr xkrh gSa vkSj vR;Ur mRlkgiwoZd gksyh eukrh gSaAek[k.kh dgrh gS fd <ksyk ;fn rqe Qkxqu eghus esa u vk;s rks esa pkpj [ksyus dscgkus gksyh dh vkx esa dwn iMwa°xhA

Qkxq.kk ekfl clar :r vk;mtZb u lq.ksflApkpfjdb fel [ksyrh] kgsyh >aikosflA 11

oLrqr% gksyh ds cklarh R;ksgkj esa yksd&ekul [kqydj jaxjsfy;k° eukrk gSAbl R;ksgkj ls yksd thou dk xgjk rknkE; gSA <ksyk ek: dk nwgk esa fofHkUulaLdkjksa ds le; ds jhfr&fjoktksa dks Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;Fkk fookg ds le;ekrk&firk viuh lkeF;Z ds vuqlkj LosPNk ls migkj nsrs gSaA fiaxy Hkh ek[k.kh dks[kwc /ku nsrs gSaA

lksoa°u&tfM+r fla?kkj cg] ek:o.kh eqdykbAx;] gsaoj cgqr] nhUgh fiaxy jkbAA 12

blds vfrfjDr jktLFkkuh lekt esa fookg ds i'pkr~ xkSus dh izFkk gSftlds ckn o/kw llqjky vkus tkus yx tkrh gSA bldk mYys[k <ksyk ek: jk nwgk*esa feyrk gSA lkYg dq°oj vikj g"kZ ds lkFk iUnzg fnuksa rd llqjky jgrk gSA

iujg fnu yqx lkljb jfg;m lkYgdqekjAiwxy Hkxrk° uo uoh dh/kh gj[k vikjAA 13

fookgksijkar o/kw] llqjky tkrh gS] fdUrq xkSus dh izFkk ds ckn gh ogllqjky vf/kd fnu Bgj ldrh gSA ;g izFkk jktLFkku esa orZeku esa Hkh izpfyr gSAjktLFkku esa ?kw°?kV dh izFkk ds izpyu ds ladsr Hkh <ksyk ek: jk nwgk* esa fn[kkbZ nsrsgSaA bl izdkj fofHkUu laLdkjksa o izFkkvksa dks bl yksdxkFkk esa oftZr fd;k x;k gSA;g jktLFkku dh laLd`fr ls gesa voxr djkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`frus tgk° ,d vksj ln~O;ogkj ,oa lgkuqHkwfr dh Hkkouk dks tUe fn;k ogk° nwljhvksj lkekftd f'k"Vkpkjksa ds izfr Hkh yksd dks lpsru fd;k gSA lekt esa bl ckrdks fo'ks"k egRo iznku fd;k x;k gS fd fofHkUu yksxksa ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkjdjuk pkfg,A ^<ksyk ek:* esa ;|fi yksd O;ogkj dk o.kZu cgqr de gqvk gSrFkkfi ;=&r= bldh >yd fey tkrh gSA rn~;qxhu lekt esa gesa vkpkj&fopkj vkSj f'k"Vkpkj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh vizfre fof'k"Vrk

,oa /kekZpj.k dk vfHkUu vax jktLFkku esa fd;k tkus okyk vfrfFk lRdkj gSAjktLFkku dh ^?kj vk;k cSjh ikgq.kk* tSlh dgkorsa bldh lkkh gSaA ^<ksyk ek: jknwgk* esa vfrfFk lRdkj dh ijEijk dk ikyu gqvk gSA tc vdky&xzLr gksdjfiaxy uy ds ?kj tkrs gSa rks&

uy jktk vknj fi;m] tm jktfo;k° tksxkA 14

oLrqr% ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* jktLFkku dh yksd laLd`fr dk vkbZuk gSA bllaLd`fr esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds cSeuL;] s"k] iwokZxzg vFkok nqjkxzgiw.kZ HksnHkko ugksdj] loZ/keZ leHkko] ^loZtufgrk;* rFkk ^loZtu lq[kk;* dh Hkkouk fo|ekujgrh gSA ;g yksdxkFkk jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr dh bUnz/kuq"kh NVk izLrqr djrh gSAblesa izLrqr laLd`fr vfrfFk nsoks Hko* dh mikld gS rFkk 'kj.kkxr /keZ dks lEekunsrh gSA ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dks izfrfcfEcr djus okyh ,dl'kDr jpuk gSA blesa jktLFkkuh laLd`fr ds izR;sd igys dks vfHkO;fDr feyh gSAjktLFkku ds [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kk] vkHkw"k.k] laLdkjksa] jhfr&fjoktksa yksd fo'oklksadk o.kZu bl yksdxkFkk esa feyrk gSA blesa jktLFkku ds yksd thou dk izfrfcfEc>ydrk gSA

lanHkZ1- kfjdk izlkn lDlsuk] fnudj dk dkO;] i`-&172- MkW- uUnyky dYyk] jktLFkkuh yksd lkfgR; ,oa laLd`fr] i`-&1283- jkeflag vkSj ujksŸke Lokeh] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk] nksgk&587] i`-&1424- ogh] nksgk&160] i`-&365- jkeflag vkSj ujksŸke Lokeh] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk] nksgk&139] i`-&316- ogh] nksgk&500] i`-&1197- MkW- d`".k dqekj 'kekZ (laik-)] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk] i`-&708- ogh9- jkeflag vkSj ujksŸke Lokeh] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk] nksgk&149] i`-&3310- ogh] nksgk&150] i`-&3311- ogh] nksgk&145] i`-&3212- ogh] nksgk&594] i`-&14313- ogh] nksgk&594] i`-&14314- jkeflag vkSj ujksŸke Lokeh] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk] nksgk&3] i`-&1

234


Qrsgiqj nqxZ o ye.kx<+ nqxZ %,d rqyukRed v/;;u

iwue ywuhoky

Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa LFkkiR; esa nqxZ lajpuk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo/kk gSA lqjkk lslEcº gksus ds dkj.k nqxksZa dk ukxfjd lH;rk ds bfrgkl esa izkjaHk ls gh fof'k"V;ksxnku jgk gSA vusd lkfgfR;d rFkk iqjkrkfRod lk;ksa ls nqxksZa ds vfLrRo dkizek.k izkphudky ls gh feyus yxrk gSA1 Hkkjr ds izkphure xzaFk ΩXosn esa nqxZ dsfy, vf/kdka'kr% ^iqj* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA2 ,d vksj tgk° izkphure xazFkΩXosn esa budk mYys[k gqvk gS] ogha Hkkjr dh lcls izkphu laLd`fr ds dsUnzgM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks ls Hkh buds vo'ks"k izdk'k esa vk, gSaA jkek;.k ds r`rh;lxZ esa nqxZ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA3 bl izdkj Hkkjr esa nqxksZa ds vfLrRo ds izek.kvfr izkphudky ls gh feyus yxrs gSaA nqxZ] fdyk] x<+] dksV vFkok QksVZ ewyr%jkT; 'kfDr vkSj lkefjd LFkkiR; ds gh izrhd gSA4 nqxZ dgha ds Hkh gks os ewyr%jktlŸkk ds gh dsUnz gksrs gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk tc yksxksa esa laxBu,oa nwljksa ls i`Fkdrk dh Hkkouk vkbZ mlh ls nqxZ fuekZ.k dks c<+kok feykA

nqxZ fuekZ.k dh dgkuh ekuo lH;rk ds ÿfed fodkl ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA vkfnekuo lH;rk ds lksikuksa dks p<+rk xqQk ls ckgj fudydj eSnkuksa esa vkSj ?kj uxjclus ds lkFk tc jkT; 'kfDr dk mn; gqvk rks vfLrRo dk ladV vkSj Hkh xgjk gksx;kA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lqjkk dh bl Hkkouk us xk°oksa vkSj uxjksa dspkjksa vkSj cuus okyh izkphj dks tUe fn;kA izkphu uxjksa ds mR[kuu esa bl izdkjdh izkphjksa ds vo'ks"k feyrs gSaA izkphu ;qº ijEijk rFkk ;gk° dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfrds dkj.k jktLFkku esa nqxksZa dk egRo jgk gSA5 jktLFkku esa izkphj ds lcls izkphuvo'ks"k dkyhcaxk ls izkIr gq, gSaA6 uxjksa ds vfrfjDr izkphu dky esa jkT;ksa esa'kfDr dk dsUnz jktk gksrk Fkk] tks jkt/kkuh esa fuokl djrk FkkA mldh lqjkk dsfy, igkfM+;ksa ij ;k eSnkuksa esa ,sls nqxZ cuk;s tkrs Fks tks lqn`<+ izkphj cqtZ rFkk[kkb;ksa ls f?kjs gksrs FksA buds vanj jktkizklkn rFkk vU; jktdh; Hkouksa dsvfrfjDr nsoky; vkSj lk/kkj.k turk ds fy, Hkh vkokl cuk, tkrs FksA tSls&tSlsnqxksZa dk egRo c<+rk x;k muds fuekZ.k esa ;qº fo|k vkSj lSfud laxBu dk Hkh /;ku

j[kk tkus yxkA muds izos'k ds fy, vusd ,sls kj cuk, x, fd 'k=q lh/ksvkÿe.k u dj ik,A Lo;a dh lqjkk ds fy, rFkk yEcs le; ds ?ksjs ds fnuksa dsfy, nqxZ esa lqjfkr ty O;oLFkk vkSj [kk| lkexzh dk lap; vko';d gksrk FkkAty ds LFkk;h lzksr esa o"kkZ dk ty dq.Mksa vkSj Vkadksa esa ,d= fd;k tkrk FkkA ladVds le; nqxZ ls fudyus ds fy, xqIr kj dh Hkh O;oLFkk vko';d ekuh xbZA

jktLFkku ds 'ks[kkokVh izns'k esa Hkh LFkkiR; dyk dk ÿfed fodkl gqvkgSA jktLFkku dk 'ks[kkoVh ks= viuh jax&fcjaxh fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr Hkj esaizflº gSA ;gk° ds fdys vius lkaLd`frd oSHko ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld oSf'k"V~;Hkh fy, gq, gSA x<+ksa ds fuekZ.k ds ihNs tgk° lqjkk o O;kikfjd Hkkouk Fkh oghalkaLd`frd xkSjo ds :i esa budh igpku FkhA 'ks[kkokVh esa eq[; :i ls Qrsgiqj]ye.kx<+] lhdj] nk°rkjkex<+] vejlj] uoyx<+] [k.Msyk] >qU>quwa] lwjtx<+]eylhlj] usNok] fclk≈] yksly] flaxjkoV] j?kqukFkx<+ bR;kfn fdys cus gq, gSa]buesa ls cgqr fdys HkXukoLFkk esa gSA fo'kky kj] vHks| izkphj] lqn`<+ cqtZ ,oa ckgjdh vksj [kkbZ bu nqxksZa dh fof'k"V igpku jghA fdyksa esa edkuksa ds vykok eafnj]lqjaxs] rkykc] ckx&cxhps] dq,° vkfn Hkh cuk, x,A vusd fdys fHkfŸkfp=ksa ls HkhlqlfTtr gSaA 'ks[kkokVh ds fdys vusd egRoiw.kZ ;qºksa ds lkkh Hkh jgsA

ye.kx<+ o Qrsgiqj nqxZ dk rqyukRed v/;;u fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dsek/;e ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS&

bfrgkl %Qrsgiqj dk nqxZ 'ks[kkokVh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ nqxZ gSA ;g nqxZ dk;e[kfu;ksa

kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk dk;e[kkuh igys pkSgku jktiwr Fks vkSj 'ks[kkokVh dsfuoklh FksA eqg.kksr uS.klh us fy[kk gS&fglkj dk QkStnkj lS;n ukflj mu ij p<+x;k vkSj nnsjk dks ywVkA ogk° dh iztk Hkkx xbZ vkSj nks ckyd idM+s x, vkSjmudk ikyu&iks"k.k lS;n ukflj us fd;k] lS;n ukflj dh e`R;q gks tkus ds ij oscgyksy yksnh ds ikl x, rks mudk mlus dk;e[kk° uke j[kkA bUgksaus Qrsgiqj rFkkmlds vkl&ikl ds izns'kksa ij viuk Lora= 'kklu LFkkfir fd;k vkSj uokc dhinoh /kkj.k dhA bl oa'k esa Qrsg[kk° ukeh 'kkld Fkk blh us Qrsgiqj uxj vkSj nqxZdh uhao lu~ 1453 esa MkyhA7 Qrsg[kk° us fdys dk vUr% Hkkx vkSj izkphj ghcuokbZA eq[; kj vkxs pydj tyky[kku us cuok;kA ye.kx<+ nqxZ Hkh ,degRoiw.kZ i)fr ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k jktLFkku esa egRoiw.kZ nqxksZa dh Js.kh esa vkrkgSA ye.kx<+ nqxZ vkSj uxj dk fuekZ.k lhdj ds jkojktk ye.kflag us 1805&1807bZ- esa djok;k FkkA8 csM+ uked ,d igkM+h dh pksVh ij uxj ds if'pe dh vksj

235


ye.kx<+ dk ≈°pk fdyk fLFkr gSA ;g nqxZ u rks vrho izkphu gS u bl ijHk;kud vkÿe.k gq, gSaA

LFkkiR; lajpuk %e/;;qx ds jsfxLrkuh fdyksa esa Qrsgiqj nqxZ dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA9 fdys

ds vanj ,d fo'kky ks= izkphjksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA lqn`<+ eksVh izkphj vius 'kh"kZHkkx ij fofHkUu ekspkZcanh vkSj fo'kky cqtksZa dks fy, QSyh gqbZ gS cqtZ dksuksa ij rFkk,d foLr`r [kkbZ izkphj ds pkjksa vksj cuh gqbZ gSA tks fdys dh jkk djrh gSA blizkphj dh eksVkbZ 20 ls 25 fQV gS rFkk vf/kdre ≈°pkbZ 50 fQV ds vkl&iklgSA fdys dk izFke kj nfk.keq[kh gS rFkk e/; vkdkj dk gSA ;gk° ls ,d nhokjizkphjksa dh iafDr ls tk feyrh gSA nwljk njoktk dqN vf/kd fo'kky vkSj lqn`<+ gSfdys dk vkdkj prqHkqZt dh rjg gS ftlds pkjksa dksuksa ij fo'kky cqtZ lh/kh [kM+hdh xbZ gSA ;|fi ye.kx<+ nqxZ igkM+h ij cuk gqvk gSA vjkoyh dh igkM+hJa`[kyk eq[; Js.kh ls vyx gksdj dqN LFkkukasa esa QSyh gqbZ gSA pkjksa vksj QSys ckywds Vhyksa ls vius ik'oksZa dks <drh gqbZ ;s igkM+h Jsf.k;k° cM+h euksgj ekywe gksrh gSaAye.kx<+ ds nqxZ okyh igkM+h fcYdqy vyx jsfxLrku esa vpkud mBh gqbZ lhizrhr gksrh gS] blds f'k[kj Hkkx ij nqxZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl fdys dhlcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh izkphj nwljs fdyksa dh rjg ugha cuh gqbZgSA lkjh nhokj cqtksZa dh gh cuh gSA izpfyr iºfr ds vuqlkj izkphjsa nqxZ dks ?ksjrhgqbZ cukbZ tkrh Fkh ij ;gk° lkjh nhokj gh ,dek= fo'kky xksykdkj mUur cqtksZa dhcukbZ xbZ gSaA ,d cqtZ nwljs ls feydj ,d Ja`[kyk dh dfM+;ksa dh rjg xksykdkj?kwedj nqxZ dks ?ksj ysrh gSaA ,d gh cqtZ vk/kkj ls [kM+h gksdj 'kh"kZ Hkkx rd tkusds dkj.k budh ≈°pkbZ cgqr gks xbZ gSA vk/kkj ij budk ?ksjk izk;% 40 fQV rFkkeksVkbZ izk;% 20 fQV gSA10 cqtZ bl izdkj cuk;h xbZ gS fd igkM+h ds fuEu Hkkxksa ijnqgjh nhokj cu xbZ gS dbZ cqtksZa dks tksM+us okyh ckgjh cqtZ Hkh [kM+h dh xbZ gSAeq[; kj ≈°pk] fo'kky vkSj lqn`<+ cuk;k x;k gS tks fdys dk eq[; kj gSA kj dhy?kqrk gh bldh n`<+rk dh lwpd gSA bl kj ds nksuksa vksj fo'kky cqtZ [kM+h dh xbZgSA

lqjkkRed lajpuk %fdlh Hkh nqxZ dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ik mldh lqjkkRed lajpuk gS izk;%

ye.kx<+ o Qrsgiqj nksuksa gh nqxksZa esa ;g O;oLFkk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA Qrsgiqj nqxZdk fuekZ.k ftl LFkku ij fd;k x;k ml le; og LFkku ?kus o`kksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkAvkl&ikl pkjksa vksj ≈°ps&≈°ps ckyqdke; Vhyksa ds dkj.k izd`fr us Hkh bl lqjkk

O;oLFkk dks etcwr djus esa gkFk caVk;kA bl nqxZ dh izkphj o cqtZ lqn`<+ cuk;hxbZA bl fdys ds vkl&ikl 12 dksl esa chgM+ NksM+k ftlesa dksbZ o`k ugha dkVldrk FkkA blls fdys dh lqjkk esa o`fº gqbZA izkphj Hkkx vkSj bl [kkbZ ds chpizk;% 20 QhV dk Qklyk j[kk x;kA bl e/;orhZ Hkwfe ij fdys dh jkd lsuk[kM+h gksdj [kkbZ dks ikj djus dh ps"Vk esa foQy djrh FkhA blh rjg ye.kx<+nqxZ Hkh lqjkk O;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA bl fdys dh lEiw.kZ nhokjcqtksZa dh cuh gqbZ gSA bu cqtksZa dh izkphj dh eksVkbZ vf/kd gksus ls rksiksa ds xksyksa dhekj ls fdyk lqjfkr jgrk FkkA bl ij le;≤ ij dbZ NqV&iqV geys Hkh gq,]ftuesa [ksrM+h o e.Mkok okyksa kjk fd, x, geys mYys[kuh; gSaA bu nksuksa gh nqxksZaesa xqIr ekxZ o lqjax Hkh cuk;h xbZ ftlls lqjkk vkSj vf/kd etcwr gqbZA

iz'kklfud o ukxfjd vkokl %bu nksuksa nqxksZa esa iz'kklfud o ukxfjd vkokl Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

Qrsgiqj nqxZ esa izfo"V gksus ij vUr% Hkkx vkrk gSA blds cka;h vksj jktegyksa dhfLFkfr gSA izkphj Hkkx ds ikl ≈ij mBk gqvk eq[; egyksa dh iafDr ls vyxrsfyu dk izflº egy gSA fgUnw&eqfLye fuekZ.k iºfr ls cuk gqvk ;g ljy vkSjvyad`r egy fdys dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k gSA11 if'pe dh vksj rsfyu ds egy lsdqN gVdj jfuokl rFkk 'kkgh egy cuk gqvk gS ;gh ikl esa lSfudksa ds vkoklgfLr'kkyk o v'o'kkyk cuh gqbZ gSA egyksa ds lqUnj >jks[ks ftu ij Qwy] iŸks]csy] cwVs cus gq, gSaA egyksa ds vUr% Hkkx ls ,d cM+k >jks[kk ihNs ds eSnku dhvksj [kqyrk gS bl vkaxu esa ,d u;k egy [kM+k gS ftls 'ks[kkorksa us Qrsgiqj ijviuk vf/kdkj djus ds ckn cuok;k FkkA ye.kx<+ nqxZ esa Hkh egy o vU;vkokl ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA fdys esa izfo"V gksus ds i'pkr~ ;gk° NksVh&NksVh lhf<+;ksals fdys dk mijh Hkkx vkrk gSA bl var% Hkkx ds ik'oksZa dh ladh.kZrk ns[kus yk;dgSA ;gk° dqN vkokl Hkou gS vkxs ,d NksVs kj ls izfo"V gksus ij fdys dk ≈ijhfoLr`r Hkkx vk tkrk gSA bl lqnh?kZ izkax.k esa ,d vksj lqUnj egyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kx;k gSA ;gh ikl esa Qrsgiqj nqxZ dh rjg lSfudksa ds vkokl] gfLr'kkyk ov'o'kkyk cuh gqbZ gSA

/kkfeZd vkokl %vf/kdka'k nqxksZa esa dbZ /kkfeZd vkokl tSls&eafnj] efLtn o vU; nsoky;

ns[kus dks feyrs gsaA mlh rjg Qrsgiqj nqxZ esa dbZ ehukjsa o efLtn cuh gqbZ gSA ;ghij uokc nkSyr [kk° dk edcjk cuk gqvk gSA12 ;|fi ye.kx<+ nqxZ esa eafnj dkfuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA jko jktk ye.kflag us ;gk° ye.k iwjs f'k[kj f'koky;]

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j?kqukFk th dk cM+k eafnj o jko jktk ye.kflag dh jkuh fo|korh us Jh fot;j?kqukFk th fo|kir eafnj cuok;kA ye.kx<+ nqxZ ls ,d xqQk HkSjo eafnj rdtkrh gSA

tyh; izca/k %nqxksZa esa tyh; vkiwfrZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, ckoM+h] Vkads] dq.M] dq,° o

ugjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA Qrsgiqj nqxZ esa ,d ckoM+h dk mYys[k feyrk gSAtcfd ye.kx<+ nqxZ esa uhps izk;% 25 QhV xgjkbZ esa ty Hk.Mkj cuk, x, gSa tks,d nwljs ls feys gq, gSaA o"kkZ dk ty pkjksa vksj ls vkdj bu Hkwfexr Hk.Mkjksa esa,df=r gks tkrk gSA blds dkj.k ,d cM+h lsuk ds fy, Hkh iwjs lky Hkj bl nqxZ esaty dh dksbZ deh ugha gksrh ty laxzg O;oLFkk bl fdys dh lcls egRoiw.kZfo'ks"krk jghA

orZeku fLFkfr %orZeku le; esa Qrsgiqj nqxZ vR;Ur gh n;uh; fLFkfr esa gSA bldk

vf/kdka'k Hkkx kfrxzLr gks pqdk gS blds ,d Hkkx dks u"V djds lsB jkefd'ku/kkuqdk dU;k fo|ky; cuk;k x;k gS rFkk ,d rjQ eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kgSA13 ftlls bl nqxZ dks kfr igq°ph gS bldk ewy :i /khjs&/khjs u"V gks jgk gStcfd ye.k nqxZ orZeku esa vPNh fLFkfr esa gS ;g i;ZVu dk izeq[k dsUnz gS gkygh ,d /kuhekuh lsB us bl nqxZ dks [kjhn fy;k rFkk mlh us bldk iqufuZekZ.kdjok;k gSA ≈ij ,d NksVk ckx yxkdj rFkk cqtksZa ds e/; cus gq, >jks[kksa dks jaxdjds lqUnj cuk;k x;k gSA

Qrsgiqj nqxZ o ye.kx<+ nqxZ lhdj ftys ds egRoiw.kZ nqxZ jgsA bfrgkl]LFkkiR; lajpuk] iz'kklfud o ukxfjd vkokl] lqjkkRed lajpuk] tyh; izca/k]/kkfeZd vkokl bR;kfn izeq[k jgsA bu fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN lekurk,° ovlekurk,° Hkh jghA vkt bu fofHkUu lkaLd`frd lEiznk;ksa dk gzkl gksuk vR;f/kdfpark dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gSA ;fn le; jgrs buds lajk.k ds izfr lpsr ugha gq, rks,d fnu bl vueksy lkaLd`frd lEink ls gkFk /kks cSBsaxsA vr% budk iqu:kj izkardh xfjek dks vkq..k cuk, j[kus ds fy, vifjgk;Z gSA

lanHkZ1- flag] vej] izkphu Hkkjrh; nqxZ LFkkiR;] fo'o izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]1995] i`-12- fo'ocU/kq (Vhdk)] ΩXosn (izFke e.My)] fo'os'ojkuUn] oSfnd 'kks/k]

laLFkkue~] gksf'kvkjiqje~] 1964] i`- 415

3- egf"kZ okYehfd iz.khr] Jh ekYehdh; jkek;.k (frh; Hkkx)] xhrk izsl]xksj[kiqj] 2004] i`-la- 206

4- nqcs] nhukukFk] Hkkjr ds nqxZ] ubZ fnYyh] 1999] i`- 15- euksgj] jk?kosUnz flag] jktLFkku ds nqxZ] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] i`- 76- dqekjxqIr] jktLFkku ds nqxZ] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1986] i`- 57- feJ] jruyky] jktLFkku ds nqxZ] lkfgR;xkj] t;iqj] 2000] i`- 1378- 'kekZ] >kcjey] lhdj dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku ,tsUlh] dydŸkk] i`- 1109- xqIrk] eksguyky] t;iqj] ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] i`- 26710- feJ] jru yky] ogh] i`- 14311- ogh] i`- 13912- ftyk xtsfV;j] lhdj] 1968] jktLFkku ljdkj] i`- 41913- 'kks/k ;k=k n`"VO;] 26@11@2011

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jktLFkku dh yksd dyk dk euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.kdq- lqjfHk xks;y

,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls jktLFkku Hkkjr ds mu fojy izns'kksa esa lsgS] ftudk uke viuh xkSjoe;h ijEijkvksa ds fy, cgq&foJqr jgk gSA iqjkrRo'kkfL=;ksa ds erkuqlkj bl izns'k ds tks/kiqj] tSlyesj vkSj chdkusj ds jsrhys Hkkxksaesa gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks ds leku gh izkxSfrgkfld cfLr;ksa dk fuokl FkkA blhks= esa dHkh izkr% Lej.kh; ljLorh unh Hkh cgrh FkhA ftlds rV ij cSBdjoSfnd Ωf"k;ksa us ΩXosn dh (Ωpkvksa) dk l`tu fd;kA------ tks Hkh bruklqfuf'pr gS fd bl izns'k dh iqjkru i`"BHkwfe cM+h le`º jgh gSA1 vkSj blhi`"BHkwfe dks vkSj le`º cukus esa ;ksxnku jgk gS ;gk° dh yksd dykvkas dkAjktLFkku dh yksd dyk ,oa laLÑfr bruh O;kid] fo'kky ,oa fojkV gS fd ftlsΩXosn ds iq#"k lwDr esa of.kZr fojkV iq#"k ,oa xhrk eas of.kZr Ñ".k ds fojkV :i dsledk j[kk tk ldrk gSA2

jktLFkku ds vyx&vyx LFkkukas ij vyx&vyx izdkj dh yksd dyk,aizpfyr gSa dgha xksnuk dgha ek.Muk rks dgha QM+A xksdqy pUn xks;y fy[krs gSa fdLFkku&LFkku o izns'k ds v.kq&v.kq esa fc[kjh gqbZ xzkeh.k f'kYi okLrqdyk fp=dkjh]ok| ;a= dyk] xkscj ls fyih iqrh nhokjksa rFkk Q'kksZa ij lth gqbZ vaxqfy;kas ls ekaMsx, lqanj latho ekaM.ks tks xf.kr] T;ksfefr] izÑfr fp=.k] bfrgkl iqjkrRo] i;kZoj.k]f'kkk] lkkjrk] ifjJe dY;k.k vkfn dks lekfgr fd, gq, gSa] gkFk o iSjksa esa lqgkxo lkSUn;Z dh fofo/k :i dykRed easgnh&ekaMuk L=h&iq#"kksa ds 'kjhj ij ykyk,ls ysdj cSaB xqns euksje xksnus] fdys] egykas] efUnjksa] gosfy;ksa] Nrfj;ksa] dq,ackofM;ksa vkfn ij vafdr fHkfŸk fp= jktLFkkuh yksd dyk ds cstksM+ uewus gSaA3

izks- Hkokuh'kadj 'kekZ jktLFkkuh ek.M.kksa ds lUnHkZ esa fy[krs gSa fd&^^nSfud thou dh vko';d oLrqvkas esa vyadj.k dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSaA ij ek.M.kkasdh ijEijk nSfud thou dh vko';drkvkas dh iwfrZ ls ugha tqM+hA ;g ijEijkyksd&thou dh lkSUn;kZuwHkqfr (,lFksfVd Iystj) ls tqM+h gSA ekuo tc mYykl]meax o g"kZ ls msfyr gks mBrk gS rks og l`tu djrk gSaA mleas vfHk#fp o izd`frds fy, :ikdkjksa dk izrhdkRed o vyadj.kkRed :ikUrj.k gksrk gSA**4

jktLFkku dh yksd dykvkas dk pkkq"k :i ls rks v/;;u ,oa foospuvusd fokukas ds kjk le;≤ ij fd;k x;k gS ftUkesa egsUnz flag Hkkukor]xqykc dksBkjh] ,oa jkexksiky fot;oxhZ; vkfn fokukas us vius ys[kksa ,oa iqLrdkaskjk bl lUnHkZ esa ,sfrgkfld ,oa izkekf.kd tkudkjh Hkh izLrqr dh gS ftlls gebudh fo"k;oLrq ,oa dykRed lkSUn;Z vkfn ds fo"k; esa tku ldrs gSa fdUrq eSausvius 'kks/k i= esa yksd dyk dks ,d u;s ifjizs; tSls vk/kqfud euksfoKku dsvk/kkj ij le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ftlesa vusd lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku jgk gS&Visual Thinking, the psychology of art appreciation bR;kfnA

euksfoKku O;ogkj ,oa ekufld izfÿ;kvkas ds v/;;u dk foKku gSA5

izk.kh dSls izR;k.k djrk gSA lh[krk gS] lksprk gS] ;kn djrk gS] le>rk gS rFkklkFk&gh&lkFk vius i;kZoj.k (environment) ds oLrqvkas ,oa ?kVukvkas ds lkFkfdl rjg ls vUr% fÿ;k,° (interactions) djrk gS vkfn dk v/;;u euksfoKkuesa fd;k tkrk gSA6 lkekU; vFkksZa esa euksfoKku eu dk foKku gS ftlds vUrZxrekuo efLr"d dh tfVyrkvkas dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj blh ekuo efLr"ddh ,d tfVy vfHkO;fDr gS& dykA dyk ds Lo:i dks fHkUu&fHkUu fokuksa usfHkUu&fHkUu fo/kkvkas ls le>us dh ps"Vk dh gSA dyk lekykspuk ;k mlds ks= esavusd ?kVd ;k igyw dyk&lehkk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA dyk dk ewY;kadu djusds fy, dqN fokuksa tSls Berlyne, Fechner vkfn us HkkSfrd ik dks egRofn;k ftls HkkSfrd lkSUn;Z ls tksM+k x;kA blesa dyk ds ewy rRokas ds lE;d~ iz;ksxdks dyk lehkk dk vk/kkj cuk;kA bl ik dks euksfoKku us ekufld 'kkjhfjdfopkj/kkjk (Psycho-Physical Approach) ds vUrxZr fy;k tkrk gSA blhizdkj ,d vU; foku ikWy lh- foV~t us ,d fopkj/kkjk dk izfriknu fd;kA blhfopkj/kkjk dks vk/kkj cukdj eSaus yksd dyk dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

izd`fr ds fy, :ikdkjksa dk izrhdkRed ,oa vyadj.kkRed :ikUrj.kgksuk ekuo efLr"d dh ,d vfHkO;fDr gSA vkSj ;g vfHkO;fDr yksddykdkjyksddyk ds :i eas djrs gSaA yksd dyk ;wa rks ge lHkh dks cgqr izHkkfor djrh gSij ;g gesa bruh ilUn D;kas vkrh gSA bldk D;k dkj.k gS ;g tkuus ds fy,fofHkUu fokukas us vusd iz;ksx fd;s gSaA ctkuZ lksaM+ Qap us viuh iqLrd ^^The

Psychology of Art appreciation esa fy[kk gS "The work of paul C. Vitz(1979; 1984; 1988) is an additional alternative to the psycho physicaltraditions. His psycho-biological theory is still in progress, but asneurological studies of the human mind gain ground, Vitiz's theory maybecome significant for psychological aesthetics.7

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vius vkjfEHkd iz;klka s ls foV~t us vyx&vyx tfVyrkvksa dsekufld&'kkjhfjd Lo:i dk Line patterns ds kjk v/;;u fd;k vkSj cknesa dyk vkSj foKku ds chp lekukUrjrk dk v/;;u djrs gq, fp= ds lexzLo:i dks vius v/;;u dk vk/kkj cuk;k vkSj 1979 ls 1984 ds chp bl izdkjds vusdksa iz;ksx fd;sA blds ckn Computer theory vkSj Brain hemisphere

(efLr"d ds nks xksyk/kZ dk flºkUr) izHkkfor gksdj fpg~uksa dks o izrhdksa dks ghdyk dk vk/kkj ekukA foV~t us vius iz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij ln`'; :ikdkjkas vkSjvewrZ :ikdkjksa dh ckr dh gS rFkk ;s Hkh crk;k gS fd fdlh Hkh dykd`fr dks ilan;k uk ilan djus esa efLr"d ds nksuksa xksyk/kZ dk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA foV~t dh fopkj/kkjk dks le>us ds fy, loZizFke gesa ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd ln`'; :ikdkjD;k gSa o vewrZ :ikdkj D;k gSa &

ln`'; :ikdkj os :ikdkj ekus tkrs gS] tks pkkq"k :i esa cukbZ xbZ oLrq lslekurk j[krs gSa] vFkkZr~ ln`'; vkdkjA oLrq ds leku fn[kkbZ nsus okyk vkdkjAmnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ,d O;fDr ekuo dh n`'; fo'ks"krkvkas ls ;qDr gks rks og ln`';izrhd dk mnkgj.k gS ,oa blds foijhr ,d vewrZ :ikdkj ftl vkdkj ds fy;scuk;k x;k gS] mlls mldk n`';h; lEcU/k gksuk t:jh ugha gSA foV~t us nks izdkjds :ikdkjkas dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ;g ekuk gS fd nksukas izdkj ds ln`'; vkSj vewrZds chp dk vUrj oxhZd`r u gksdj muds va'k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] mlus ekuk dksbZHkh :ikdkj ,d le; ij ^vewrZ* o ^ln`';* gks ldrk gSA vewZr o ln`'; esaln`';hdj.k gks tkrk gS] nksukas gh fn[krs gSaA foV~t us dqN mnkgj.k nsdj viusfopkjksa dks le>k;k fd fdlh Hkh fp= esa vewrZ ik dks c<+kus ls ln`';* [kRe gkstkrk gSA tSls fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks lkeus ns[kus esa lcls vf/kd ln`';rk gksrhgSA mldk jaxhu QksVks mlls de] 'osr&';ke mlls de o /kqa/kyk mlls de ln`';gksxkA blh izdkj jktLFkkuh yksddykvkas tSls ek.M.kk o xksnuk vewrZ izLrqrhdj.kds utnhd ekus tk ldrs gSaA blds i'pkr~ foV~t dh fopkj/kkjk efLr"d ds nksuksaxksykºksaZ ds fÿ;kdykiksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA foV~t vuqlkj& efLr"d ds nksuksaxksykºksaZ dk dyk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ekuo efLr"d ds ck;k° o nk;k° nks Hkkxgksrs gSa tks 'kkjhfjd lajpuk esa cjkcj gksrs gSaA

foV~t dk ekuuk jgk gS fd & ^^ck;k° xksykºZZ vewrZ :ikdkjkas ls vf/kdizHkkfor gksrk gSA nk;k° xksykbZ ln`'; :ikdkjkas ds mi;qDr n`'; izHkko dks le>rkgSA gekjs nSfud thou esa nk;k°&ck;k° nksuksa efLr"d xksykºZ dke djrs gSaA foV~t dkekuuk gS fd & Any great work of art should be challenge for both parts of

the brian.8 ftu fp=kas esa ln`';rk vf/kd gksrh gSa os efLr"d ds nk;sa Hkkx ds fy,vf/kd vkuUnnk;h gksrs gSaA budk ekuuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh fof'k"V fp= efLr"d dsnksuksa Hkkxksa ds fy, pqukSrhiw.kZ gksuk gh pkfg, vFkkZr~ og fp= vFkok :ikdkjvf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksxk tkss efLr"d ds nksukass fgLlksa dks lfÿ; dj vkuUn iznku djldsA jktLFkkuh yksd dykvksas dk ,d o`gn lalkj gS ftlesa jktLFkkuh eka.M.kksaxksnuk] QM+ bR;kfn dh izeq[krk gSA bu lHkh yksd dykvkas esa cus :ikdkj dqNln`';rk dh vksj o dqN vewrZrk dh vksj vf/kd gSaA tSls QM+ yksdfp=dyk ds:ikdkjkas esa vewrZrk ds lkFk&lkFk ln`';rk dk FkksM+k vf/kd izHkko gSA blh izdkjek.M.kksa eas cus :ikdkj tSls eksj] euq"; (fp= Qyd la- 1] 2) bR;kfn esa ges nksuksagh ik vewrZrk o ln`';rk ns[kus dks feyrh gS ftlls ;s gekjs efLr"d ds nksuksaxksyknkasZ dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj :fpdj yxrs gSaA

fp= Qyd fp= Qyd la- 1 fp= Qyd la- 2

fp=Qyd la- 1 esa ,d eksj dk ek.M.kk fpf=r gS ;g ek.M.kk gekjsefLr"d ds nksuksa Hkkxksa dks leku izHkkfor djrk gS D;kasfd bl fp= eas dqN ln`';rko dqN vewrZrk ds ik fo|eku gSaA blh izdkj fp=Qyd la- 2 esa ,d ukgjfpf=r gS tks ,d 'ksj dk izfr:i gS bl ukgj esa ln`';rk FkksMh de o vewrZrk dkik FkksM+k vf/kd gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jktLFkku dh yksd dyk,° ih<+h njih<+h gLrkufjr gksrh jgh gSa dqN lkekftd dkj.kkas ls o dqN /kkfeZd dkj.kksa ls

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fdUrq bu yksd dykvkas ds yksdfiz; gksus esa blds vkdkjksa esa vewrZ o ln`'; nksuksa ghikkas dk egROkiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS vkSj blh izdkj ;s dyk,as ges'kk gh tufiz; jgh gSavkSj jgsaxhA

lUnHkZ1- MkW- jk/kkjkuh 'kekZ] gkMkSrh dh yksd dyk esa ek.Mus] 2007] i`- 22- xksdqy pUn xks;y] jktLFkku dh yksd dyk vkSj laLd`fr] jktLFkku cksMZ

f'kk.k if=dk] [k.M 37 vad 2] 3 vizSy&flrEcj] 1999] i`- 1163- ogh] i`- 1164- izks- Hkokuh 'kadj 'kekZ] yksd dyk esa ek.M.ks] 2001] i`- 65- MkW- v:.k dqekj flag] euksfoKku dkk xi] 2008] i`- 86- ogh] i`- 27. Bjarne sode Funch, The Psychology of art appreciation Museum

Tusculanum Press University of Copenhagen] 1997, P. 59

8- ogh] i`- 64

Jhxaxkuxj esa i;ZVu dh n'kk ,oa laHkkouk,aMkW- rkSfQd gqlSu

Jh xaxkuxj jktLFkku ds lqnwj mRrj esa fLFkr ,d lheorhZ ftyk gSA bldhdk;kiyV dk Js; egkjktk xaxkflg dks gS] ftuds iz;kl ls 26 vDVwcj 1927 dksf'koiqj gSM kjk lryqt dk ikuh Jhxaxkuxj vk;kA blfy, mUgh ds uke ijbldk uke Jhxaxkuxj j[kk x;kA orZeku esa ;g jktLFkku dk ,d le`'kkyh ftykgS rFkk /kku dk dVksjk ds uke ls izfl gSA ;g Hkkjr ds lqfu;ksftr 'kgjksa esa ls ,dgS bldk uD'kk isfjl 'kgj ls izHkkfor gS ;g nks fgLlks esa foHkkftr gS ,dokf.kT;d nwljk fjgk;lh ks=A ;gkW dh Hkk"kk ckxM+h ,oa iatkch gS ;gkW eq[; :ils iatkch ,o ekjokM+h igukok izpfyr gS ;gkW dk [kkuiku iw.kZ:i ls iatkch gksusds dkj.k bls jktLFkku dh iatkch uxjh Hkh dgk tkrk gS ;gW ds fdUuw iwjs Hkkjro"kZess izfl gS ;g jktLFkku ds dkWVu cSYV ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS jktLFkku dhlokZf/kd flD[k tula[;k gksus dk xkSjo Hkh bls izkIr gS

izeq[k i;ZVd LFky%&xq#kjk cq<k tksgM+ lkgc%&flD[kksa dk ije /kkfeZd LFky cq<k tksgM+

lkgc dk ,sfrgkfld xq:kjk Jhxaxkuxj ls 85 fdyksehVj] nwj nfk.k if'pe esafLFkr gS] ;g HkO; xq:kjk 80 xq.kk 90 QhV esa cuk gqvk gS ftlesa 140 LrEHk gS;gkW ,d NksVk ls iqLrkdy; Hkh gS ftlesa flD[k 'kghnks ds fp= yxs gq, gSSA blxqjkjk ds fuekZ.k Lo- lar Qrsgflag th us 1954&59 esa viuh ns[k js[k esa djok;kxq:kjs ds lkFk 125 ,dM+ d`f"k Hkwfe gS ogkW gj le; ;kf=;ksa ds fy, xq: dkyaxj vVwV pyrk jgrk gSA

xq:kjk lkgc ds vUnj fueZy ty dk ,d lqUnj ljksoj gSA ;gkW /keZ dsizpkj izlkj dks dsUnz gS xq:ok.kh dk fdrZu fl[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj xzUFkh rS;kj fd;stkrs gS A ;gkW lar Qrsg flg lar pj.k flg] flD[k fe'kujh dkWyst LFkkfir gS ;gkWiDds flD[k felujh fo|k izkIr djrs gSA dgk tkrk gS fd 11 vxLr 1740 dkstRFksnkj cq<kflag dh izsj.kk ls HkkbZ lqD[kk flg ,oa esgrkc flg kjk eLlk jaxM+uked v/kehZ dk flj dkVdj yk;k x;k vkSj mls ,d isM+ ij yVdk fn;k x;kmUgh ds uke ij cq<k tksgM+ izpyu esa vk;kA

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fgUnweydksV ckMZj%&;g Hkkjr ikfdLrku lhek ij fLFkr Jhxaxkuxjrglhy dh mi rglhy gS Jhxaxkuxj ls fgUnweydksV dh nwjh 26 fd-eh- gS ;gkW lsikfdLrku dh vksCtjoS'ku iksbZUV o lhek ij yxh rkjcanh Li"V utj vkrh gS1947 ls iwoZ ;gkW ls ikfdLRkku ds Hkkoy iqj rd jsy tkrh Fkh ftlds fpUg vktHkh ns[ks tk ldrs gS dgk tkrk gS fd bl LFky dk ukekadj.k chdkusj jkT; dsfnoku fgUnwey cS ds uke ij fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd bUgh ds iz;kl ls bls chdkusjjkT; esa lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS ojuk blls iwoZ ;g Hkkoyiqj fjvklr dk HkkxFkkA gky gh esa bl LFky dks i;ZVu LFky ds :i esa fodflr djus ds fy, iz'kkluvkSj lhek lqjkk cy us ,d ;kstuk cukbZ gS ftlds vUrxZr lhek ks= fodkldk;Zdze ,oa egkujsxk ds lfefyr iz;klks ls ;gka 14-50 yk[k :i;s dh ykxr slfuekZ.k dk;Z djok;k tkuk izLrkfor gSA

MkMk iEikjke dh Lkekf/k%&;g ikou LFky Jhxaxkuxj ls 110fd-eh- nwj fot;uxj esa fLFkr gS tgkW izfro"kZ QkWYxqu ekg esa ,d lkr fnolh;HkO; esyk yxrk gS bl esys dk lekiu QkYxqu ekg ds ladzkfUr ds fnu gksrk gSAesys esa jktLFkku izns'k ds vfrfjDr iatkc] gfj;k.k] fnYyh e/;izns'k] mRrjizns'ko fcgkj ds fofHkUu /keksZ ds yksx cM+h Jk ds lkFk vkrs gSaA MkMk iEikjke th dktUe vkt ls yxHkx 400 o"kZ iwoZ xq: ukud nso ds dky esa chdkusj ftys dsdqEHkkuk xkWo esa ,d vjksM+k ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd igys ckck dsvf/kdak'k HkDrtu orZeku ifdLrku ls vkrs Fks ftUgs dqEHkkuk igWqpus rd yEch;k=k djuh iM+rh FkhA ckck ds vkns'k ls ;kf=;ksa dh dfBukbZ;ks a dks ns[krs gq,mudh lekf/k QksVkZckn (ikfdLRkku) esa LFkkfir dh xbZ ns'k ds foHkktu ds i'pkrMkMk dh LkEkkf/k Jh fot;uxj esa LFkkfir dh xbZ rc ls vkt rd gtkjksa dhla[;k esa Jºkyw izfr o"kZ fot;uxj vkrs gSA

Jh txnEck va/kfo|ky;%&Jh xaxkuxj ds fy, ,d rhFkZ dk ls egRoj[kus okyk JhtxnEck va/k ,oa ewdcf/kj fo|ky; ] fodykax f'kkk] izf'kk.k]Lojkstxkj rFkk iquokZl ds kS= esa lsok Je rFkk tu lg;ksxk dk izrhd cuk gqvkgSA 13 fnlEcj 1980 esa ijegal LOkkeh cz„nso th dh izsj.kk] yxu] rFkk LFkkuh;vkSj ftys ds Hkkek'kkgksa dh lfdz; lg;ksx ls Jh txnEck ewd cf/kj fo|ky; dhLFkkiuk gqbZA bldk 23 vDVwcj 1+983 dks mn?kkVu gqvkA vkt ;g ns'k ds mPplaLFkku ds :i esa LFkkfir gS tgk 500 ls vf/kd xwaxs] cgjs] va/ks Nk= f'kkk xzg.kdj jgs gSA ;gka ,d mPp dksfV dk vk[kksa dk gLirky gS] tgkW le; le; ijeq∂r bykt fd;k tkrk gSA ;g laLFkku 16 fdys tehu esa LFkkfir gS ftl ij 10

djksM+ ls vf/kd ykxr dk fuekZ.k dk;Z gks pqdk gSA bl laLFkku dks ns'k dh igyhdEi;wVjhd`r czsy izsl ;wfuV LFkkfir gksus dks xkSjo izkIr gSA vkt ;g va/kfo|ky; Jhxaxkuxj gh ugh vfirq ns'k ds fofHkUu ks=ksa ds fy, ,d rhFkZ LFky lkcuk gqvk gSA Jhxaxkuxj vkus okyk izR;sd O;fDr bl LFkku ij vkdj viusvkidks HkkX;'kkyh vuqHko djrk gS bu lc ds fiNs Lokeh czEgnso th dh fu"Bk] deZ,oa yxu gSA ftuds b'kkjs ij bl ks= ds yksx gtkjksa yk[kksa :i;k nku djrs pystk jgs gS

ySyk etuw dh etkj&;g vuwix< ls 11 fd-eh- nwj fcatkSj xkWo esafLFkr gS ;|fi bl ckr ds dksbZ iq[rk lcwr ugha gS fd vej izse dh fe'kky ySyketuw dk bl ks= ls dksbZ okLrk Fkk ;k ugha ysfdu yksxkas dh vkLFkk bruh gS fd osbls okLrfod ySyk etuw dh etkj ekudj gh ;gk dh ns[kHkky djrs gS vkSjizfro"kZ 15 twu dks ;gka fo'kky eSyk Hkjrk gS] ftleas ns'k Hkj ds gtkjksa yksx eUursekaxus vkrs gSA ;gkW esyk vktknh ls igys ls yxk;k tk jgk gSA bl etkj ds izfryksxksa dh vkLFkk fdoanfr;ksa ij fVdh gqbZ gS ,d fdoanfr ds vuqlkj v[kaM Hkkjrds le; fdlh tkxhjnkj dh iq=h dk ,d xjhc ;qod ls izse gqvk vkSj os nksuksaHkkxrs gq, ;gkW vk x;s vkSj dq,a esa dwndj vkRegR;k dj yhA mudh etkj ;gkWcukbZ xbZ og dqvkW xkWo es vkt Hkh gSA nwljh fdaonafr ;g gS fd ,d ihj viusf'k"; ds lkFk ;gka jgrs Fks muesa bruk izse Fkk dh yksx ySyk etuw dh fe'kky fn;kdjrs Fks ihj dh e`R;w ds ckn f'k"; dh Hkh ekSr gks xbZ vkSj nksuksa dh etkj vxycxy esa cuk nh xbZ

bl etkj dk peRdkj yksx crkrs gS fd ?kX?kj dh ck< ls lkjk xkWo Mwctkrk gS ysfdu ikuh etkj dk Nw ugh ikrk

cjksj%&;g vuwx< jkeflg iqj ekxZ ij fLFkr egRoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFky gSbl LFky ls fla/kq lH;rk ds egRoiw.kZ vo'ks"k feys gS orZeku esa ;gkW mR[kuu dk;Zizxfr ij gSA

rj[kku okyk Msjk%&;g vuwix< esa fLFkr ,d egRoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFkygS bl LFky dk mR[kuu 2003&2004 esa ih-ds- f=osnh vkSj ts-ds- iVuk;d kjkfd;k x;kA ;gWk ifjiDo gM+Ii lH;rk ls lEcf/kr lkaLd`frd fuksi feys gSA

f'koiqjh dk x<%&;g fot;uxj dLcs ds utnhd 28 ch-ch- xkWo esafLFkr ds gokbZ tgkt ia[kuqek nks eaftyh ,d x<h cuh gqbZ gS] tks Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;dyk dk ,d cstksM+ uewuk gSA bls chdkusj fj;klr ds fnoku ekuokrh flag uscukok;k FkkA

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f'koiqj gSM%&;g Jhxaxkuxj ls 14 dh-eh- nwj LFkku gS tgkW ls 26vDVwcj 1927 dks chdkusj rRdkyhu egkjktk xaxkflg th dk bl ks= dks peucukus dk liuk] Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykMZ bfoZu us bl ftys dh izk.knk;uhxaxugj dk ikuh izHkkfor dj lkdkj fd;kA blh gSM kjk chdkusj gSM dk ikuhxaxugj esa igwprk gSA ;g LFky i;ZVd LFky ds :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gSA

vuwix< dk fdyk%&;g ttZj voLFkk esa vuwix< 'kgj esa fLFkr gS bldkfuekZ.k vuwiflag jkBkSM+ us djok;kA

pku.kk/kke%&tgkW guqeku th dk fo'kky eafnj gS ftldk fuekZ.k 1971 esafd;k x;k ;g xxkuxj ineiwj ekxZ ij 17 ch-ch ls 14 fd-eh- nwj fLFkr gSA

lwjrx< tSrlj ds ;a=hd`r d`f"k QkWeZ%&lwjrx< esa 1956 esa :l dhlgk;rk ls ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k ;a=hd`r d`f"k QkeZ cuk;k x;k gS rFkk 1964&65esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls tSrlj dk ;a=hd`r d`f"k QkWeZ cuk;k x;kA

Jhxaxkuxj ds i;ZVu ds n`f"Vdks.k ls misfkr jgus ds dkj.kJh xxkuxj ds izfr i;ZVdksa dh vkerkSj ij ;g f'kdk;r jgrh gS dh

Jhxaxkuxj esa ns[kus yk;d dqN Hkh ugh gSA i;ZVdks dh bl /kkj.kk ds fuEufyf[krdkj.k n`f"Vxr gksrs gS%&

i;ZVd LFkyksa ds izpkj izlkj dk vHkko%&fo'o vkSj Hkkjr ds i;ZVuekufp= ij jkTkLFkku viuh fof'k"V igpku j[krk gSA jkT; ljdkj us i;ZVu dksc<kok nsus ds fy, i;ZVu fufr ?kksf"kr dh gS ysfdu i;ZVdksa ds Vwj izksxzke esaJhxaxkuxj dk dk;Zdze ugha j[kk tkrk i;ZVd dsoy xaxkuxj dks /kku dk dVksjsds :i esa gh tkurs gSA jkT; ljdkj vkSj iz'kklu dh mnklhurk jktuSrkvksa dhv:fp rFkk lekpkj i=ksa dk visfkr ;ksxnku u gksus ds dkj.k ;gkW ns'kh fons'khi;ZVd ugh vkrs gS

vkoklh;] [kku iku vkSj ;krk;kr dh lqfo/kk dk vHkko%&i;ZVdLFkyksa ds fudV gksVy [kku&iku dh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko vkSj i;ZVd LFkyksa dkvPNs lM+d ekxZ ls u tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k i;ZVd bu LFkyksa ij tkus ds fy, drjkrsgSA

ljdkj dh miskk ,oa mnkflurk%&Jhxaxkuxj dk i;ZVu ds n`f"Vdks.k lsmisfkr jgus ds fy, ljdkj dk miskrkiw.kZ joS;k gSA ljdkj le; le; ij buLFkyksa dks fodflr djus dh ?kks"k.kk rks djrh gS ysfdu n`< bPNk 'kfDR ds vHkko esamldk fdz;kUou ugh gks ikrkA

i;ZVu foHkkx dh ykijokgh%&i;ZVu foHkkx us dHkh Hkh mRlkgiw.kZrjhsds ls Jhxaxkuxj ds i;ZVd LFkyksa dsk fodflr djus dk nkf;Ro xzg.k ughfd;kA

tu lapkj ek/;eksa ds visfkr lg;ksx dk vHkko%&;|fi nSfudlekpkj i=ksa (nSfud HkkLdj] jktLFkku if=dk) esa bu i;ZVd LFkyksa ds fodkldjus ds lekpkj le; le; ij izdkf'kr dj turk vkSj ljdkj dk /;kuvkdf"kZr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu nSfud lekpkj i=ksa ls ,d fe'kuds :i esa bldk chM+k ugh mBk;k ftllsa ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k tk ldsaA

tulkekU; dk v:fpdj O;ogkj%&Jhxaxkuxj dh turk us dHkh Hkhi;ZVd LFkyksa dks fodflr djus dk nkf;Ro xzg.k ugha fd;kA

Jhxaxkuxj dks i;ZVu dh n`f"Vdks.k ls fodflr djus ds lq>ko(i;ZVu dh laHkkouk,a)

ljdkj ds iz;kl%&ljdkj dks Jhxaxkuxj ds i;ZVu LFkyksa ds fodkl dsfy, vkfFkZd lalk/ku iznku djus gksxs fofHkUu i;ZVd LFkyksa rd igqapus ds fy,vPNs lM+d ekxksZ dk fuekZ.k djuk gksxkA mR[kuu LFkyksa dh lqjkk ds fy, mudhrkjcanh djuh gksxhA

;|fi izlk'ku us bl fn'kk esa ;kstuk cuk jgk gSA ;gka ds izeq[k i;ZVdLFky fgUnweydksV] vUrjk"Vzh; ckMZj dks i;ZVD LFky ds :i esa fodflr djus dsfy, LFkkuh; iz'kklu ,oa lhek lqjkk cy us ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh gS bl ;kstuk dsvaUrxZr ;gka xsLV gkml okVj VSad] QOokjkas dk fuekZ.k LFkkuh; 'kSyh ess a>ksiM+s dkfuekZ.k maV vkSj ?kwM+lokjh dh O;oLFkk rFkk 'kke ds le; jk"Vz /ot dks mrkjrsle; tokuksa dh ijsM dks vk;kstu] [kkus ihus dh leqfpr O;oLFkk] m/kkuhdh]xzhugkml] cwan cawn QqOokjk ifr vkfn dh O;oLFkk dk lQy fdz;kUou izLrkforgS ;fn bldk fdz;kUou gksrk gS rks i;ZVu fodkl dh fn'kk esas ,d vR;Ur ljkguh;dne gksxkA f'koiqj gSM ij okVj ikdZ fuekZ.k dj fn;k tk;sa rFkk [kkus ihus vkSjgksVy dh leqfpr O;oLFk dj fn;k tk;s rks ;g Hkh i;ZVD LFky ds :i esafodflr gks ldrk gSA Jhxaxkuxj esa f'kYih dkjhxj vkfn iz;kZIr la[;k esa jgrs gSA;fn budh dykvkssa dk gkVZ cktkj ds ek/;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk;s rks us dsoymudh vkfFkZd fLFkrh esa lq/kkj gksxk vfirw jkT; dh vk; esa Hkh o`f gksxhAJhxaxkuxj dk dkfy;k xkao twfr;ksa ds fy, izfl gSA ;fn mudks vkfFkZd lg;ksxfn;k tk;s vkSj mudh tqfr;ksa dh ns'k fons'k esa izn'kZuh ds kjk izpkj izlkj fd;ktk;s vkSj tqfr;ksa dh ns'k fons'k esa fu;kZr dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s rks ;g Hkh i;ZVd

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LFky ds :i esa fodflr gks ldrk gSA ,d lxzagky; dh LFkkiuk dh tk;s ftllsaxaxkuxj ds lkaLd`frd iqjkrkfRod ,sfrgkfld ] /kkfeZd LFkyksa dh tkudkjh iznkudh tk ldsaA

LFkkhu; yksxks ,oa tuizfrfuf/k;ksa ds iz;kl&LFkkuh; yksxksa tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dks :fpiw.kZ rjhsds ls xaxkuxj ds i;ZVd LFkyksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,l?k"kZ djuk pkfg, rFkk ljdkj rd viuh vkokt dks igqapkuk pkfg,A LFkkuh;yksxksa dk Jhxaxkuxj ds i;ZVd LFkyksa ds izfr miskrkiw.kZ joS;ks ds R;kxuk gksxk ;fnos blesa lQy gksrs gS us dsoy ;gka ds ;qokvksa dks jkstxkj feysxk vfirw ;g ftysdh vkfFkZd le`f esa lgk;d gksxkA

i;ZVu foHkkx ds iz;kl%&jktLFkku ds i;ZVu foHkkx dks Jhxaxkuxj dksi;ZVu LFkyh; ds :i esa fodflr djus ds fy, vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkuh gksxh ;gkW i;ZVu foHkkx dk dk;Zy; LFkkfir djuk gksxk czkslj iEiySV]vkfn ds ek/;e ls ;gkW ds i;ZVd LFkyksa dk izpkj izlkj djuk gksxk vkd"kZdfoKkiu izdkf'kr djus gksxsA i;ZVd iSdst ;k=kvksa esa Jhxaxkuxj dk uke j[kukgksxk i;ZVd xkbZMks dh fu;qfDRk djuh gksxh jktLFkku ds i;ZVu ekufp= esa Jhxaxkuxjds i;ZVd LFkyksa dks izHkkoiw.kZ rjhdsa ls iznf'kZr djuk gksxk rHkh i;ZVd Jhxaxkuxjdh vkSj vkdf"kZr gksxs

'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds iz;kl%&i;ZVu ij 'kks/k djus okys fo|fFk;ks] iqjkrRorkvksrFkk ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ij 'kks/k djus okyis 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dk vius 'kks/k dh tkudkjhle; le; ij i;ZVu foHkkx dks nsuh gksxh ftllsa Jhxaxkuxj ds lkaLd`frd,sfrgkfld iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa dh egRRkk ls i;ZVdksa dks voxr djko;k tk ldsaAbl izdkj ;fn ljdkj i;ZVu foHkkx tuizfrfuf/k tu lkekU; ;gkW ds i;ZVdLFkyksa dks fodflr djus es :fp ysa rksa d`f"k ks= esa vOoy Jhxaxkuxj dks i;ZVuks= esa Hkh fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vyoj jkT; vkSj izeq[k esysv'kksd dqekj cSjok

vyoj jkT; tks fd jktLFkku izkUr ds mŸkj iwohZ Hkkx esa 27-5* ls 28-15*mŸkjh vkka'k vkSj 76-10 ls 77-15* if'peh ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gS jktLFkkudh jkt/kkuh t;iqj1** Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh nsgyh ds e/; jk"Vh™; jktekxZ uEcj 08ij vjkoyh ioZrekyk dh xksn esa clk gqvk gSA1 tks fd vyoj jktLFkku dsks=Qy dk 2-45 izfr'kr gSA fdlh Hkh LFkku dh yksd laLd`fr dh le`ºrk dksogka ds esyksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ;s esys gh gksrs gS tks thou esa fofHkUu jax ykrs gS]thou esa mRlo eukus ds volj gksrs gS ;s esysA izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku le;esa Hkh esyksa dk egRo cuk gqvk gS D;ksfd ;s gekjs lkekftd thou dk fgLlk cusgq,s gS gekjh laLd`fr ds jkd gS ;s esysA vkb;s vc ge vyoj ds dqN egRoiw.kZesyks ij ppkZ djrs gSA

pwMflº dk esykvyoj jkt ds if'pe eas fLFkr igkfM+;ksa vkSj jkT; ds g~n; esa pwgMflº

fLFkr gSA2 vkSj esokr ks= ds izeq[k esyksa esaaa Hkh ;g viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA^pwgM+flº dk esyk f'kojk+=h dks Qkxqu cnh dks Hkjrk gSA3 rFkk ftlesa dkQhla[;k eas HkhM ,df=r gksrh gS4 esys ds LFkku ls dqN nwjh ij xk°o okys vius dSEiyxkrs gSA ;g je.kh; LFkku igkMks esa fLFkr gS A5 pwgMflº dk tUe /kusVk xk°o esagqvk FkkA6 ;g ,d ukbZ efgyk rFkk eso iq:"k dh iSnkbZ'k ekuk tkrk gSA ?kj R;kxusds ckn bldh eqykdkr lUr 'kkgenku ls gks x;h7 vkSj ;g peRdkjh dk;Z djusyx x;kA pwgMflº dk ty /ku /kkU; dh o`fº okyk dgykrk gS rFkk vU/ks rFkkjksxh O;fDr ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls ykHknk;d gSA8

ykynkl th dk esykykynkl th dk esyk /kksyhnwc vyoj esa vkf'ou dks yxrk gS9 rFkk

'ksjiqj rglhy jkex<] esa Hkh vk"kk< o ek?k ds ekg esa ykynkl th dk esyk HkjrkgSA10 lar ykynkl th dk TkUe essokr ds /kkSyhnwc (vyoj) uked ;s ,d xjhceso ifjokj esa gqvk Fkk os fgUnw eqfLye lkEiznkf;drk ds elhgk FksA buds esys esadkQh la[;k esa HkhM+ ,df=r gkssrh gSA11

243


pj.knkl th dk esykvyoj jkT; ds mŸkj if'pe esa vkB ehy nwj Mgjk ijxus esa pj.knkl th

dk esyk yxrk gS12 ;g esyk Hkknzizn 'kqDy 3 dks yxrk gS ;gk ij pj.knkl th dhNrjh cuh gqbZ gSA

txUukFkth dk esykegkizHkq txUukFk th dk esyk vk"kk<+ lqnh dks euk;k tkrk gS] ;g esyk

vyoj jkT; ds fuokfl;ks dk lkr fnu rd euksajtu dj] Hkkjrh; /keZ vkSjlaLd`fr dh ijEijk dks uo dysoj iznku djrk jgrk gSA13 txUukFk egkizHkq dsesys ds fy, egUr ds'konkl us ;kstuk cukbZ Fkh]14 mlus bl lanHkZ esa vyojegkjktk f'konku flag ls feys rFkk ;kstuk dk fooj.k fn;k ftls f'konku flag thus Lohdkj dj fy;k rFkk esys dk [kpZ mBkus ds fy, rS;kj gks x;sA15 ^bl izdkjvk"kk< lqnh 2 laor 1916 fo-la- (lu~ 1859) ds fnu izFke ckj bl esys dk'kqHkkjaHk gqvkA16

Hkr`Zgfj dk esykvyoj jktk ds esyks esa Hkr`Zgfj dk esyk viuk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk

gS tks HkrZ`gfj dh riksaHkwfe Hkh gSA17 tgka ij izfr o"kZ nks ckj oS'kk[k vkSj Hkknksa ;gkWesa esyk yxrk gS] tu&tu dh fu"Bk vkSj vkLFkk dk ;g esyk ftlesa vyoj ds ghugh ;w-ih-] ,e-ih-] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh rFkk fudVorhZ jkT;ks ls cM+h la[;kesa J`kyq ;gkW igqprs gSaA egkjktk Hkr`Zgfj mTtSu ds jktk foÿekfnR; ds HkkbZ Fks]tks bZlk ls 50 o"kZ iw.kZ jgs]18 ftlds 'kklu ds uke ij fgUnw laor vkt Hkh izpfyrgS] us vius vfUre le; pj.k esa ;gk riL;k dh rFkk lekf/k yh mudhA bllekf/k ij v[k.M T;ksfr izTtofyr jgrh gSA19

ik.Mqiksy dk esykizkd`frd lkSUn;Z esa ik.Mqiksy viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gS20 lfjLdk

vH;kj.k ds nfk.k iwoZ dh vkSj ik.Mqiksy LFky gS] tgka ij guqeku th dk fo'kky'osr efUnj fLFkr gS]21 ;gka ij izfr o"kZ Hkknkas o oS'kk[k esa vekoL;k ds ckn frh;vFkok fdlh Hkh frfFk dks iM++us okys igys eaxyokj dks esyk yxrk gS] bl esys esayksx nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSA o"kkZ ds ekSle esa ;gkW i;ZVdksa dh HkhM jgrh gSA22 bldslEcU/k esa ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd ckck fuHkZ;nkl dks LoIu esa guqeku th us n'kZufn;s vkSj cksys dh eq>s tehu ls ckgj fudkyks] fuHkZ;nkl us tehu ls ,d ewfrZfudkyh rFkk mldh mlh LFkku ij LFkkiuk dj nhA ik.Mqiksy dh ,d ,sfrgkfldrk

vkSj crkbZ tkrh gS fd ik.Moks us vius vKkrokl dk le; ;gh O;rhr fd;kA ,dfnu23 tc dkSjoks dh lsuk kjk mudk ;gka jgus dk vkHkkl gks x;k rks Hkhe us viuhxnk ls igkM esa ekj dj ekxZ cuk;kA

nsgjk dk tSu esykvyoj jkT; esa frtkjk ds tSu efUnj dk viuk fo'ks"k% egRo gS tks 'osr

ik"kk.k dh ewfrZ ds fy, izflº gS ftls ns[kus d fy, uk dsoy tSu vuq;k;h cfYdvU; /kekZoyEch Hkh ;gkW vkrs gS24 ikap o"kZ esa gksus okys iap dY;k.kd esa yk[kks dhrknkn esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls fofHkUu /kekZs ds vuq;k;h ;gkW vkrs gS vkSj n'kZu rFkk esysesa vkuUn mBkrs gSA

dqN vU; esys bl izdkj gS &vyoj 'kgj ls 8 ehy nwj 'kkgiqjk LFkku ij vklkst lqnh 22 dks lS;~;n

dk esyk Hkjrk gS ftlesa yxHkx 500 ds yxHkx turk vkrh gSA ykyiqj vyoj esaiks"k lqnh iw.khZek dks iapihj dk esyk Hkjrk gS ftlesa 500 la[;k easa yksx ,df+=rgksrs gSA cgkMk vyoj esa lkykj dk esyk T;s"V lwnh dks cMh Jºk ds lkFk yxrkgS ftlesa yxHkx 8000 yksx vkrs gS rFkk 50 ds yxHkx nqdkus yxrh gSA ckysVkvyoj esa pS=lqnh v"Veh dks eulknsoh dk esyk yxrk gS ftlesa yxHkx 400 yksx,df=r gksrs gSA gYnhuk vyoj esa egkRek jkensoth dk esyk yxrk gS ;g esyk ek|lqnh 1 dks Hkjrk gS 300 ds yxHkx turk ;gkW ij vkrs gSA ckysVk vyoj esaik.Mwiksy ds guqeku egkjkt dk esyk yxrk gS ;g esyk cS'kk[k lqnh esa v"Veheaxyokj dks vkSj Hkknzin lqnh esa izFke eaxyokj dks yxrk gS blesa yxHkx 5000turk vkrh gSA ^ckulwj esa gj lky fcykyh ekrk dk esyk (ekpZ @ vizSy) pS=oS'kk[k dks yxrk gS A bl esys esa gtkj ;k=h vkrs gSA Fkkukxkth esa oS'kk[k esaukjk;.kh ekrk dk esyk yxrk gSA

Jh txUukFk th dk esyk vk"kk< 'kqDy 2 ls 8 rd Hkjrk gS ftlesa 10]000yksx ,df=r gksrs gSA jktx< esa nwljk esyk jkeckx dh Nrjh;ks ij pS= d`".kk 5 dksesyk yxrk gS nqxZ ls Jh prqHkqZt egkjkt th i/kkjrs gS bl esys esa 1000 yksx,df=r gksrs gSaA nwniqjh@/kk/kiqjh & jktx< & ty tqyuh ,dkn'kh dks ikp lkrxk°oks ds Bkdwjth frygn LFkku ij ,df=r gksrs gS rFkk 300 yksx Hkh bl LFkku ij,df=r gksrs gSA uheyk jktx< esa f'kojk=h ds fnu izfr o"kZ igkMh ij HkwrsUnzth dkesyk Hkjrk gS 200 ds yxHkx yksx ,df=r gksrs gSA jktksj jktx< esa pwgjflº dkpkSrjk cuk gqvk gS tgkW ij oS'kk[k 'kqDy vkSj nwljk Hkknks [kqnh dk esyk yxrk gSAjktiqj jktx< esa lkses'oj egknso dk esyk pS=lqnh 5 dks Hkjrk gS bl esys esa vklikl ds 300 yksx vkrs gSaA

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vyoj jkT; esa ;s esys lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds izrhd gS bu esyksa esa lHkhlEiznk; ds yksx Hkkx ysrs ,oa eafnjksa ij ekFkk Vsdrs ,oa euksdkeuk,s ekaxus dslkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; ?kjsyw lkeku [kjhnrs gSaA ykynkl] pwgMflº ds esys ln~Hkkoukds izrhd gS ;s lUr fgUnw&eqfLye HkkbZ pkjk c<+kus ds lkFk lkFk ln~Hkkouk ds izrhdgSA ysfdu le; dh O;oLFkk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds nkSj esa ;s viuh igpku [kksrs tkjgs gSaA

lUnHkZ1& ohj fouksn] ';keynkl Hkkx 2 ftYn 2] i`- 13552& vyoj dk ikmysV xtV 1878 & i`- 683& ÿekad 343 cU/kkd 51 xzUFkkad 01 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj

chdkusjA4& vyoj jkT; dk ikmysV xtV 1878 & i`- 685& ohj fouksn] ';keynkl Hkkx i`- 13726& ohj fouksn] ';keynkl i`- 13727& vyoj jkT; dk ikmysV xtV 1878] i`- & 698& vyoj dk ikmyksV xtV & 1878] i`- 709& ÿekad 343 cU/kkd 51 xzUFkkad 01 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj10&vyoj dk ikmysV xtV 1878 i`- 7011&l`tu vyoj vad 2005&0612&ÿekad 343 cU/kkd 51 xzUFkkad 01 jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj13&Ωrqjkt] jktx< fo'kss"kkad 1977&78 i`- 5914&Ωrqjkt] jktx< fo'kss"kkad 1977&78 i`- 5915&Ωrqjkt] jktx< fo'kss"kkad 1977&78 i`- 5916&Ωrqjkt] jktx< fo'kss"kkad 1977&78 i`- 6017&ÿekad 1183] ca/kkad] 163] xaFkkad 0418&vyoj n'kZu & vfuy tks'kh19&vyoj n'kZu & vfuy tks'kh20&vyoj n'kZu & vfuy tks'kh21&l`tu vyoj vad 2005&0622&vyoj n'kZu & vfuy tks'kh23&vyoj n'kZu & vfuy tks'kh24&ÿekad 318] ca/kkad] 43] xaFkkad 04] ÿ-la- 04 jk-jk-vfHk- chdkusj

if'peh jktLFkku ds yksd laxhrdkj&yaxkMkW- f'k[kk

yksd laxhr Hkkjr dh vkRek gSA ;fn Hkkjrh; yksd thou ls yksd xhrksa dksfudky fn;k tk; rks thou 'kwU; gks tk;sxkA yksd xhr gekjs ns'k dh laLd`fr dsjkd gSaA R;ksgkjksa&mRloksa ds lkFk budk vfoPNUu vkSj vVwV lEcU/k gSA yksdu`R;ksa rFkk yksd ukV~;ksa dks Hkh ;s gh izk.k nsrs gSaA jktLFkku dk yksd laxhr ewyr%izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ijEijk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS vkSj vius esa vusd izdkjdh fofo/krk;sa latks;s gq;s gSA jktLFkku ds yksd laxhr dh /kkjk lfn;ksa ls dbZizdkj ds :iksa esa izokgeku jgh gSA tSls tu lk/kkj.k kjk fofHkUu voljksa ij xk;stkus okys xhr] nwljs tks lkeUr'kkgh ds izHkko ds dkj.k fodflr gq;s vkSj mUgsa dbZtkfr;ksa us O;kolkf;d :i esa viuk;k] rhljh dksfV dss xhr os gSa ftuesa ks=h;izokg yfkr gksrk gSA O;kolkf;d tkfr;ksa esa <+ksyh] fejklh] yaxk] <+k<+h] ekaxf.k;kj]dykoUr] HkkV] jko] tks'kh] dkeM+] oSjkxh] xU/koZ] Hkksis] HkokbZ] jk.kk] dkycsfy;k]dfFkd vkfn ifjxf.kr gSaA1 yksd laxhr dk ;g :i lcls egRoiw.kZ gS tks is'ksojxk;dksa ;k fof'k"V tkfr;ksa dh gh eq[; lEifŸk gS] xk;u ,oa oknu nksuksa dh n`f"Vls ;g lEiUu laxhr gSA tks laxhr 'kkL=h;rk ds dkQh fudV gSA ;g tkfr;kaW lk/kkj.k xhrksa dks Hkh eksM+&rksM+ dj [kVdksa ds lkFk] 'kkL=h; xhrksa dh rjg vkyki]rkuksa ds lkFk xkrs gSaA 'kkL=h; laxhr dh rjg buesa Hkh LFkk;h ,oa vUrjs dk Lo:ifn[kkbZ iM+rk gS rFkk [;ky vkSj Bwejh dh rjg bUgsa NksVh&NksVh rkuksa] eqjfd;ksa ofo'ks"k >Vdksa ls ltk;k tkrk gSA bu xhrks esa ekaWM] nsl] lksjB] ek:] ijt]dkfyaxM+k] tksfx;k] vklkojh] fcykoy] ihyw] [kekt vkfn dbZ jkxksa dh Nk;kLi"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA2

jktLFkku ds ckM+esj] tSlyesj ,oa tks/kiqj ks= esa eq[; :i ls jgus okysyaxk dykdkj] pkSgku jktiwrksa ds okpd jgs gSa3 rFkk bUgksaus viuh xk;dh dh Nkiu dsoy vius ns'k esa cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh NksM+h gSA ih<+h nj ih<+h budk dk;Z xkusctkus dk gh pyk vk jgk gSA4 yaxk ^xkuk nsus okys* gksrs gSaA tkfr ls ;s eqlyekugksus ds ckotwn fgUnqvksa ds R;kgkjksa nhikoyh] gksyh tSls R;ksgkjksa ij Hkh xkrs gSaA yaxkxk;dksa ds xkus dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaWV ldrs gSa igyk fuf'pr lekjksgksa esa ,oa nwljkvius Lokeh ds euksjatu ds fy, xkrs gSaA

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yaxk eq[;r% vius vkJ;nkrk ifjokjkas ds fy, xhr xkrs gSa tks ifjokj yaxkxk;dksa dks vkJ; iznku djrk gS mUgsa flU/kh flikgh dgk tkrk gSA5 flU/kh flikghdk fuokl LFkku <+k.kh ;k NksVs xkaWo gksrs gSa tgkaW N% ls 10 NIiM+ ds ?kj cus gksrs gSaAflU/kh flikgh eq[;r% i'kq/ku ;k pjokgs gksrs gSaA buds ikl dkQh ek=k esa xk;NdMs+] HksM+&cdfj;kaW gksrh gSA ;|fi ;s vPNh [kklh Hkwfe ds Lokeh gksrs gSa vkSjekulwu vPNh gksus ij [ksrh Hkh djrs gSaA flU/kh flikgh d"V esa jgrs gaS vkSj lektds fuEu oxZ ls lacaf/kr gSaA yaxk vius vkJ;nkrk ifjokjksa ds fy, xhr xkrs gSaftlds cnys esa udn jkf'k ,oa vU; oLrqvksa ds :i esa ikfjJfed izkIr djrs gSaAikfjrksf"kd oLrqvksa ds :i esa i'kq ,oa ≈aWV mUgsa fn;s tkrs gSaA6 vius vkJ;nkrkvksakjk budk vfrfFk lRdkj ,oa lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA buds jgus dh leLrlqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk bUgsa vPNk [kkuk ,oa lksus ds fy, dejksa dh mfprO;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA yaxk mRloksa esa nsj jkf= rd xhr xkrs gSaA ;g mu xhrksa dks xkrsgSa ,oa yksd dgkfu;kaW lqukrs gSa tks ikjEifjd vkYgksa ls vuqokfnr gksrh gSA fookgksRlods le; yaxk laxhrdkj ckjkr ds tqywl dks o/kw ds ?kj rd xkrs ctkrs gq, ys tkrsgSaA dqN vkJ; nkrkvksa ds fy, os dHkh&dHkh mudh ;k=k ds nkSjku ≈aWV dh ihBij cSBs&cSBs xkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh rks oj&o/kw ik ds laxhrdkjksa ds e/; izfrLi/kkZrd gks tkrh gS vkSj fotsrk ogh ik gksrk gS tks fofHkUu HkkaWfr ds xhrksa dksikjEifjd rjhdksa ls xkrk gSA dbZ ckj vius vkJ;nkrkvksa dh ekaWx ij u;s xhr ,oalaxhr dh rRdky jpuk Hkh djrs gSaA dgrs gSa cykspu* uked xhr blh izdkj ,drRdky jfpr xhr gS ftls xk;k tkrk gSA7 vkJ;nkrk ikjEifjd xhrksa dh 'kqºrkij fo'ks"k /;ku nsrs gSaA mUgsa /kqu] xhr ds cksy] xkus dh dyk dk dkQh Kku gksrkgSA ;fn xhr ikjEifjd rjhds ls ugha xk;s tkrs rks ;s dkQh vizlUurk O;Dr djrsgSaA blls xhr ikjEifjd rkSj ij lajfkr jgrs gSa ftlls u;s lh[kus okys Hkh xhrksadks mUgha ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls lh[krs gSaA8

ijEijk ls lwQh /keZ ls izHkkfor ;s yksx f'k'kq tUe] fookg vkfn mRlo ijvius vkJ;nkrk] muds ifjokj ,oa fj'rsnkjksa ds fy, xkrs gSaA yaxk xk;d xk;u dsvfrfjDr lkjaxh] lqj.kbZ] [kjrky] vyxkstk] lqjUnk] <+ksyd] 'kgukbZ] eksjpax] uM+]iwaxh vkfn ok| ;a= ctkus esa nk gksrs gSaA ok|;a= ds vk/kkj ij gh yaxk nks leqnk;esa caVs gq;s gSa& lkjafx;k yaxk vkSj lqj.kkb;k yaxkA lkjafx;k yaxk xkrs vkSj ctkrs gSatcfd lqj.kkb;k yaxk flQZ ctkrs gSa xkrs ughaA /keZ ifjorZu ds laca/k esa ,d yaxkds vuqlkj lwQh /keZ dk izHkko jgk vkSj bl otg ls bUgksaus vkB lkS o"kZ igysbLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA9 tcfd nwljs ds vuqlkj10 eqxy 'kkld vkSjaxtscds le; bUgksaus viuk /keZ cny fy;k FkkA pwafd buds vkJ;nkrk flU/kh flikgh

bLyke /keZ dks ekuus okys gksrs gSaA lEHkor% nksuksa gh tkfr;ksa us vkSjaxtsc ds le;/keZ ifjorZu dj fy;k gksxkA ,slk Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd yaxk xk;dksa ds /keZ ifjorZudk eq[; dkj.k buds vkJ;nkrkvksa kjk viuk /keZ ifjorZu fd;k tkuk FkkA11

ysfdu lqj.kkb;k yaxkvksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ;s yksx ewy :i ls gh eqlyeku FksA12

lkjafx;k vkSj lqj.kkb;k yaxk ds chp lkekftd O;ogkj gksrk gS ysfdubuds e/; oSokfgd lEcU/k LFkkfir ugha gksrs gSaA lqj.kkb;k yaxk jktiwrksa ds lekuekus tkrs gSaA yaxk xk;dksa dh mitkfr;kaW jktiwrksa dh rkSj&rjhdksa dk ikyu djrhgSaA jktiwrksa dh mitkfr;ksa raWoj] HkkVh] lksyadh] jkBkSM+ bR;kfn ukeksa ls tkuh tkrhgSA yaxk tkfr;kaW Hkh blh izdkj ls foHkkftr dh xbZ gaSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij yaxkHkkVh] raWoj HkkVh bR;kfnA

yaxk xk;dksa ds fgUnw /keZ ls bLyke /keZ esa ifjofrZr gksus ls ,d ubZfeyh&tqyh laLd`fr dk mn; gqvkA ;s ppsjs HkkbZ&cguksa ds e/; fookg rks djrs gSafdUrq fookg dh jLe fgUnw jhfr&fjokt ls gh lEiUu djrs gSaA iq:"k xhrdkjfgUnqvksa dh rjg /kksrh igurs gSa vkSj efgyk;sa pwM+k igurh gS vkSj fgUnw fL=;ksa dhrjg vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn gh bls iguuk can djrh gaSA eqlyekuksa kjk bujhfr&fjoktksa dk fojks/k fd;s tkus ds ckotwn yaxk xhrdkjksa kjk budks ekuus dslkFk gh bu jhfr&fjoktksa dk l[rh ls ikyu Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vU; dbZ fgUnqvksads mRloksa ,oa R;ksgkjksa dk yaxk xk;dks kjk ifo=rk ds lkFk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA

yaxk nks izdkj dh lkjaxh ctkrs gSa& izFke xqtjkr.k lkjaxh13 frh; fla/khlkjaxh14 dgykrh gSA fla/kh lkjaxh orZeku eas flU/k esa miyC/k gS ,oa ctk;h Hkhtkrh gS fdUrq xqtjkr.k lkjaxh ds fy, ,slk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA ,d le; esanksuksa gh lkjaxh xqtjkr esa curh FkhA lkjaxh dks yaxk tks fd ,d iV~Vh ds lgkjsda/ks ls yisVh xbZ gksrh gS viuh xksn esa ysdj xhr xkrs&xkrs ctkrs gSaA

,d yaxk15 ds vuqlkj nsoh nkl izFke izfrHkkou O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus xhrlaxhr dks viuk;k Fkk rFkk os lkjaxh ,oa lqjubZ ctkrs FksA nsohnkl ,d egku ;ksºkFks tks vius Lokeh ds lkFk cgknqjh ds lkFk yMs+A fcuk flj ;qº Hkwfe esa 'k=qvksa dkuk'k fd;kA ckn esa vius 'kjhj dks i`Foh ij NksM+ fn;k Fkk rHkh ls yaxk xk;d Hkwjsjax dks v'kqHk ekudj mldk fu"ks/k djrs gSa vkSj bl jax dks ysdj buds chp vktHkh ;g va/kfo'okl fo|eku gS fd bl jax dks /kkj.k djus ls muds thou esa vusddfBukbZ;kaW ,oa eqlhcrsa vkrh gSaA

yaxk xk;dksa esa xkus dh viuh ,d vyx dyk gksrh gSA yaxk vius ifjokjds ekSf[kd ijEijk ds eqf[k;k gksrs gSaA yaxk xk;dksa esa fu;fer :i ls ubZ ih<+h dks

246


xk;u fl[kkus dh ijEijk gSA ;gh ijEijk izkphu 'kkL=h; laxhr dh xq:&f'k";ijEijk ds :i eas ns[kh tk ldrh gSA xq: kjk vius f'k"; dks laxhr ds lHkh ikBekSf[kd gh fl[kk;s tkrs gSaA fdlh yaxk ckyd dk firk ,d fuiq.k xk;d gS rksLor% gh vius iq= dk xq: cu tkrk gSA ;fn mls vius ls ;ksX; xq: dh ryk'kvius iq= ds fy, gksrh gS rks og mlds ikl xk;u ,oa ok|;a=ksa dk Kku ysus ds fy,mls Hkst nsrk gSA blds fy, ,d fu;fer jLe esa tkfr ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks vkeaf=rdjrs gSa vkSj mUgsa 'kjcr ;k ehBk ikuh fiykrs gSaA f'kkd 'ks"k cpk ikuh f'k"; dksihus ds fy, nsrk gS tcfd ckyd vius xq: dks 'kkWy migkj Lo:i nsrk gS vkSjvius xq: ls lkjaxh ,oa xk;u lh[kuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA lh[kus ds izfÿ;k dsnkSjku f'k"; vius xq: ds lkFk xk;u esa Hkkx ysrk gS ftlls og ml dyk dkvuqlj.k dj ;kn dj ldsA yaxk f'kkd vius f'k"; dks dqN xhrksa dk izf'kk.knsrk gS rFkk mlls ;g vk'kk djrk gS fd og vU; xhrksa ,oa /kquksa dks fuiq.krk lsxk;sxk ,oa ctk;sxkA xhrksa dh /kqusa nks ;k rhu ls T;knk ugha gksrh gSA vf/kdka'k yaxkxk;d vf'kfkr gksrs gSaA tks budh nwljh izd`fr gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ljxe ;klksYQk dh HkkaWfr laxhr esa lqjksa dk dksbZ uke ugha gksrk gSA ;|fi lqjksa dks igpkuusdh budh ,d vyx dyk gksrh gSA tks lk ,oa i ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ;s yksx^lk* dks nknj ,oa i* dks vxksjk ds uke ls tkurs gSaA bl izdkj os lHkh vkBksa Lojksadks tkurs gSaA Loj ;k lqjksa dh vko';drk dks ;s rHkh le>rs gSa tc viuh lkjaxhds lqj feykrs gSa ysfdu xhr xkrs le; muds lkeus ;g leL;k ugha vkrhA

orZeku le; esa bl tkfr ds dbZ dykdkj gSa ftUgksaus viuh dyk lsns'k&fons'k esa izflfº ikbZ gSA ;s dykdkj gaS& djhe [kkaW yaxk] tSlyesj ds ca/kkokxkaWo ds lqj.kkb;k yaxk leqnk; ls lacaf/kr eqjyh ,oa lrkjk ctkus esa flºgLr gSavkSj :l] Qzkal] tkiku] vesfjdk esa vius dk;Zdze ls izflº gq,A 1992&93 esajktLFkku laxhr ukVd vdkneh kjk lEekfur gq;sA16 'kwekj [kkaW yaxk lkjaxh oknd]1978&79 esa jktLFkku laxhr ukVd vdkneh kjk lEekfur gq,A17 bLekby [kkaWyaxk ckM+esj ds cnukok xkaWo ds jk"V™h; ,oa vUrjjk"V™h; Lrj ij viuk dk;ZdzeizLrqr djrs gSaA ln~nhd [kkaW yaxk] <ksyd] lkjaxh] rUnwjk] dek;pk vkSj [kjrkyctkus esa ekfgj bUgsa [kjrky esa fo'ks"k yksdfiz;rk gkfly gSA 1989&1990 esae/;izns'k iz'kklu kjk bUgsa rqylh lEeku* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA18 ln~nhd [kkWads ckn [kjrky ds Js"B dykdkj dksfguwj [kkaW ;k cwaMw [kkaW gaSA19 1982 ds ^HkkjrmRlo* esa buds izn'kZu ls fczVsu dh egkjkuh dkQh izHkkfor gqbZ vkSj bUgsa Hkkjr dknwljk dksfguwj dgkA fo'o esa yksd laxhr dks ghjs dh rjg pedkus ds dkj.kdksfguwj uke iM+k vkSj orZeku esa blh uke ls izflº gaSA

yaxk xk;dksa ds xk;d lewg esa buds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ftuesa pkpk]Hkrhtk] HkkbZ] ppsjs HkkbZ lHkh gksrs gSaA ijEijk ls efgyk;as blesa Hkkx ugha ysrh gSaAis'ksoj efgykvksa dks blesa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA buds lewg esa de mez dsdykdkj gSa& vkldhu [kkaW] esgcwc [kkaW] vCnqy j'khn vkfnA :ik;u laLFkku]tks/kiqj ,oa tokgj dyk dsUnz t;iqj kjk buds dk;Zÿe vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaAbl izdkj yaxk dykdkjksa dks jktLFkku esa laxhr dyk dks tu&thou esa thoUrcuk;s j[kus dk Js; gSA

lnHkZ1- t;flag uhjt ,oa ch-,y- 'kekZ&jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku

fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2003] i`-1222- t;flag uhjt ,oa ch-,y- 'kekZ&jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] i`-1223- izrki flag pkS/kjh&jktLFkku&laxhr ,oa laxhrdkj] t;iqj fizUVlZ izkbosV fyfeVsM]

,e-vkbZ- jksM] t;iqj] 1995] i`-1424- eksgu yky xqIrk & jktLFkku Kku dks"k] i`- 3665. (Ed.) Chandramani Singh & Performing Arts of Rajasthan Lok Rang,

Jawahar Kala Kendra in Association with Publication Scheme, Jaipur,2000, page 59

6- ogh7- ogh8- ogh9- yk[kk [kkaW yaxk ls gqbZ okrkZ ds vk/kkj ij10- dej [kkaW yaxk ls lkkkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr11. Chandramani Singh & Performing Arts of Rajasthan Lok Rang,, page 60

12- cPpw [kkaW yaxk ls lkkkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr13- ykyef.k feJ&Hkkjrh; laxhr ok|&i`- 181]14- jes'k cksjk.kk] jktLFkku ds yksd ok|] jktLFkku laxhr ukVd vdkneh] tks/kiqj]

jktLFkkuh xzUFkxkj tks/kiqj] 2004] i`-17515- mLrkn eqjkn [kkaW ds lkFk gqbZ okrkZ ij vk/kkfjr16- jes'k cksjk.kk&jktLFkku ds dyk xkSjo] jktLFkku laxhr ukVd vdkneh] tks/kiqj]

jktLFkkuh xzUFkxkj tks/kiqj] 2003] i`-108-17- ogh] i`- 10818- jktLFkku lqtl lap;] i`- 89819. Tripti Pandey & Where silence sings, sounds and Rhythems of Rajasthan,

Harper Collins, Publishers India, N. Delhi-1999, page 91

247


pkax (C;koj) xk°o dh ,sfrgkfldrkMkW- ,e- ,y- 'kekZ

izflº bfrgkldkj gLyd us mfpr gh fy[kk gS fd LFkkuh; ,oa izkUrh;bfrgkl] jk"V™h; bfrgkl ys[ku esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA1 izR;sd xk°o] uxj]dLcs] ftys] izkar] jk"V™] tkfr] oa'k dk viuk ,d bfrgkl gksrk gS] tks blds ewyLo:i] mn~Hko o fodkl dh O;k[;k djrk gSA

C;koj ds if'pe esa yxHkx 12 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr ^pkax* xk°ocM+s ,sfrgkfld egRo dk jgk gSA pkax ij izkjEHk esa xqtZjksa dk 'kklu FkkA iwoZe/;dkyhu o xqtZj tkfr ds iatkc o jktiwrkuk (jktLFkku) esa gksus ds iqjkrkfRodo lkfgfR;d nksuksa izek.k feyrs gSaaA lkroha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr vk, phuh ;k=h ‚sUlkaxus vius ;k=k fooj.k esa fy[kk gS fd xqtZj ns'k (xqtjkr) dh jkt/kkuh Hkhueky gS]tks jktLFkku dk vk/kqfud Hkhueky gS dk izkphu uke JheYy ;k Jheky FkkA‡sUlkax us Hkhueky ds fy, iksykseksyks 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ‚sUlkax us xqtZj ns'kdh ifjf/k 833 ehy crkbZ gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;g xqtZj jkT; ,d foLr`rks= esa QSyk gqvk FkkA ftlesa rRdkyhu jktiwrkuk dk dkQh ks= Hkh lfEefyr FkkA‡sUlkax us xqtZj jkT; dh yEckbZ 300 ehy rd crkbZ gSA2 ;fn Hkhueky ls 300ehy rd dh yEckbZ ekih tk, rks C;koj ds ikl fLFkr ;g ,sfrgkfld pkax xk°obl ifjf/k esa fuf'pr :i ls vk tkrk gSA ‡sUlkax ds bl o.kZu ls pkax xk°o ijxqtZjksa dk vf/kdkj izkekf.kd flº gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ,d vU; iqjkrkfRodlk; Hkh bldh iqf"V djrk gSA izfrgkj 'kkld Hkkstnso izFke ds fo-l- 900 dsnkui= esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd mlesa xqtZjk=k (xqtjkr) Hkwfe (ns'k) ds MsaMokudfo"k; (ftyk) dk flok xk°o ,d efUnj dh lsokiwtk ds fy, nku fn;s tkus dkmYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;g nkui= MhMokuk ftys esa fLFkr flok uked xk°o ds ,dVwVs gq, izkphu efUnj ls feyrk gSA jbfrgkldkj xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k us mDrrkeznkuik= esa mYysf[kr MsMokud dks vk/kqfud MhMokuk rFkk flok xk°o dksMhMokuk ftys esa fLFkr MhMokuk ls 7 fey nwj fLFkr lsok xk°o* ekuk gSA3 blls ;gLi"V gksrk gS fd Hkhueky ls ysdj MhMokuk rd dk rRdkyhu tks/kiqj jkT; dsmŸkj ls nfk.k rd dk lEiw.kZ ks= xqtZj ns'k (xqtZjk=k&xqtjkr) ds vUrxZr vkrkFkkA bl ifjf/k esa C;koj ds ikl fLFkr pkax xk°o fuf'pr :i ls vkrk FkkA mijksDr

,sfrgkfld lk;ksa ls ;g flº gksrk gS fd pkax xk°o ij 8oha& 9oha 'krkCnh bZ- esaxqtZjksa dh fdlh ,d 'kk[kk dk 'kklu vo'; jgk gksxkA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd blks= esa foLr`r xqtZj jkT; ds 'kklu dk lapkyu pkax ls gksrk gks D;ksafd Hkhueky lsdkQh nwj fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k bl ks= dks lqjfkr j[kus ds fy, bl xk°o dkmi;ksx ,d iz'kklfud bdkbZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk jgk gksxkA ckn esa bl ks= esaesgjkrksa] dkBkrksa us vf/kdkj tek fy;k o xqtZj ;gk° ls vU;= pys x,A mYys[kuh;gS fd ukMksy jkT; ds laLFkkid yk[kulh (y[kulh) dh eh.kh jkuh lgns viusvO;Ld nks iq=ksa ;Fkk v.kgy o vuwi dks ysdj pkax vkbZ Fkh ftls ;gk° ds pUnsyxqtZj 'kkld us u dsoy 'kj.k nh Fkh vfirq xqtj clj ds fy, ^gyiM+k* ukedLFkku ij ,d cM+k Hkw&Hkkx Hkh fn;k FkkA dfojkt ';kenkl us ohj fouksn esamYys[k fd;k gS fd & v.kgy us ckn esa le; ikdj pkax ls xqtZjksa dks Hkxk fn;kFkk o bl ks= dks vius v/khu dj fy;k FkkA ;gk° v.kgy o vuwi dh ik°p ihf<+;ksads jgus dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA4 ckn esa v.kgy ds nks iq=ksa dkUgk o dkykftuls phrk cjM+ 'kk[kk fudyh ekuh tkrh gS ij ck· vkÿe.k gqvkA mUgsa pkaxxk°o NksM+uk iM+k o ;gk° ls VkWVx<+ dh rjQ pys x, o psV.k (psrk) xk°o esa tkdjcl x, FksA

iwoZ e/;dky o e/;dky esa pkax ds Bkdqjksa o tks/kiqj 'kkldksa ds e/;vusd ;qºksa ds o`Ÿkkar feyrs gS D;ksafd pkax dh lhek ekjokM+ fj;klr ls yxrh FkhAvkt Hkh pkax esa ,d lSfud pkSdh ds vo'ks"k tks ekjokM+ dh vksj ls gksus okyslSfud xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[krh FkhA lu~ 1285 ls 1290 bZ- e/; j.kFkEHkkSj ds'kkld gEehn kjk pkax ij oºZuiqjk (cnukSj) ij vkÿe.k fd, tkus dk mYys[kfeyrk gSA5 ckn esa esokM+ ds egkjk.kk yk[kk us (1382&1397 bZ-) oºZuiqjk dsLFkku ij cnukSj dLck clk;k FkkA ;g Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS fd lu~ 1705 bZ- esavFkw.k ds [kku gkth[kk° us tc gqjM+k ij vkÿe.k djds ;gk° ls ,d gkfde dkscanh cukdj ys vk;k Fkk rks cnukSj ds Bkdqj tloUrflag us pkax ij vkÿe.kdjds ml gkfde dks NqM+ok;k FkkA bl ;qº esa gkth[kk° ekjk x;k FkkA6

blds lkFk ;g Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS fd lu~ 1778 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ujsíkfct;flag us ea=h Hk.Mkjh ds usr`Ro esa pkax ij vkÿe.k djus ,d lSfud VqdM+hHksth FkhA ysfdu tks/kiqj ujs'k bl vfHk;ku esa lQy ugha gks lds FksA7

pkax xk°o esa fo|eku [k.Mgj bldh izkphurk o ,sfrgkfldrk dks c;kadjrs gSaA xk°o dh clkoV iw.kZr;k lqjkkRed FkhA orZeku xk°o ds rhuksa vksjigkfM+;k° gSa ,oa og ?kksMs+ dh uky dh vkd`fr ls clk;k x;k FkkA xk°o ds iwohZ o

248


ifípeh Nksj rFkk nfk.kh o mükjh Nksj ij pkSfd;k° cuh gqbZ FkhA ;s lqjkk pkSfd;k°igkfM+;ksa ij cuh gqbZ FkhA tgk° ls vkÿe.kdrkZ dks vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk FkkAvkÿe.k dh fLFkfr esa xk°o ds fuokfl;ksa dks lrdZ djus ds fy, ladsr ?k.Vs cka/kstkrs FksA ftUgsa ctkdj ladV dh lwpuk nh tkrh FkhA ,slk gh ladsr ?k.Vk ;a= dsiwohZ Nksj dh igkM+h ij vofLFkr eksj vkd`fr dh pÍku ij cka/kk tkrk FkkALFkkuh; yksx Hkh bldh iqf"V djrs gSaA bl eksj vkd`fr okyh pÍku dk mi;ksx^ladV ladsr* ?k.Vk yVdkus esa fd;k tkrk FkkA bl ?k.Vk /ofu lquus ds ckn cPpksa]fL=;ksa o eosf'k;ksa dks bl ?k.Vk /ofu dks igkM+ks dh vksj Hkst fn;k tkrk Fkk o iq#"kigkfM+;ksa ij p<+dj ekspkZ ys ysrs FksA

xk°o esa izos'k djus ij ckbZa vksj iqjkru egy ds [k.Mgj utj vkrs gSa]ftls vkt Hkh LFkkuh; yksx ^njckj* ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA bu [k.Mgjksa dks ns[kusls yxrk gS fd ;s egy vius ewy :i esa nks ;k rhu eafty ds jgs FksA bu [k.Mgjksaesa eaftyksa ds vo'ks"k Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA egyksa esa LFkkuh; iRFkj o ifÍ;ksa dkiz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ftlds HkXuko'ks"k vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA egy esa NksVs&NksVsdkksa ds [k.Mgj vkt Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;gk° [kk| lkexzh ds Hk.Mkj.k dhO;oLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk vL= 'kL=ksa ds j[k&j[kko dh Hkh leqfpr O;oLFkk FkhAegy esa >jks[ks Hkh cus gq, gSA

egy rd igq°pus ds fy, nks pÍkuksa ds chp ,d rax jkLrk cuk gqvk FkkA;gk° ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd bl rax jkLrs dk mi;ksx nq'eu dks egy rd igq°pus lsjksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa LFkkuh; yksx Nkikekj iºfr ls buij ,d lkFk Nkik cksydj vkÿe.k dj ldrs FksA blds vfrfjDr xqIr LFkku ijfNidj ryokj ls ,d&,d okj djds nq'eu dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj ldrs FksA lkFkgh vkxs ihNs ls nq'eu dks ?ksjdj ,d lkFk /kkok cksydj Hkh ekj ldrs Fks ;k mUgsa,d&,d dks cUnwd dk fu'kkuk Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk FkkA

xk°o dh ?kksM+s dh uky vkd`fr dh clkoV] egy rd igq°pus dk rax jkLrkrFkk lqjkk pkSfd;ksa ij ladV ?k.Vksa dk iz;ksx o vkÿe.k ;k ladV ds le;igkfM+;ksa ij p<+dj ekspkZ ysuk ;s lHkh izek.k bl ckr dh iqfV djrs gSa fd ;gk° dsyksx vkÿe.k ds le; Nkikekj ;qº iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx djrs FksA blh lSU; iz.kkyhdk ckn esa f'kokth o ejkBksa us Hkh eqxyksa ds fo#º iz;ksx fd;k FkkA muds Hkh dLcso lSU; fBdkus rFkk nqxZ igkfM+;ksa ij gksrs Fks] tgk° rd igq°pus ds fy, rax jkLrk gksrkFkkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd nfk.k ds iwjs lwcs dHkh Hkh ,d lkFk eqxyksa ds v/khulqjfkr ugha jg lds FksA /oLr egy ds lkeus ikuh dh ckoM+h cuh gqbZ FkhA

ftldk ;gk° ds fuokfl;ksa ds fy, is;ty ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gckoM+h vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA bl ckoM+h dk rhu ckj th.kksZºkj fd;s tkus ds LiViqjkrkfRod vo'ks"k feyrs gSaA bl ckoM+h dk izFke th.kksZºkj blds fuekZ.k ds dqNo"kksZa ds ckn fd;k x;k FkkA frh; th.kksZºkj ds le; blesa ,d rjQ ls uhps mrjusds fy, cuh lhf<+;ksa ds ≈ijh Nksj ij ,d njoktk Hkh cuk;k x;k FkkA bldhlwpuk ;gk° ij yxs fíkykys[k ls gksrh gSA ckoM+h ds uhps mŸkj dh vksj ^cxhpk*cuk;k x;k Fkk tks dLcs dks lqjE; cukrk FkkA blds vkxs [ksrh ds fy, [ksr cuk;sx, FksA flapkbZ ds fy, dq,a Hkh fufeZr fd, x, FksA

lanHkZ1- nz"VO;] gLyd % nk Vhfpax vkWo fgLV™h2- MkW- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] jktiwrkus dk izkphu bfrgkl] 2009] i`- 1293- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] ftYn 5] i`- 2114- nz"VO; ; dfojkt ë;keynkl] ohj fouksn] i`- 1985- nz"VO;] gjfcykl 'kkjnk] vtesj fgLVksfjdy ,.M MsfLÿfIVo] cqDl V~stj]

tks/kiqj] 2007] i`- la- 4006- gjfcykl 'kkjnk] ogh] i`- la- 401&4027- ogh] i`- la- 403

249


vtesj ftys dk ,d xzke & twfu;k°MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- js.kq 'kekZ

Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; esa jktLFkku dk bfrgkl viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSAR;kxe;h yyukvksa] lkglh ohjksa vkSj xfjeke;h laLÑfr dk ;g izns'k vusd ,frgkfldeksM+ks ls xqtjus ds mijkUr Hkh viuh leUo;kRed thou iºfr ds fy, le`º jgkgSA izkphu le; ls gh ;g ks= ns'k dh le`º bdkb;ksa dk vax Fkk] ftlesa vUrosZn]lkSohj] e:dkUrkj] yk,s] xqtZj vkfn HkwHkkxksa dh lhek,° lfEefyr Fkh vaxzstksa usvU; ns'kh fj;klrks dks ekU;rk nsdj bldk uke jktiqrkuk j[k fn;k vkSj Lora=rkds ckn foy; izfÿ;kvksa ds vUrxZr bldk ukedj.k g"kZdkyhu O;oLFkk ds vk/kkjij jktLFkku dj fn;kA jktLFkku ds izR;sd ks= dk bfrgkl fof'k"V gS vkSj dyk,saHkhA HkkSxkfyd bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrkFkkA

1- ekjokM+ (tks/kiqj] chdkusj] ukXkkSj] fd'kux<+] vtesj)2- esokM+ (mn;iqj] ukFkkjk)3- <w<+kaM+ (t;iqj] vyoj] mf.k;kjk)4- gkM+kSrh (dksVk ] cwanh)

;g lHkh kS= ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gS ijUrq fQj viuk ,d LoNUnvfLRkRo j[krs gSA bUgha esa ls ,d izkphu 'kgj gS vtesj okLro esa HkkSxksfyd],frgkfld vkSj /kkfeZd n`f"V ls vtesj dh jktLFkku esa egRoiw.kZ fLFkfr jgh gSftlds QyLo:Ik ;gk° dh dyk vkSj laLd`fr dk leUo;kRed Lo:Ik mHkj djvk;kA lkFk gh vki&ikl dk ks= Hkh ;gk° ls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugh jg ldkAduZy VkWM us bls jktLFkku dh dqath dgk gSA

eqxyksa us jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd fLFkr dks dkcw esa j[kus ds fy, vtesjdks viuk dsUÊ cuk;kA eqxyksa ds iru ds Ik'pkr~ vtesj ekjokM+ ds v/khu jgkAyxHkx vºZ'krh rd ejkBkvksa us vkSj 129 o"kZ rd vaxzstksa us jktLFkku ds ‚n;vtesj dks viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUÊ cuk;kA

ftl izdkj jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa vtesj dk LFkku egRiw.kZ gSA vtesjftys ds fy, mlds vUrxZr vkus okys ,d fBdkus twfu;k° xzke dk bfrgkl Hkh

egRoiw.kZ gS] ijUrq jktLFkku bfrgkl esa blds mnkgj.k gesa vkaf'kd :Ik ls gh izkIrgksrs gS blds bfrgkl ds ckjs esa tks Hkh tkudkjh izkIr xbZ oks ;gk° ds fBdk.ks izeq[kds kjk ,oa ;gk° jg jgs yksxks ds lkkkRdkj ds vk/kkj ij gqbZA tks Hkh bUgksaus crk;kfd vtesj dk ;g NksVk lk fBdk.kk Hkh vius vUnj ,d cM+k bfrgkl fNik;s gq,gS] ,oa tks dqN tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ mlls twfu;k°x<+ ds mnkgj.k eqxy dky ls izkIrgksrs gSA

eqxyksa ds iru ds Ik'pkr~ 1709 ds ckn tc vtesj ekjokM+ ds vk/khu Fkkvtesj esa ejkBkvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa gqvk djrh Fkh ml le; twfu;k° x<+ esa xkSM+ks dkjkt FkkA ejkBkvksa ds vkÿe.k ds dkj.k jktLFkku ds vU; txg ds xkSM+ mŸkjizns'kdh vksj Hkkx jgs FksA twfu;k° x<+ esa tks xkSM+ jkt dj jgs Fks muls mudh iztk uk[kq'kFkh D;ksafd os viuh iztk ij vR;kpkj djrs Fks] twfu;k° x<+ dh iztk us dsdM+h esajkt dj jgs jktk ekynso ls izkFkZUkk dh fd os twfu;k° x<+ ij vkÿe.k djsa ,o agelc vkidk lg;ksx djsaxsA orZeku esa twfu;k° x<+ ds izeq[k jko vkuUnflag th dsvuqlkj ekynso us twfu;k° x<+ ij vkÿe.k fd;k ,oa ;gk° fd iztk ds lg;ksx lsekynso dh fot; gqbZA

orZeku esa tks jkt ifjokj ;gk° fuokl dj jgk gS os jktk ekysno ds ghoa'kt gSA buds mijkUr iq= mn;flag th xn~nh ij cSBsA buds nks iq= gq, lwjteydslj flag th tks fd es# esa tk cls vkSj eksVkjktk th twfu;k° x<+ ds jktk cusAbuds iq= lqtku flag th ds rhu iq= gq, ,d iq= es# esa jgus yxs] ,d dsdM+h dsjktk cus vkSj fd'ku flag th twfu;k° esa gh jgsA fd'ku flag th ds tks ?kVuk ?kVhoks twfu;k° x<+ ds bfrgkl esa vfoLej.kh; jgh gSA

1767 esa twfu;k° x<+ ds utnhd dqN fdyksfeVj nwjh ij fLFkr ,d xzkensoxk°o tgk° ,d ukckfyd cPps ij ejkBkvksa us vkÿe.k dj fn;kA ejkBkvksa usnsoxk°o dh iztk ij vR;kpkj fd;kA vr% nsoxk°o dh iztk us twfu;k° ds egkjktfd'ku flag th ls enn ek°xh] rFkk Hkknok 'krh n'ke~ dks lwpuk gqbZ fd nsoxk°o esaejkBkvksa dk vkÿe.k gks jgk gSA fd'kuflag th rqjUr viuh lsuk ysdj nsoxk°o dhvkSj viuh lsuk ysdj py fn,A ejkBkvksa ij fot; ikus ds Ik'pkr~ tc fd'kuflag th viuh lsuk ds lkFk twfu;k° ds fy, jokuk gq, rks la/;k gksus yxh] ,oafd'ku flag th nsoxk°o ds x<+ dh vksj jk=h foJke ds fy, tkus yxs] ijUrqnsoxk°o ds fuokfl;ksa us lkspk fda ejkBkvksa ij fot; ds Ik'pkr~ ;s gesa Hkh ughNkMs+xsA ;g lksp dj nsoxk°o ds iztk us x<+ ds njokts can dj fn;s ,oa fd'ku flagth dks okil twfu;k° fd vkSj ykSVuk iM+kA

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va/ksjk gksus yxk Fkk ckfj'k Hkh 'kq: gks x;h muds lkFk dqy lSfud Fksnsoxk°o ls 2 fdyksehVj nwj fpduh feV~Vh esa ckfj'k ds dkj.k ?kksM+s rst ugh pyldsaA va/ksjs esa gh nq'eu QkSt dk ,d lSfud dSj dh >kM+h ds ihNs fNIk x;k FkkvkSj mlus fd'ku flag th ij ryokj ls okj dj fn;k mudk flj mlh le; dVdj fxj x;kA tcfd mudk /kM+ ?kksMs ij gh jg x;kA ?kksM+k oQknkj gksus ds dkj.kmuds /kM+ dks twfu;k° us vk;kA fdlh efgyk us ;g n`'; ns[kk vkSj fpYykbZ fdfcuk flj dk vkneh ryokj fy, ?kksM+s ij lokj gSaA mudk uhps fxj x;k vkSj ?kksM+sus mlh le; izk.k R;kx fn,A

bl [kcj dks lquus ds ckn mudh jkuh lrh gksus dks rS;kj gks x;h tks esokM+jkT; dh ,d jktdqekjh FkhA vkSj mudh NksVh jkuh us Hkh vius izk.k R;kx fn,Avkt Hkh ;gk° fd'kuflag ds uke dk cxhpk gSA vkSj ;gk° ftruh Hkh jkuh;k° lrhgq;h mudh Nrjh;k Hkh ekStwn gSA bu nksuksa jkuh;ksa us lrh gksus ls igys psrkouh nhfd buds oa'kt dHkh Hkh nsoxka°o dh rjQ ugha tk;saxsA buds mijkUr dq°oj jktflagxn~nh ij cSBsA buds le; ls dyk dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkus yxk Fkk buds mijkUrHkxrflag] mn;flag th] f'ko flag th ek/kksflag th txekyflag th] mEesnflag th]j.kthr flag vkSj dY;k.k flag th xn~nh ij cSBs FksA dY;k.k flag ds le; esa es;ksdkWyst dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftlesa dsoy jktk&egkjktk ds cPps f'kkk xzg.k djrsFksA 1880 esa twfu;k° ds njckj ds dq°oj dY;k.k flag us es;ks dkWyst esa loZizFkeizos'k fy;kA muds Ik'pkr~ LkHkh dq°oj us es;ks dkWyst esa f'kkk xzg.k fd muds cknds'kjflag th] lTtu flag] vej flag vkSj vkUkUn flag 1959 tks twfu;k° ds orZekujktk gSa] tks fd orZeku esa t;iqj us'kuy ;wfuoflZVh ºt;iqjΩ esa izks- in ijdk;Zjr gSA

gkM+kSrh] ukFkkjk ,oa tkS/kiqj 'kSyh dk Hkh vlj ;gk° dh LFkkiR; dyk esafn[kkbZ x;h gSA dsfy;kQksfuZ;k ds ,d ppZ ds iknjh vtesj ftysa ds eq[;fBdkuksa ds bfrgkl dks ysdj ,d iqLrd fy[k jgs gSA ftlesa twfu;k° ds ckjs esa Hkhtkudkjh nh x;h gSA

twfu;k° ds pk°n kjk vafdr ikcwth dk fp= lu~ 1698 esa fufeZr O;fDrfp= vtesj 'kSth dk mŸke mnkgj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ,oa twfu;k°] fHkuk;] lkoj]elwnk tSls fBdk.kksa us vtesj 'kSyh ds fodkl vkSj lao/kZu esa fo'ks"k ;ksx fn;kAtwfu;k° xzke ds bfrgkl ds lkFk gh ;gk° ij vtesj ftys esa izflº njh fuekZ.k dk;Zxzkeh.kksa ds kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;Fkk iqjkuh lkM+h dh njh] lwr dh njh] xyhpkbR;kfnA lwr dh njh cukus dh dyk ds ckjs esa tkuus gsrq dqN gLrdykdkjksa ds

ifjokjksa ls feyus dk ekSdk feykA muesa ls gh ,d gS vCnqy erhu dk ifjokj gS tksfd pkj ihf<+;ksa ls nfj;k cwuus dk dk;Z dj jgs gSA buds iM+nkrk gkth jlwy th dskjk izkjEHk fd;k x;k ;g dk;Z vkt Hkh buds oa'kt lQyrk iwoZ ;g dk;Z dj jgsgSA iwjs vtesj ftys esa ugha oju~ iwjs jktLFkku esa ;s nfj;k twfu;k° xzke ds uke lsizflº gSA njh cukus ds fy, lwr ds /kkxs dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ,d fLVd ijbl /kkxs dks yisVk tkrk gS tks fd 'kVy esa fQV gks ldsaA tks fd ckus dk dkedjrh gSA njh cukus ds fy, iksfyLVj dk rkuk cuk;k tkrk gSA tks fd HkhyokM+k lseaxok;k tkrk gSA ,oa e'khu ds tjhQs ds rkuk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA mlds ckngS.Mywe ds uhe ij okil ,d ckn yisVk tkrk gSA yisVus ds ckn ml rkus dhljkbZ dh tkrh gSA

ljkbZ djus ckn 'kVy e'khu esa pyk;k tkrk gSA tSls&tSls e'khu pyrh gSnjh dh cquk;h gksrh jgrh gSA ,d gkFk ls 'kVy pyk;k tkrk gSA nqljs gkFk ls >wysdks fgyk;k tkrk gSA lhV dks nka;&cka; nksuksa vkSj ?kqek;k tkrk gSa bl rjg ls /khjs&/khjs rS;kj gksrh tkrh gSA ftl e'khu ls njh rS;kj dh tkrh gSa mldks gs.Mywee'khu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

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jktLFkkuh bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr ds mRFkku esaMkW- ukjk;.k flag th HkkVh dk ;ksxnku

r:.kk nk/khp

^^vjkoyh dh ioZrh; miR;dkvksa ls f?kjk] 'kksf.kr dh /kkj ls lhapk x;k]ljLorh dh vkW[kksa dk vuqjkx] thoV] 'kkS;Z vkSj lkSUn;Z dh f=os.khA cy[kkrhufn;kWa dy&dy] Ny&Ny djrs gq,s ukys] dyk dYiuk vkSj lR; dk lkdkj :i;g jktLFkku gSaA xkSjo dh xkWB ckW/kdj pyrk gS] bldh gj /kM+du toku gSAdgha vkWlqvkas ls >ksyh Hkj yhft, vkSj dgha jDrjaftr xkFkkvkas ls ru&eu jaxyhft, dye vkSj ryokj dk /kuhA bldk bfrgkl L;kgh ls ugh] jDr ls fy[kkx;k gSA**1

enueksgu ekyoh; us Bhd gh dgk gS fd&^^jktLFkkuh dk lkfgR; ohjlkfgR; gSA lalkj ds lkfgR;kas es mldk fujkyk LFkku gSA** ysfdu bfrgkl lkkh gS^^fd jktLFkku ds jktegyksa esa ;gk° oSHko vkSj foykflrk ds eksgd xhr xk;s x;s gS];gk° ijrU=rk o nklrk iuih gS] tgk° ogk ekuork pUn pkWnh ds VqdMksa dhfHk[kkfju lh ns[kh xbZ gS] ogh egkjk.kk izrki us Hkkjrh; LorU=rk dk LoIu ns[kFkkA vkSj fnYyh dh ckn'kkgr dks nkarkas pus pcok fn;s Fks Lora= jgus dk ozrftlus LoIu esa fy;k] la?k"kkZs ck/kkvkas dks g°lrs g°lrs vkfyaxu fd;k vksj tks vfUre'okl rd LrUr= jg ldk] ogh egkjk.kk izrki ;qx& ;qxkUrj rd ekuork ds fy,izsj.kk dk L=ksr gSA2 ifjLFkfr;Wak izk;% cnyrh jgrh gS vkSj mldk izHkko Hkh iM+rkgSA ;g ogh jktLFkku gS tgkW eqxyksa us vkdze.k fd;k Fkk vkSj Hkkjr dks inkdzkUrfd;k FkkA blds ckn vaxzstkas dk 'kklu izkjEHk gqvkA

Hkkjrh; ^'kL; 'k;keyk* Hkwfe dh izd`fr izR;sd dks fiz; jgh gS] vkSjizHkkfor djrh jgh gSA bl olqU/kjk dks izkIr djus ds fy, vaxzstkas ds igys vkSj Hkhvusd fonsf'k;ksa us dbZ ckj vkdze.k fd;s vkSj bl ns'k dks ywVk vkSj bl ij jkT;Hkh fd;kA jktLFkkuh tu ekul dks lnSo ccZj geyksa o vR;kpkjksa dk lkeuk Hkhdjuk iM+kA geys vkSj geys! ,d geys ds ?kko Hkh ugha Hkjs fd nwljk gqvk ?kko ij?kko gksrs jgsa vkSj fons'kh jkT; djrs jgsA fldUnj dk geyk gqvk vkSj mlds cknrks Hkkjr ds mRrj if'peh lhek izkUr ls ;ouksa ds fujUrj geys gksrs jgsA gw.kks dk]

vjcksa dk rkss fQj e/; ,f'k;k ds 'kdksa dk geyk gqvk] egewn xtuoh vkSj xkSjhrsewj vkSj pWxst [kkW ds mRikr Hkh D;k de fouk'kd FksA

bl izdkj ds geys] p<kbZ ywV&[klksV] 'kklu fot; ,oa mRikr ds chp Hkhbl ns'k dh ftUnxh vius rjhds ls pyrh jgh] ns'k dh ≈ijh lrg ij ifjorZugksrs jgsA ysfdu ;wjksi ds vkdze.k us rks fgUnqLrku dh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk dks gh tM+ lsfgyk fn;k gSA vaxsztksa ds igys ds ftrus 'kkld gq, os /khjs&/khjs blh laLd`fr es<y x;s ysfdu vaxzst os igys fotsrk gS] fgUnqLrku ds lkFk dHkh Hkh viuRoeglwl ugha fd;k vkSj u ;gk° dh laLd`fr dks gh viuk;kA vk'p;Z rks ;g gS fdgeus mudh lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dks iw.kZ :i ls viuk;k gSA jktLFkku fuokfl;kasij nqgjk 'kks"k.k gks jgk Fkk] ,d vkSj rks ns'kh jktkvksa dks vkSj jktkvksa ij fons'kh'kkldksa dk jktLFkku ds fuoklh nqgjh rjg ls ihls tk jgs FksA ,sls le; vaxszst'kkldkas us jktLFkku ds jktkvkas ds lkFk laf/k izLrko fd;s rFkk jktLFkkuh jktkvksadh foo'k gksdj ,slk djuk iM+k vkSj /khjs&/khjs jktLFkku ds jktk vaxzst 'kkldkasdh dBiqryh cuus yxsaA

Lok/khurk izseh jktLFkkuh O;fDr fczfV'k 'kklu dk fujUrj fojks/k djrsjgsA vaxzstkas us jktkvksa dh lgk;rk ls bu fojks/kksa dks rRijrkiwoZd nck;s j[kkAjktLFkku turk vkSj dfo;kas dh vaxszst fojks/kh Hkkouk,Wa vkSj fdz;k,Wa fujUrj O;Drgksrh jghA3 lu~ 1857 ds Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke esa jktLFkku jktk fuf"dz; cusjgs] fdUrq jktLFkku ds vusd tkxhnkj vkSj tuizfrfuf/k bl volj ij izcyla?k"kZ ds fy, izLrqr gq,A

fczfV'k 'kklu dky eas ;wjksih; egk;qºksa eas jktLFkkuh lSfudksa us lalkj dsvU; lsSfudksa ds lkeus yM+rs gq, ,d viwoZ ohjrk izdV dhA bu fo'o;qºksa dsifj.kke Lo:i tu lekt dh fopkjk/kkjk Hkh ifjofrZr gksus yxhA egkRek xka/kh dsvlg;ksx vkUnksyu vkSj Lok/khurk la?k"kZ ds Qy Lo:i ns'k dh Lok/khurk vkSjjktLFkku ds ,dhdj.k esa jktLFkku dh lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd fLFkfr iw.kZ:is.kifjofrZr gks x;h ;s rks Fkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dk lafkIr ifjp; jktLFkku easfpjUru dky es lkfgR; dh /kkjk vizfrgr osx ls izokfgr gks jgh gSA jRu izlfo.kh/kjk eas txexkrs vusd vewY; jRu izdV fd;s gS ftUgksaus vius vkyksd ls thouvkSj txr ds dbZ ks=ksa dk izdk'keku fd;k gSaA ftUgksusa jktLFkku dh xkSjoe;hlaLd`fr o bfrgkl dk ifjp; tulk/kkj.k dks djokus gsrq vusd xzUFkksa dh jpukdhA ek° ljLorh ds Hk.Mkj dks izdk'keku djus okyksa esa ,d ,sls vueksy jRuLo:i gS&MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVhA ,d egku dfo] lq/kh dfooj Mk- ukjk;.k flagHkkVh dk cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo lEiw.kZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds fy;s xkSjoiw.kZ

252


miyfC/k gSaA bUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ thou bl jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj muds fofo/k:ikRed lkfgR; dks lefiZr dj fn;k gSA jktLFkkuh dkO; es LoPNUnrkoknhpsruk vkSj Nk;k oknh laLdkj dks viukus okys dfo MkW- ukjk;.k falg HkkVh dk tUeizflº ,sfrgkfld uxj tks/kiqj ls chl ehy dh nwjh ij xkao ekywaxk esa Mk-dkufalg th ds ;gk° gqvkA budh ekrk dk uke Jherh pUnzdaoj tks/kh th FkhA

MkW- HkkVh ds firk Jh dkuflag th tks/kiqj LVsV jsYos esa lhfu;j LVs'kuekLVj Fks vr% Jh HkkVh dks vius cpiu es ekjokM vkSj flU/k izkar ds dbZ bykdksaesa i<us dk ekSdk feykA ikapoh dkk rd i<us ds i'pkr mUgksus jktiwr gkbZLdwypkSikluh esa izos'k fy;kA ikB~; lgxkeh brjsrj vusd izfr;ksfxrkvksa es Js"B iznZ'kufd;kA viuh i<kbZ pkyw j[kus gsrq bUgksus tks/kiqj ds tloar dkWyst es izos'k fy;klu~ 1954 esa ,e-,-] vkSj lu~ 1955 es ,y-,y- ch- ikl dh A mUgksus vius v/;;u dky es gh vusd lkfgR;dkjks ds leLr xzUFkks dk v/;;u dj fy;k vkSjlkfgR; l`tu dh vkSj eqMsA MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy ds funZs'ku es ^fMaxy xhrlkfgR;* ij 'kks/k xzaFk fy[kkA budk fookg xksiMh fBdkus ds eksrh flag th dhdU;k xqykc daoj ds lkFk lEiUu gqvkA bUgs nks iq= o rhu iq=h jRu dh izkfIr gqbZA

MkW- HkkVh izR;sd vkneh ds izfr ekuoh; n`f"V j[krs Fks bues lkaiznkf;dlkSgnzZ vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dwV&dwV dj Hkjh Fkh MkW- HkkVh dks fMaxy ds lkFkjktLFkkuh] fgUnh] laLd`r vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk Hkh Kku FkkA MkW- HkkVh dks bfrgkl dkxgjk Kku FkkA blh dkj.k bUgksus ekjokM dk ijxuk dh foxr*] egkjktk ekuflagdh [;kr*] êgkjkt r[rflag th dh [;kr* bR;kfn dk lainku fd;kA bUgkasusvius le; esa jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku vkSj egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k dsrRok/kku es bfrgkl ds dbZ fo"k;ks ij jk"V™h; Lrj dh xksf"B;k° djokbZA bUgksusjktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku ds rRok/kku esa ^fMaxy dks"k* dk lainku fd;kA f[kykM+hds :i es MkW- HkkVh us viuk mRd`"V izn'kZu fd;kA

jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds ks= esa vusd laLFkkuks dh LFkkiuk esa budkizeq[k ;ksxnku jgkA jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh dh LFkkiuk dj t;ukjk;.kfo'ofo|ky; ls ekU;rk fnyokus esa budk izeq[k ;ksxnku jgkA tgkW ns'k&fons'k dsvusd 'kks/kdrkZvksa us vuqla/kku fd;k] 'kks/k dk;Z dks lwe vkSj izkekf.kd Lo:iiznku djus dk Js; bUgh dks tkrk gSA laLFkku dh 'kks/k if=dk] îjEijk* esaizkekf.kd vkSj 'kks/kijd lkexzh dk izdk'ku gksrk gSA

MkW- HkkVh dk vusd vdknfe;ksa ls tqMko jgk ;Fkk µ Hkkjrh; bfrgklvuqla/kku ifj"kn ubZ fnYyh vkdk'kok.kh] nwjn'kZu vkfn ls tqMko jgkA vki

jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh t;iqj dh 'kklh ifj"kn vkSj jktLFkku ljdkj dsHkk"kk foHkkx ds lykgdkj lfefr ds lnL; euksfur gq, FksA MkW- HkkVh dh dkO;d`fr;ksa dks vusd laLFkkvks kjk iqLd`r fd;k x;kA fgUnh] jktLFkkuh vkSj bfrgklfoHkkx ls budk tqMko jgkA bUgksus egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k ds iquZxBu esaviuh egRrh Hkwfedk vnk dhA muds rhu ,sfrgkfld xzUFk] ekjokM jk ijkxuk jhfoxr* (rhu Hkkx)] egkjkt ekuflag jh [;kr* vkSj egkjktk r[rflag jh [;kr*dh lainku jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj ls izdkf'kr gq,A bUgksus jktLFkkuHkk"kk dks ekU;rk iznku djokus gsrq Hkh la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA

HkkVh dh dkO; d`fr;ksa dk lafkr ifjp; bl izdkj gS%&1- lka>& ^lka>* esa jktLFkku xzkE; thou dk fp=.k gvk gSA la/;k ds

le; xkao ds eafnj esa vkjrh] 'ka[k] uaxkM+k] /ofu lquk;h iMrh gS] >ksifM+;ksa ls/kqvka fudyrk gqvk] xk;ks ds xys esa ca/kh ?kafV;ksa dh /ofu] ;qofr;ksa kjk fn;k&cRrhdjuk bR;kfn xkao ds ljy thou dh fp= lka> es fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

2- es?knwr& laLd`r lkfgR; dh loZsJs"B d`fr ^ês?knwr** dk jktLFkkuhvuqokn MkW- HkkVh dh jpuk gSA HkfDr] uhfr] u[kf'k[k o.kZu fo;ksx dh voLFkkvusd o.kZu ,d lkFk bl d`fr esa feyrk gSA

3- nqxkZnkl&ohj nqxkZnkl us ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc ls 30 o"kkZs rd yach yMkbZyMh mlds ml mnkŸk pfj= dk vfeV izHkko HkkVh ij iMk vkSj mUgksus ekjokM+ dslk/kkj.k kf=; dh ns'kHkfDr vkSj ekuo Hkkouk dks dkO; ds ek/;e ls mtkxjfd;k gSa bldk ewy /;s; ;gh gS fd ohj nqxkZnkl ls e:/kjk dh iztk dks ;qxks&;qxksrd izjs.kk feyrh jgsA ;gha ugha tc dHkh Hkkjr esa ekuork dh jkk ds fy, laxBucusxk rc e:/kjk ds bl ohj dk uke lcls izFke fy;k tk,axkA

4- thou&/ku& HkkVh dk ;g dkO; laxzg jktLFkku ds lkaLd`frd /kjkrdks lkaLd`fr thou dks dq'kyrk ls mdsjk gSA bu dforkvksa es mUgksus Hkkjrh; ewY;kasdk lwe fp=.k fd;k gSA MkW- HkkVh dh bl d`fr ds lEcU/k esa MkW- vkbZnku flagpkj.k dgrs gS fd --------bl ifjos'k es thou /ku dh dforkvksa es jktLFkkulaLd`fr dk o.kZu gS jktLFkku ds jaxhys thou ds :i ^lkou*] ^lkouh rht*^?kwej* vkfn dk dforkvksa es o.kZu gSA

5- vksˇaw& Mk- HkkVh us bl jpuk es vk/kqfud ;qx esa uofookfgrk ukjh dheu fLFkfr dks bl <ax es O;Dr fd;k gS fd bldk gj nksgk ,d u;h iqjkuh ;knmHkkj nsrk gSA lkekftd ifjos'k ds lkFk&lkFk fojgh g`n; dh lw; Hkkoukvks dk;FkkFkZ fp=.k MkW- HkkVh us bl d`fr es fd;k gSA

253

6- ijeohj& e:Hkwfe es tUes vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ls vksrizksr dfo HkkVhus bl jpuk es ohj jl] ns'k izse vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA îjeohj** jktLFkku dsestj 'kSrkuflag kjk phuh vkdze.kdkfj;ks ls tw> dj ns'k dh Lora=rk dh jkkgsrq cfynku gksus ds laca/k esa fy[kh ohj bl iw.kZ d`fr gSA

7- dˇi& vk/kqfud thou dh ne?kksVrh LokFkZ ijdrk vkSj lkekftdfo"kerk ij O;aX; djus gsrq dkO;kfHkO;fDr iznku dj bldh jpuk dhA

8- ehjka& ehjka ds bfrgkl ls tqMh eksVh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa vkSj izlaxks dslkFk muds Hkhrjh la?k"kZ dh vUrZ;k=k dk o.kZu bl d`fr esa fd;kA blh ds lkFkbUgkssus jktLFkku ds lkearh lekt dh [kkfl;r vkSj dfe;ks dks mtkxj fd;k gSA

9- cjlka jk MhxksMk Mwaxj ykaf?k;k& MkW- HkkVh us bl d`fr es euq"; thouds vusd igyqvksa vkSj vk;kekas dk foospu fd;ka bl jpuk esa uSlfxZd fp=.k vkSjJàxkj dk HkO; leUo; gSA bl dkO; esa dfo us vius fiz; ds izfr vifjfer izsedks izd`fr ds fofHkUu miknkuks ls tksM+ u;h dYiuk ds :i es :ikf;r fd;k gSAlkFk gh egkuxjh; thou dh ?kqVu vkSj ;kf=ad lH;rk dh varghu O;Lrrk ls eqDrizkIr djus gsrq euq"; ftruk csrkc gS mls MkW- HkkVh us O;Dr fd;k gSA

10- feu[k us le>ko.kks nksjkS gS& vkt ds ifjos'k es euq"; dks ftrukiru gqvk gS vkSj balkfur; us tkus dgk [kks x;h gS bu lHkh ij vius 'kCnks ds ok.kksls O;aX; djrh gqbZ mudh ;s dfork gSA

11- ifr;kjks& lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj jktuhfrd thou es uSfrdewY;ks ds iru us f'k[kj dks Nw fy;k gS mUgh dks MkW- HkkVh us vius g`n; dslaonsu'khy Hkkoks dks vklqjh o`fr okyks ds izfr vkdzks'k vkSj osnuk bl dkO; esizdV dh gSA dfo us bl d`fr esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] Hkkjrh; thou n'kZu dks Hkhof.kZr fd;k gSA

12- lw[kh /kj jh bejr csy&MkW- HkkVh tSlyesj dh LFkkiR; dyk fujr]ok| vkSj ogka ds yksd thou dh leLr xfrfof/k;ksa ls cgqr izHkkfor Fks vkSj blhlaLd`fr ls vfHkHkwr gks mUgksus ogkW dh laLd`fr dks vius dkO; es mtkxj fd;k gSA

milagkj&vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkjks es MkW- ukjk;.k HkkVh dk egRoiw.kZLFkku gSA mUgksus jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl ds mRFkku es ftru;ksxnku fd;k og ljgkus ;ksX; gSA

cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo ds /kuh MkW- HkkVh us jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSjlaLd`fr ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy;s pkSikluh f'kkk jktLFkkuh 'kCn dksl esa egdek

dh LFkkiuk esa vkidk ;ksxnku jgkA MkW- HkkVh ds usr`Ro es jktLFkkuh 'kks/k dk izeq[kdsUnz cu x;kA yqIr izk;% jktLFkkuh ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk laxzg mUgksus djok;kAîjEijk* 'kks/k if=dk bl laLFkku dk izeq[k izdk'ku gSA

orZeku es jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl ftudks ns'k&O;kihlEeku feyk gS mues Mk- HkkVh dk vlk/kkj.k ;ksxnku gS tks ges'kk ;kn jgsxkA

lanHkZ1- jktLFkku Lora=rk ds igys o ckn] MkW- v:.kk 'kekZ] i`"B&12- jktLFkku ,d loZsk.k&l- QwyUn ik.Ms;] i`"B&33- xksjk gV tk vad& lEikndh;4- jktLFkku ds dgkuhdkj& MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] lapkyd jktLFkku lkfgR;

vdkneh] mn;iqj laLdj.k 1961 ds'ko vkVZ fizUVlZ] vtesj5- jktLFkkuh dfork ,d fo'ys"k.k] MkW- ';ke 'kekZ] laLdj.k 19856- jktLFkkuh jk lkfgR;&jRu&MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] MkW- ln~nhd eksgEen

laLdj.k&2003] egkjk.kk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] 'kks/k dsUnz tks/kiqj


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orZeku jktLFkku ds ifjizs; esa efgyk dykdkj MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq+- nhfIr tSu

jktLFkku dh /kjrh tgk° ohj izlfouh jgh gS ogka bldk dykRed oSHko Hkhvfrh; jgk gSA dyk ds ks= esa jktLFkku ds y?kqfp= (fefu,pj&isfUVaXt)fo'odyk dh vueksy /kjksgj gSaA viuh iqLrd ^Hkkjrh; fp=dyk* ds vUrxZrizflº dyk lekykspd okpLifr xSjksyk us fy[kk gS& ^Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dsbfrgkl esa jktLFkku ds dykdkjksa dh nsu vuqie rFkk vfrh; gSA eksgd okrkoj.kvkSj izkd`frd :i fuekZ.k ds dkj.k ,oa dkO; ds mn~Hko ds fy, jktLFkku dh/kjrh LokHkkfod :i ls mi;qDr jgh gSA*1 jktLFkku ikjEifjd y?kqfp= 'kSfy;ksadk izeq[k dsUnz jgk] ,oa viuh fofo/k 'kSfy;ksa&mi'kSfy;ksa ,oa mlesa iz;q‰ dykRedxq.kksa ls fo'o dyk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA2 IkUngoha 'krh ds yxHkx jktLFkkuy?kqfp= 'kSyh dh izFke mRFkku ekuk tkrk gSA3 15oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/;fofHkUu jktkvksa egkjktkvksa ds lajk.k esa fofHkUu fj;klrksa esa ikjEifjd dyk dkfodkl gqvkA blesa iq#"k dykdkjksa dh iz/kkurk jgh ,oa4 Hkouhnkl] lwj/ktnjxkgey] fugkypUnz]5 vejpUn] es?kjkt]6 fulkjnhu] lkgCknhu] euksgj]7 vyhjtk]egewn] bZlk mejkuh]8 ghjkyky] foVqy] rqylhjke]9 ykyfprkjk] lkfgojke] :Duwnhu]pks[kk] jketh yky vkfn lSdM+ksa dykdkjksa us jktLFkku dh y/kq fp=.k ijEijk dksHkkjrh; dyk bfrgkl esa fpj&LFkkf;Ro iznku fd;k10A ;gk° ds fp=dkjksa esa u dsoyiq#"k fp=dkj jgs vfirq efgyk;sa Hkh jktLFkku dh bl vewY; /kjksgj ds fuekZ.k esaHkkxhnkj jgh ijUrq lkekftd izfrcU/kksa ds dkj.k os viuh dyk ij viuh igpkumruh Li"Vrk ls iznf'kZr ugha dj ldh ftruh dh iq#"k fp=dkjA11 efgykdykdkjksa esa deyk ,oa byk;ph dk uke mYys[kuh; gS12A

vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ds ckn jktLFkku ds dykdkjksa ,oa dyk txr ;wjksfi;udyk ijEijkvksa ls izHkkfor gq,]13 1851 esa fofy;e dkjis.Vj rFkk 1855 esa ,Q-lh- ysfol us jktLFkku dks izHkkfor fd;k14 ,oa ;gk° Hkh ;FkkFkZoknh O;f‰ fp= ,oaizd`frfp= vkfn cuus yxsA Hkkjr ds Lok/khurk vkUnksyu us Hkkjr dh dyk dks Hkhcgqr izHkkfor fd;k] o caxky 'kSyh ds ek/;e ls iqu% Hkkjrh; dyk vkn'kksZa dksizkIr djus dh ps"Vk dh xbZA o ns'k dh Lora=rk ds lkFk gh lkFk esa Hkh vfHkO;f‰

dh Lora=rk dk lw=iku gqvk] ftldk izHkko jktLFkku ds dyk txr ij dqN /khjs/khjs] yxHkx lkB ds n'kd esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA pkkq"k dyk ds ks= esa dh xbZizofŸk;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djus vkSj mUgsa ,d lw= esa cka/kus rFkk ns'kh; lkaLd`frd ,sD;dks laxfBr djus ds mÌs'; ls lu~ 1957 esa jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftlds fofo/k dk;Zÿeksa us jkT; ds dykdkjksa dks lajk.k oizksRlkgu fn;k ,oa dykdkjksa us jk"V™h; o vUrjkZ"V™h; Lrj ij miyfC/;ka vftZrdhA lkB ds n'kd rd Hkh iq:"k dykdkjksa dk opZLo cuk jgk fdUrq lŸkj dsn'kd esa /khjs&/khjs efgyk dykdkjksa ds uke Hkh lkeus vkus yxsA ftlesa vf/kdka'kr% f'kkk ks= ls tqM+h FkhA15 jktLFkku esa dykf'kkk ds ks= esa egkjktk lokbZjkeflag uss ^gqujh enjlk* LFkkfir fd;k tks dkykUrj esa ^egkjktk Ldwy vkQvkV~lZ* ds uke ls izflº gqvkA16 /khjs&/khjs fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esadyk f'kkk izkjEHk gqbZ o n;kuUn dkWyst vtesj] ouLFkyh fo|kihB o t;iqj omn;iqj] cwanh] dksVk] ukFkkjk o vU; LFkkuksa ij dyk f'kkk vkjEHk gqbZ] ,oa buLFkkuksa ls vusd efgyk dykdkj dyk txr ds iVy ij lkeus vkbZA17

jktLFkku ds ifjizs; esa lelkef;d dykdkjksa ij ys[ku dh ijEijk HkhyxHkx 70 ds n'kd esa gh vkjEHk gqbZA bldk ,d Js"B mnkgj.k t;iqj v<+kbZ 'krhlekjksg ds volj ij 1978 esa jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh t;iqj kjkizdkf'kr iqLrd ^t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj* gS ftlesa ys[kd us t;iqj dhLFkkiuk ls ysdj 1978 rd ds yxHkx lHkh dykdkjksa dk v/;;u rFkk oxhZdk.kizLrqr fd;kA lelekf;d dykdkjksa dh x.kuk djrs gq, 273 dykdkjksa dh la[;kesa dsoy 28 efgyk Fkh ,oa buesa mu dykdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk ftudsfp= bl le; rd vdkneh dh izn'kZuh esa iznf'kZr gks pqds FksA mlds ckn vkd`fr(jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh izdk'ku) 1982] 87 vkfn ds vadks esa jktLFkkuds lelkef;d dyk txr ds dykdkjksa dh ppkZ,a izLrqr gqbZ ftuesa dfri;efgyk dykdkjksa dk Hkh mYys[k gqvkA

jktLFkku dh ofj"B efgyk dykdkjksa esa Jherh ≈"kkjkuh gwtk] JhefrpUnzkorh 'kekZ] lqJh ohjckyk Hkkolkj] Jherh foeyk feJk] Jherh lkfo=h 'kekZ]d`".kk 'kkg] izHkk'kakg] foey dkSj] Jherh js[kk HkVukxj] Jherh jhrk izrki] Jherhlwjthr dkSj pks;y] lqJh fdj.k eqfMZ;k vkfn ds uke mYys[k jgsA 1923 ls 1951ds chp tUeh bu efgyk dykdkjksa us viuh fof'k"V 'kSyhxr miyfC/kksa ds kjkviuh fof'k"V igpku cukbZA tSls 1923 esa tUeh Jherh ≈"kkjkuh gwtk us f'kYidks viuh vfHkO;f‰ dk ek/;e cuk;k vkidh f'kYid`fr;ka t;iqj] dksVk] fnYyh


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okf'kaxVu] LohMu fQth vkfn LFkkuksa ij LFkkfir gS ,oa vkius 1990 dh QSyksf'ki]jktLFkku Jh vokMZ (1982) esokM+ QkmUMs'ku lTtu flag vkokMZ (1985) vkfnizkIr fd;s18A

Jhefr pUnzkorh 'kekZ dk tUe 1936 esa rFkk jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; lsfp=dyk esa izFke Js.kh ls ,e- ,-A jktLFkku dyk efUnj esa jkexksiky fot;oxhZ;ds f'k";Ro esa Hkh v/;;u fd;kA jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh lfgr dbZ lewgiznf'kZfu;ksa esa fp= iznf'kZr fd;s gS 1978 esa f'kkd fnol ds volj ij iqjLd`rAv<+kbZ 'krh lekjksg esa dyk la;ksftdk euksuhr] 1977 esa <aw<+kj 'kSyh ds fp=ksa dhizn'kZuh dh Hkh la;ksftdk jghA fljsfeDl ij vyadj.k dk fo'ks"k vuqHkoA19 MkW-ohjckyk Hkkolkj us jktLFkku ds dksey ckyqdk d.kksa ds fof'k"V iz;ksxksa kjkvusdkus vkd"kZd d`fr;ka izLrqr dh] lgt ljy vkdkjksa ds ekSfyd iz;ksxksa esa MkW-Hkkolkj dq'ky jgha20A xqtjkr] jktLFkku ,oa e/;izns'k jkT; dh fofHkÈk dykizn'kZfu;ksa esa vkids fp= iznf'kZr gks pqds gSaA xka/kh n'kZu izn'kZuh] [kknh bULVhV~;wVvgenkckn] Qkbu vkVZ dkyst vgenkckn lfgr dbZ fuft laxzgksa esa budh jpuk,alxzghr gSA fp=.k ds lkFk LVst fMtkbu ,oa Hkwfe jpuk Hkh djrh gSA21 mn;iqj dhlqjthr vius fof'k"V O;f‰fp=ksa ds fy, tkuh xbZA LFkkuh; mn;iqj ds ifjos'k,oa jaxksa dks vk/kkj cukdj bUgksaus viuh fp= Ja[kyk,a rS;kj dha22A Jherh lkfo=h'kekZ us 1944 esa vkbZ- th- Mh- ,oa jktLFkku dyk laLFkku t;iqj ls 1953 esafMIyksek ikl fd;k 1953 esa gh fo'kkjn dh ijhkk mŸh.kZ dhA t;iqj esa vk;ksftrfofHkÈk xzqi iznf'kZfu;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k23A MkW- js[kk HkVukxj ds fp=ksa esa lekukUrjjs[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls jaxksa ds lqxe iz;ksxksa dks viuh fof'k"V Hkko vfHkO;f‰;ksa dksizLrqr djus dh ps"Vk dh24A foey dkSj us jktLFkku yfyr dyk vkdkneh lsxzkfQd ds fy;s 1966 esa iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA ckfVd ,oa CywikVjh esa fo'ks"kvuqHkoA25 izHkk'kkg tks xwaxh cgjh dykdkj jgha mudh lkjh l`tu kerk dSuoklij mrjrh jgh jaxksa esa ,d vthc mnklh Hkh NkbZ jghaA fdj.k eqfMZ;k vkjEHk esapVd jaxksa ls lh/kh js[kkvksa dks.kksa vk;rks dk la;kstu djrh Fkh /khjs /khjs izd`fr dsfp=.k dh vksj mUeq[k gqbZ ftlesa LFkkuh; mn;iqj dh xfjek NkbZ jgh26A

vdkneh dh iznf'kZfu;ksa esa iznf'kZr MkW- jhrk izrki dh jpuk,a efgykdykdkj izn'kZuh] dyko`Ÿk izn'kZuh vkfn esa Hkh iznf'kZr gks pqdh gSaA ouLFyh1972] vkbQSDl fnYYkh 1973 ,oa vdkneh dyk nh?kkZ esa ,dy iznf'kZfu;kavk;ksftr dha27A MkW- jhrk izrki dk vkjfEHkd :>ku f'ko ifjokj esa jgk ,oavkius f'ko ifjokj dh vusd fp= J`a[kyk,a izLrqr dh dqN xgjs jaxksa esa lekosf"Vr

budh vkd`fr;ka cjcl gh n'kZdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh jgha28A Jhefr js[kk HkVukxjdk tUe 1946 esa rFkk mn;iqj fo'ofo|ky; ls fp=dyk esa ,e-,-A ouLFkyh›sLdks dsEi esa v/;;u1968A yfyr dyk vkdkneh esa dbZ ckj iznf'kZr ,oabudh jpuk dks 1968 esa vdkneh ls iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk gS29A

jktLFkku dh efgyk dykdkjksa dk frh; lewg izk;% mijks‰ ofj"B dykdkjksadk f'k"; oxZ gh jgkA ftudh izFke lwph gesa iwoZ esa mfYyf[kr iqLrd t;iqjdyk vkSj dykdkj esa of.kZr u;s mHkjrs iz;ksx'khy dykdkjksa dh lwph esa izkIr gksrhgSA vkd`fr* rFkk vU; i= if=dkvksa esa Hkh bu dykdkjksa ds mYys[k izkIr gksrs gSaAbu dykdkjksa esa lqjfHk eSuh (fcjehoky)] MkW- vpZuk dqyJs"B] ehuk c;k] ehukkhHkkjrh] laxhrk tqustk] js[kk iapksyh] ehuw JhokLro] nhfidk gktjk] iq"ik nqYyj]fdju ljuk] byk ;kno] bUnw flag] eerk jksd.kk vkfn orZeku esa lfÿ; :i lsdykdk;kaZas esa layXu gSa buesa lHkh us lewg izn'kZfu;ksa] ,dy izn'kZfu;ksa o dyk esyksavkfn esa viuh d`fr;ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k gSA30

lqjfHk eSuh dk tUe 1955 esa ,oa jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; ls ,e- ,-fp=dyk esa Lo.kZind izkIr fd;kA jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; ds dykdkj] v#.kksn;,oa izksxzksflo vkfVZLV xzqi t;iqj dh iznf'kZfu;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds lkFk&lkFk]vkbQSDl] fnYyh kjk vk;ksftr dykesyk esa Hkh jpuk iznf'kZr31A MkW- vpZukdqyJs"B fprsjh uked dyklaLFkk dh laLFkkid lnL; jgh ,oa mUgksaus laLFkk kjkvk;ksftr fofHkÈk xfr fof/k;ksa dks lapkyu djrs gq, dksVk] t;iqj] vgenkckn]chdkusj] fnYyh] vkfn LFkkuksa ij dykd`fr;ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k32A 1985 esalq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ls fp=dyk esa ,e- ,- djus okyh ehuk c;k us vusdiqjLdkj izkIr fd;s ftuesa jktLFkku yfyrdyk vdkneh fÿ;sVj vEckyk] rwfydkdykdkj (ifj"kn) ls izkIr iqjLdkj izeq[k jgsA jktLFkku dh efgyk dykdkjksa esaehukkh Hkkjrh] ehuw JhokLro o js[kk iapksyh us Hkh viuh igpku cukbZ gS ehukkhHkkjrh dk uke Hkh t;iqj dykdkj iqLrd esa ntZ gS bUgksaus t;iqj] fnYyh] cEcbZ]uSjksch] p.Mhx<+ vkfn LFkkuksa esa ,dy fp= izn'kZfu;ka dh gSa fofHkÈk jk"V™h; o jkT;Lrjh; dyk izn'kZfu;kas esa Hkh Hkkxhnkjh ntZ djrs gq, vdkneh dh dk;Z 'kkykvksa esaHkh Hkkx fy;k gSA ,djaxs L;kgh ds fp=.k esa fof'k"V ehuw JhokLro dh d`fr;kajktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] V™sM Qs;j vkWQ vkFkksfjVh fnYyh gqMdks vkfn esalaxzghr gSa ,oa vusd ,dy o lewg izn'kZfu;ka dj pqdh gSaA

mn;iqj dh js[kk iapksyh Jh vius fof'k"V ekuokd`frfp=ksa ds fy, igpkuhtkrh gSa esokM+h xBu esa cuh buds fp=ksa dh vkd`fr;ka ds fy, fof'k"V gksrh gSaA


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1947 esa vtesj esa tUeh nhfidk gktjk us 1971] 1973 o 1980 esa jkT; iqjLdkjizkIr fd;s ,oa vkbZQSDl] tgkaxhj vkVZ xSyjh eqEcbZ] cksEcs vkVZ lkslk;Vh vkfndh fofHkÈk iznf'kZfu;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh Hkh dhA tqustk vkVZ xSyjh dh funs'kd laxhrktqusrk vkRenhfkr fp=dkj jgh vusd jkT;Lrjh; ,oa jk"V™h; izn'kZfu;ksa esa laxhrkus Hkkx fy;kA ouLFkyh efgyk fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr MkW- iq"ik nqYyj dh :fpLoHkkfod :i ds ekuokd`fr fp=.k esa jgh le;≤ ij viuh laosnukvksa dksmUgksaus viuh fof'k"V fp= Jà[kykvksa esa izLrqr fd;k gSA tSls fd ykrqj esa vk,HkwdEi dh =klnh dks mUgksaus xgjs uhys o ihys jaxksa esa cuh fp= Jà[kyk esa nq%[khihfM+r ekuod`fr;ksa esa izLrqr fd;k gSA xka/kh th dk fo'kky fp= Hkh mudh viuh,d fof'k"V miyfC/k gS tks vkdkj esa fo'o dk lcls cM+k xka/kh th dk fp= gS,oa mlesa vU;re dkseurk ds lkFk mUgksaus xka/kh th ds pfj= dks izLrqr fd;k gSAMkW- fdju ljuk Hkh ouLFkyh esa gh dk;Zjr ,d vU; efgyk dykdkj gSa yksddykvksa esa :>ku j[kus okyh bl dykdkj us viuh dyk ;k=k ds vkjEHk esa dyjfjyhQ esa dke djds jktLFkku ds mHkjrs u;s iz;ksx oknh dykdkjksa ds chp t;iqjdyk vkSj dykdkj iqLrd esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ dh ckn esa Mhfpfjdksa ds lekuLFkkiR; ds vkdkjksa esa dqN iz;ksx fd;s ,oa orZeku esa vius fof'k"V ikh vkdkjksads lkFk thou ;k=k Jà[kyk ij fujUrj 5 o"kZ ds dke dj jgh gS ftuesa vR;URkljy vkdkjksa dh lgt izLrqfr;ka gqbZ gSaA eerk jksd.kk Hkh viuh fof'k"V jktLFkkuhyksd ijEijk ds xq.kksa ls vksrizksr d`fr;ksa ds fy, tkuh tkrh gS] vR;Ur foueze`nqHkk"kh eerk fjyhQ esa efgykvksa ds Hkko cukus esa Hkh nk gSa mudh d`fr;ksa esavyadj.k dk lekos'k lgt gh jktLFkkuh vkHkw"k.kksa oL=ksa dh ijEijkvksa dks izLrqrdjrk gSA buds vfrfj‰ vU; vusd efgyk dykdkj Hkh vkt jktLFkku esa dk;Zdj jgh gSaA

dykdkjksa dh d`fr;ka vius le; dk nLrkost gksrk gS bl n`f"V ls HkhjktLFkku dh bu efgyk dykdkjksa ds fp=ksa esa foxr vºZ 'krkCnh dk tuekul]mlds lq[k nq%[k] mldh dqaBk,a] dyk txr esa iuirk vUrjkZ"V™h;okn] vknkuiznku] vk/kqfudrk dk vkxeu vkfn lc dqN fn[kkbZ nsrk gS lkFkh gh buds fp=ksa esaukjh eu dh dksey Nki Hkh vafdr gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ1- izsepUnz xksLokeh] Hkkjrh; dyk ds fofo/k Lo:i] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj]

izFke laLdj.k&1997] i`- la-&202- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] jktLFkku ds ifjizs; esa efgyk dykdkj]

lEikfndk MkW- eerk flag] ^l`tu* izFke vad&2010] i`- la-&99

3- izsepUnz xksLokeh] Hkkjrh; dyk ds fofo/k Lo:i] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj]izFke laLdj.k&1997] i`- la-&14

4- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] i`- la-&99

5- MkW- fxjkZt fd'kksj vxzoky] dyk vkSj dye] v'kksd izdk'ku efUnj] vyhx<+]laLdj.k&2002] i`- la-&156

6- vfouk'k cgknqj oekZ] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] izdk'k cqd fMiks] cjsyh]frh; laLdj.k&1973] i`- la-&184

7- MkW- jhrk izrki] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fgUnhxzUFkvdkneh] t;iqj] NBk laLdj.k&2009] i`- la-&182

8- MkW- fxjkZt fd'kksj vxzoky] dyk vkSj dye] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&163

9- MkW- jhrk izrki] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&191

10- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&99

11- MkW- vpZuk tks'kh] fo'o bfrgkl esa efgyk fp=dkj] jkt ifCyf'kax gkml]t;iqj] i`- la-&98

12- MkW- jhrk izrki] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&191


14- MkW- fxjkZt fd'kksj vxzoky] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&25

15- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&99&100

16- MkW- fxjkZt fd'kksj vxzoky] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] lat; ifCyds'kUl]vkxjk] r`rh; laLdj.k& 2002] i`- la-&25


18- ogh] i`- la-&100&101

19- t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj] izdk'kd& lfpo] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh]johUnz eap] t;iqj v<+kbZ'krh lekjksg ds volj ij izdkf'kr]1978 i`- la-&42







257


26- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&10127- t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj] izdk'kd& lfpo] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh]

johUnz eap] t;iqj v<+kbZ'krh lekjksg ds volj ij izdkf'kr]1978 i`- la-&6828- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&10129- t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj] izdk'kd& lfpo] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh]

johUnz eap] t;iqj v<+kbZ'krh lekjksg ds volj ij izdkf'kr]1978 i`- la-&5630- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&10131- t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj] izdk'kd& lfpo] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh]

johUnz eap] t;iqj v<+kbZ'krh lekjksg ds volj ij izdkf'kr]1978 i`- la-&8132- MkW- vYiuk HkÍ ,oa 'osrk 'kqDyk] iwoksZDr] i`- la-&10133- ogh] i`- la-&101&104

ekjokM+ esa dj O;oLFkk %iz'kqYd] ued] vkcdkjh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa

(lu~ 1885 ls 1900 rd)fMEiy iztkir

1818 dh lgk;d laf/k;ksa ls fczfV'k ljdkj dk jktiwrkuk esa gLrksi gqvk]tks jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd ks=ksa esa izeq[k :i ls FkkA budk mn~ns'; fczfV'k ljdkjds fy, vkfFkZd ykHk dekuk Fkk rFkk bldh iwfrZ ds fy, fczfV'k ljdkj us fofHkUujkT;ksa ls 1825&30 rd vQhe laf/k;ka rFkk 1870 ls 1877 rd ued laf/k;k dhAekjokM+ dh dj O;oLFkk esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ij Hkh budk izHkko iM+k o fofHkUufoHkkxksa ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh] fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa o ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV ds v/khugksus yxsA izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk fo"k; iz'kqYd vkcdkjh o ued foHkkx esa gksus okysfofHkUu ifjorZu mudh izo`fr RkFkk ykHk&gkfu ij vk/kkfjr gSaA i= dk v/;;udky lu~ 1885 ls lu~ 1900 rd gSaA 1885 ls 1900 rd rhuksa foHkkxksa es gksus okysizeq[k ifjorZu &

1- vf/kdkjh & 1885 esa dLVe foHkkx dk izeq[k vf/kdkjh lkfgccgknqj FkkA 1886 ls 1895rd fla?kh lwjtey Fkk tks fd fczfV'k vf/kdkjh oegkjktk tkfye flag ds v/khu FkkA 1895 ls fla?kh lwjtey ds csVs lqesjey us inHkkj laHkkykA vkxs fdlh ifjorZu dk mYys[k ugha feyrkA ued foHkkx esa1885&86 rFkk 1887&88 esa ÿe'k% eqgrk ojey rFkk eqgrk c[rkojey izeq[kvf/kdkjh FksA 1890 ls iapksyh eqdqUn nkl izeq[k vf/kdkjh] tks jk; cgknqj esgrkfot; flaag o iafMr f'ko ukjk;.k ds v/khu FkkA ysfdu 1893 budk fu;a=.klekIr djds mls egdek [kkl ds lh/ks fu;a=.k esa dj fn;k x;kA vkcdkjhfoHkkx es 1890 ls vkj-ch- esgrk fot; flag rFkk iafMr f'ko ukjk;.k] iafMrnhukukFk izeq[k vf/kdkjh FksA vkxs fdlh ifjorZu dk mYys[k ugha feyrkA

rhuksa foHkkxksa dh uhfr;ksa esa gksus okys mrkj&p<+ko o mudh izo`fr;k° &1- dLVe foHkkx@lk;j foHkkx & 1882 ls igys jktLo olwyh dk

dk;Z Bsds ij fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu mlls cgqr vO;oLFkk gksrh Fkh] vr% 1882 esafeLVj gkWolu ds lq>koksa ij vey djrs gq, lq/kkjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk tkjh dh


258

xbZ rFkk vf/kdka'k ikxeu 'kqYd lekIr dj fn, x, ;g lq/kkj 1891 rd ykxwjgsA 1891&92 esa dqN u, lq/kkj ykxw fd, x,A ftlesa vQhe] xqM+] eq'rh'kDdj] tjh] gkFkh nk°r] yk[k] i'ehuk] ikydh] xkatk] pjl ij ,DliksVZ M~;wVh?kVkbZ x;hA ≈uh diM+s] ns'kh dkWVu] fry] ≈u] ljlksa] jkbZ] lksMk] pkoy ijbEiksVZ M~;wVh ?kVkbZ x;hA lHkh izdkj ds lwrh diM+ksa rFkk lksus dh ysl ij ,dfuf'pr M~;wVh yxkbZ xbZA iqjkus yksgs ij Hkh M~;wVh yxkbZ xbZA

MhMokuk ijxus esa u;k xk°o clk;k x;k tloar x<+] tgk° yksxksa dks clkus oO;kikfj;ksa dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, njckj us dbZ djksa esa deh dhA 1893&94 es,d izeq[k ifjorZu fd;k x;k & vc rd dLVe M~;wVh fcts'kkgh eqnzk esa olwyhtkrh Fkh] ftldk laca/k fczfV'k flDdksa ls Fkk] buds dkj.k ewY; esa yxkrkjmrkj&p<+ko gksrs Fks rFkk O;kikjh rFkk jktLo vf/kdkfj;ksa dks cV~Vk@NwV nsrs le;]dj olwyrs le; vlqfo/kk gksrh FkhA vr% 1893 esa NwV o cV~Vk nsuk lekIr djfn;k x;kA

1894&95 esa ,d vU; ifjorZu fd;k x;k & vc rd jsy ;krk;kr kjkfd, tkus okys v;kr &fu;kZr ij pqaxh@dj jsYos foHkkx kjk olwyk tkrk Fkk] bllsfofHkUu foHkkxh; ijs'kkfu;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g dk;Z dLVe fMikVZesaV ds v/khu djfn;k x;kA 1896&97 esa lhekorhZ ks=ksa esa pqaxh o ikjxeu 'kqYd esa gksus okyhvfu;ferrkvksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, nks fxjnkoj fu;qDr fd, x, tks ;gk° dk nkSjkdjrs FksA ikyh o lkstr ds fy, nks V™sofyax Fkkusnkj fu;qDr fd, x,A ;g /;kunsus ;ksX; gS fd u;s dj yxkrs oDr ;k ?kVkrs le; ljdkj] turk dh lqfo/kkvksaizkd`frd vkinkvksa ns'kh m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus rFkk oLrqvksa dh ek°x o iwfrZ dk /;kuj[krh FkhA ljdkjh vf/kdkjh le;≤ ij nkSjk djds fofHkUu leL;kvksa dklek/kku djrs FksA vk; c<+us dk izeq[k dkj.k rht&R;kSgkj o 'kkfn;k° Hkh FksA

2- ued foHkkx & ekjokM+ ds ued mRiknu ds izeq[k LFkku Fks & lk°Hkj]ukoka] ipinjk] MhMokuk rFkk QykSnhA 1870&77 esa gksus okyh laf/k;ksa kjk njckjus ued cukus] cspus o ml ij dj yxkus dk iV~Vk fczfV'k ljdkj dks ns fn;k FkkAfczfV'k ljdkj njckj dks ,d fuf'pr ek=k esa dj eqDr ued futh miHkksx dsfy, nsrh FkhA njckj fczfV'k ljdkj dk ,tsaV ek= cu x;k Fkk] okLro esa ueddh dher o ml ij yxus okyk dj fczfV'k ljdkj vius fgrksa ds vuqlkj r;djrh FkhA 1885 esa gh [kkjh foHkkx dks ued foHkkx ds v/khu dj fn;k x;kA1886 esa ofHkUu LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa o catkjks kjk ued ds voS/k dz;&fodz; dksjkdus ds fy, dqN l[r dne mBk, x, tSls & O;kikfj;ksa dks lhfer LVkWd ghfn;k tkrk Fkk rFkk gkfde o Fkkusnkj Hkh fu;qDr fd, x, tks O;kikfj;ksa o ued

mRiknu dsUnzks ij fuxjkuh dk dk;Z djrs FksA 1890&91 esa ,d ifjorZu fd;k x;k]vc rd ^lkgwdkjh :Ddk* ;k gq.Mh ij Hkh O;kikfj;ksa dks ued tkjh fd;k tkrkFkk] ysfdu bls lekIr djds uxn Hkqxrku dk fu;e cuk;k x;kA 1892&93 esaQykSnh fdUgha dkj.kksa ls ued mRiknu can gks x;kA rFkk ued laf/k dh /kkjk ivds vuqlkj ml ks= ds [kkj okyksa dks fczfV'k ljdkj dh vksj ls muds fiNys ik°plkyksa dh vk; dh vk/kh jkf'k eqvkots ds :i esa nh xbZA 1894&95 esa bl foHkkxds izeq[k vf/kdkjh dks egdek [kkl ds lh/ks fu;a=.k esa dj fn;k x;kA 1886 dsckn ued dh dher o ml ij dj yxHkx fLFkj gh jgk rFkk 1891&1893&1895esa fofHkUu fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa kjk ued mRiknu dsUnzksa dk nkSjk fd;k x;kA uedfoHkkx esa Bsds dh o ykblsUl tkjh djus dh Qhl c<+kbZ tkrh Fkh tks vk; esa o`fºdk izeq[k dkj.k Fkk lkFk gh tqekZus Hkh vk; esa o`fº djrs FksA ued mRiknu dksizHkkfor djus okyk izeq[k dkj.k cjlkr FkkA

3- vkcdkjh foHkkx & vkcdkjh ls vFkZ mu oLrqvksa ls gS ftudk mRiknuo dz;&fodz; ljdkjh fu;a=.k esa gksrk gS rFkk ljdkj viuh 'krksZa ij bu oLrqvksads mRiknu o dz;&fodz; ds Bsds rFkk ykblsUl tkjh djrh FkhA 'kjkc] fLifjV]vQhe] Hkkax] xkatk] pjl blds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA

1885 ls igys ekjokM+ es 'kjkc mRiknu dk dk;Z dyky o LFkkuh;O;kikjh vius Lrj ij djrs vk jgs Fks] mu ij fdlh izdkj dk fu;a=.k o dj ughayxk;k tkrk Fkk blh dkj.k ;s yksx euekuh dher ij 'kjkc csprs Fks rFkkvkl&ikl ds ks=ksa tSls vtesj vkfn esa 'kjkc dh voS/k rLdjh Hkh djus yxsAbudh cukbZ 'kjkc dk Lrj Hkh ?kfV;k gksrk FkkA bUgha lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,1885 es igyh ckj njckj@ljdkj dh vksj ls lq/kkjksa dh igy dh xbZ rFkk duZyikWysV ds lq>koksa ij vey fd;k x;k &

1- 'kjkc ij dj yxk;k x;kA 2- 'kgj dksroky dk 'kjkc ds dz;&fodz;ij fuxjkuh dk vf/kdkj fuf'pr fd;k x;kA 3- 'kjkc cukus dk Bsdk fn;k tkusyxk rFkk blds fy, ykbZlsUl tkjh fd, tkrs FksA 4- cxSj ykbZlsUl dh 'kjkc dkvk;kr&fu;kZr fuf"k/k dj fn;k x;kA 5- voS/k 'kjkc mRiknu o rLdjh dh lwpuknsus okys dks buke fn;k tkus yxkA

ekjokM+ esa 'kjkc dk mRiknu lnj fMLVyjh esa fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kjkc dhdhersa ljdkj r; djrh FkhA ljdkj le;≤ ij mRiknu ij Hkh fu;=.kdjrh Fkh] ftlls dh miHkksx esa deh vk,A ,d mYys[kuh; rF; ;g Hkh gS fdnjckj kjk rkfteh ljnkjksa rFkk tkxhjnkjksa dks ,d 'kjkc mRiknu dsUnz j[kus dh


259

NwV Fkh tks muds futh mi;ksx ds fy, FkkA lkFk gh muds xk°o ls 'kjkc ij tks djolwyk tkrk Fkk ljdkj mldk vk/kk fgLlk mUgsa j[kus dh NwV nsrh FkhA ;gh lq/kkj1912&13 rd pyrs jgsa RkFkk 1912&13 esa dqN vU; ifjorZu fd, x,A 1890&91esa LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fojks/k ds dkj.k vtesj ls yxrh 5 ehy dh lhek ls 'kjkc dhnqdkusa gVkbZ xbZA 1894&95 ls igys 'kjkc ij yxus okyk dj rFkk 'kjkc ls gksusokyh vk; gokyk o tkxhj xk°oksa ls vyx&vyx olwyh tkrh FkhA rFkk ys[kk&tks[kkHkh vyx gh j[kk tkrk Fkk] blls gksus okyh vlqfo/kk ls cpus ds fy, bl o"kZ bUgsa,d lkFk gh vkcdkjh foHkkx ds v/khu dj fn;k x;kA vxys ik°p o"kksZa es ljdkjus 'kjkc ds miHkksx dks lhfer djus ds fy, mRiknu de fd;k rFkk dherksa esa o`fºdhA

ljdkj vQhe o vU; lgk;d eknd inkFkksaZ ds mRiknu o ÿ;&foÿ; dsBsds vyx ls nsrh FkhA ekjokM+ esa vQhe dksVk ls eaxokbZ tkrh FkhA ljdkj dhvk; c<+us dk izeq[k dkj.k Fkk & izfr o"kZ Bsds mUgsas gh fn, tkrs Fks tks ≈°ph cksyhyxkrs FksA ykbZlsUl tkjh djus dh Hkh Qhl yh tkrh Fkh lkFk gh rLdjh jksdus dsl[r iz;klksa us Hkh vk; esa o`fº esa lg;ksx fd;kA

vkcdkjh foHkkx ds dqy vk; ds vk°dM+sOk"kZ vk; (:i;ks esa)1885&86 27000@&1890&91 74]246@&1891&92 78]083@&1892&93 75]457@&1894&95 76]508@&1895&96 99]903@&1896&97 1]11]678@&bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd ekjokM+ njckj kjk bu o"kksZas esa iz'kqYd] vkcdkjh

o ued foHkkx esa dbZ uohu o egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj o fu;e ykxw fd, x, tks turkdh lqfo/kk o jkT; dh vk; c<+kus esa lgk;d cus o vizR;k :i ls ekjokM+ dsfodkl es ;ksxnku fn;kA bu iz'kklfud fjiksVksZa ls ge rRdkyhu ekjokM+ dhvkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Hkyh&Hkk°fr v/;;u o foospu dj ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ1- Administration reports of Marwar - 1885 to 1900, jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj tks/kiqj

'kk[kkA

ekjokM+ ds flDds & ,d v/;;uMkW- rstsUnz oYyHk O;kl

flDdksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ls vusd egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa ij izdk'k iMrk gSAbuls u dsoy jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gS oju buls /kkfeZd rFkkdykRed fLFkfr dk Hkh cks/k gksrk gSA bu flDdksa ij dbZ izdkj ds fpUg gksrs gSAftuls flDds pykus okys leqnk; ;k O;fDr dh dbZ vKkr ckrs lkeus vkrh gS] blhrg flDdksa ds v/;;u ls oa'kÿe dk cks/k rks gksrk gh gS oju muls 'kkldksa dhlEiUu voLFkk dks Hkh vkadk tk ldrk gS A de rksy okys feykoV okys rFkk NksVsvkdkj ds flDdksa ls ,d jktk ls nwljs jktk dh ;k ,d jkT; dh rqyuk esa vkfFkZdfLFkfr vo'; vuqekfur dh tk ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh flDdksa eas nks 'kkldkas dsuke feyrs gS] ftuls muds la;qDr 'kklu ;k eS=h laxBu dh O;oLFkk fn[kkbZnsrh gSA flDdksa ds vafdr fpUgksa ewfrZ;ksa vFkok ukeksYys[ku ls ml le; ds izpfyr/keZ dk Kku gksrk gSA eqnzkvksa ls 'kkldks dh :fp vkSj thou dh miyfC/k;ksa dkifjp; feyrk gSA flDdksa ij vafdr ewfrZ;ksa dh ltkoV ml le; dh os'kHkw"kkrFkk fons'kkh izHkko dk Kku djokrs gSaA

ekjokM+ dk jkT; flDdksa ds fopkj ls cMk le`º gSA izkphudky ls ysdjorZeku ;qx rd yk[kksa dh la[;k esa lkus] pkanh rkacs vkSj lhls ds flDds izkIr gkspqds gSA bu ij vafdr ys[k] la[;k] vkd`fr] fpUg vkfn] ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dksle>us esa cMs+ mi;ksxh gSA bu flDdksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ls jktkvksa dhukekoyh] oa'k ifjp; LFkku fo'ks"k tagk ls flDdksa dk izpyu fd;k x;k gks ;kfdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk dks ysdj mUgs cuok;k x;k gks] vkfn dk leqfpr cks/k gksrk gSafofHkUu jktkvksa dh lhekvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa bu flDdksa dk cMk egRo gSAbuds kjk rRdkyhu jktuhfrd lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkfn fLFkfr dkifjKku gksrk gSA blh izdkj rRdkyhu dyk ds v/;;u esa Hkh flDds cMs+ dke dsizekf.kr gq, gSa1 vyx vyx le; o esa bu flDdksa ds uke] rksy] vkdkj vkfnvyx vyx :i ls tkus x;s gSA izkphu flDds fo'ks"k :i ls mR[kuu kjk feysgsA e/;dkyhu flDds izpyu esa ns[ks x;s gS] orZeku flDdksa dk ysunsu gekjs le;rd pyrk jgk gSA bu lHkh izdkj ds flDdksa dk v/;;u ge fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksa esa


260

djsaxsA iwoZ e/;dkyhu flDdksa dk mYys[k rRdkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gS]blls bu flDdksa dk egRo LFkkfir gksrk gS A

iwoZ e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ ds f'kykys[kksa esa flDdsiwoZ e/;dkyhu vfHkys[kh; L=ksrksa esa fo'ks"kdj nku 'kkluksa esa nzEEk] fo'kksid

:id] yksgfrdk uked eqnzkvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gS &

nzEe & ekjokM+ ds xksBeXMyksn LFkku ls izkIr xqIr laor 289 (608 bZ) dsvfHkys[k esa nzEEk dk mYys[k gqvk gSA foÿe laor 1172 ds lsokMh vfHkys[k2

vkYg.knso ds foÿe laor 1205 rkezi=3 foÿe laor 1228 ds ukMykbZ vfHkys[k4

foÿe laor 1305 ds Hkhueky vfHkys[k5 vkSj lelkef;d xzUFkksa esa nzEe dkmYys[k feyrk gSA mDr lanHkksZ ls Li"V gS fd iwoZ e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ esa bl flDdsdk cgqr izpyu FkkA foÿe laor 1320 ds ,d tkyksj vfHkys[k6 esa nzEekºZvFkkZr vk/ks nzEEk dk mYys[k gqvk gSaA lkj.ks'oj iz'kfLr7 esa nzEekºZ&fo'kad vFkkZrnzEekºZ dk 1@20 oka Hkkx funsZf'kr gSaA

:id & ^i`Fohjkt fot;* egkdkO; ls fofnr gksrk gSA fd tks nzEevt;jkt us izpfyr fd, Fks] os dkykarj esa :id dgyk;s8A ijUrq lkj.ks'ojiz'kfLr9 esa nksuksa dk i`Fkd eqnzkvksa ds :i esa mYys[k gS rnuqlkj vYyV us efUnj dsfuokZg gsrq m/kj ls tkus okys izR;sd gkFkh ij ,d nzEe rFkk ?kksMs ij nks :id djfy;s tkus dh O;oLFkk dh FkhA :id dk ewY; nzEe ls de FkkA gfLrdq.Mh lsizkIr foÿe laor 1053 ds vfHkys[k10 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ,d ≈aV dh fcÿh ij,d :id dj fy;k tkrk FkkA ukMksy ls izkIr foÿe loar 1213 ds vfHkys[k esaHkh :id dk mYys[k gqvk gSA11 ch ,u iqjh dk er gs fd bldk ewY; nzEe ds 1@4vkSj 1@20 ds chp FkkA12 Jh/kj ds xf.krlkj esa ikap :id dk ewY; ,d nzEe dscjkcj ekuk x;k gSA13 blfy;s xzsu Hkkj ds pkanh ds flDds lEHkor% :id ekus tkldrs gSA14

foa'kksid & iwoZ e/;dky esa ekjokM esa foa'kksid uked eqnzk dk Hkhizpyu FkkA Hkhueky ls izkIr foÿe laor 1239 ds vfHkys[k ds vk/kkj ij bldkewY; nzEe ls cgqr de izekf.kr gksrk gSA bl vfHkys[k ds mYys[kkuqlkj izR;sd nzEeij ,d ^fo* dj fy;k tkrk FkkA15 Mh-vkj-Hk.Mkjdj ds vuqlkj bl rkezeqnzk dkewY; nzEe ds chlos Hkkx ds ewY; ds cjkcj FkkA16 BDdqj Qs: ds xf.krlkj esa 20foa'kksidksa dks ,d nzEe ds ewY; ds cjkcj crk;k x;k gSA17 oh-oh- fejk'kh dserkuqlkj nzEe ds chlosa Hkkx gksus ds dkj.k gh bl eqnzk dks foa'kksid dgk x;k gSA18

Hk.Mkjdj fejk'kh BDdqj Qs: ds bu v/;;uksa ls rRdkyhu eqnzk dk eqnzkeku ,oe~

/kkrqeku Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk eqnzk ewY; fu/kkZj.k dh bdkbZ dk irk pyrk gSAukMykbZ ls izkIr foÿe laor 1200 ls ,d vfHkys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jk;ikynsods 'kkludky esa jkmr jktnso us jFk;k=ksRlo ij viuh ekrk vkSj /keZ ds uke ijizR;sd /kk.kd ls ,d foa'kksid fn;s tkus dh O;oLFkk dh FkhA19 drhi; vfHkys[kksaesa nzEe vkSj foa'kksid nksuks dk lkFk lkFk mYys[k gqvk gSA 'kkdEHkjh ds O;kikfj;ksus ued ds izR;sd dqVd <sjh ij ,d foa'kksid rFkk izR;sd ?kksM+s dh fcÿh ij ,dnzEe efUnj ds fufgr fn;s tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA20 flDdksa ds nku ls rRdkyhu/kkfeZd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa gesa lwpuk feyrh gS lkFk gh ?kksM+ksa dh fcÿh ij fy;s tkusokys dj dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSaA

yksgfrdk & Hkhueky vfHkys[k esa iz;qDr 'kCn ykS* dk rkRi;Z yksgfrdk*gh izrhr gksrk gSA21 Jh/kj ds xf.krlkj ds vuqlkj pkj yksgfrdk dk ewY; ,d:id ds cjkcj gksrk FkkA22 Hk.Mkjdj us yksgfrdk dk ewY; foa'kksid ds cjkcjekuk gSa vFkkZr yksgfrdk nzEe ds chlos Hkkx ds cjkcj fuf'pr gksrk gSA23

^iqjkruizcU/klaxzg* uked lkfgR; esa yksgfrdk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ,d mYys[kuqlkj;|fi ukxM us tkyksj ij vkÿe.k fd;k Fkk rFkkfi kfriwfrZ ds :i esa mls ,dyksgfrdk Hkh izkIr ugh gqvk FkkA24 bl lwpuk ls ;qº uhfr dk o.kZu feyrk gS] fdijkftr jktk ls foftr 'kkld kjk ;qº kfriwfrZ izkIr dh tkrh FkhA lk.Msjko dsfoÿe laor 1238 ds ,d vfHkys[k25 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dsYg.knso dh jkuhtkYg.knso us viuk Hkou ik'oZukFk dks HksaV fn;k Fkk vkSj mlesa jgus okyksa dks pkjnzk,yk izfro"kZ iznku djus dh vkKk tkjh dh FkhA

d"kZ rFkk i.k & d"kZ* ,d izkphu uke FkA pjd bls yxHkx ,d rksys dscjkcj ekurs gS mlds vuqlkj pkj d"kZ ,d iy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA26 euqLe`fr us,d d"kZ (80 jrh) rkacs ds flDds dks i.kZ dgk x;k gSA27 lEHkor% dqoy;ekykds ys[kd mn|ksrulqfj ds le; d"kZ 'kCn rksy ,oa eqnzk nksuksa ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrkFkkA28 bl rF; dh iqf"V rRdkyhu vfHkys[kksa ls Hkh gksrh gSA e.Mksaj ls izkIr uoh'krh ds ,d vfHkys[k esa LFkkuh; ds'ko efUnj dks ,d d"kZ rsy nsus dk mYys[kgqvk gSA29 nwljh rjQ gfLrdq.Mh vfHkys[k30 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd tqvkfj;ksa rFkk ikuvkSj rsy foÿsrkvksa ls ,d d"kZ olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA Li"Vr% ;gak d"kZ uke eqnzkvksadks dj ds :i esa Hkh izkIr fd;s tkus dk myys[k gSA vksfl;ka ds foÿe laor1236 ds ,d vfHkys[k esa Hkh nsoh efUnj esa dk;Zjr Hkkstd dks ikfjJfed :iizfrfnu nks vatfy ewax vkSj ,d d"kZ nsus dk o.kZu gSA bl fooj.k ls Li"V gks tkrkgS fd efUnjksa dks /kkfeZd nku fn, tkrs Fks rFkk ikfjJfed dk Hkqxrku vukt ds


261

lkFk lkFk udn :i esa Hkh gksrk FkkA lkFk gh jkT; kjk tqvkfj;ksa] iku foÿsrkvksarFkk rsy ds O;kikfj;ksa ls dj fy;k tkrk Fkk] mldh tkudkjh feyrh gS rFkk eqnzkdk fofue; ewy; Hkh Kkr gksrk gSA

dkSM+h & ekjokM+ ds vfHkys[kksa esa dkSM+h dk mYys[k ugh feyrkA lEHkor%;gka bldk izpyu O;kid :i ls ugh FkkA fdUrq lkfgR; us fofue; ek/;e ds :iesa dkSMh dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gS A bl izalax esa xf.krlkj dh fuEu rkfydkmYys[kuh; gS &

5 dkSMh & 1 ikfolk

4 ikfolk & 1 fclk

5 fclk & 1 yksgfrdk

4 yksgfrdk & 1 :ik (:id)

5 :ik & 1 nzEe

blh izdkj nzO; ijhkk31 esa fuEufyf[kr rkfydk nh xbZ gS &

20 dkSMh & 1 rkez dkafd.kh

4 dkafd.kh & 1 rkez i.k

16 i.k & jtr eqnzk (nzEe)

mDr fooj.k ls vkHkkflr gS fd dkSMh dk O;ogkj nSfud thou esa vo';gksrk FkkA

mŸkj e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ ds flDdse/;dkyhu ekjokM+ esa lksus ds flDds izeq[kr;k O;kikfj;ksa kjk fufeZr

djok;s tkrs Fks] ijUrq rkacs ds flDds vc jkT; dh rjQ ls curs FksA ukxkSj] tks/kiqj] ikyh] lkstr] esM+rk bR;kfn izeq[k Vdlkykvksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds flDdksa dks<kyk tkrk FkkA ekjokM+ dh v'kQhZ (eksgj) 'kqº Lo.kZ32 dh curh Fkh vkSj bldkrkSy 169-9 xszu (9 ek'ks33 vkSj 6 jrh) gksrk FkkA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;gflDds igys igy foÿe laor 1838 (1781 bZ) esa fot;'kkgh :i;s ds foÿelaor 1818 (1761 bZ) ds BIis ls Nkis x;s Fks] ijUrq blds ckn eksgjksa ds fy;s tqnkBIis (ckyk vkSj ikbZ) rS;kj fd;s tkus yxsA vko';drk gksus ij bUgh BIiksa ls rkSyds fglkc ls vk/kh] iko vksj nks vUuh eksgj dh Nki yh tkrh FkhA eksgjsa cukus dkdke tks/kiqj dh Vdlky esa gksrk FkkA foÿe laor 1916 (1859 bZ-) esa egkjktkr[krflag th ds le; uktj gjdj.k us lkstr dh Vdlky esa djhc 1 fot;'kkgh

:i;s (pkanh) ,sls Nkis Fks] ftudk rksy 175 xzsu (10 ek'kk) Fkk] vksj buesa [kksVdk Hkkx Hkh dqN vf/kd feyk;k x;k FkkA34 bu flDdksa ij nklsxk dk fu'kku ykcuk Fkk tks mlds iaFk ds vkpk;Z yky ckck ds uke dk igyk vkj FkkaA ;s flDdsyk vkj ds dkj.k yqyqfr;k ;k yqyq'kkgh* dgykrs FksA fo-la- 1923 (1866 bZ-)esa egkjktk r[krflag ds le; gh vukM+flag us tks/kiqj dh Vdlky esa dqNfot;'kkgh :i;s ,sls gh cuok,a Fks ftuesa [kksV ekewyh ls vf/kd Mkyk x;k FkkAbu :i;ksa ij mlus viuk fu'kku ^jk* j[kk Fkk tks mldh jko.kk jktiwr tkfr dkigyk vkj Fkk] vksj blh ls ;s :i;s ^::fj;k* ds uke ls izflº gq,A ekjokM+dh eqnzk <ykbZ dh izfÿ;k ,oe~ dyk ij bl tkudkjh ls iw.kZ izdk'k iM+rk gsA rFkkeqnzk ds izdkj dk dk fooj.k Hkh A eqznk esa [kksV dh ek=k vFkok /kkrq 'kqºrk dhek=k rRdkyhu jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk |ksrd FkkA ekjokM+ ds mrj e/;dkydh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa flDdksa dh <ykbZ nkjksxk dh vuqefr ls O;kikfj;ksa kjk dhtkrh Fkh] rFkk O;kikfj;ksa kjk lksus ds flDds <kys x;sA ;s O;kikfj;ksa dh vkfFkZdleiUurk dk izrhd Fks lkFk gh jkT; Lo;a dh <ykbZ u djds nkjksxk ds fujhk.k esaO;kikfj;ksa kjk djok;k tkrk gS] blls jkT; dh ekSfnzd uhfr dk irk pyrk gS rFkknkjksxk ds iz'kklfud vf/kdkjksa dh tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gSA

iwoZ esa lksus ds flDds izpfyr jgs fdUrq /khjs&/khjs pkanh rFkk rkacs ds flDdksadk mi;ksx Hkh gksus yxkA fot;flag ds dky esa [kksV dh ek=k de gksrh Fkh ysfdur[krflag ds dky esa [kksV vf/kd ek=k esa feyrh gSA ekjokM+ dk fot;'kkgh iSlkHkkjh gksus ls <Ccw'kkgh Hkh dgykrk FkkA egkjktk Hkheflag ds le; (foÿe laor1850 ls 1860 vFkkZr 1763 ls 1809 bZloh) rd bldk otu nks ek'kk vkSj c<+kfn, tkus ls ml le; dk iSlk Hkhe'kkgh* dgykus yxkA35 ijUrq ckn esa egkjktkekuflag ds le; bldk otu okfil ?kVk fn;k x;k] rc fQj ;g <Ccw'kkghdgykus yxkA ,sls Vds 1 eu (e.k) rkcas esa pkSng gtkj ds djhc curs FksA buislksa dk otu 310 ls 320 xzsu rd djhc 18 ek'ks feyrk gSA blds ckn foÿeloar 1963 (1906 bZ-) esa ;gk ds iSls dk otu djhc 158 xszu dk ;k c?ksa iSls lsvk/kk dj fn;k x;k vkSj igys fy[ks vuqlkj foÿe laor 1971 (1914 bZ-) rd;g gYdk iSlk tks/kiqj dh Vdlky ls curk jgk] ijUrq mlds ckn foÿo loar1923 (1936 bZ-) esa cUn jgdj fQj cuuk izkjEHk gqvkA

ekjokM+ ds flDdksa ij >kM vkSj ryokj dk fu'kku jkT; fpUg ds rkSj ijcuk;k x;k FkkA bl >kM esa 9 ;k 7 'kk[kk,a feyrh gS] ijUrq 9 'kk[kkvksa okyk >kMvlyh fctS'kkgh ;k yqyqfr;k* :i;ksa ij gh feyrk gSA egkjktk r[krflag us bl>kM dks rqjsZ (eLrd ij cka/ks tkus okys vkHkw"k.k) dk :i fnyok;k FkkA blh ls


262

ekjokM+ ds yksx bu fpUgksa dks [kkaMk (,d izdkj dh ryokj) vkSj rqjkZ dgrs FksA;gk ds fdlh&fdlh flDds ij ik°p irh ds Qwy] LokfLrd] f='kqy vkSj rhj dsfpUg Hkh cus feyrs gSA ;s BIis esa [kkyh txg dks Hkjus ds fy, cuk fn, tkrsFks36A flDdksa ij Kkr gksus okys lkaaLd`frd /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh lwpuk nsrk gSA

ekjokM esa igys ;s lksus pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds O;kikjh yksx gh cuok;kdjrs FksA Vdlky dk nkjksxk muds yk, gq, lksus vkSj pkanh dh tkap dj flDdscuok nsrk FkkA blds fy;s O;kikfj;ksa dks etnwjh ds vykok fu;e jkT; dj Hkh nsukiM+rk FkkA ;g jkT; dh fHkUu&fHkUu Vdlkyksa esa fHkUu FkkA tks/kiqj esa izR;sd eksgj(v'kQhZ) ij ikSus nks vkus] izfr 100 :i;ksa ij NS vkus vkSj eu Hkj rkacs ij rhu:i;s FksA lkstr esa 100 :i;kas ij X;kjg vkus vkSj esM+rk esa 100 :i;s ij rsjgvkus yxrs FksA fo-la- 1956 (1899 bZ-) ds Hkh"k.k vdky ds dkj.k ekjokM esayk[kksa :i;ksa dk vukt vkSj ?kkl ckgj ls eaxokuk iM+kA blh ls ;gak ds pkanh dsflDds dh nj cgqr fxj xbZA bl ladV dks nwj djus ds fy, ;gak ij Hkh vaxszth:i;k tkjh djuk iM+kA fu"d"kZ :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekjokM esa izkIr bueqnzkvksa esa rRdkyhu ekjokM+ dh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kkfEkZd ,oalkaLd`fr voLFkk ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA

lUnHkZ1- ,fixzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 11 i- 2992- ogh] 2 i- 1193- vyhZ pkSgku Mk;usLVht] frh; laLdj.k] fnYyh] 19754- ,fixzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 11 i`- 485- cksEcs xtsfV;j] 1 i`- 4766- iw.kZpUn ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] dydrk 1918 1] i`- 2387- cksEcs xtsfV;j] 2 i`- 67&688- Mk- ';ke izlkn O;kl] jktLFkku ds vfHkys[kksa dk lkaLd`frd v/;;u] tks/kiqj

1982] i`"B & 1669- cksEcs xtsfV;j] 2 i`- 67&6810- ,fuxzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 10 i`- 2011- iwokZsDr] la[;k 28] i`- 16612- ch-,u- iqjh] nh fgLV™h vkWQ xqtZj izfrgkjt] cEcbZ 1957 i`- 13613- yYyu th] xksiky] n bdkWuksfed ykbQ vkWQ ukWnuZ bf.M;k] i`- 20614- iwokZsDr] i`- 16615- cksEcs xtsfV;j] 1 i`- 47

16- ,sfixzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 10 i`- 1917- vyhZ pkSgku Mk;usfLVht] frh; laLdj.k] i`- 31918- dkiZl bfULÿIlul~ bf.Mdsje] 4] i`- 18919- ,fixzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 3 i`- 36320- ogh 2] i`- 121&12221- cksEcs xtsfV;j 1] l- 8 vkSj 1622- tuZy vkWQ U;wfeLesfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ bf.M;k okjk.klh 8] i`- 20823- MkW- ,l-ih- O;kl] iwoksZDr] i`- 16524- iqjkru izcU/k laxzg] i`- 5025- iw.kZpUn ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg 1] i`- 22926- oklqnso 'kj.k vxzoky] ikf.kuhdkyhu Hkkjr o"kZ okjk.klh] i`- 229]27- ogh] i`- 24128- izse lqeu tSu] dqoy;ekyk dFkk dk lkaLd`frd v/;;u 1975 i`- 19729- ,U;qvy fjiksZV vkWQ fnu vkD;ksZyksftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k 1909] 10 i`- 10030- ,fixzkfQdk bf.Mdk] 10 i`- 17&2031- iw.kZpUn ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] 1] i`- 19832- ;g 11 Vap dh gksrh FkhA33- ekjokM+ esa ek'kk 8 jŸkh dk ekuk tkrk gSA34- buesa 1@27 ds LFkku ij 1@25 [kksV cryk;k tkrk FkkA35- if.Mr fo'os'ojukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 2] i`- 64336- ogh] i`"B 639


263

tks/kiqj ds vn~Hkqr lekf/k Lekjd % nsoyMkW- vfuy iqjksfgr

jktiwrksa dh LFkkiR;dyk fo'ks"kdj lekf/k Lekjdksa dh dyk mŸke Js.khdh gSA lekf/k Lekjdksa dk LFkkiR; jktiwr lekt dh ,d egRoiw.kZ iºfr ,oajhfr gS] tks budh dyk ijEijk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA vkj-lh- vxzoky dserkuqlkj jktiwr LFkkiR; dk izkjEHk 7oha lnh ls gh gks tkrk gSA1 jktiwrksa dsvkxeu ds lkFk gh lekf/k Lekjdksa ds fuekZ.k dh izfÿ;k foLr`r Lrj ij izkjEHkgqbZA jktiwr vkf/kiR; okys Hkw&Hkkxksa esa lekf/k Lekjdksa dh ,d ck<+&lh vk x;hAjktiwrksa kjk fufeZr bu lekf/k Lekjdksa dh xfjek ,ao lqUnjrk muds kjk gh fufeZreafnjksa ,oa jktegyksa ls de ugha FkhA bl LFkkiR; ds ckjs esa dykeeZK QX;qZlu dker Fkk fd] bu lekf/k Lekjdksa ds fuekZ.k dh rhoz xfr dk dkj.k eqlyekuksa kjk nhx;h izsj.kk FkhA bu Lekjdksa ds ckjsa esa gSosy dgrs gS fd] ^^;|fi eqfLye edcjksadh 'kku&'kkSdr us jktiwrksa dks Hkh ,d izsj.kk iznku dh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i osHkh vius lekf/k Lekjdksa dks je.kh; vkSj egku cukus yxs] rFkkfi mudh LekjdfuekZ.k dh ;g ijEijk vfr izkphu FkhA**2 gksokMZ dkVZj bu lekf/k Lekjdksa dkmÌs'; crkrs gq, fy[krs gS fd] ^^;g dyk e`r O;fDr;ksa ds fujhk.k ds fy, Fkh]lkFk gh ;g fn[kkus ds fy, Hkh fd] e`rdksa dks Hkwyk ugha fn;k x;k] mudh Le`fr dksLFkk;h j[kuk Hkh ,d mÌs'; FkkA**3 tgk° ,d rjQ ;g Lekjd e`rdksa ds izfr mudhlarkuksa dh HkfDr ds izrhd Fks] nwljh vksj mudh Le`fr dks fpjLFkk;h j[kus ds iz;RuHkh FksA ›sM gksEl rFkk Jherh ,u-gksEl dk ekuuk gS fd] ;g lekf/k Lekjd e`rvkRekvksa dks LoxZyksx igq°pkus okys okgu gSA4 lekf/k Lekjdksa dk fuekZ.k ,d mUurihfBdk ij fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlds uhps [kks[kys Hkkx esa f'kofyax LFkkfir fd;ktkrk FkkA dbZ ckj NksVh Nrfj;ksa ,oa Lekjdksa esa f'kofyax pcwrjs ds e/; LFkkfirfd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk bldh fu;fer iwtk&vtZuk dh tkrh FkhA

tks/kiqj esa lekf/k Lekjdksa ds fuekZ.k dh izfÿ;k ijEijk ds :i esa izkphudky ls pyh vk jgh gSA izk;% ;gk° ds izR;sd xk°o esa gesa bl izdkj ds lekf/kLekjd ljyrk ls miyC/k gks tkrs gSA fdlh O;fDr dh Le`fr esa ;gk° rhu izdkj dsHkou cuk;s tkrs Fks & Nrjh] FkM+k vkSj nsoyA e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ esa ;g lekf/kLekjd cukus dh jhfr izpfyr FkhA

nsoynsoy dks lekf/k Lekjd Hkouksa esa mRd`"V ekuk x;k gSA izk;% nsoy rhu

eaftyk gksrk gSA nsoy esa fofHkUu dk] lhf<+;k° vkSj NTts fufeZr fd, tkrs gSAlEiw.kZ Hkou lqUnj iPphdkjh ls vyad`r gksrk gSA budk fuekZ.k efUnj ds leku ghfd;k tkrk gSA vUrj ek= bruk gksrk gS fd] efUnj nsorkvksa dks lefiZr gksrk gS]tcfd nsoy ml O;fDr dks lefiZr fd;k tkrk gS] ftldh Le`fr esa mldk fuekZ.kdjok;k tkrk gSA jko lhagk dk nsoy mldh iRuh ikoZrh us cuok;k FkkA jko lhgkdh e`R;q fcBq xk°o esa lu~ 1273 bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA jko /kwgM+ dk nsoy r`flaxnh xk°o dsrkykc ds lehi gh izkIr gqvk gSA5 tks/kiqj ls yxHkx vkB fd-eh- dh nwjh ijfLFkr iapdq.Mk esa tks/kiqj ds izkjfEHkd 'kkldksa jko tks/kk vkSj jko xkaxk dslekf/k Lekjd fufeZr gSA jko tks/kk ds lekf/k kj ij xaxk] ;equk lfgr vU;ekr`dkvksa dk lqUnj vadu gSA tks/kiqj 'kgj ds e.Mksj m|ku esa jkBkSM+ 'kkldksa dsvusd nsoy fo|eku gSA ;g nsoy jko ekynso ls ysdj egkjktk r[rflag rd dsgSA jko ekynso ds lekf/k Lekjd dk fuekZ.k eksVk jktk mn;flag us laor~ 1591 esadjok;k FkkA6 blh ijEijk dks tkjh j[krs gq, egkjktk tloUrflag] egkjktkvthrflag] egkjktk vHk;flag vkSj egkjktk r[rflag us vius fir` vkRekvksa dhLe`fr ds fy, nsoy fufeZr djok,A

egkjktk vthrflag us leLr thou jktuhfrd my>uksa esa Qals jgus ds cknHkh vusd lqUnj rFkk dykRed Lekjd fufeZr djok,a] tks mudh dyk:fp dsifjpk;d FksA vthrflag us 1718&1719 bZLoh esa vius firk egkjktk tloUrflagdh Le`fr esa e.Mksj esa ,d nsoy dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;g nsoy Hkwfe ls yxHkx lkrQhV ≈°ps fo'kky oxkZdkj pcwrjs ij fufeZr ,d rhu eaftyk Hkou gSA ;g nsoyfofHkUu LrEHkksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA nsoy izeq[kr% nks Hkkxksa lHkke.Mi vkSj Hkhrj dsdk esa foHkDr gSA lHkke.Mi ds ≈ij xqEct cuk gS rFkk Hkhrj ds dk ds ≈ijyEck f'k[kj cuk gSA chp dh eafty ij tkus ds fy, lhf<+;ka gSA nwljh eafty dslkeus nk;ha rFkk ck;ha vksj lqUnj NTts Hkh cus gSA egkjktk vthrflag dh e`R;q dsi'pkr~ muds iq= vHk;flag us Hkh vius firk dh Le`fr esa ^vthrflag nsoy*fufeZr djok;kA7 ;g nsoy yky iRFkj ls fufeZr gS] tks e.Mksj ds fudV dh?kksM+k?kkVh dh [kkuksa ls yk;k x;k FkkA nsoy esa efUnjksa dh Hkk°fr xHkZx`g gS] ftldspkj kj gSA nsoy ds iwokZfHkeq[k kj ds dikVkJ; ds dhfrZeq[kksa ds xys esa ca/kh?kafVdk,a vyadj.k dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA kj ij xaxk&;equk LFkkud eqnzk esa gSrFkk muds gkFk esa yrk,a rFkk iq"i gSA xHkZ x`g ds pkj kj LrEHkksa ij v"Vekr`dk,avius okguksa ij vk:<+ gSA lHkk e.Mi esa d`".k&yhyk ds n`'; gSA nwljh eafty


264

ij tkus okys lksikuksa dh fo'ks"krk gS fd] os lHkh ,d gh fo'kky izLrj esa fufeZr gSAbldh nwljh eafty ij Hkh ,d xHkZx`g gS] ftldk ek= ,d gh izos'k kj gSA blxHkZx`g ds ck· LrEHkksa ij u`R; rFkk vk[ksV n`';ksa dk vadu gSA nsoy esa fofHkUunsoh&nsorkvksa ;Fkk mek] f'ko] dqcsj] yksds'oj] yehukjk;.k] x.ks'k] gfjgj] ok;q];e] vfXu dk vadu Hkh gqvk gSA8

nsoy ds LFkkiR;dkj us yksd&thou ds vusd n`';ksa dks Hkh nsoy ds LrEHkksaij mdsjk gSA LFkkiR;dkj us nsoy esa ukjh ds fofHkUu ikksa dk Hkh lqUnj vadufd;k gSA dkO; dh ukf;dk,a rFkk :id dh u`rfd;k° ik"kk.k esa ltho gks mBhAdgha os u`R; eqnzk esa gS rks] dgha os <+ksyd vkSj [kM+rky fy, laxhr foHkksj gSA

nsoy dh izfrekvksa esa tks vkHkw"k.k ns[kus dks feyrs gS] muesa gesa rRdkyhulekt dh dykRed vfHk:fp ,oa oSHko dk Kku gksrk gSA vkHkw"k.kksa dks (d.kZQwy]cksj] daBgkj] daxu] Hkqtcan vkfn) nsoy dh izfrekvksa esa Li"V fn[kyk;k x;k gSAbl ^nsoy* ls izHkkfor gks dykfon~ ,MEl us fy[kk gS fd] ^^;g leLr nsoyksa esaegku gSA blesa fuekZ.k izfÿ;k dh lkgfldrk rFkk LFkkiR; fo'kn~ ,oa lkSna;Z;qDrgSA**9 nsoy dh nso&izfrekvksa ,oa vU; yksd&izfrekvksa esa tks vkHkw"k.k ns[kus dksfeyrs gS] muesa gesa rRdkyhu lekt dh dykRed vfHk:fp ,oa oSHko dk Kkugksrk gSA vkHkw"k.kksa esa d.kZQwy] dku dk egŸoiw.kZ vkHkw"k.k gSA nsoy dh yxHkxizR;sd yksd izfrek esa d.kZQwy ns[kus dks feyrk gSA nso izfrek,a ,d fo'ks"k izdkjdk vkHkw"k.k dkuksa esa igus gq, gS] ftls vktdy ^dq.My* ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSAdqN izfrekvksa esa eksfr;ksa dh yfM+;ka iq"V mjkstksa ds ≈ij yVdh gqbZ ns[kh tk ldrhgSA xys ds vkHkw"k.kksa es dykRed fofo/krk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA iq:"k izfrekvksa dsvkHkw"k.k dykRed :i ls lk/kkj.k gSA10

L=h dykb;ksa esa daxu egŸoiw.kZ vkHkw"k.k gSA nsoy LFkkiR; esa dqN fL=;k°daxu dksguh rd /kkj.k fd, gq, gSA dksbZ&dksbZ ukjh izfrek Hkqtca/k Hkh /kkj.k fd,gq, gSA u`R; ukjh dh tUetkr vfHk:fp gS] ij fcuk uwaiqjksa dh e/kqj /ofu ds u`R;lwuk gSA tc rd uwaiqjksa vkSj ok|;a=ksa dh e/kqj /ofu;ksa dk esy uk gks] u`R;kaxuk dsiSjksa dh fFkjdu esa xfr dSls vk,xh\ ^vthrflag nsoy* ds LFkkiR;dkj us Lo;adks bu Hkkoukvksa ls nwj ugha j[kk gSA ,d u`R;kaxuk u`R; djrs le; vius uwiqjksa dsca/ku dks <+hyk dj jgh gSA ,d vU; u`R;kaxuk u`R; djrs le; vius iSjksa dh xfrvkSj uwiqjksa dks fugkj jgh gSA ftl le; vthrflag nsoy* dk fuekZ.k izkjEHk gqvk]rc rd ekjokM+ dh os'kHkw"kk ij vkafd'k :i ls eqxy&izHkko iM+ pqdk FkkA

fo'ks"kdj jktnjckj dh u`R;kaxukvksa] ckafn;ksa] nkfl;ksa dh os'kHkw"kk ij rks bldkizHkko iM+ gh pqdk FkkA bldk izek.k bl nsoy dh ,d izfrek dk igukok gsA ;gu`R;kaxuk eqxy&njckj dh u`R;kaxuk tSlk ik;tkek igus gSA nwljh vksj nks u`R;djrh gqbZ ukfj;ksa ds nqiV~Vs eqxy <+ax ds gSA ,d urZdh vius ok ij ek= ,ddspaqdh /kkj.k fd, gSA11 bl izdkj ^vthrflag nsoy* ek= Le`frijd Hkou ghugha] vfirq ,slh dykd`fr gS] ftlesa rRdkyhu lkekftd ijEijkvksa] os'kHkw"kk]vkHkw"k.k ,oa yksdthou ds dbZ ikksa dks LFkkiR;dkj us lekfgr fd;k gSA

rRdkyhu tks/kiqj ,oa lekt esa fir`es/k laLdkjksa ls lEcº gksrs gq, ;slekf/k Lekjd dY;k.kdkjh le>s tkrs FksA bl Lekjdksa esa ifjokj ds lnL;fofo/k voljksa ij iwoZtksa dk vk'khokZn izkIr djus gsrq n'kZu ,oa vpZuk ds fy,vkrs FksA lUrkeksRifŸk] tkrdeZ] fookg] ;qº ds fy, iz;k.k rFkk izR;kxeu ij buLekjdksa ij iwtk] p<+kok] nku] czk„.k Hkkstu vkfn ds vusdksa mYys[k izkIr gksrs gSAfu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd] tks/kiqj dh Lekjd dyk tks/kiqj esaizpfyr ijEijkvksa dk lajk.k ,oa fnXn'kZu fd;k djrh gSA tks/kiqj dh ;g dykvn~Hkqr] le`º ,oa lkaLd`frd /kjksgj gSA

egkjktk vthrflagdk nsoy] e.Mksj]

tks/kiqj

fofHkUu lekf/k LFkynsoy] e.Mksj] tks/kiqj

egkjktk vthr flagds nsoy esa vayd`r dh

xbZ nsoh izfrek,°

lanHkZ1- vkj-lh-vxzoky] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u fgLV™h] 1957] i`"B 12- bZ-oh-gSoy] bf.M;u vfdZVsDpj] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B 613- gksokMZ dkVZj] fn VkWEc vkWQ rqyva[k&vkesu] dSly ,.M dksEIV] yanu] 1927]

[k.M&2] i`"B 7


265

4- egsUnz flag ûxj*] ekjokM+ ds jktoa'k dh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj] egkjktk ekuflagiqLrd izdk'k] esgjkux<+] tks/kiqj] 2001] [k.M&2] i`"B 458

5- xksjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] oSfnd ;a=ky;] vtesj]foÿe laor~ 1995] Hkkx&1] i`"B 154

6- ,l-ih-O;kl] tks/kiqj dh le`º ,oa vn~Hkqr lekf/k Lekjd dyk] dYpjygsfjVst vkWQ jktLFkku] cuLFkyh] 2008 (lEiknd & oh-ds- of'k"V] uferkO;kl] izhfr 'kekZ)] i`"B 72&77

7- ôjnk*] fclk≈] o"kZ 18] vad &3] i`"B 19&268- ogh] i`"B 229- vkfpZcy ,MEl] n osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] yanu] 1900] i`"B 102&10310- ôjnk*] fclk≈] o"kZ 18] vad &3] i`"B 25&2611- ogh] i`"B 26

vk/kqfud ekjokM+ esa jf.kokl ds vkHkw"k.kvuqjk/kk Vkd

ekjokM+ jkt?kjkus esa fo'ks"kdj jf.kokl esa Jaxkj ds :i esa vkHkw"k.k dksegRo fo'ks"k :i ls jgk FkkA oLrqr% vkHkw"k.k Jh gtwj ds lkFk gh jkfu;ka vkfniguk djrs Fks tks fd mudh izfr"Bk ds lwpd dgs tk ldrs gSaA jf.kokl esa jkfu;ksakjk igus tkus okyk vkHkw"k.k fo'ks"kdj muds ihgj ik dk gqvk djrk Fkk ftlesavyx&vyx jkfu;ksa ds vyx&vyx vkHkw"k.k dh 'kSyh vkSj cukoV mYys[kuh;FkhA tokgj[kkuk ,.M feaV dh cfg;ksa esa jkf.kokl ds fofHkUu vkHkw"k.kksa ds izdkjksaij egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS ogha lwjt izdk'k] jktfoykl] vHk; foykl]uke eatjh] ckadhnkl dh [;kr] jkBkSM+ksa jh [;kr] ewafn;kM+ jh [;kr] tks/kiqjgdhdr cgh] nLrwj dkseokj cgh vkfn esa Hkh tukuk] enkZuk vkHkw"k.kksa ds ckjs esaleqqfpr tkudkjh miyC/k djkrk gSA

lwjt izdk'k esa egkjktk xtflagth kjk vius mejkoksa dks dj?kuh ,oadq.My forfjr djus dk mYys[k gqvk gSA bl xzaFk ls ;g Hkh ik;k tkrk gs fd pqaikuked xguk nkarksa esa iguk tkrk FkkA vkHkw"k.k 'kkjhfjd Jàxkj dk ek/;e gksus dslkFk gh lkFk jkt?kjkus esa foifŸk dky esa Hkh vkHkw"k.k dh Hkwfedk egRo j[krh FkhAekjokM+ dh [;kr ,oa jkBkSM+ksa jh [;kr ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd tc tks/kiqj dsegkjktk vHk;flagth us fo-la- 1797 (1740 bZ-) esa chdkusj ij vkÿe.k fd;krc egkjktk tksjokjflag ?kcjk x;k ysfdu ukxkSj ds 'kkld c[rflag us chdkusjegkjktk dk ik ysrs gq, viuk nwr t;iqj ds 'kkld lokbZ t;flag ds ikl HkstkAt;flag us tc tks/kiqj vkÿek.k djus ds fy, izLFkku fd;k rc vHk;flag HkhllSU; tks/kiqj pys vk;s vkSj HkaMkjh j?kqukFk ds iz;klksa ls nksuksa esa lfU/k gks xbZAlfU/k dh 'krksZa ds vkuqlkj tks/kiqj okyksa dks 20 yk[k :i;s nsus iMs+ Fks tks egkjktkvHk;flagth us vius jk.kh dNokbZth tks lokbZ t;flag dh iq=h Fkh muds vkHkw"k.ktks 11 yk[k :i;s ds Fks iznku fd;sA ;g ogh vkHkw"k.k Fks tks lokbZ t;flag usviuh iq=h dks egkjktk vHk;flag ds lkFk fookg ds volj ij fn;s Fks ijUrqt;flag us ;g dgdj Lohdkj fd;s fd vc os tks/kiqj dh futh lEifŸk ds gSAvr,o bUgsa ysus esa dksbZ nks"k ugha cdk;k 9 yk[k #i;s egkjktk vHk;flag us 5vksloky eqlfg;ksa dks vksy ds :i esa lkSai fn;kA


266

xg.kk fparo.kh vkHkw"k.k cfŸklh esa ixikau] lgsyh] uoljgkj] oktwca/k]iapyM+h] dkach] gFkokyM+ks] gkFk lkadyk] xtd] vkjlh uk[kyks] tsgM+] paidyh]vdksVk] VhdkS] udoslj] jedksy] lhQwy] ph<] pan.kgkj] lgsyM+h] eksrhljh]dudQwy] ?kq?kjk] eknfy;ks] ekyk] u[kyk] VhdkS] xqtjh] ohfN;k eqnzdk] dkad.kbR;kfn vkHkw"k.kksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gS oghA

vFk xg.kk cŸkhlh esa Hkh vkHkw"k.kksa ds ukEeksys[k] xg.kkfpro.kkh ds lekukUrjgh feyrs gSaA mi;qZDr vkHkw"k.kksa dk fooj.k bu xzaFkksa esa dfoŸk ds ek/;e ls Hkh fn;kx;k gSA ;Fkk&

ud oslj eksrh udVA yVdr v/kjt vk;kAAekuq vezr onuiSA Jor pan lq[knk;AAos.kh lq[k ns.kh cgwrA Qwy fu xzaFk vewy%AAfr.k ifjt fert jko dksA lkS gr gS lhl QwyAA

mi;qZDr dfoŸk esa vkHkw"k.kksa dk c[kku fd;k gqvk feyrk gS ftuesa ukjhlkSUn;Z ds Hkkoksa dh >yd Hkh bu dfoŸkksa ls izdV gks tkrk gSA

ekjokM+ esa fuEufyf[kr vkHkw"k.k jf.kokl esa igus tkrs Fks ftuesa cktw]dykbZ vkSj gkFkksa ds xg.ks izeq[k :i ls bl izdkj gS&

cktw esa igus tkus okys vkHkw"k.kksa & pwM+] pwM+k] cktwcan] cktw] tksl.k]cgj [kka] Hkqtcan] eknfy;k] v.kar dkrfj;k] tarj bR;kfnA

dykbZ esa igus tkus okys vkHkw"k.k& dax.k] dfM+;k] xtjk] xks[k:]ped pqfM+;k] iNsfy;k] iVk] ikVyk] iqf.kfp;k] eksrhdM+k] lkdfG;kA

gkFk esa igus tkus okys vkHkw"k.k & uojruh] eqnzk] gkFkQwy] jk;Qwy]ewanM+h] fcVh bR;kfnA

tokgj[kkuk ,.M feaV dh cfg;s ,oa gFk [kpZ dh cfg;ksa esa vkHkw"k.kksa dslkFk dkQh ek=k esa feyrs gSaA

egkjktk ekuflag dkyhu tokgj[kkuk dh ekStqnk;r cgh (ÿekad 501) esavkHkw"k.kksa ds uke bl izdkj feyrs gSa&pj.k] fljisp] nqwxnqxh] pksdM+k] daBks]iq.kfp;k] chVh] cksj] lhlQwy] pUnzek Vhdk] ckyh;k] eksjiVk] dj.k Qwy] VksVh;ka]twejk] nko.kh] twj.kh;k] fre.kh;k] yM+Vkl.k] gkj dM+k] dkad.k] Hkofj;k] vkMbR;kfnA

egkjktk ekuflag ds le; dh vkHkw"k.kksa dh [kkrk cgh ls Kkr gksrk gS fdmUgksaus fuEufyf[kr jkf.k;ksa vkfn dks lksus ds vkHkw"k.k HksaV Lo:i iznku fd;sftldk mYys[k cgh esa (ÿ-la- 324) esa bl izdkj feyrk gS&

xqtfj;ksa dh tksM+h] xtjk dh tksM+h] dkrfj;ksa dh tksM+h] cktwcan dhtksM+h] v.koVka dh tksM+h] ekny;ks dh tksM+h] fcNqfM+;ksa dh tksM+h frck dh tksM+h]rksM+k dh tksM+h] ekso.k ekyk ,oa pwai bR;kfnA

egkjktk r[krflag dh jk.kh jk.kkorth ds vkHkw"k.k dh [kkrk cgh (ÿekad400) esa jk.kh jk.kkorth ds lksus ds vkHkw"k.kksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k bl izdkj feyrkgS&

rksM+k] dM+yk] osfM+;ka] nkof.k;ka] Mksjk] iksyfj;ka] vaxqfB;k] lkVk] dM+k]pkSfd;k] pqM+k dh ifŸk;ka] dkrfj;k] xqtfj;k] eknfy;k] VksfV;k] nkar ds chyh;ksadh rhcsa] fcNqfM+;ka] dj.kQwy] tofy;k] ix ikuk] pwfM+;k] cktwcan] xks[k:]tqVf.k;k] ekyk,a] lkadys] Vwfl;k] ik;ys] Nkisa] fcfB;ka] lfc;ka] dkaBys] pksfd;k]eqjfd;k] Qwy] Vwfi;k] tkatfj;k] uksxfj;ka] cksj] iSjksa ds dM+s] gklfy;ka] NM+k]fref.k;k] Mch] bR;kfn A

egkjktk r[krflagth dkyhu lksus js [kkrs dh cgh (ÿekad 66) esa ghjs dkmYys[k Hkh feyrk gS ftuesa ghjk pkS[kqVk] ghjk flaxksM+k] pqfu;k ghjk fijksft;k] ghjkcnkeh vkSj ghjk ek.kd izeq[k :i ls gSA

tokgj[kkuk dh cfg, us flQZ jf.kokl ds vkHkw"k.kksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZtkudkjh nsrs gSa cfYd lksuk [kjhn] iUuk [kjhn vkHkw"k.k cukus okys dkjxhjksa dhtkudkjh Hkh iznku djrs gSaA

egkjktk fot;flag ds le; ljkZQ Jh enunkl] ljkZQ thojkt ds ukeizdk'k esa vkrs gS ftuls jkt?kjkuk lksuk [kjhn djrk FkkA ml le; lksuk dk Hkko 1rksyk ds 17 #i;k FkkA buds le; esa lqukj /k.kks vkHkw"k.k cuk;k djrk FkkA

egkjktk r[rflagth ds le; lqukj xksfi;k] lqjrjke] lqukj nkSyrjke(fnYyh)] vxjpUn ds uke feyrs gSaA

egkjktk fot;flag ds le; iUus ,oa ghjs [kjhn Hkh O;kikfj;ksa ls djus dslw= cgh esa feyrs gSaA

iUus dh [kjhn xkth Jh uouhr fiz;kth ls vkSj ghjs dh [kjhn c[rkojey]dUgS;k o lokbZjke ls dh tkrh FkhA ;g ghjs ds O;kikjh chdkusj ls FksA egkjktktloUrflagth ds le; tkSgjh pUnuey dk uke izdk'k esa vkrk gSA

blh rjg fo-la- 1842 esa lqukj lq[kjke] lqukj rqyNhjke] lqukjjk;panºfljksghΩ] fo-la- 1848 esa lqukj ukux] fo-la- 1830 esa fprjnkl fo-la-1837 esa lqukj dqlyk vkSj fo-la- 1912 esa lqukj ujflag (fljksgh) dk ukeksYys[k


267

lksus dh tjh dk dk;Z djus vkSj uDdk'khnkj dykÑfr cukus ds :i esa cgh esa gksukfy[kk ik;k tkrk gSA

xkSjryc gS fd lksus] pkanh] ghjs&ek.kd vkfn cgqewY; /kkrqvksa dh tkudkjhnsus okyh tokgj[kkuk ,.M ehaV dh cfg;sa tks mu lHkh vkHkw"k.kksa dk fooj.k izLrqrdjrh Fkh tks jktifjokj esa /kkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g cfg;s tokgj[kkuk ds dksBkjesa jgk djrh FkhA ogka ij gh bu vkHkw"k.kksa ds lanHkZ esa egŸoiw.kZ ckrsa cgh esafyfic dh tkrh FkhA tokgj[kkuk ds dksBkj esa tokgj[kkuk dk njksxk gqvk djrkFkk tks tokgj[kkus ls lEcfU/kr lHkh dk;ksZ ºlksuk]pkanh bR;kfnΩ ij fu;qDr fd;stkrs FksA

bl izdkj jkt?kjkus esa vkHkw"k.kks ds fofHkUu izdkj jf.kokl ds lanHkZ esafeyrs gSaA jkf.k;ka vius thoudky esa bu vkHkw"k.kksa dk iz;ksx J`axkj o`fº ds :i esafd;k djrh Fkh tks vfUre le; rd viokn Lo:i muds lkFkh gksrs FksA e`R;q dsi'pkr~ muds tokgjkr jktdks"k esa [ktkus esa iqu% tek djok fn;s tkrs FksA

lUnHkZ1- lwjt izdk'k i=kad 32 la- Jh lhrkjke ykyl izdk'ku jktLFkku izkP;fo|k

izfr"Bku2- uke eatjh NUn 133- u[k 'kh"k NUn 174- [ksM+ eqYrkad NUn 145- ekjokM+ [;kr] i`- 17] la- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh izdk'ku jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku

pkSikluh] tks/kiqj6- jkBkSM+ksa jh [;kr Hkkx 2] i`- 470&471] izse ,afxzl] egkjktk vHk;flag] i`-

31&33 la- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh izdk'ku jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj7- cgh ÿekad 1028- cgh ÿekad 525] 669- cgh ÿekad 102] i`- 2910- cgh ÿekad 500] i`- 6 c11- tokgj[kkuk ,.M feaV ua- 12] i`- 17512- tokgj[kkuk ,.M feaV ua- 5313- lksuk :ik js tek [kjp jh cgh ÿekad 101]14- diM+k js dksBkj jks jkstukoksa ÿekad 55

chdkusj fj;klr ds izeq[k ea=h o vf/kdkjhtxnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k

chdkusj fd LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ ;ksX; o Js"B inkf/kdkfj;ksa ] eaf=;ksa dkp;u egkjktk kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA iz'kklfud lw= esa tSu eqRlÌh dk fo'ks"k LFkkuFkkA chdkusj fj;klr ds dsUnzh; 'kklu esa budh vge Hkwfedk jghA lEiw.kZ iz'kklu4&5 eaf=;ksa kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA vko';drk iM+us ij 'kkld budhla[;k c<k ;k ?kVk ldrk FkkA izeq[k inkf/kdkfj;ksa esa nhoku] eqf[R;kj] eqlkfgc]f'kdnkj] c[lh] odhy vkfn FksA

odhy dk in fj;klr ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ FkkA odhy dk eq[; dk;ZiM+kSlh jkT;ksa o eqxyksa ds lkFk dwVuhfrd jktuhfrd laca/k cuk, j[kuk FkkA ftujktiwr 'kkldksa us eqxyksa dh v/khurk Lohdkj dh os vius izfrfuf/k eqxy njckjesa j[krs FksA ;s izfrfuf/k odhy dgykrs FksA dkykUrj esa vaxzsth lkezkT; dsLFkkfir gksus ij Hkh vaxzsth ljdkj ds ;gka jktiwr 'kkld odhy ds :i esa viukizfrfuf/k Hkstrs FksA odhy viuh lw>cw> ls eqxy rFkk vaxzsth ljdkj dk leFkZuizkIr dj jkT; iz'kklu o lkezkT; dh o`fº djrk FkkA

chdkusj fj;klr ds uxjkt uked ea=h us bl in (odhy) dh uhao j[khA;g uxjkt dh jktuhfrd miyfC/k FkhA ekjokM+ ds 'kkld ekynso kjk chdkusjjkT; esa vkÿe.k ds le; ea=h uxjkt us ekynso ds fo:º fnYyh ds 'kkld'ksj'kkg lwjh ls laf/k dh rFkk dY;k.key dks 'ksj'kkg ls Vhdk fnyok;kA uxjkt us'ksj'kkg ds lSfud vfHk;ku esa lg;ksx fd;kA Bhd blh izdkj chdkusj ds egkjktknyirflag ds fo:º jktdqekj lwjflag dks xÌh fnykus ds fy, tSu eqRlÌh dkspjmjtk us iqjksfgr fy[kehnkl ds lkFk feydj dwVuhfrd lQyrk izkIr dh rFkklwjflag ds ik esa ckn'kkg tgkaxhj dk lg;ksx izkIr fd;kA

chdkusj ds egkjktk d.kZflag us vkSjaxtsc ds bZjku vfHk;ku ds le; vVdesa ukoksa dks rqM+ok fn;k FkkA d.kZflag ds bl dk;Z ls vkSjaxtsc ÿqº gks x;kArRi'pkr~ d.kZflag dks nfk.k Hkstk x;kA lkFk gh mudk eulc tCr dj fy;kx;kA bl fodV ?kM+h esa ckn'kkg dh ukjktxh dks nwj djus ds fy, egkjktkvuwiflag dks xÌh fnyokus esa eqRlÌh dksBkjh tho.knkl vkSj oS/k jktlh us egŸoiw.kZHkwfedk vnk dhA


268

vaxzstksa dh 1818 dh laf/k;ksa ds le; chdkusj egkjktk lwjrflag FksA mlle; ljnkjksa o Mkdwvksa dk vkrad pkjksa rjQ FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa egkjktk dhvkKk ls esgrk vchjpUn fnYyh tkdj 'krksZa ds vuqlkj fonzksfg;ksa dks fo:ºvaxzstksa ls lSfud lgk;rk izkIr dh A jkT; dh vksj ls fnYyh] vtesj vkSj vkcq esaodhy in ij eq[; :i ls tSuksa ds oSn esgrk ifjokj ds eqRlfÌ;ksa dh fu;qfDr dhxbZ rFkk jktk o lkezkT; dh jkk dhA chdkusj vkSj 'ks[kkoVh ds chp lhekfooknksa esa vaxzst vf/kdkjh estj FkkslZoh dh enn dh xbZA

egkjko fgUnwey ds iq= jko tloar dks jktekrk HkfV;k.kh ds kjk Mwaxjflagdh xÌh ds fy, iSjoh dhA tSlh czqd ds ikl odhy vkcw Hkstk x;k rFkk viuhjktuhfrd nwjnf'kZrk dk ifjp; fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i egkjktk Mwaxjflag us mlsjko dk f[krkc iznku fd;k rFkk vkcq dh odkyr iznku dhA egkjktk ljnkjflagds le; egkjko gfjflag vaxzsth ljdkj ds ikl FkkA egkjktk us lhek fookn dsle; esgrk Nksxey dks fe-,Yuwj HkstkA bl dk;Z esa og lQy gqvk rFkk egkjktkus iqj"d`r fd;k A

bl ifjokj ds jko Nrjflag vkSj vHk;flag le;≤ ij vkcw rFkk tks/kiqj esa odhy cukdj Hksts x;s rFkk nŸkd iq= xksikyflag Hkh vkcw esa odhy fu;q‰gqvkA nwljh rjQ tSuksa ds dkspj ,oa lqjk.kk xks= ds eqRlfÌ;ksa dh Hkh odhy in ijfu;qfDr gqbZA 1837 ds chdkusj lhek fookn ds le; tkyepUn dkspj dks viukizfrfuf/k cuk;kA 'ks[kkoVh vkSj chdkusj ds chp lkajcw bykds ds lUnHkZ esadsljhpUn lqjk.kk esgrk Nksxey cSn chdkusj ds odhy FksA

jkT; iz'kklu esa budk egŸoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA ;s vuqHkoh rFkk jktuhfrK FksAyehpUn dkspj dks t;iqj rFkk fglkj esa odhy cukdj Hkstk x;kA lEiw.kZjktiwrkus esa vkcw dk odhy cuuk lEekutud Fkk D;ksafd ;gka eqRlÌh 500@& lsysdj 1000@&rd ekfld osru izkIr gksrk FkkA tcfd mn;iqj o t;iqj dkodhy 100@& ekfld rFkk fglkj dk 72@& #- ekfld Fkk A

bl izdkj bu inkf/kdkfj;ksa us eqxy njckj ,oa vaxzsth ljdkj esa viuslkezkT; dk usr`Ro fd;k rFkk lhek fookn vkSj iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ds vkÿe.k ds le;jkT; ds lkeUr Hkh fonzksg dj nsrs FksA bu lHkh lekL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq jkT; dsodhy] lSfud rFkk dwVuhfrd lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA 1818 dh laf/k ds i'pkr~vaxzstksa ls Hkh lSfud lgk;rk izkIr djrk FkkA

eqxy ckn'kkg dh lgkuqHkqfr ds fy, odhy izHkko'kkyh eqxy vehjksa lslEidZ cukrs dHkh&dHkh LokFkZflfº ds fy, ?kwl Hkh nsrs FksA ;qojkt dh ?kks"k.kk ls

iwoZ fnYyh fLFkr loksZPp lŸkk tSls eqxy ;k fczfV'k bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh lsfj;klrksa ds jktkvksa dks vuqefr ysuh iM+rh FkhA fj;klrksa ds jktk odhy ds ek/;e ls loksZPp 'kfDr ls vuqefr izkIr djrk Fkk ftlls mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks loksZPplŸkk ls vuqefr feyrhA jktLFkkuh esa bl ijEijk dks ^Vhdk nsuk* dgk tkrk FkkA

chdkusj ds bfrgkl esa lhek lEcU/kh rFkk iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ls ;qº rFkk fooknds vusd mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa ysfdu budk fuiVkjk odhyksa kjk fd;k tkrkFkkA bUgksaus ifjfLFkrh dks Hkkairs gq, mfpr lek/kku Hkh fd;sA bl lUnHkZ esa fgUnweytks vtesj esa odhy fu;q‰ Fkk blds dk;ksZa ls izlÈk gksdj egkjko dh mikf/k lsfoHkwf"kr fd;k x;k rFkk nhoku ds in ij fu;q‰ fd;k x;kA fgUnwey us viuh;ksX;rk lkfcr dj crkbZA ;gh dkj.k gS fd chdkusj 'kkld ds vykok vU;jktiwr 'kkld buls ykHkkfUor gksrs FksA bl izdkj fgUnwey og LFkku izkIr gqvk tksdksVk ds >kyk tkyeflag us izkIr fd;k ;gh budh miyfC/k;ka FkhA

vk/kqfud >kykokM+ ftyk tkxhj ds :i esa >kyk tkyeflag ds ifjokj dksfeyk FkkA Bhd blh izdkj chdkusj 'kkld us fgUnwey dks tkxhj iznku dhAHkkjr&ikd lhek ij fgUnwey dksV vkt Hkh mudk Lej.k djokrk gSA vaxzsthljdkj ds le; ,d u;k rF; lkeus vk;k fd tks xfrfof/k;ka vkcw o vtesj esagksrh Fkh xqIr :i ls mldh lwpuk,a ,df=r djds egkjktk ds ikl igqapkrs FksA

bl izdkj ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd lEiw.kZ jktiwrkus esa tc [krjk e.MjkrkFkk rc mldh Hkud jktk o vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fey tkrh Fkh rFkk jktuhfrd odwVuhfrd ds fo'ks"kKksa dh fu;qfDr dj leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkkchdkusj egkjktk buls lwpuk izkIr dj lkekzT; dh jkk djrs FksA

lanHkZ1- ijokuk cgh fo-la- 1800 o`- 77&130 jk-jk-v-ch-2- th-ch-'kekZ & ,MfefuLV™sfVo flLVe vkWQ jktiwr i`- 193- cgh dkenkjka o odhyksa js jkstxkj jh fo-la- 1753ua- 206 jk-jk-v-ch-4- deZpUn oa'kksdhrda dkO;e~ 'yksd 205&185- ogh 'yksd 221&256- n;kynkl [;kr] Hkkx&2 (izdkf'kr) i`- 1437- ohj fouksn Hkkx&2] i`- 4978- ikmysV xtsfV;j vkWQ chdkusj LVsV i`- 799- FkkslZoh ds i= egkjko fgUnwey ds uke Qkby ua- 28] 33] 3510- Qkby ua- 31 ds oSn laxzg jk-jk-v-ch-


269

11- [kkai oSn esgrk] cLrk ua- 1 oSn laxzg jk-jk-v-ch-12- oSnk esgrk Qkby ua- 16 jk-jk-v-ch-13- nk;ky [;kr ftYn&2 i`- 32&33] ikmysV 8314- Qkby 27]33 jko xksikyflag oSn laxzg jk-jk-v-ch-15- egdek [kkl] jhtsUlh dkSafly chdkusj] jktLo foHkkx c.My u- 5 ] QkbZy

u- 89&97 jk-jk-v-ch-16- [kkao oSn esgrk cLrk ua- 1] oSn laxzg] jk-jk-v-ch-17- egdek [kkl fjtsUlh dkSafly c.My ua- 5 Qkby ua- 8918- deZpUn oa'kksdhrZu‰a dkO;e 'yksd 207&20

(tSrlh & ekynso & 'ksj'kkg dk o.kZu)chdkusj & tks/kiqj & fnYyh

19- oSn eqgrk vchjpUn us tujy ,yuj ls feydj jkT; ds fy, lSfud lgk;rkizkIr dh A vks-ch-bZ-Hkkx&2] i`- 402

20- n;kynkl jh [;kr Hkkx&2 ] i`- 200(eksgrk nhoku] tSu eqRlÌh tho.knkl] oSn jktlh ls eqxy nhokugly [kka dks iykjl #- nsdj leFkZu izkIr fd;kA)

21- ea=h uxjkt us 'ksj'kkg ls jktdqekj dY;k.key dks Vhdk fnyok;k & deZpUn'yksd 221&22

22- Mk- jkeI;kjh 'kkL=h & tkyeflag >kyk i`- 217&5423- Qkby ua- 49] cLrk ua- 3 jko xksikyflag oSn laxzg jk-jk-v-ch-

amÔ>≠r` AmßXmbZ H$ J°a [maÂ[oaH$ ÚmVñ OZH$mÏ`(Abda H$ odef gßX © _|)

S>m∞. AZwamYm _mWwa

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emßoV H$m AdVma Vy h° &1

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270

òX CI∂S> J`r AmYma oebm, ^maV H$m [yU© Òdam¡` o_bm &

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271


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C›h| ]mßY A[Z ]ßYZ g, _Mbr X Xm h_H$m \w$JwAm & &15

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6. Eg.Eg.S>mQ>m, Ò_•oV H$ dmVm`mZ g amdV [o„bH$eZ O`[wa, [•> 71-727. XwJm© odemaX ¤mam aoMV _m°V oOßXJr H$ [fi, Abda [oÃH$m 19.3.48 ewH´$dma, ]°J Zß.

417 \ mB©b Zß. 3, A.a.A. Abda &8. ]°J Zß. 309 \ mB©b Zß. 15, 1.1.1939, Abda am¡` H$r gm·mohH$ S>màr, A.a.A.

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]°J Zß. 417, \ mB©b Zß. 2 A.a.A. Abda &10. ÒdVßÃ ^maV, 13.09.47, 13.10.47, 19.10.47 ]°J Zß. A.a.A. Abda&11. lr A›OmZ ¤mam aoMV "Hw$N> bmAm H$_mH$a' ÒdVßÃ ^maV, 13.9.47 eoZdma ]°J Zß.

417, \ mB©b Zß. 2 A.a.A., Abda &12. Abda H$ ‡Om_ßS>b H$ [r.EZ.ogßh H$r O`[wa H$ aoOS|>Q> H$m `moMH$m 2.4.193913. A`m‹`m ‡gmX ¤mam aoMV _hßJmB©, VO‡Vm[ 26.3.1939 \ mB©b Zß. 3, ]°J Zß. 41714. Abda am¡` ‡Om_ßS>b H$ oejU H°$Â[, [X_mS>m H$ H$od gÂ_bZ _|$ C_amdogßh Or

]mahR> ¤mam "ogodb gflbmB©' erf©H$ g 28.12.1949 H$m [oR>V, ÒdVßÃ ^maV, ]°JZß. 417, \ mB©b Zß. 4.A.a.A. Abda &

15. A›OmZ aog`m ¤mam aoMV "odXmB© H$r hmbr' ÒdVßÃ ^maV, ]°J Zß. 417 \ mB©b Zß.2.A.a.A. Abda &

16. lr oh›XwÒVmZr ¤mam aoMV "JmßYr ∑`m Vw_ OmXyJa hm', ÒdVßÃ ^maV, 13.10.47gm_dma, ]°J Zß. 417 \ mB©b Zß. 2, A.a.A. Abda &

17. ]´˜XŒm XrojV bbm_ ¤mam aoMV "AdgmX' bmH$dmUr H$ A›VJ©V, eoZdma, 197.47]°J Zß. 417, \ mB©b Zß. 2, A.a.A. Abda &

272


SUMMAR Y (lkjka'k)

Depiction of Intricate design in rock art ofSanan in District Churu of Rajasthan and

Central India : A Comparative StudyMadan Lal Meena & Vineet Godhal

Since the discovery of first rock art site in India in Pre-Independence era, more than 5000 painted rock shelters have beenreported from various parts of Indian subcontinent. V. S . Wakankardiscovered several hundred painted rock shelters mainly in centralIndia and attempted a broad survey of rock art sites in the country.The state of Rajasthan in situated in the western part of India. Fromthe eastern part of the state, more than 100 rock art sites are explored.

The village of Sanan is located about 35 kilometers awayfrom Sujangarh tehsil in eastern direction in the district of Churu.During the exploration of the village, two painted rock shelters werediscovered. the hill in which shelters are located formed of graniticboulders. There is a goddess temple dated 10th -11th century AD islocated in the north western direction of the hill. There is so manyrock shelters are located but only two bears paintings. It may bepossible that some of the shelters may be painted but due to theecological conditions, painting gave been destroyed.

This paper deals with the intricate pattern depicted in therock shelter at Sauan and also found in the rock art sites located inthe central India. The chronology of the rock art sites is based uponmostly on the comparative study because of lack of techniquesregarding the direct dating. Yet we have no idea about the motivationbehind the rock art in Indian context, the most disputed subject instudy of rock art.

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Administrative reforms Under MaharanaBupal Singh

Dr.Deepshika Chundawat

Famous for benevolent activities, Maharana Bupal Singhoccupies an important place among the ruler of India. H.H. MaharanaBhupal Singh was a fine combination of traditional belief &modernization. Traditional in the sense that he was a sincere beliveirin religious rites and modern in the stance that he was compassionateadministrator & pioneer among the Maharanas in injecting a benign& benevolent spirit int he government. Maharana was born onFebruary 22, 1884. He was the only son of his father MaharanaFateh Singh. Administrative powers were bestowed upon MaharajKumar Bupal in 1921. He introduced several reforms during thatregion only. Maharan Bupal Singh period marks the beginning ofthe lingering medieval order inthe state, heralding the new epoch ofdemocratic urge & mass upsurge.

Mode of living introduced number of positive steps formodernizations of Mewar. With Maharana Bupal Singh's ascendationto the throne feudal administration change into welfareadministration. He took number of positive steps to reform &reorganize the state administration during the regime as a result ofwhich the nature and form of the administration of the state of Mewargained modernity. The administration of the state was divide intoCentral administration, Distr ict administration and localadministration.

Maharana Bhupal Singh took remarkable decision tomodernize the administration. He was a protogonist of new ideasby reorganizing district administration decentralization wasintroduced which is still prevailing in modern scenario. To keep hisideas of democracy & secularism alive this would perhaps be thebest tribute to the Maharana who brought Mewar on the thresholdof modernism.

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273


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*****

ty izcU/ku ,oa varj tyh; iz.kkyh esa esokM+egkjk.kkvksa dh Hkwfedk

MkW- f'kYik esgrk

esokM+ dk vf/kdka'k Hkw&Hkkx ty ladV dh foHkhf"kdk ,oa leL;k lsizihfM+r jgk gSA bl leL;k ls NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy;s ;gk° ds 'kkldksa us le;≤ij vusd ijEijkxr ty L=ksrksa dk fuekZ.k djk;k gS ftuls tykiwfrZ ds lq[knlalk/ku tqV lds gSA esokM+ dh >hysa vkSj muds e/; fodflr varj tyh; iz.kkyhtylap; vkSj ty laxzg.k dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA mn;iqj dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k ;gk°dh ,frgkfld >hysa gS ftuesa ihNksyk] mn;lkxj] Qrglkxj] xkso/kZu lkxj] cM+hdk rkykc] jaxlkxj eq[; gSA bu >hyksa esa lcls izeq[k gS egkjk.kk mn;flag kjkfufeZr mn;lkxj >hy ftldk fuekZ.k uo fufeZr mn;iqj 'kgj ds yksxksa dh ewyHkwrvko';drk dh iwfrZ djuk FkkA ihNksyk >hy dk fuekZ.k egkjk.kk ykflag ds dkyesa gqvk Fkk ,oa blds ty dk izeq[k mi;ksx 308 ,dM+ Hkwfe dh flapkbZ esa fd;ktkrk Fkk] ysfdu 1986 ls bl >hy ds ikuh dks is;ty vkiwfrZ ds fy;sa lqjfkrdj fn;k x;k gSA bl >hy dh dqy Hkjko kerk 136-7 yk[k /ku ehVj gS ,oa blij Lo:i lkxj] cM+h iky ,oa nw/k rykbZ uked rhu cka/k fufeZr gSA nwljh izeq[k>hy Qrglkxj gS ftldks iwoZ esa nsokyh ds rkykc ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkAbldk fuekZ.k 1687 esa egkjk.kk t;flag us djk;k FkkA o"kZ 1889 esa bl >hy dkiqufuekZ.k egkjk.kk Qrgflag kjk fd;k x;k ,oa bl cka/k dh uhao dk iRFkj M~;wdvkWQ dukV ds gkFkksa j[kk x;k FkkA bl >hy dh dqy laxzg.k kerk 120-80 yk[k?ku ehVj gSA xkso/kZu lkxj ,d vU; izeq[k >hy gS ftlds fuekZ.k dk Js; egkjk.kkLo:i flag dks tkrk gSA bldk iw.kZ Hkjko xst 9 QhV gSA egkjk.kk jktflag usviuh ekrk Jh ds uke ij tuklkxj rkykc ºcM+h dk rkykcΩ dk fuekZ.kdjok;k ftldk iw.kZ Hkjko xst 32-50 QhV gSA

egkjk.kkvksa kjk fufeZr >hyksa vkSj rkykcksa ds e/; varj laca/k LFkkfirfd;s x;s Fks ftlds rgr ,d unh csflu ds ty dks nwljh unh csflu esa LFkkukUrfjrfd;k tkrk gSA esokM+ ds 'kkld ty dh ,d &,d cwan dk egRo le>rs Fksbflfy, muds kjk lHkh >hyksa dks fyad pSuy ds ek/;e ls ,d & nwljs ls tksM+fn;k x;k ftlls vfro`f"V ,oa vYio`f"V esa yksxksa dks jkgr fey ldsA bl iz.kkyhds vUrxZr eq[; :i ls ihNksyk Lo:i lkxj & Qrglkxj fyad pSuy] Lo:ilkxj

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xkso/kZu foykl fyad pSuy] cM+h rkykc Qrglkxj fyad pSuy] fpdyoklQhMj gS] ftuds ek/;e ls bu >hyksa dk vksojyks vkxs tk dj vk;M+ unh esaizokfgr gks mn;lkxj esa tkrk gSA mn;lkxj dk ikuh vkxs tkdj csM+p unh ds :iesa izokfgr gksrk gSA ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd esokM+ egkjk.kk viuh iztkds fgr fpUru esa gh yxs jgrs FksA esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa ds ty izcU/ku dh dhrhZ xkFkkdk ;'kksxku djus okys ewd Lekjd ,oa tyk'k; vkt Hkh fo|eku gS tks mlxkSjo'kkyh vrhr dh ;kn fnykrs gaSA

*****

lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd v/;;uxfjek ekFkqj

eqxy 'kkldksa dh dkj[kkuk] iºfr ds vk/kkj ij jktiwrkuk esa Hkh dkj[kkuksadh LFkkiuk dh xbZA dkj[kkus jkt?kjkus dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus okysiz/kku mRiknu dsUnz FksA juhokl gsrq] /kkfeZd dk;Z gsrq] diM+ksa dk mRiknu] tsojkrdk mRiknu vkfn fd;k tkrk FkkA dkj[kkuksa esa 'kklu kjk dPpk eky [kjhn djfn;k tkrk FkkA ftuesa jktdh; lsok esa ;qDr f'kYidkj ,oa dkjhxj oLrqvksa dkfuekZ.k djrs FksA dPps eky dh tks [kjhn dh tkrh Fkh] mldk fjdksMZ Hkh cfg;ka*gSA ;s cfg;k° lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd thou ds ckj esa lk; iw.kZ ,oarF; iw.kZ tkudkjh nsrh gSA eSaus vHkhys[kkxkjhd lkexzh ds :i esa izkIr gksus okyhegkjktk fot;flag ds dky dh dksBkj dh dqN cfg;ksa dks vius 'kks/k i= dkfo"k; pwuk gSA

egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz esa gLRkfyf[kr xzaFkks ds vykokvyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ij 5000 ls vf/kd cfga;k Hkh laxzfgr gS] tks egkjktkvthrflag ls egkjktk mEesnflag rd feyrh gSA egkjktkvksa ds le; dh bucfg;ksa esa diM+ksa ds dksBkj dh cfg;k ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls csgn egRoiw.kZ gSAegkjktk fot;flag ds le; fyficº ^diM+ks ds dksBkj jh cgh^ esa o"kkZ Ωrq dsIk'pkr~ euk;s tksus okys R;kSgkj ds :i esagjh izcks/kjh ,dkn'kh dk mYys[k feyrkgSA ml le; jkt?kjkus dh vksj ls diM+ks ds dksBkj ls tks diM+k tkrk FkkA mldkfooj.k Hkh feyrk gSA ftuesa [khu[kkc uked diM+s dk mYys[k feyrk gSA

bl cfg esa lSfudksa ds diM+s fy;s tkus dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA bldsfy, yky iÍs dk Fkku [kjhns tkrs FksA cfg esa xqycnu ikx dk Hkh mYys[k gqvkgSA blls Kkr gksrk gS fd eqyrkuh NhaV eqyrku ls [kjhnh tkrh FkhA ukxkSj ijxus esaukxksj.k uke dh itk e'kgqj Fkh] cgh ekSleh jax dh ikx dk izpyu Hkh T;knk FkkA

ikyh dh NhaV ,oa mejdksV ls yksgs dh fdys ,oa ikafr;k vkus dk Hkh mYys[kfeyrk gSA lksus dh tjh ls ;qDr ik/kksa o vU; oL=ksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA ik?kksads izdkj fuEu Fks& xq:] ik?k] ik?k] lqdj] rhljh lkse ik?k] ik?k rkljh lksus jh]ik?k lQsn] cq/k ik?k] ik?k dlqey bR;kfnA &(i= la- 6 c)

lkse ik?k t;iqj ls [kjhns tkrs FksA cqjk?kuiqj o eqyrkuh NhaV dk fooj.kfeyrk gSA

';ke 1 cqjkuiqj jh NhV jh yky[kjhn ≈nSiqjA &(i= la- 11 v)cgh esa fofHkUu oL=ks ij lksus dh tjh dk dk;Z gksrk FkkAfot; flag th dh cfg;kas esa oL=ks dh dher o [kjhn dh tkudkjh Hkh

feyrh gSA ftlesa O;kikfj;ksa ds uke o [kjhn dk LFkku irk pyrk gSA mnkgj.k&lksus dh iÍh tM+hr] yky fdjeph okyh 5 lkM+h;k° mn;iqj ls gLrs tslh uanq kjk[kjhnh xbZA &(i= la- 106)

bl cfg esa gesa oL=ksa ds izdkj dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA nsoLFkku o jkt?kjkusds yksxksa ds mi;ksx esa fy, tkus okys fderh oL=ksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS olkQks dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA cfg esa fuEu voljksa ij ik?kks dks HksaV djus dkmYys[k Hkh feyrh gS&

1- o"kZ xkaB ds volj ij dslfj;k jax dh ik?k nsus dk o.kZu gSA&(i= la- 3)

2- tukuh M~;ks<+h ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks R;kSgkjksa ds volj ij nh tkus okyhik?kks dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k& ds :Ik esa uktj dks ik?kks buk;r djusdk mYys[k feyrk gSA

eksfy;ks (lkQks) dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA ;Fkk&1- eqguksr LkokbZjke tks/kiqjh ls ,d dlqey lQsn ySjnkj jkt'kkgh ds

fy, [kjhns x, FksA (i= la-& 5 c)2- ,d eksfy;ksa ºlkQsΩ tks/kiqj ls yksdM+ ekbZnkl ds oxlh /khjtey

tks/kiqjh dks Hkstus ds fy, [kjhnk x;k FkkA &(i= la- 5 c)Jh Bkdqj th dh lsok esa ckxk (flj ls iko rd)p<+kus dk mYys[k gS o

nsohtj ekrkth ds Hkh dherh oL= HksV djus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;Fkk&vklksthnkj kjk Jh nsohtj ekrkth ds nsoLFkku esa ?kk?kjk] dkapyh] Vek:

HksV fn,A &(i= la- 101 vk) jkt?kjkus dh /kk; dks Hkh dhe[kki uked oL= dkygaxk iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA &(i= la- 201) esM+rk ds js'keh oL= [kjhns x,A

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rh.kek; dh tjh okyh egkjkt daoj Jh Qrsfl?k th dks HksV fd;kA &(i= la-227 c) cgh esa diM+ksa ds dksBkj ds izR;sd oLrq dh fxurh dk Hkh mYys[k gS

2 Qlkyks 1 fdLeph2 Qlkyks 1 tksejnh2 Qlkyks 1 Lgk2 Qlkyks 1 yk[kks &(i= la- 1)cgh esa diM+ksa ds jaxks dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gS tSls& dlqcy jax] lct]

rks:Qy] lksluh] ,oa xqykch jaxA efUnjksa esa mRloks ij iqtkjh;ksa ds fy, diM+s]dslj] diwj vkfn jkt?kjkus dh vksj ls Hksts tkrs FksA &(dq- ls- 155)

oL=ksa ds izdkj & Fkhjeksa] /khjeks dk nqlkyk] js'ke] jstks] ikx] lsyk]eqyeqy] xqycnu] dhe[kki] eqyrku dh NhaV [khu[kki vkfnA pkj.k o vU;tehnkjksa ,oa v/khu deZpkfj;ksa dks fljksiko ikx Hksx dh tkrh FkhA efgykvksa dsfy, nqiÍk o eyey dk ^vksj.kk^ o iq#"kksa ds fy, ^/kksrh^ o ikx dk izpyu gSAbl izdkj ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd diM+ks ds dksBkj dh cgh ls gesa rRdkyhu ekjokM+ds jkt?kjkuksa esa mi;ksx esa fy, tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds fderh] oL=ksa] lksus dhtjh ;qDr diM+s] fofHkUu izdkj ds ik?ks] ckxk] lhjksiko] nq'kkyk vkfn oL=ksa dhtkudkjh feyrh gSA oL=ksa dh [kjhn dk Hkh mYys[k gSA ledkyhu gksus ls bucfg;ksa dk Lrj fof'k"V Js.kh dk jgk gS o budh Hkk"kk jktLFkkuh gSA

*****

jktLFkku esa efgyk usr`Ro %,sfrgkfld ,ao jktuSfrd ifjizs;

fnO;k flag

vk/kqfud jktLFkku esa efgyk usr`Ro&izkphu bfrgkl ds vfrfjDr vk/kqfudbfrgkl esa Hkh efgyk usr`Ro ds mnkgj.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ds LorU=rk laxzkeesa jktLFkku dh efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks foLe`r ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vDVwcj1947 esa jktLFkku ljdkj kjk izdkf'kr ^ns'k ds nhokus* uke ls jktLFkku dsLok/khurk lsukfu;ksa dh dhfrZ dFkkvksa ds frh; laLdj.k esa jkT; ds izeq[kLok/khurk lsukfu;ksa esa lqJh dkyhckbZ Hkhy] jkLrkiky (Mwaxjiwj)] Jherh uxsUnzckyk(dksVk)] Jherh nqxkZ nsoh rFkk pspsjh (>qa>quw) dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bldsvfrfjDr foeyk nsoh pkS/kjh] dksfdyk nsoh] deyk nsoh] dqaoj ckbZ ywf.k;k]

lq"khy f=ikBh] "kkUrk f=osnh] jkuh nsoh jko] Jherh ukjk;.kh nsoh oekZ] bUnqckyklq[kkfM+;k] lq'khyk nhfkr] fiz;oank prqosZnh] Qwydqaoj ckbZ pkSjfM+;k] jekcfguns"kik.Ms] nqxkZnsoh 'kekZ] lqfe=k [ksrku] ljLorh ik.Ms] Hkkjrh nsoh oktis;h] Mk-mtyk vjksM+k] Jherh bfUnjk ek;k jke] jktekrk xk;=hnsoh] Jherh jru 'kkL=h]lqUnjknsoh vktkn] f'konsoh vxzoky] Qwyknsoh] dY;k.kh] Jherh "kkjnk HkkxoZ]xfjtknsoh ^ck*] xcjh nsoh] ukajxhnsoh] jkeI;kjh nsoh 'kekZ] Mk- deyk csuhoky]Jherh lqfe=k flag] Jherh ';keyrk O;kl] lqdhfrZnsoh xqIrk] 'kdqUryk f=osnh]ohjkaxuk jeknsoh tks'kh] vatuk nsoh pkS/kjh] Jherh lR;orh vxzoky bR;kfn ,slsuke gSa] ftudk Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa mYYks[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA fczfV'kHkkjr esa viuh izfrfÿ;k ds :Ik esa jktLFkku dh efgykvksa us Hkh Lok/khurkvkUnksyu esa lfÿ; lgHkkfxrk dhA

vtesj fczfV'k iz'kklfud izns'k Fkk tks fd fofHkUu vkUnksyuks ds fy,vf/kd ppkZ esa FkkA 1930 ds ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu ds nkSjku ogk° dh Nk=kvksa uscM+s mRlkg ds lkFk fgLlk fy;k vkSj /kjus fn;sA vU; Lo;a lsodksa lfgr efgykLo;alsodksa us dsUnzh; ckfydk fo|ky; vtesj] uxjikfydk Ldwy vtesj] Mh-,- oh- fo|ky; vkSj jktdh; egkfo|ky; vtesj ds lek /kjuk fn;kA lksfQ;kgkbZ Ldwy vtesj dh izseyrk HkkxZo vkSj jktjkuh HkkxZo us lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dkusr`Ro fd;k vkSj bl dkj.k mUgsa Ldwy ls fu'dkflr dj fn;k x;k A ;g jktLFkkuds bfrgkl esa igyk volj Fkk] tc ;qok Ldwyh Nk=kvksa us fczfV'k fojks/khvkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj ltk ikbZA ckn esa vkUnksyu dk usRk`Ro Jh pUnzdj.k'kkjnk dh iRuh Jherh xkserh nsoh us fd;kA mUgksaus yksxksa dks fons'kh oLrqvksa dscfg"dkj rFkk fons'kh nqdkuksa ds lek /kjus ds fy;s rS;kj fd;kA mUgksaus 'kgj dscktkjks esa izfrfnu izn'kZu fd;s vkSj ns'k esa fczfV'k dkuwu ds fo:º ukjs yxk;sAteuk yky ctkt dh iRuh Jherh tkudh nsoh ctkt vkSj Jherh lR;k nsohdykUph us o"kZ 1928 ds nkSjku vtesj esa vf[ky bf.M;k efgyk e.My dhcSBd dk vk;kstu fd;k vkSj jktLFkku ds jktdh; izkUrksa esa efgykvksa ds fy,erkf/kdkj dh e°kx dhA Jherh ds'kj daoj nsoh us efgykvksa dks tkxzr gksus rFkkLok/khurk vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds tks'kiw.kZ vihy dhA

vyoj esa yxku o`fº ds fo:º fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus esa Bkdqj dq'kyflag 'ks[kkor] Hkwjth] teuk cfu;k rFkk fuewpuk xk°o ds j?kqukFk fdlku dh csVhlhrk nsoh dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA Jherh f=ikBh us vius ifr Jh ye.kLo:Ikf=ikBh ds lkFk LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; Hkkx fy;kA mn;iqj esa tu vkUnksyu

276


esa dqekjh tft;k rglhu] Jherh 'kkfUrnsoh f=osnh] Jherh jkuhnsoh jko] Jherhukjk;.knsoh oekZ] Jherh bUnqckyk lq[kkfM+;k] Jherh xaxkckbZ] Jherh pUnzdyk]Jherh yeh pwM+kor] Jherh mfeZyk dkfV;k rFkk Jherh ek.kd daoj dk egŸoiw.kZ;ksxnku jgkA Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku lkeUr'kkgh ds fojks/k ds dkj.k 4 vizSy1948 dks gq, iqfyl ykBh&pktZ esa ?kk;y gksus ds ckn Hkh Jherh 'kkUrk f=osnhlkeUr'kkgh ds fo:º ukjs yxkrh jghA efgykvksa dks tkxzr djus ds mÌs'; lsjktLFkku efgyk ifj'kn dh LFkkiuk dhA jktLFkku ds izeq[k LorU=rk lsukuhef.kD;yky oekZ dh thoulaxuh Jherh ukjk;.kh nsoh oekZ us o"kZ 1938 o 1942ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyuksa esa lfÿ; Hkkx fy;kA ftlds dkj.k mUgsa fxjrkj dj nks o"kZds dBksj dkjkokl dh ltk nh xbZA 1944 esa LorU=rk lsukuh Jh jes'k pUnz O;klds lg;ksx ls bUgksaus HkhyokM+k esa efgyk vkJe dh LFkkiuk dhA

dksVk ks= esa tu vkUnksyu esa Jherh jkuh HkkxZo] Jherh lq'khyk nhfkr]Jherh fiza;onk prqosZnh] Jherh izsedqekjh] Jherh ukxsUnzckyk rFkk Jherh deykdk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA jktLFkku dh tq>k: us=h Jherh jkuh HkkxZo dk thouiz[kj la?k"kZ dk thoUr mnkgj.k gSA mudh vn~Hkwr usr`Ro kerk ds dkj.k gh ikyhftys esa 351 efgykvksa us jk"V™h; dkaxzsl dh lnL;rk xzg.k dhA ;g izns'k dsbfrgkl dh ,d egŸoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA 1931 esa t;iqj esa iztke.My dh LFkkiUkk esaJherh jru 'kkL=h dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgkA mUgksaus vaxzstks ds fo:º iztk dhHkwfexr xfrfof/k;ksa esa lg;ksx fd;k vkSj vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dks ouLFkyh esa vkJ;iznku fd;kA 1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; mUgksaus vaxzsth 'kklu dhijokg u djrs gq, ouLFkyh fo|kihB ds vusd dk;ZdŸkkvksa ,oa Nk=kvksa dks vU;izns'kksa esa tkdj vkUnksyu esa lfEefyr gksus dh NwV iznku dhA

tks/kiqj dh izFke efgyk ÿkfUrdkjh xhjtknsoh tks'kh ^ck* 1942 dsvkUnksyu ls izsfjr gksdj ?kj dh ngyht yka?kdj lR;kxzfg;ksa ds lkFk lM+d ijfudy iM+hA tks/kiqj dh jpukRed efgyk dk;ZdŸkkZ ukjaxnsoh pj[kk ,oa lwr&drkbZds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds LokyEch cuus dk izf"kk.k nsrh Fkh rFkk mUgsa iztke.MyvkUnksyu ls tksM+dj Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ;rk ds fy, izsfjr djrh jgrhFkhA o"kZ 1939 esa iztke.My vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; Hkkx fy;kA LorU=rk lsukuh dhlqiq=h gksus rFkk lqizflº efgyk f'kkk laLFkku ouLFkyh fo|kihB dh Nk=k gksus dsdkj.k Jherh deyk 11 o"kZ dh vk;q ls gh LorU=rk vkunksyu ls tqM+ x;hA lu~1938 esa ouLFkyh fo|kihB dh ckfydk Lo;alsoh Vhe dh dIrku ds :Ik esa

iztke.My ds izFke vf/kos'ku dk usr`Ro fd;kA bl izdkj jktLFkku esa tu&tuxj.kdh 'kq:vkr ns'kh jktkvksa ds fo:º pyk, x, fdlku vkUnksyuksa ls gqbZA buvkUnksyuksa esa izns'k dh efgykvksa dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgkA

*****

laLd`fr dh /kjksgj gSa& jktLFkkuh y?kqfp=dykMk- chuk dkSf'kd

izkphu dky ls gh euq'; viuh Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr fp=dyk dsek/;e ls djrk vk;k gSA /khjs&/khjs ekuo lekt ds fodkl us fp=dyk dksu;s&u;s eksM+ fn;s vkSj vkt mldk fpŸkkd'kZ.k :i gekjs chp fo|eku gSAjktLFkku esa izkphu dky ls gh fp=.k vo"ks'k gesa xqQkvksa esa izkIr gq;s gSaA buxqQkvksaa esa ekuo dh l`tukRed izo`fŸk dk irk pyrk gSA flU/kq lH;rk ls ysdjorZeku rd jktLFkku esa fp=dyk dk fodkl fujUrj gksrk jgk gSA yksd&laLd`fr,oa lkearh ifjos'k esa iuih jktLFkkuh fp=dyk u rks fdlh ,d LFkku ijfodflr gqbZ vkSj u gh fdlh ,d O;fDr kjk ifjiksf"kr gqbZ gSA okLro esa rksjktLFkku esa ftruh Hkh fj;klrsa jgha] ogk° dh jkt/kkfu;ksa] izeq[k uxjksa] /kkfeZd vkSjlkaLd`frd izfr"Bkuksa esa ;g dyk le;≤ ij iYyfor gqbZ gSA ftlds lexzLo:i ds vk/kkj ij bls jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA HkkSxksfydvkSj lkaLÑfrd /kjkry ds vk/kkj ij jktLFkkuh y?kqfp=dyk esokM+] ekjokM+]gkM+kSrh] <w°<+kM+ vkSj vusd mi'kSfy;ksa esa foHkkftr jgh gSA jk/kk& d`".k dh fofHkUuyhykvksa] uk;d&ukf;dk Hksn] jkx&jkfxuh] ckjgeklk] Ωrq&o.kZu] njckjh thou]mRlo] f'kdkj] jktk jkfu;ksa dk fp=kadu yksd&dFkk,° vkfn vusd fo'k;ksa esajktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk ifjiks'k.k gqvk gSA

le; ds vusd mrkj&p<+koksa ds ckotwn fp=dyk dh la?kZ'ke; ;k=k vktHkh vuojr tkjh gSA jktLFkkuh y?kqfp= gekjs vewY; lkaLd`frd /kjksgj gSa tkslkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLÑfrd Fkkrh dh ,sfrgkfld xkFkk vius vki esa lesVsgq, gSaA ;g dykRed oSHko lajk.k pkgrk gSA ;fn bls cpkus dk iz;kl ugha fd;kx;k rks bl dyk dh dsoy Le`fr;k° gh "ks'k jg tk;saxhA dykd`fr;ksa ds ÿ;&foÿ;dk O;olk; fujUrj c<+ jgk gSA fo"o esa bu ewY;oku y?kqfp=ksa dh ekax c<+h gqbZ gSAvr% gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks cpkuk orZeku dh lcls cM+h t:jr gSA

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oSfnd laLd`fr ,oa jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dhoL=&vkdYiu dyk esa lekurk,sa

MkW- fdju ljuk ,oa dq- vHk;k jkt

laLd`fr dh izxfr ds lkFk gh oL= foU;kl dk egRo 'kjhj dks ltkus dhfn'kk esa fo'ks"k :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA oL= foU;kl ds kjk lqUnj cu tkus dh dykdks ekuo us lqnwj izkphu dky ls gh viuk;k gSA lqUnjrk dh n`f"V ls jax&fcjaxsfpf=r] Lo.kZ tfM+r] Hkyh HkkWafr dVs NaVs vkSj flys gq, fofo/k izdkj ds cgqewY;oL=ksa dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA ,sls oL= ekuo dh viuh oSHko lEiUu vkSj lq:fp dkvU; ukxfjdksa ds eu ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA oL=ksa dks jaxdj mudks vius 'kjhj dsjax ls esy feyk nsuk dyk FkhA tks lqlaLd`r ukxfjdksa dks ilUn vkrh FkhA L=hvkSj iq:"k nksuksa ,sls jaxhu oL= ifguus ds izfr fo'ks"k vfHk:fp j[krs FksA jaxsoL=ksa dks /kkj.k djus dh ;kstuk eu% fLFkfr vkSj voljksa ds vuqdwy FkhA

;g oL= vkdYiu dyk dk jaxhu Lo:i jktLFkkuh ifj/kku esa fo'ks"k :ils fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA e/;ksŸkj dky ls izk;% ipklksa rjg ds jaxksa ,oa jaxhu diM+ksa dsuke feyrs gSa tSls& dkyk] lqjebZ] uhyk] QkylkbZ] vklekuh] vkch] diklh]lCtdiklh] yktonhZ] tkQjkuh] ukQjekuh] yky] xqysvukj] dlwey] xqykch]olUrh] dslfj;k] ukjaxh] rks:&Qwyh] lqvkia[kh] cknkeh] veksvk] ekalh] ewafx;k]fd'kfe'kh] ≈nk] vaxwjh] taxkyh] lCt] dkgh] ljnbZ] 'kjcrh] lkWaHkjh] rwlhvCcklh] mUukch] Qk[rkbZ] [kkdh] Qhjksth] lCtdkgh] dkluh] ddjsth] diwjh]djath] nwf/k;k djath] dksdbZ] pEibZ] efV;k] pUnuh] cksryh] eykfxjh] vchjh]vkcygj] vejlh] QkX.;ka] tksfx;k] iapjax] eksfr;k] lenjygj] flaxjQh] cSaxuhbR;kfnA ≈uh vkSj js'keh oL= izk;% bu jaxksa esa jaxs tkrs FksA yktonhZ] tkQjkuh]vklekuh] cuQ'kkbZ] Qk[rkbZ] lqjebZ] lksalh] rwlh] diwjh] ldjh] lanyh] cknkeh]HkfV;k rqjath] ukjaxh] lksaFkyh] xqykch] 'kQrkyw] mUukch] yk[kh] fdjeph] dkluh]vxjckuh] pEibZ] diklh] tksft;ka] cklikyh] fi'rbZ] tqejnh dkgh] vEcqvkabR;kfnA

;s lHkh ns'kh jax unh&ioZrksa dh feÍh] /kwy] dadM+ksa] iRFkjksa] ty] ?kkl&Qwl]Qwyksa] iŸkksa] chtksa] o`kksa dh Nkyksa vkSj tM+ksa vkfn ls curs FksA irax dh ydM+h] dslwys ds Qwyksa] vky] vthB] yk[k] flaxjQ] egkoj] esgUnh] fgjep vkSj ghaxywvkfn ls yky jax rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA gjflaxkj dh MkaMh] filh gqbZ gYnh] iyk'k

Qwy vkSj ihyh feÍh vkfn ls ihyk jax rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj yhy(uhy) yktonZ vkSj gjs&ihys la;ksx ls uhyk jax cuk;k tkrk FkkA bu rhu eq[;jaxksa dks fofHkUu vuqikrksa esa fefJr djds vU; vusd izdkj ds jaxksa dk fuekZ.kfd;k tkrk FkkA xgjs vkSj gYds jaxksa dks rS;kj djus esa ccwy vkSj cksjM+h ds iŸks]cNky] lw[ks vkWaoys] vukj ds fNyds] yksds dk cqjknk] dkdM+klhaxh] pwuk] lkth(lTth)] lqgkxk] fQVdjh] vepwj] NkN] ngh] vkSj uhacw dk Hkh mi;ksx gksrk FkkAfgaxyw] gjrky] xksxksyh] dks;ys o yk[k rFkk ph;s ºbeyh ds chtΩ ds ikuh lsfp=ksa ds fy, jax curs FksA

jaxksa dh fofo/k izdYiukvksa ds vfrfjDr oL=ksa dh ltkoV ds fy, vkSjHkh cgqr lh dykvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS& ;Fkk dlhnk] dyedkjh] Nkik] tjnksth]ca/kst] ygfj;k] eqdslh vkSj <ka<d vkfnA jktLFkku esa dlhnkdkjh ds dbZ :i gStks ,d nwljs ls dkQh fHkUu gSA gj dlhnkdkjh dh viuh vyx fo'ks"krk jgrh gSvkSj ,d tkrh; lewg dks izLrqr djrh gSA gj dlhnkdkjh esa Hkjus dk dke jgrkgS bl dkj.k bls Hkjr dke* dgk tkrk gSA jktLFkku dh dlhnkdkjh dks rhu oxksaZesa ckWaVk tkrk gSA (1) yksd dlhnkdkjh] (2) /kkfeZd dlhnkdkjh] (3) dksVZdlhnkdkjhA

jktLFkku esa Hkh vR;Ur izkphu dky ls dikl dk mRiknu cM+s iSekus ijgksrk jgk gSA bl dkj.k xkWao&xkWao esa gS.Mywe rFkk fiV~ ywe ij eksVk o iryk lwrhrFkk ≈uh [kknh dk diM+k rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA tkyksj ds [kslys] chdkusj o Vksadds uens] t;iqj ds xyhps tSlyesj ds iÍw] ekaxyksj dh elwfj;k lkfM+;kWa] tSlyesjdh tjhnkj lkM+h] fpŸkksM+x<+ ds fcNkSus ds tkte] ukFkkjk dh Nih gqbZ lkfM+;kWarFkk tks/kiqj dh eyey nwj&nwj rd izflº gSA

jktLFkku esa Hkh yksgs dh cgqr ckjhd lqbZ ls cgqr prqjkbZ iw.kZ dke gqvkdjrk FkkA tSls cf[k;k] rkjd<+kbZ] raxkbZ] rkxkrksM+] xqFkkbZ] Qwy&iŸkh vkfnA ns'khflykbZ esa dykdkj nthZ tkek] ik;tkek] pksyk] vaxj[kh] nkscxyh] pkScxyh]ckjgdl] vBkjgdlh vkSj :bZ Hkjs diM+ksa rFkk jtkb;ksa vkfn dh raxkbZ esa viuhdkjhxjh fn[kkrs FksA fL=;ksa dh dqrhZ] dkapyh (dapqd)] ?kk?kjs dfy;ksa ds tksM+s]exth vkSj latkQ dh rqjikbZ dk dke Hkh cgqr ckjhdh ls fd;k tkrk FkkA blizdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd pkgs jaxkbZ dyk gks ;k oL= /kkj.k djus dh dyk] oL=ksadks ltkus dh dyk gks ;k flykbZ dyk vkfn lHkh oL=&vkdYiu dyk,sa mlhizdkj jktLFkkuh laLd`fr esa fo|eku gS ftl izdkj oSfnd laLd`fr eas FkhA

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nfk.kh jktLFkku ds mR[kfur iqjkLFky(esokM+ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)

vkflQ gqlSu ,oa lfpu nhfkr

laLd`r f'kykys[kksa esa mn;iqj ,oa mlds vklikl ds ks= dk uke esnikV*feyrk gSA ftls Hkk"kk esa fiesokM+fl dgrs gSaA bl ns'k ij igys esn vFkkZr~ eso ;k esjtkfr dk vf/kdkj jgus ls bldk uke esnikV (esokM+) iM+kA esokM+ dk ,d fgLlkvc rd esoy dgykrk gSA tks esoksa ds jkT; dk Lej.k fnykrk gSA fpŸkkSM+x<+ lslkr ehy mŸkj esa ek/;fedk uke dh izkphu uxjh ds [k.Mgj gSa] ftls bl le;^uxjh* dgrs gSaA ;gk° ls izkIr rhljh 'krha bZ-iw- ds rk°cs ds flDdksa ij czk„h fyfiesa ^ef>fedk;f'kfctuinl~* fy[kk feyrk gSA blls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml le;esokM+ ;k fpŸkkSM+ ds vklikl dk ks= f'kfc tuin ds uke ls izflº FkkA blizdkj orZeku esokM+ ks= fHkUu&fHkUu le; esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk FkkAbZ-iw- rhljh 'krkCnha ds vklikl bls f'kfc tuin dgk tkrk FkkA 9&10oha 'krkCnhaesa izkXoV] esnikV vkSj esokM+ uked rhu laKkvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 19oha'krkCnha esa bl izns'k dks mn;iqj jkT; Hkh dgk tkus yxkA ;gh esokM+ ks= Hkkjrh;Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ mn;iqj laHkkx dgyk;kA bl laHkkx ds rhu ftys mn;iqj]fpŸkkSM+ rFkk HkhyokM+k izkphu esokM+ ds eq[; Hkkx FksA 'ks"k nks ftys Mw°xjiqj rFkkck°lokM+k esokM+ ks= dh HkkSxksfyd lhek esa ugha vkrs gSaA

jktLFkku dk ;g esokM+ ks= (nfk.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku) izkphu le; ls ghlH;rkvksa dk fuokl LFky jgk gSA ;gk° ij izkphu le; ls gh ufn;ksa ds fdukjslH;rkvksa dk iYyou gqvkA esokM+ ks= esa ik"kk.k dkyhu] dkaL; dkyhu vkSj ykSgdkyhu iqjkLFky cM+h la[;k esa gSaA bu iqjkLFkyksa dh [kkst ,oa buds ckjs esatkudkjh izkIr djus dk Js; nDdu dkWyst iwuk (Deccan College, Pune)]Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZk.k (ASI)] jktLFkku jkT; iqjkrŸo ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx]bfULVV~;qV vkWQ jktLFkku LVMht] ts-vkj-,u- jktLFkku fo|kihB mn;iqj dkstkrk gSA

MsuekdZ ds dksiu gsxu ds jk"V™h; laxzgky; ds v/;k lh- ts- FkkWelu(1788&1865) us 1816 esa Three Age System dk izfriknu fd;k& (1)ik"kk.k dky (Stone age)] (2) rkez&dkaL; dky (Copper-Bronze age) ,oa(3) ykSg dky (Iron age) (ik.Ms; 2000%178)A bl vk/kkj ij esokM+ ks= esatks Hkh iqjkLFky gSa mudks eksVs :Ik esa ge nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa& (1) mR[kfur

iqjkLFky (Excavated Sites) vkSj (2) losZk.k esa izkIr iqjkLFky (Explored

Sites)A esokM+ esa tks iqjkLFky mR[kfur gq, gSa muesa e/;ik"kk.k dkyhu] rkez ik"kk.kdkyhu vkSj ykSg ;qxhu iqjkLFky gSaA budk lafkIr fooj.k bl izdkj gSa&

(1) Stone age or Mesolithic Site

(1) ckxksj (Bagor)Ckkxksj (250 21* N; 740 23* E) uked iqjkLFky ,d ek= ik"kk.k dkyhu

mR[kfur iqjkLFky gSA bldh [kkst oh- ,u- feJk us 1967 esa dh ,oa bldk mR[kuuHkh feJk th ds kjk gh 1967 ls 1970 ds chp fd;k x;kA ;g e/;ik"kk.k dkyhuiqjkLFky gS] tks HkhyokM+k ftys esa dksBkjh unh ds ck,° rV ij fLFkr gSA ;gk° ij 1-6 ehVj eksVk lkaLd`frd teko gS] ftldks rhu pj.kksa esa vkSj ik°p ijrksa (Layers)esa ckaVk x;k gSA lcls izkphu pj.k esa dsoy NksVs ik"kk.k midj.k (Microlithics)feyrs gSaA frh; pj.k esa gkFk ls cus e`n~Hkk.M (Hand made Pottery)] dqN rkezmidj.k vkSj ekuo dczsa (Human burials) feys gSaA lcls ≈ij ds pj.k esaykSg midj.k ,oa pkd ij cus e`n~Hkk.M (Wheel turned Pottery) feys gSaA

(2) vk|Sfrgkl dky (Proto history)bl dky esa rkez ik"kkf.kd ,oa dkaL; dkyhu iqjkLFkyksa dks j[kk tk ldrk

gSA jktLFkku esa lcls T;knk ftu iqjkLFkyksa dk mR[kuu fd;k x;k gS] os rkez ik"kk.kdkyhu (Chalcolithic) gh gS] buesa ls Hkh rkez ik"kk.k dky ds izeq[k mR[kfurLFky esokM+ ds ks= esa gSa&

rkez ik"kk.k dky (Chalcolithic)

(1) vkgkM+ (Ahar)vkgkM+ iqjkLFky orZeku esa mn;iqj 'kgj dk ,d Hkkx gSA ;g vkgkM+ unh

ds rV ij fLFkr gSA e/;dkyhu f'kykys[kksa esa bls vk?kkViqj (Aghatpur) dgkx;k] tks xqfgy 'kkldksa dh jkt/kkuh FkhA ;gk° ij 10 ehVj eksVk lkaLd`frd tekogS] tks rkezik"kk.k dky vkSj izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ls lacaf/kr gSA lcls igysbldk mR[kuu jktLFkku jkT; iqjkrŸo o laxzgky; foHkkx ds vkj- lh- vxzoky uslu~ 1954&55 vkSj 1955&56 esa djk;k FkkA blds ckn lu~ 1961&62 esa MsDdudkWyst iwuk vkSj jktLFkku jkT; iqjkrŸo foHkkx ds la;q‰ rRoko/kku esa ,p- Mh-ladkfy;k ds funsZ'ku esa fd;k x;kA bl mR[kuu esa nks dky ds izek.k feys gSa& rkezik"kk.k dkyhu midj.k] e`n~Hkk.M rFkk ykSg vFkok izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyhuizek.k vkfnA

279


(2) fxyw.M;g vkgkM+ laLd`fr dk ,d cM+k iqjkLFky gS] tks jktlaen ftys esa fLFkr

gSA bldk loZizFke mR[kuu Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZk.k ds ch- ch- yky kjk lu~1959&60 esa djk;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1999 ls lu~ 2002 ds chp ;gk° ij isfUlyosfu;kfo'ofo|ky; (Pennsylvania University) ds th- ,y- ikslsy (G. L. Possehl)vkSj MsDdu dkWyst iwuk ds oh- ,l- f'kUns us la;q‰ :i ls iqu% mR[kuu djk;kAmR[kuu esa eksrh (Beads)] e`n~Hkk.M] vukt laxzg dh dksfB;k° ,oa lkbykst(Silos) ,oa idh feÍh dh eqgj vafdr Nki feyh gSaA

(3) ckykFky;g iqjkLFky mn;iqj ls 40 fd-eh- mŸkj&iwoZ esa oYyHkuxj rglhy esa

fLFkr gSA ;|fi ;g iqjkLFky 5 ,dM+ esa QSyk Fkk] fdarq orZeku esa 2 ,dM+ gh ks='ks"k cpk gS ckfd dk [ksrh ds dkj.k u"V gks x;k gSA ;gk° ij lu~ 1994 ls 2000ds chp MsDdu dkWyst iwuk ds oh- ,u- feJk] oh- ,l- f'kUns] vkj- ds- eksgUrhrFkk jktLFkku fo|kihB ds MkW- yfyr ik.Ms;] thou flag [kjdoky vkfn usla;q‰ mR[kuu djk;k FkkA mR[kuu esa nks lkaLd`frd pj.k feys gS& 1- rkez ik"kk.kdky ,oa 2- izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyA bl iqjkLFky dk eq[; :Ik ls ykSg dk;Zfd;k x;k FkkA

(4) vksf>;kukvksf>;kuk (25053' N; 74º 21' E) uked iqjkLFky HkhyokM+k ftys esa

fLFkr gSA bldk mR[kuu lu~ 1999 ls 2001 ds chp Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZk.k dsch- vkj- eh.kk vkSj vkyksd f=ikBh us djk;k FkkA ;gk° ls vkgkM+ laLd`fr dse`n~Hkk.M] idh feÍh ds f[kykSus ,oa vU; iqjkoLrq,° feyh gSaA

(5) yNqjk (Lachhura)yNqjk (26º 24' N; 77º 53' E) uked iqjkLFky HkhyokM+k ftys esa fLFkr

gSA bldk mR[kuu lu~ 1998&99 esa ch- vkj- eh.kk us fd;k FkkA ;gk° ij mŸkjvkgkM+ laLd`fr (Late Ahar Culture) ,oa 200 bZ- rd dk lkaLd`frd tekofeyrk gSA

(3) izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyhu vFkok ykSg ;qxhu iqjkLFkyesokM+ ks= esa mR[kuu fd;s x, vkgkM+ laLd`fr ls lacaf/kr iqjkLFky vkgkM+

,oa ckykFky ls Hkh izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyhu izek.k feys gSaA blds vykok ,dvU; egŸoiw.kZ iqjkLFky uxjh gSA ftldk o.kZu fuEu gS&

(1) uxjhuxjh orZeku esa ,d NksVk dLck gS tks fpŸkkSM+x<+ ls 18 fd-eh- mŸkj esa

csM+p unh ds rV ij fLFkr gSA bldh [kkst lu~ 1871&72 esa dkykZby (Carlleyle)us dh FkhA losZ ds nkSjku ;gk° ij izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyhu vo'ks"k feys FksArRi'pkr~ bldk mR[kuu lu~ 1915&16 esa Mh- vkj- Hk.Mkjdj us djk;kA mUgksaus;gk° ij gkFkh&ckM+k (Hathi Bada or Elephant Stable) tks fd uxjh xk°o lsckgj Fkk] esa rFkk egknso eafnj Vhys dh eq[; x<+h ij mR[kuu djk;kA gkFkh&ckM+kls pkSFkh 'krkCnha bZ-iw- ds izek.k feys gSaA

izkphu LFky uxjh dk lehdj.k f'kfc tuin dh jkt/kkuh *ek/;fedk* lsfd;k x;k gSA Hk.Mkjdj dks ;gk° vusd ys[k ;q‰ f'kyk,°] e`.ewfrZ;k°] izfrek,°]vyadj.k ;q‰ iq:"k 'kh"kZ] vkgr ,oa f'kfc tuin ds flDds izkIr gq, gSaA

lu~ 1961&62 esa uxjh esa dsoh- lkSUnjkjktu ds kjk mR[kuu dk;Z fd;kx;k (IAR 1962-63: 19-20)A blds vk/kkj ij ;g tkudkjh feyh fd izkphuuxjh dh eq[; cLrh dh lqjkk gsrq ,d nhokj cukbZ xbZ FkhA bl nhokj dk fuekZ.klaHkor% bZlk lu~ dh izkjafHkd 'krkfCn;ksa esa gqvkA dqN le; ds i'pkr~ bls bZaVksa dsvk/kkj kjk etcwr cuk;k x;kA dq"kk.k dky ls laca/k j[kus okys pÿdwi (Ring

Well) Hkh bl [kqnkbZ ls izkIr gq, gSaA lkSUnjkjktu dks mR[kuu kjk bl LFkku lsizpqj la[;k esa vkgr flDds] euds] xqIr rFkk 'kaqx 'kSyh dh e`.ewfrZ;k° izkIr gqbZ gSaA

(2) tkoj (Zawar),e- ,l- fo'ofo|ky; ds iqjkrŸo ,oa izkphu bfrgkl foHkkx ds ds- Vh-

,e- gsxMs (K.T.M. Hegde)] fgUnqLrku ftad fyfeVsM rFkk fjlpZ yscksjsVjhvkWQ nh fczfV'k E;qft;e ds la;q‰ rRoko/kku esa tkoj (ftyk mn;iqj) esa izkphutLrk izxyu ds QusZl dks le>us gsrq mR[kuu fd;k x;kA

;g izkphu tLrk v;Ld ekbfuax vkSj LesfYVax iqjkLFky vjkoyh ioZr‹k`a[kyk esa Vhjh unh (Tiri River) ds fdukjs fLFkr gSA bl iqjkLFky ds vkliklizkphu ekbfuax fiV~l] ftad Mscjhl] fjVksMZ~l (Retorts)] QusZl ›sxeasV] jk[k(Ash) vkfn izkIr gq, gSaA

bu iqjkLFkyksa ds losZk.k ls ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd bu ekbal esa 120 ehVj ,oablls Hkh vf/kd dh xgjkbZ rd [kuu fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s lHkh xgjkbZ esa fofHkUuxsysjht (Galleries) esa tkdj [kqyrh gSaA bu xsysjh esa ydM+h dks lgkjs ds :Ik esayxk;k x;k Fkk] tks yxHkx 100 ehVj dh xgjkbZ ij feyh gSa] ds vk/kkj ij jsfM;ksdkcZu frfFk iºfr ds kjk nks frfFk;k° Kkr dh xbZ gSa] ;s frfFk;k° gSa&2120 ± 60

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vkSj 1920 ± 50 B.P. gSaA ftuds vk/kkj ij tkoj esa izkphu le; esa tLRkk ekbfuaxvkSj LesfYVax m|ksx ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA

tkoj ls izkIr ftad ekbfuax ,oa LesfYVax ds izek.k] fjVksMZ~l] QusZl vkfnds kjk ge izkphu le; esa fdl rjg tLrs dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk] dks le>ldrs gSaA

mi;qZ‰ iqjkLFkyksa ds vykok esokM+ esa gky gh esa jktLFkku fo|kihBfo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj ds MkW- yfyr ik.Ms; us bloky] uBkjk dh iky (ftykmn;iqj) ,oa Nrjh[ksM+k dk mR[kuu djk;kA ;s iqjkLFky rkezik"kk.k dky] izkphudky ,oa e/;dkyhu laLd`fr ls lacaf/kr gSaA bu iqjkLFkyksa dh mR[kuu fjiksVZ vHkhizdkf'kr gksuk ckdh gSA mi;qZ‰ izdkj ls esokM+ ks= esa mR[kfur iqjkLFky gSaA

*****

iqjkrŸo dk i;ZVu esa egŸo(jktLFkku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)

vkflQ gqlSu ,oa vkQrkc gqlSu

iqjkrŸo ekuo vrhr ds mu ikksa dks mtkxj djus dk ,d l'k‰ ek/;e gSftuds laca/k esa fyf[kr lk;ksa ls dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa^iqjkrŸo* 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds vkfdZ;kWykWth (Archaeology) 'kCn ds i;kZ;okphds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkfdZ;kWyksth 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds fivkfdZ;kslfi(Archaios) rFkk yksxksl* (Logos) 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk 'kkfCndvFkZ gksrk gS & ^iqjkru Kku* (ik.Ms;] 1992)A loZizFke iqjkrŸo dk fodklik'pkR; txr~ esa ;wuku o jkse ds vrhr dh [kkst ds lkFk izkajHk gksrk gSA rRi'pkr~iqjkrŸo dk fodkl fofHkUu ns'kksa esa gqvkA Hkkjr esa Hkh fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa]laLFkkvksa ,oa Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZk.k ds dk;ksZa ls iqjkrŸo dk leqfpr fodkl gqvkgSA izkjaHk esa iqjkrŸo ds vUrxZr mUgha vo'ks"kksa vFkok oLrqvksa dks fy;k tkrk Fkk tksiqjkrkfŸod mR[kuu (Excavation) esa izkIr gksrh FkhaA fdarq dkykarj esa iqjkrŸods vUrxZr mu lHkh oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] ftuls ekuo ds lkaLd`frdvkpj.k dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA

iqjkrŸo dks i;ZVu ls vyx ugha j[kk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd bfrgkl ,oaiqjkrŸo ,d&nwljs ds ijLij iwjd gSa vkSj Ik;ZVd eq[;r% ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ijHkze.k dks tkrk gSA og ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa ,oa Lekjdksa ds ek/;e ls vrhr ls ,d

jksekapdkjh laca/k tksM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa vkus okys fons'kh Ik;ZVdksa esa izR;sd rhu esa ls,d Ik;ZVd jktLFkku dsoy blh dkj.k ls vkrk gS fd ;gk° ij Hkjiwj ,sfrgkfldlEink gSA Ik;ZVu ij 'kks/k dk;Z dj jgs fofHkUu ys[kdksa us ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dkseksU;wes.Vy gsfjVst (Monumental Heritage) dg dj pkj Jsf.k;ksa&ckSº Lekjd]fgUnw Lekjd] Hkkjrh;&bLykfed Lekjd ,oa os Lekjd tks ;wjksfi;u ,oa fczfV'klaLFkkvksa ls tqMs+ gq, gSa] esa ck°Vk gSA bfrgkldkj bUgsa izkphu Hkkjr] e/;dkyhu ,oavk/kqfud Hkkjr ds Lekjd dgrs gSa (O;kl] 2008)A vr% Ik;ZVu ds ks= esa iqjkrŸodk dkQh egŸo gSA orZeku esa xzkeh.k ,oa ks=h; Ik;ZVu dks cgqr egŸo fn;k tkrkgSA blds vUrxZr izeq[k uxjksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds vykok fdlh Hkh ks= dsvkarfjd Hkkxksa ds bfrgkl o LkaLd`fr dk ifjp; izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrhgSA ;fn ge iqjkrŸo dks bl fo"k; ls tksMs+ rks fofHkUu ks=ksa esa fd;s x;s iqjkrkfŸodlosZk.kksa (Archaeological Survey) ,oa mR[kuuksa (Excavations) dks blesaj[kk tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku esa vkus okyk Ik;ZVd ;gk° dh iqjkrkfŸod] ,sfrgkfld]/kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks ns[kdj vfHkHkwr gks tkrk gSA jktLFkku izkxSfrgkfldn`f"V ls le`º gSA ;gk° izkphu lH;rkvksa ds vo'ks"k dbZ LFkkuksa ij ik;s x, gSaA

*****

fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk&lkfgR; esa yksd&laLd`frvuhrk

lkfgR; esa lekt dh varjkZRek ds Li"V n'kZu gksrs gSaA lekt esa tks dqN Hkh?kfVr gksrk gS ;k gks jgk gS] mldh vuqxwat] mldh vuqd`fr] ml lekt ds lkfgR;;kfu yksd&dFkk esa O;Dr gksrh gSA lekt dk ;s yksd lkfgR; ml lekt ds yksdfo'okl] yksd&vkLFkk vkSj yksd&Jºk dh thoUr vkSj vuqie vfHkO;fDr gksrs gSa]tks ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ;qxks&;qxksa ls ekuo lekt esa vius vfLrRo dks cuk, gq, gSaA

fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr yksd laLd`fr dk vfLrRoloksZifj gSA yksd dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls nsFkk us jktLFkku lkfgR; esa izos'k fd;kAmUgksaus yksd fiz; dFkkvksa dh fo"k;oLrq dk laca/k lekt dh lkewfgd vuqHkwfr;ksa,oa fÿ;k&dykiksa ls LFkkfir fd;kA nsFkk esa lkekftd thou] jktuhfrd thou]vkfFkZd thou vkSj lkaLd`frd thou ds /kuhHkwr vuqHkoksa ds ek/;e ls thou ds;FkkFkZ ,oa lR; dks igpkuus dh kerk FkhA nsFkk us jktLFkkuh gh ugha cfYd laiw.kZHkkjrh; tu lekt dh yksd laLd`fr dks viuh dFkkvksa esa lkdkj fd;kA nsFkk dsjpuk lalkj esa jktLFkku dk yksd thou vkSj yksd jl clk gqvk gSA nsFkk us fgUnh

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vkSj jktLFkkuh nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa fy[kk gSA nsFkk us fy[kuk izkjaHk rks fgUnh esa fd;k Fkkysfdu ckn esa mUgksaus viuh ys[kuh dk ek/e; jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk dks cuk;kA yksddFkkvksa ds ek/e; ls nsFkk us jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa izos'k fd;kA mUgksaus yksd fiz;dFkkvksa dh fo"k;&oLrq dk lekt dh yksd&laLd`fr ,oa fÿ;kdykiksa ls laca/kLFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

^ckrka jh QqyokM+h* esa fofo/k fo"k;d dFkk,° ladfyr gSa ftuesa yksd&dFkkvksaij vk/kkfjr dgkfu;ksa esa yksd&laLd`fr ds lEiw.kZ <k°ps dks thoar :i esa izLrqrfd;k gSA nsFkk us jktLFkkuh tu&lekt dh lkaLd`frd ,oa ykSfdd vuqHkwfr dks budFkkvksa esa lkdkj :i iznku fd;k gSA bu dgkfu;ksa ds varxZr nsFkk us yksd&dFkkvksadh ijEijk esa lkearh lekt 'kks"k.ko`fŸk] /kkfeZd&deZdk.M] jhfr&fjokt] lkekftdthou vkfn dh nqO;ZoLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk lPpk izk:i mHkkjusdk iz;kl fd;k gSA nsFkk dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ dFkk lkfgR; izR;k o vizR;k :i lsyksd&laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA nsFkk us yksd&laLd`fr esa izpfyr dqizFkkvksa tSls&ngstizFkk] cky&fookg] vuesy fookg] fo/kok&fookg fu"ks/k] tehankjh izFkk] va/kfo'oklvkfn dk o.kZu fd;kA

nsFkk dh lcls cM+h lQyrk ;g gS fd os yksd dFkk dh vkRek dks thforj[kus ds fy, mldk iqu% l`tu djrs gSaA nsFkk yksd thou esa iwjh rjg ls Mwcs gq,gSaA nsFkk dh dgkfu;ksa dh yksd 'kSyh vkSj xzkeh.k rtZ dh cukoV vR;Ur izHkkodkjhgS ftuesa lkearh O;oLFkk dk dhpM+ Hkh ekStwn gSA nsFkk dh dgkfu;k° jktLFkku dsikjEifjd lekt dk lexz fp= izLrqr djrh gSaA nsFkk dk dFkk lkfgR; yksd&thouds izR;sd igyw dks Nwrk gSA nqfo/kk] liufiz;k] my>u] nksgjh ftUnxh] nwtks dchj]ukgjx<+ tSlh dbZ dgkfu;ksa esa vk/kqfud ewY; cks/k vkSj yksd thou dh foMEcukvksadh vfHkO;fDr dh xbZ gSA

nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mUgksaus viuhdgkfu;k° esa yksd/kqu] yksd&laLd`fr] yksdkpkjksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA dgkfu;ksa esayksd&thou dh fofo/k Nfo;k° vafdr gqbZ gSa rFkk nsFkk dh ewy psruk yksd thouls lEcº gSA mUgksaus vius dgkuh laxzgksa esa xzkE; laosnuk dks iwjh lwerk vkSjvkReh;rk ds lkFk O;Dr fd;k gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa xk°o dh os'kHkw"kk] [kku iku]jgu&lgu dk thoar fp=.k izdV gqvk gSA buds dFkk&lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k okLroesa yksd lai`fDr ls gh laHko gks ldrk gSA budh dgkfu;ksa esa yksd thou dh ;FkkFkZvfHkO;fDr ns[krs gh curh gSA budk dFkk lkfgR; thoUr vuqHkoksa dk izkekf.kdnLrkost gSA yksd thou ds ifjos'k esa ekuo vkSj i'kqvksa ds fy, ikjEifjd

lg;ksx&Hkko] vkReh;rk] izse vkSj Je dh Hkwfe gS tgk° ij fdlku vkSj cSyxkM+h]fdlku vkSj gy] cSy vkSj gyokgk] xkM+hoku] dqnky vkSj fdlku dk laca/kvfofPNUu gSA

bl izdkj nsFkk us yksd&thou] ifjos'k] laLdkjksa vkfn ds lkFk&lkFk yksdds ;FkkFkZ dks mlds u,&u, varfoZjks/kksa vkSj var% laca/kksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA nsFkkus yksd vkSj laLdkjksa ds mRFkku ds izfr xgu vkLFkk izdV dh gS ijUrq buds uke ijfd, x, vkMEcjksa] va/kfo'oklksa vkSj :f<+;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k gSA bUgksaus yksdlaLd`fr ds fodkl ds fy, O;fDr ds gkfnZd ifjorZu dks egRo fn;k gS vkSj blhifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij lekt dk dY;k.k vkSj mUufr dks laHko crk;k gSA nsFkk usnks"kiw.kZ O;oLFkk] ijEijk vkSj :f<+;ksa bR;kfn dk fojks/k djds ekuo ewY;ksa dhizfr"Bk dh gSA*

fot;nku nsFkk yksd laLd`fr ds :iksa esa vk/kqfud jax Hkjrs gSaA nsFkk yksdthou ds vf/kd fudV gS D;ksafd ;s yksd ls mBdj gh lkfgR; rd igq°ps gS rFkkyksd ds lHkh ikksa dks iw.kZ lthork ds lkFk vius dFkk lkfgR; esa izLrqr djus dkiz;kl fd;k gSA

nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa lkekftd thou dks vk/kkj cukdj fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksadk izk/kkU; jgk gS] ftuesa lewg thou] ikfjokfjd thou vkSj oS;fDrd thouvFkkZr~ lef"V ls ysdj O;f"V thou rd dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa dksfHkUu&fHkUu Lrjksa ij Nqvk gSA ^^,d ?kj&x`gLFk xjhc FkkA nks&rhu ihf<+;ksa ls ?kjdh xkM+h cl tSls&rSls f?klV jgh FkhA cksgjs dk fi.M NwVrk gh u FkkA rc lq[kdk lk°l vkrk dSls! chl&iPphl xk;sa] lkBsd ch?kk djl.kh tehu vkSj lkS ,dch?kk dk°dfj;k exjkA cl] ;gh mldh dqN tk;nkn FkhA**

nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr lkekftd thou] lkekftd psruk lsvuqizkf.kr gS] blfy, lq/kkj ,oa fuekZ.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks dgkfu;ksa esa izJ; fn;kx;k gSA nsFkk us lkekftd thou eas ikfjokfjd thou ds lkFk&lkFk le&lkef;dthou ewY;ksa ls mRiUu lkekftd psruk dks Hkh dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkf"kr djusds iz;kl fd, gSaA nsFkk ds le; esa lekt fofo/k o.kksZa rFkk tkfr;ksa esa foHkDr FkkAo.kZ ,oa tkfr O;oLFkk ds Li"V izek.k muds dFkk&lkfgR; esa ljyrk ls fey tkrsgSaA tkfrokn dk tgj bruk vf/kd izcy Fkk fd mPp tkfr fuEu tkfr dks viuhijNkbZ ls Hkh nwj j[krh FkhA

nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa jktk lkear ,oa lEiw.kZ 'kklura= dh ;FkkFkZrLohj izLrqr dh gSA nsFkk dh d`fr ^ckrka jh QqyokM+h* esa of.kZr gS fd jktk o

282


jktdqekj f'kdkj djus ds fy, tkrs gSa rks muds fy, gkFkh] ≈°Vksa] ?kksM+ksa dks ltk;ktkrk gS rFkk lkFk gh mudh jkk ds fy, lsuk Hkh Hksth tkrh gSA nsFkk us vius dFkklkfgR; esa jktuhfrd thou ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls fy[kk gSA mudh dFkk esa jktk ,oalkear] egktu vkfn LokFkZ ds o'khHkwr gksdj vuhfr ,oa "kM~;a= ds lkFk Hkksyh&Hkkyhturk ij 'kks"k.k] vukpkj] vU;k; djrs FksA ;|fi nsFkk ds yksd thou esa jktk dkegRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA tu lkekU; vius Lokeh dh jkk djuk viuk drZO; ekurs gSaA^^Bkdqj D;k Fkk] ;e dk gh izR;k vorkjA Bkdqj ds uke ls uhan esa Hkh iztkpkSad&pkSad mBrhA**

nsFkk us ea=] tknw&Vksuk] bUnztky] /kkfeZd&vuq"Bku rFkk fof/k&deZ] Hkwr&izsrvkfn dh vfHkO;fDr Hkh vius dFkk lkfgR; esa dh gSA nsFkk us dqN eq[; laLdkjksadk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gS tSls&ukedj.k] tkrdeZ] fu"ÿe.k] fookg vkfnA blh izdkjnsFkk us fofHkUu izdkj ds ioksZRloksa dk o.kZu Hkh viuh dgkfu;ksa esa fd;k gS tks mudslkaLd`frd n`f"Vdks.k dk gh ifjpk;d dgk tk ldrk gSA

var esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd nsFkk dk dFkk lkfgR; yksd laLdfr] yksd&ekul,oa yksd rRoksa ls eafMr gksdj nh?kZ gks x;k gSA vius futh vuqHkoksa vkSj O;kidn`f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij nsFkk us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa yksd thou ds fofo/kigyqvksa] leL;kvksa] folaxfr;ksa rFkk nSfud thou esa leL;kvksa ds lkFk tw>us dk]muesa gks jgs ifjorZu vkfn dk izkekf.kdrk ls fp=.k fd;k gSA yksd laLd`fr gekjsvrhr dh /kjksgj ,oa Hkfo"; dh iFk iznf'kZdk gSA blfy, bl vewY; fuf/k dkslqjfkr j[kuk pkfg,A

*****

MhMokuk esa fujatuh lEiznk; ds izeq[k LekjdMkW- v#.kk lksuh

jktLFkku esa Hkh izkphudky ls fofo/k /kkfeZd ijEijkvksa ,oa lEiznk;ksa dhvkjk/kuk iºfr izpfyr FkhA nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls jktLFkku esa fuxqZ.koknh ,oalxq.koknh HkfDr dh nksuksa ijEijkvksa esa fuxqZ.koknh ijEijk dh yksdfiz;rk vf/kdizpfyr jgh gSA iwoZ e/;dky esa /keZ esa vusd ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blhijEijk dh ‹k`a[kyk esa lUr lEiznk;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA jktLFkku esa vusd tkfrleqnk;ksa ds i`Fkd&i`Fkd jhfr&fjoktksa fufr;ksa ,oa jLeksa us uwru laLd`fr dks tUefn;kA blh uohu laLd`fr us lukru Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ewy Hkkouk ds vuq:ileLr fopkjksa ds lek;kstu kjk u;s ekSfyd vkn'kks± dh mnHkkouk dh izo`fŸk dks

fÿ;k'khy fd;kA QyLo:i izns'k ds yksdekul dh lkekU; izd`fr gh mnkjrk]lfg".kqrk ,oa lkeatL; ijdrk ls vksr&izksr gks xbZA bl izdkj e/;dkyhu jktLFkkudh izeq[kre lkaLd`frd fo'ks"krk iwokZxzg jfgr gksdj ln~xq.kksa dh xzg.k'khy izo`fŸkvkSj vkpj.k rFkk izR;sd iaFk lEiznk; ds izfr Jºkiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k dh fo|ekurkjgh gSA blh ifjizs; esa fo'uksbZ] tlukFkh] fujtauh] nknwiaFkh] ykynklh] pj.knklhvkfn fofHkUu lar lEiznk;ksa ds vfrfjDr iwoZorhZ flº ukFk rFkk yksd nsork ijEijkds izfr Hkh tuekul dk leku :i ls leFkZu lajk.k izkIr gqvkA jktLFkku esa e/;dky esa tks lUr lEiznk; izpfyr gq;s] ftu egku~ lUrksa dk bl dky esa vorj.kgqvk mu lc us lkeatL;] leUo;] ÿkafrdkjh lq/kkj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

MhMokuk uxj % vkHkkuxjh ds uke ls izflº MhMokuk dh cukoV vR;Urgh lqUnj gSA ukxkSj ftys dk ;g dLck xkSjoe;h] ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd] uSlfxZd,oa vk/;kfRed vkLFkk dk dsUnz LFky gSA e/; dky esa ;g ekjokM+ ds tks/kiqjfj;klr dk ,d ijxuk FkkA blesa czk„.k] jktiwr o tkV eq[; fuoklh FksA bldsv/khu vusd tkxhjh fBdkus tSls ykMuw°] cSjh cM+h] ugok] ysMh vkSj rkslhuk gSAMhMokuk esa izkphu dykRed efUnj] Lekjd] eB] ued dh >hy ,oa lqUnjrky&ryS;k ds vykok vusd iqjk egRo ds n'kZuh; LFky gSA ;gka ds izkphu ukxkSjhnjoktk] vtesjh njoktk] f[kMdh njoktk] Nkijh njoktk efUnj ,oa ljdh ekrkdk efUnj gSA eqfLye lEiznk; ds yksxksa dh vkLFkk LFkyh ds :i esa xqnM+h cktkjfLFkr tkek efLtn] bZnxkg vkSj ihj igkM+h gSA blh izdkj MhMokuk vusd /kkfeZdlEiznk;ksa (nknw iaFkh] ukFk lEiznk;) dk vkLFkk LFky jgk gSA ;g ks= fujatulEiznk;] fuEckdZ ihB] jkekuqt lEiznk;] lukru] 'kkDr] 'kSo] lS;n] iBku ,oa tSuerkoyfEc;ksa dk vuqBk laxe ekuk tkrk gSA

;g ks= izkphu dky esa laLd`r f'kkk esa vxz.kh jgus ds dkj.k u dsoyvkHkkuxjh ds uke ls vyad`r gqvk cfYd bls midk'kh ds uke ls Hkh vfHkeafMrgksus dk xkSjo feykA izpfyr tuJqfr ds vuqlkj laor 318 cS'kk[k d`".k ik dhv"Veh dks 'ks"kjke MhMokud j[kkA izkphu f'kykys[kksa esa Hkh bldk mYys[kfeyrk gSA tks orZeku uxj ls iwohZ Hkkx esa cls >hy ds fdukjs ds vkl&ikl dkks= gSA ;gka izkphu LFkkiR; dyk dk ljdh ekrk dk efUnj* HkO;rk fy;s gq;s gSA

igys ;g lkaHkj ds pkSgkuksa ds dCts esa jgk FkkA ihNs eqxy ckn'kkgksa ds vf/kdkj esa jgkA rRi'pkr~ d;ke[kkuh uokc >wa>uw ds vf/kdkj esa jgk ftlls Nhudjegkjkt c[rflag us foÿe laor~ 1804 esa vius jkT; esa feyk fy;kA ;gka ckn'kkgvdcj dh ,e efLtn] ';keth o ckjkgh ekrk dk efUnj ns[kus ;ksX; gSA 'kgj ls,d ehy ij ok;O; dks.k esa x<+k uked LFkku gSA tgka cgqr ls efUnj o edku

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fujatuh lk/kqvksa ds fy, cus gq;s gSA QkYxqu ekl esa ;gk esyk yxrk gSA bl iaFk dksgjhnkl us fo-la- 1600 ds yxHkx pyk;k FkkA egkjktk fot;flag ds izfl)djkekrh xq# lk/kq vkRekjke blh iaFk ds FksA MhMokuk esa izkphu xzUFkksa dk vuqBklUnHkZ dsUnz o lkfgR; dk vuqie Hk.Mkj ^fgUnh iqLrdky;* gS] tks egRoiw.kZ gSA

MhMokuk esa fujatuh lEiznk; ds izeq[k Lekjd %ik<kekrk dk efUnj % gfjflag tks fd ywVekj] pkSjh] MdSrh ls viuk ,oa

vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k iks"kk djrs Fks] xksj[kukFk th ds peRdkj ls muds Hkhrj Kkudk fodkl gqvkA foÿe la- 1556 esa x`g R;kx dj gfjnklth rh[kyh Mwaxjh ukedLFkku ij xqQk cukdj mlesa lk/kuk ekxZ esa izo`Ÿk gq;sA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ik<k nsohds fo'ks"k vkxzg ij gfjnkl th us nsoh dks nhfkr fd;k exj gfjnkl us nsoh lsopu fy;k fd os vc vkxs ls i'kqcfy xzg.k ugha djsxh rc ls vktrd ;gkai'kqcfy iw.kZr;k fuf"kº gSA ;g efUnj MhMokuk ds dksV eksgYys esa fLFkr gs blesafo'ks"k :i ls Hkxorh nqxkZ ek° dh izfrek gSA ;g uxj dk lcls izkphu efUnj gSAuojk=h esa ik<k (HkSlk) dh cfy nh tkrh Fkh exj vc i'kqcfy iw.kZr% fuf"k/k gSAefUnj ds eq[; kj ds ≈ij >jks[kkuqek f[kMfd;k cuh gS efUnj dk f'k[kjveykdkj gSA

ihiyh efUnj % ik<k ekrk kjk LoIu esa kjdknkl (xkBkth) dks vkns'knsus mijkUr] xkBk th ds vkxzg ij tc igyh ckj gfjnkl th rh[kyh Mwaxjh lsMhMokuk i/kkjs rc blh LFkku ij fojktsA ml le; ;gka ,d pcwrjk Fkk vkSjfcgkf.k;ksa ds /kj FksA vkt ogka ,d efUnj gS ftls ihiyh efUnj dgrs gSaA

xkBk/kke % pkj lkS o"kZ igys gfjnkl th us blh LFkku ij lekf/k yh FkhAbl LFkku ij muds f'k"; xk<k th fcgk.kh us orZeku nsoy cuok;k FkkA ;gh LFkyfujatuh er dk mn~xe LFky gSA QkYxqu lqnh 6 dks gfjnkl th dh xqnM+h ds n'kZugksrs gSa rFkk QkYxqu lqnh 11 dks xk<k th dk fu/ku frfFk gksus ls 6 ls 11 rd rFkkckn esa QwyMksy rd ;gka esyk Hkjrk gS ftlesa Hkkjr ls fujatuh lUr Hkkx ysrs gSaAuo fufeZr n;ky dhfrZ LrEHk lxejej dk ,d n'kZuh; Lrwi gS] ftl ij gfjiq#"k(gfjnkl th) dh thouh] fujatuh flºkUr ,oa f'k"; ijEijk mRdh.kZ gSA

xk<k /kke 20 LrEHkksa ls vyad`r gSA ewyr% ;g ,d pcwrjs ij cuk gSftlesa 20 vyad`r LrEHk gS rFkk e/; esa ≈ij Nrjh cuh gSA ;gh orZeku esafujatuh lEiznk; dk esyk yxrk gSA blh N=h ds fudV fujatuh lEiznk; dk ys[kfeyk gSA

o`ºkoLFkk esa gfjnkl th MhMokuk gh fojkts rFkk QkYxqu 'kqDy 6 la- 1600esa 88 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa vuUr cz„ esa yhu gks x;s vkSj ;gh LFkku xk<k /kkedgykrk gSA izfro"kZ esys esa fujatuh lUrksa dk vkxeu ;gka gksrk gS D;ksafd MhMokukmudk iquhr LFky gSA fujatuh lEiznk; ds lUr MhMokuk esa gh ugha oju~ iwjs Hkkjresa dbZ LFkkuksa esa jgrs gS exj MhMokuk fujatuh lEiznk; dk rhFkZ LFky] ihBkLFkyh,oa iqfur LFkyh gSA bl lEiznk; dk mn~xe MhMokuk esa gksus ds dkj.k bldk,sfrgkfld egRo vkSj vf/kd c< x;k gSA

*****

j.kNksM+HkÍdr jktiz'kfLr egkdkO;dh ,sfrgkfldrk

fxfjtk dqekjh

l=goha 'krkCnh dk le; lkaLd`frd iqutkZxj.k dk le; FkkA bl le;ns'k esa iqutkZx`fr ds vuq:i foiqy lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu fo/kkvksa ds vUrxZrgqvkA laLd`r esa lkfgR; dh mYys[kuh; le`fº vkSj izxfr Hkh gqbZA loksZP; dkO;&fo/kk ds vUrxZr egkdkO;ksa dk vuYi ys[ku gqvkA l=goha 'krkCnh ds dfri;dfo;ksa us vius vkJ;nkrk ds thoupfj= dks egkdkO; dk eq[; fo"k; cuk;k gSftlds vUrxZr rRdkyhu jktuhfr dk dgha ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gqvk gS vkSj dgha mldkmnkRrhdj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSaA jktiz'kfLr egkdkO; Hkh blh Js.kh dk mRd`"VegkdkO; gS ftldh rqyuk jktrajfx.kh ls dh tk, rks vfr'k;ksf‰ ugh gksxhA

jktLFkku ds mn;iqj uxj ds pkyhl ehy mRrj dh fn'kk esa egkjk.kkjktflag kjk cuok;k gqvk jktleqnz uked ,d ljksoj gSaA ljksoj dh yEckbZ pkjehy rFkk pkSM+kbZ ,d ehy gSaA bldk cka/k /kuq"kkdkj rhu ehy yEck gSA ckW/k dk,d Hkkx ukSpkSdh dgykrk gS] tks laxejej dk cuk gqvk gSA blh ukspkSdh ?kkV esajktiz'kfLr egkdkO; f'kykys[k ds :i esa vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA

bl egkdkO; dks 25 cM+h&2 f'kykvksa esa mV~Vafdr djokdj ?kkV dh rkdksaesa yxok;k x;k gSaA ;g dkys iRFkj dh f'kykvksa ij nsoukxjh fyfi esa mRdh.kZfd;k x;k gSA igyh f'kyk esa nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr gSA 'ks"k pkSchl f'kykvksa esa izR;sdij ,d lxZ vafdr gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k f'kykys[k gSA esokM+ ds egkjktkvksadh xkSjoiw.k ijEijk esa egkjk.kk jktflag dks iz/kku fo"k; cukdj j.kNksM+ HkÍ us

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bl egkdkO; dh jpuk dhA bl egkdkO; esa pkSchl lxZ gSA jktflag ds thoutkrdk;Zdykiksa esa ls jktleqnz uked egkrM+kx ds fuekZ.k dk;Z dks oLrq ;kstuk esalokZf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA dfo us vkJ;nkrk dh iz'kfLr dk vk/kkjLrEHkoLrqr% jktleqnz dks gh cuk;k gSA egkdkO; ds izFke lxZ esa vusd nsorkvksa dhLrqfr dh xbZ gSaA frh; lxZ ls iape lxZ rd jktflag ds iwoZtksa dh ijEijk dkfoLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;gk° vkIikjkoy] mn;flag] jk.kk izrki vkfn dfri;jktkvksa dh izeq[k miyfC/k;ksa dk lafkIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA rFkk l`f"V ds izkjaEHkrd ds vU; dqyiq:"kksa dk ek= ukeksYys[k gSA "k"V lxZ ls =;ksfoa'k lxZ ds izkjEHkrd jktflag ds thoupfj= dh ;kstuk gSA egkdkO; ds vof'k"V Hkkx esa t;flagds izkjfEHkd 'kkludky ds o.kZu ds i'pkr~ jktflag dh fo'ks"k iz'kfLr rFkkdkO;k/;;u ds QydFku ls egkdkO; dh ifjlekfIr gSA

jktiz'kfLr egkdkO; iz/kkur;k bfrgkl xzUFk gSA vkSj dfork bl xzUFk dkxkS.k fo"k; gSA dfo us bls Lo;a Hkh egkdkO; dgk gSA bls iz'kfLr dkO; Hkh dgktk ldrk gS A bl izdkj ds egkdkO; laLd`r lkfgR; esa vusd fy[ks x;s gSAjktrajfx.kh dh ijEijk esa fyf[kr egkdkO; jktrjafx.kh ls dqN fHkUu gSA jktrjafx.khesa dfoRo Hkkouk fo'ks"k gSA tcfd jktiz'kfLr esa ,sfrgkfld lR; ij fujUrjdsfUnzr jgrh gSA iz'kfLrdkO; gksus ds dkj.k dfo us vkJ;nkrk dh iz'kalk djvfHk"V iwfrZ dh gSA egkjktk jktflag us pfj= ls lEcº ftu /kVukvksa dk o.kZudfo us blesa fd;k gS os lc izR;k loZFkk okLrfod ?kVukvksa gSA fo'ks"kdjjktleqnz ds fuekZ.k dk;Z dh nq"djrk dk- ml ij gq, [kpZ dk mlds vkdkj izdkjrFkk izfr"Bk vkfn dk blesa ;FkkrF; o.kZu gqvk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk rRdkfyuesokM+ dh laLd`fr- os'kHkw"kk- f'kYidyk- eqnzk- nkuiz.kkyh- ;qºuhfr- /keZ&deZbR;kfn vusdkusd vU; fo"k;ksa ij Hkh blls leqfpr izdk'k iM+rk gSA egkjk.kkvksadk eqxy ckn'kkgksa rFkk vU; jktkvksa ds lkFk gq, ;qºkfn dk mYys[k i;kZIr,sfrgkfld lkexzh iznku djrk gSA jk.kk jktflag ds iwoZorhZ jktkvksa dk bfrgklblesa dqN lafnX/k gSaA fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dk le;kuqlkj mYys[k xzUFk dh ,sfrgkfldrkdks iq"V djrk gSA fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dh frfFk;ksa dh mYys[k blesa ipkl ls vf/kdLFkyksa ij gqvk gSA jktiz'kfLr dh ,sfrgkfldrk dk mYys[k djrs gq, dfojktiz'kfLr dks dkO;xq.kksa ls iw.kZ- egkHkkjr ds leku ,sfrgkfldrk rFkk jkek;.k dsleku lw;Zoa'k ds o.kZu ls ;q‰ crkrk gSA

*****

dqpcafn;k tu&tkfr ds fofHkUu O;kolkf;d xkS=MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr

?kqeUrq tu&tkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr dqpcafn;k leqnk; ,d ,slk leqnk; gS tksiw.kZ:i ls u tkfr dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh tu&tkfrA ewyr% ;s viuh mRifŸkjktiwrksa ls ekurs gSaA ;s datj tkfr dh mi'kk[kk ds :i esa Hkh tkus tkrs gaSAlEHkor% vkjfEHkd dky esa ?kqeDdM+ thou O;rhr djus o taxyh ks=ksa esa jgus dsdkj.k bUgsa tu&tkfr; lewg esa j[kk x;kA lkekU;:Ik ls dqpcafn;k ,d O;kolkf;d?kqeUrq tu&tkfr ds :Ik esa Hkh ifjfpr gSA bl tkfr ds yksx [kl o mjbZ ds dwap(iaNk] cz"k) cukdj csprs Fks] blh dkj.k bUgsa fldwp cka/kus okysfi ds uke ls tkukx;k tks ckn esa dqpcafn;k gks x;kA orZeku le; esa bl tkfr ds yksx dwap cka/kus dslkFk&lkFk lu~ dh jLlh o jLlh ls mi;ksxh oLrq,a cukdj csprs gSaA blds lkFk ghbl tkfr ds dqN yksx "kgn cspus] dPph 'kjkc cspus] lwvj ds cky cspus dkdk;Z Hkh djrs gSaA

?kqeDdM+ O;oLFkk ds nkSjku dqpcafn;k tkfr ds ikl dksbZ ewy vFkokfuf'pr O;olk; ugha Fkk] vr% loZizFke dwap (iaNk) cukus dk O;olk; vkjEHkfd;kA blds lkFk gh buds dqN ifjokjksa esa fHkUu O;olk; djus dh fo'ks"krk,a HkhFkha] ftuds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu lewgksa ds fuekZ.k gq, tks vkt buds xkS= :i esa tkustkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa bl tkfr ds yksx fcgkj ds dqN ks=ksa rFkk e/;izns'k ds vUrxZrtcyiqj] foykliqj] Hkksiky] lkxj jk;x<+] Vhdex<+ rFkk ujflagiqj vkfn ks=ksa easvf/kd ik, tkrs gSa rFkk vius&vius i`Fkd O;kolkf;d xks=ksa ds uke ls Hkhifjfpr gSa ;Fkk&

(1) lkSnk dqpcafn;k &dqpcafn;ksa dk ,d tkfr; lewg fudVorhZ uxjh; o xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa

vko';d oLrqvksa dks [kjhndj vius leqnk; esa cspus dk dk;Z djrk FkkA blhfy, bUgsa lkSnkxj dgk x;kA bl lkSnkxj lewg dh viuh ,d i`Fkd fo'ks"krk Fkh]ftlds dkj.k ;g pkj Hkkxksa esa caV x, & (v) catkjh lkSnkxj (c) fl;kuhlkSnkxj (l) jkjh lkSnkxj (n) f<ejsyk lkSnkxjA

(2) ludr dqpcafn;k &dqpcafn;ks dk tks lewg lu~ uked ikni ls jLlh cukus dk dk;Z djrk Fkk]

og ludr dgyk;kA oSokfgd dkj.kksa ls buesa fHkUurk vkbZ vkSj dkykUrj esa ;s Hkh

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pkj 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkDr gks x, & (v) xkS.k ludr] (c) gMkSfr;k ludr (l)dukfl;k ludr (n) oSe.M ludrA

(3) HkSal dqpcafn;k &dqpcafn;k dk ,d lewg HkSal ikyu O;olk; ds dkj.k HkSal dqpcafn;k

dgyk;kA blh tkfr dh ekU;rk gS fd buds iwoZt 'kkjhfjd lajpuk esa HkSal dsln`'; gksrs Fks] blh dkj.k ;s HkSal dqpcafn;k dgyk,A dkykUrj esa ;s Hkh pkj'kk[kkvksa esa foHkDr gq, & (v) udQqfy;k HkSal dqpcafn;k (uksxft;k) (c)>yfj;k dqpcafn;k (l) yikfl;k HkSal dqpcafn;k (n) uxkM+ph HkSal dqpcafn;kA

(4) ejS;k dqpcaafn;k &bl 'kk[kk ds yksx izkjEHk ls gh 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls detksj Fks] vr% budh

'kjhjxr~ fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k ;s efj;y dgykus yxs rFkk ckn esa ;s ejS;kdqpcafn;k ds uke ls tkus x,A

(5) fpjdw dqpcafn;k &bl lewg ds lnL; viuh O;kogkfjd fo"ks'krkvksa vFkkZr~ phye Hkjus vkSj

yM+kbZ ds dkj.k fpjdw vFkok jkjk dqpcafn;k ds uke ls tkus x,A

(6) ≈aVokj dqpcafn;k &O;kikj ,oa vkokxeu ds fy, ≈aVks dk mi;ksx djus okyh bl tkfr dh

'kk[kk ≈aVokj dqpcafn;k ds uke ls tkuh xbZA

(7) iqjfc;k dqpcafn;k &tks dqpcafn;k ifjokj O;olk; dh [kkst esa iwoZ fn'kk dh rjQ x, Fks] vkSj

tc okil ykSVdj vk, rks mUgsa iqjfc;k dqpcafn;k ds uke ls tkuk x;kA

dqpcafn;k lekt esa izpfyr O;olk;ksa ds fo'k; esa ,d dgkor HkhmYys[kuh; gS&

fllkSnk] ludr] HkSal] ejS;k] fpjdw jkjk fpye HkjS;kAAfi

laksi esa dqpcafn;k lekt ds fofHkUu O;kolkf;d xks=ksa ds v/;;u dsvk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd dqpcafn;k tkfr orZeku esa Hkys gh ,d ?kqeUrqtu&tkfr ds :i esa ifjfpr gS] ysfdu bldh vU; 'kk[kk,a vkt Hkh ?kqeUrwO;kolkf;d thou gh O;rhr dj jgh gSA

*****

^xqykcM+h* miU;kl esa yksd laLd`frnkupk rksaxyqd

;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz* us xqykcM+h* miU;kl ds ek/;e ls yksd&laLd`fr dksmtkxj fd;k gSA blesa tu&thou ls lEcfU/kr vkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku]os'kHkw"kk] /keZ] ijaijk,Wa] ekU;rk,Wa vkfn vkrs gSaA bUgksaus bl miU;kl dh i`"BHkwfe esa,sls vej ik=ksa o thoUr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu fd;k gS fd bUgsa jktLFkku izns'k dkizfrfuf/k dFkkdkj dg ldrs gSaA lkearh laLd`fr ds izfr fonzksg o nfyrksa ds izfrvk;ke o vHkko dh bruh lthork ds lkFk mtkxj fd;k gS fd lEiw.kZ miU;kljktLFkkuh yksd&laLd`fr dk gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh nsgkrh nqfu;k dkizekf.kd izfrfcEc izrhr gksus yxrk gSA blh lanHkZ esa dFkkdkj deys'oj dk dFkugS fd ^^jktLFkku ds cgkus pUnz us Hkkjrh; ;FkkFkZ dks :ikd`fr nh gSA mUgksausyxkrkj thoUr jktLFkku dks mRdh.kZ fd;k gS blfy, mudh jpuk,Wa viuh jktLFkkuhigpku ds ckotwn vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh jpuk,Wa gSA** ;knosUnz th dh ;g foLr`rlaosnuk mudh O;kid yksd n`f"V dk ifj.kke gSA

^xqykcM+h* miU;kl ds vUrxZr ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* us chdkusj ftys dsHkkSxksfyd o xzkeh.k laLd`fr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA bl miU;kl esa yksd&nsorkvksa dsizfr vkLFkk] yksd&fo'okl] yksd&xhr] jhfr&fjokt] ijEijk,Wa ekU;rk,Wa jgu&lgu][kku&iku vkfn dk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu fd;k gSA ;knosnz 'kekZ pUnz* us blesa Hkk"kkdk iz;ksx Hkh ,d fof'k"V :i esa fd;kA budh Hkk"kk esa vkWapfyd Hkk"kk rFkkjktLFkku dh cksyh vkSj tu&thou ls xgjk laca/k jgk gSA bUgksaus xzkE; thou esacksys tkus okys lkekU; 'kCnksa rFkk :f<+xr yksdksfDr;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k gSAks=h; Hkk"kk dk izHkko Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blds lkFk mUgksaus dFkk oLrq] ik=&;kstuk]dFkksidFku vkfn dks Hkh vR;ar ekfeZdrk ds lkFk jktLFkku dh yksd laLd`fr dksifjyfkr fd;k gSA ;g miU;kl oLrq o f'kYi nksuksa n`f"V ls lQy ,d lkekftdmiU;kl gSA

;g miU;kl jktLFkku tu&thou] ;FkkFkZ] folaxfr;ksa vkSj la?k"kksaZ dks n'kkZrkgSA blesa ,d ukjh xqykcM+h tks fd la?k"kZ o lR; dk izrhd gS] og viuh vfLerkdh jkk djrs gq, viuh laLd`fr] /keZ] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dk vfLrRo cuk, j[krhgSA bl miU;kl esa yksd&nsorkvksa ds izfr vkLFkk] yksd fo'okl] yksd&xhr]jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijk,Wa] ekU;rk,Wa] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku vkfn ;FkkFkZijd ds lkFko.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

286


os'k&Hkw"kk dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku viuh vyx igpku j[krk gSA ;gkWa dsyksxksa esa ixM+h ºlkQkΩ dk fo'ks"k fjokt gSA og O;fDr dh 'kku le>h tkrh gSAlkear yksxksa ds fy, ixM+h cka/kuk 'kku dk izrhd gSA ;gkWa ds iq:"k /kksrh] vaxj[kh]deht] ixM+h vkfn igurs gSa rFkk ikWaoksa esa twfr;kWa ºekspM+hΩ igurs gSaA efgyk,Wa?kk?kjk] dkWapyh] dqrhZ igurh gS rFkk vks<+uh vks<+rh gSA gosyh esa tc oSjr.kh dkgou 'kq: gksrk gS rks iafMr dks nsus ds fy, lkeku j[kk tkrk gS ftlesa ^^vkWaxu dslehi tks lkydh Fkh] mlesa L=h&iq:"k ds ikWap oL=ksa esa iq:"k dh /kksrh] xath]ixM+h] dqrkZ] vkSj twfr;kWa] L=h ds fy, lkM+h] Cyk≈t] ygaxk] vks<+uh vkSjixj[khA lksus ds xguksa esa lqgkx fpUg] flj dk cksfj;k] ukd dk dkWaVk] ikWao dhmxWafy;ksa dh efPN;kWa pkWanh dh FkhA dkty dh fMfc;k vkSj fcUnh yxkus okyhfgaxyw dh 'kh'kh Hkh j[kh gqbZ FkhA** vr% pUnz* th us jktLFkkuh yksd&thou dh>kWadh izLrqr dh gS rFkk jktLFkkuh yksd ds igukosa ij izdk'k MkykA

jktLFkku ds yksxksa dk thou lk/kkj.k gksrk gSA dPps ?kj fQj ml ij feÕhdk ysi] ≈ij NIij vkSj iwjk ifjokj ,d gh lkydh esa ºdejs esaΩ jgrk gSA^xqykcM+h* miU;kl dh ukf;dk xqykcM+h ds jgu&lgu dk o.kZu pUnz* th us blrjg fd;k & ^^og Hkhrj lkydh esa xbZA lkjk ?kj dPPkk FkkA dPPkh bZVsa vkSj mlij xs:, jax dh feV~Vh dk iyLrjA lkydh esa nks vkys FksA ,d ckWal dh ,dvyxuh cukbZ gqbZ FkhA ml ij xqykcM+h vkSj xksius ds diM+s VWaxs gq, FksA nksdehtsa] ,d th.kZ&'kh.kZ ixM+hA**

fdlh Hkh izns'k ds tu&thou dk ;FkkFkZijd o.kZu djus ds fy, ogkWa dsyksd&fo'okl] jhfr&fjoktksa] yksd&thou vkfn ij izdk'k Mkyuk vko';d gSA;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz* us xqykcM+h* miU;kl esa jktLFkku dh yksd&laLd`fr dks lgt:i ls fpf=r fd;k gSA jktLFkku esa fookg ds fy, vusd fjoktksa dks viuk;k x;kgS tSls& cgq&fookg] cky&fookg] fo/kok&fookg vkfnA ^xqykcM+h* miU;kl esa^pUnz* th us cky&fookg dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS & ^^xaxk ekyh tkfr dhcke.kh Fkh ij mu [kkunkuksa ls lEcfU/kr Fkh] tks lV~vk fd;k djrs FksA - - - - xaxkdk fookg Hkh lkr o"kZ esa gks x;k FkkA**

bu lc jhfr&fjoktksa ds e/; O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa dks pUnz th us bl miU;klds ek/;e ls mtkxj fd;kA blfy, blesa yksd&thou iwjh eq[kj mBk gSA izR;sdlekt dh viuh ekU;rk,Wa rFkk vkpkj&fopkj gksrs gSa tks laLd`fr dks mtkxj djrsgSaA jktLFkkuh lekt dh viuh vyx ekU;rk,Wa gSa bu ekU;rkvksa esa 'kdqu&vi'kdqu]fir` iwtk] tknw&Vksus] >kM+&Qwd] va/kfo'okl vkfn vkrs gSaA rkfdZdrk ls nwj ;g

yksd lekt oSKkfud ;qx esa Hkh viuh ekul ds eu esa xgjkbZ ls cSB xbZ gSA ;knosUnz'kekZ pUnz* us xqykcM+h* miU;kl ds ek/;e ls bu 'kdqu&vi'kdqu vkfn fo'oklksaij yksxksa dk /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k gSA ^^?kj ls fudyrs gh vkVk] ?kh] nw/k] [kkyh?kM+k] fo/kok L=h] fcYyh lkeus vk tk, rks v'kqHk ekurs gq, ;k=k LFkkfxr dj nhtkrh gSA blds foifjr ngh] ikuh ls Hkjk ?kM+k] lqgkfxu] ukfj;y] iq=orh] dqWaokjhdU;k vkSj gfjtu lkeus vk tk, rks vPNs 'kdqu ekusa tkrs gSaA** va/kfo'oklksa dkHkh ^pUnz* th us vR;ar c[kwch ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k & ^^;g er le>uk fd geusbtky esa dksbZ deh j[kh gSA [kwc bykt djk;kA >kM+kxj dks Hkh cqyk;kA eSaus dbZckj lquk Fkk fd dqN lisjs iwWaxh ctkdj tks lkWai dkVrk gS mls okil cqyk ysrs gSavkSj og lkWai okil vkdj viuk tgj e`rd ds 'kjhj ls pwl ysrk gSA rc ejkgqvk vkneh okil ftank gks tkrk gS- - - -A**

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* us ^xqykcM+h* miU;kl dsek/;e ls jktLFkku dh yksd&laLd`fr dks vR;ar lthork ds lkFk mn~?kkfVr fd;kgSA bUgksaus jktLFkku ds jhfr&fjoktksa] yksd fo'okl] fir` iwtk] va/kfo'okl]yksd&xhrksa vkfn dk foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu fd;k gSA blh rjg dFkkud ds ek/;e lsfuEu oxZ ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] O;oLFkk] vkokl vkfn dk ;FkkFkZijd o.kZufd;kA jktosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* us ljy o lVhd laoknksa dks voyksfdr fd;k gS rFkkyksd Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls jktLFkku dh yksd&laLd`fr dks of.kZr djus dk lQyiz;kl fd;k gSA vFkkZr~ vius ^xqykcM+h* miU;kl ds ek/;e ls yksd&laLd`fr dkfp=.k djus esa iwjh rjg lQy gq, gSaA

*****

izrkix<+ ks= dk lkaLœfrd fodkl] fogaxkoyksdufu/kh dksey

izrkix<+ ftyk jktLFkku ds nfk.k&iwoZ esa fLFkr vius mTtoy vrhr dsfy, izflº gSA izrkix<+ ftyk mn;iqj laHkkx esa fLFkr gSA izrkix<+ ftyk mn;iqjlaHkkx esa fLFkr gSA u;k ftyk izrkix<+ 230 40* mŸkjh vkka'k o 24)* mŸkjhvkka'k 74010*-74094* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gSA izrkix<+ jkT; jktiwrkukfj;klr ds nfk.k Nksj ij fLFkr Fkk] rc mls dkWBy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA

izrkix<+ 'kgj dh LFkkiuk MksMsfj;k [ksM+k uked LFkku ij 1699 bZ- esaegkjkor izrkiflag us dh FkhA ;g jkT; 889 oxZ ehy esa QSyk gqvk Fkk ftlds mŸkj

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esa Xokfy;j] nfk.k esa jryke] if'pe esa mn;iqj ,oa ck°lokM+k] iwoZ esa tkojk jkT;esa eUnlkSj o uhep ftys fLFkr FksA

fj;klrdky esa izrkix<+ dks dkaBy uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ekyok ds izflºiBkj dk og vR;Ur mojZd Hkw&Hkkx tks pEcy] f'kouk tk[ke] xaHkhjh] jsre vkSjekgh ufn;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS] dkaBy dgykrk gSA jk.kk dqEHkk dk NksVk HkkbZ kse d.kZdqEHkk ls ;qº Vkyus ds fy, ekyok dh vksj fudy x;kA mlus vius ryokj dscy ij uohu jkT; dh uho Mkyh ftls dkaBy dgk tkrk gSA dkaBy dh jkt/kkuhizrkix<+ FkhA ftldh LFkkiuk izrkiflag us 1699 bZ- esa dh FkhA izrkix<+ds foyqIrgq, xkSjo dks cjlksa ckn lu~ 2008 esa olqa/kjk ljdkj us mldk jktLFkku dk 33ok°ftyk cukdj ykSVk;kA izrkix<+ esa mi[k.M] ik°p rglhy o ik°p iapk;r lfefr;k°gSA izkœfrd lq"kek dk /kuh izrkix<+ ftyk ck°lokM+k] fpŸkkSM+] uhep] jryke vkSjeanlkSj ftyksa ls feyk gqvk gS blfy, ;g vkdfLed ugha gS fd ;gk° dhvkfnoklh&laLÑfr ijEijk ij u dsoy jktLFkku cfYd e/;izns'k dh Hkk"kk]os'kHkw"kk] cksfy;k° vkSj laLœfr dh Hkh Nki gSA e/;izns'k ls izrkix<+ dh ljgnsayEckbZ esa djhc 60 izfr'kr fgLls ls feyrh gS vkSj HkkSxksfyd nwfj;k° ds de gksusds dkj.k vkt Hkh izrkix<+ esa csVs&csfV;ksa dk C;kg djus ds fy, e/;izns'k dhvksj ks=oklh tkrs gSaA

izrkix<+ esa lHkh /keksZa] erksa] fo'oklksa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds yksx ln~Hkkoukiw.kZfuokl djrs gSaA ij ;gk° dh tula[;k dk eq[; ?kVd 60 izfr'kr eh.kk vkfnoklhgS tks jkT; esa ^vuqlwfpr tutkfr* ds :i esa oxhZÑr gSA thou&;kiu ds fy,eh.kk ifjokj œf"k] etnwjh] i'kqikyu vkSj ou mit ij vkjfkr gSA eh.kk tkfrds jhfrfjokt] yksdxhr] yksd u`R;] okj R;kSgkj vkSj 'kknh C;kg ds rkSj rjhdsvycsys gSA eh.kk tu tkfr jkT; esa lcls T;knk uxjksa esa jgus okyh tutkfr gSAeh.kk tkfr ds 'kknh ds ekSds ij dksbZ Hkh vkfnoklh LVhy dh Fkkyh vkSj fxykldU;knku esa HksaV nsuk ugha HkwyrkA gj 'kknh esa ydM+h okyksa ds ikl cM+h la[;k esafxykl o Fkkfy;k° tek gks tkrh gSaA tkfr dk lgHkkst ekSlj* gj 'kknh esa vk;ksftrgksrk gSA igyh iRuh ds ftank jgrs gq, nwljh ;k rhljh 'kknh djuk vkfnoklh tkfrcqjk ugha ekurh blfy, buesa cgqiRuh fookg yksdfiz; gSA fookg ds volj ijvkfnokfl;ksa esa ns'kh 'kjkc dk izpyu gSA

cky fookg dqizFkk bl vkfnoklh tkfr esa izpfyr ugha gSA ;gk° ,dtutkrh; ijEijk gS ounsoh iwtu ftlds vUrxZr fularku nEifŸk NksVh iwtk djdsvdsys ou esa tkdj ,d isM+ dks xqipqi vkx yxk nsrs gSaS vkSj ;g ekurs gSa fd bl

vfXudkaM ls ounsoh izlUu gksdj mudh xksn Hkj nsxh bl vU/kfo'okl ds dkj.klhrkekrk vH;kj.k esa cM+s iSekus ij o`kksa dks tyk;k tk jgk gSA ;gk° ,d fof'k"VijEijk izpfyr gS ekSrk.kk] tks iwjs mn;iqj laHkkx esa [kkl dj vkfnoklh ftys&izrkix<+] ck°lokM+k] Mwaxjiqj esa izpfyr gSA bl ijEijk ds vuqlkj nq?kZVuk esa ;kvizkd`frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekSr gks tkus ij lkjh vkfnoklh vkcknh nks"kh dk rcrd ?ksjko j[krh gSA tc rd nks"kh ds kjk udn eqvkots vkSj lkjs leqnk; dk nslhnk: dk bartke ugha dj fn;k tkrkA ekSrk.kk dh jde r; gksus rd 'ko dk vafrelaLdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tqekZus dh jde dqN lkS ls dqN yk[k rd Hkh gks ldrhgSA izrkix<+ esa vkfnokfl;ka tkfr;k° igkM+ dh ≈°pkbZ ij dsyq dh Nrksa okys dPpsedku cuk dj fuokl djrh gS ftls fd vtufc;ksa dks nwj ls gh ns[kk tk ldsA;gk° ij xzkeh.k ?kjksa esa f[kM+fd;k° ugha cukrs gSaA esgekuksa dk <ksy ctkdj Lokxrdjuk o lkQk ck°/kuk ;g jLesa budh iqjkuh jLesa gSaA vkfnoklh vkSjrksa dk eq[;igukok lwrh ?kk?kjk] Nih gqbZ xgjh yky&Hkwjh vks<+uh vkSj Cykmt gSA fL=;k° xgusizk;% pk°nh ds igurh gSA 'kknh esa Hkh pk°nh ds xgus HksaV Lo:i fn, tkrs gSaA fL=;k°flj ij cksj] ik°oksa esa dM+h] ck°gksa esa cktwcan] maxfy;ksa esa vaxwfB;ka vkSj ukd esa uFk/kkj.k djrh gSA vkneh vDlj lkQk] ixM+h] lwrh deht ;k vaxj[kk dqrkZ igursgSaA tutkfr ds vykok ;gk° ij eqfLye leqnk;] xqtZj] cykbZ] <ksyh] jktiwr]czk„.k] egktu lqukj] yqgkj] pekj] ukbZ] rsyh] /kksch] dqEgkj vkfn fofHkUu tkfr;k°fuokl djrh gSaA

izrkix<+ dh loZizpfyr Hkk"kk fgUnh gS] ij ^dk.Myh cksyh* LFkkuh;xzkeh.k cksyh gSA ftlesa esokM+h] ekyoh] xqtjkrh vkSj ckxM+h cksfy;ksa ds 'kCn gSaAizrkix<+ esa gksyh ij QkxksRlo ,oa <wa<ksRlo dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA n'kkekrk ioZ ijxSj u`R; <ksy dh Fkki ij fd;k tkrk gSA Hkknks 'kqDy n'keh ij jkenso dh'kksHkk;k=k fudkyh tkrh gSA 'khryk lIreh ij jkf= esa <ksdys cukdj lqcg B.Mk[kkus dh izFkk gSA ;gk° ij /kqysM+h ij gksyh ugha [ksyh tkrh] gksyh ds 13 fnu ckn^jax rsjl* ij jax xqyky yxkus dh ijEijk gSA xaxkst vkSj jkf= tkxj.k ;gk° dsxzkeh.k vapyksa esa ges'kk vk;ksftr gksrk gSA nsojk iwtu djds ^nsojsd dh ikrh Hkhekaxfyd voljksa ij vDlj yh tkrh gSA fgUnw R;kSgkjksa ds vykok bZn] ckjkoQkr]eqgjZe yksgM+h] psVhpaM] vkfn Hkh euk;k tkrk gSA

izrkix<+ esa vkfnokfl;ksa dk rhFkZ xkSres'oj fLFkr gS tks vjuksn esa dqN ghnwj ,d lqjE; igkM+h dh rygVh esa gS tgk° pkSFkh&ik°poha 'krkCnh ds izkphu eafnjgSaA gj cjl ;gk° eh.kk lekt dk esyk Hkjrk gSA ;gk° dk eankfduh dqaM Hkkjr dh

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lcls ifo= vkSj iwtuh; ekuh tkus okyh xaxk dh lh ekU;rk j[krk gSA dgk tkrkgS fd =srk ;qx esa egf"kZ Jàx us bl LFky ij jg dj dBksj riL;k dh Fkh ftudsizrki ls ;gk° xaxk* dh Hkwfexr /kkjk izdV gqbZA LFkkuh; yksxksa dk fo'okl ls Ωf"kxkSre us xkS&gR;k ds iki ls ;gk° eankfduh dqaM vkdj eqfDr feyh FkhA bl dqaM esaLuku djus o xkSres'oj egknso ds n'kZu djus ls lkjs iki feV tkrs gSaA vkfnokfl;ksadh ,slh ekU;rk gSA bl /kkfeZd LFky ij cuh gqbZ vkfnokfl;ksa dh iqjkuh dpgjhvkSipkfjd rkSj ij Nik gqvk o eksgj yxk gqvk îki eqfDr&izek.ki=* Hkh tkjhdjrh gSA fgUnqvksa ds nwljs yksdfiz; /kkfeZd LFkkuksa esa NksVh lknM+h esa fLFkrHkaojekrk eafnj dk fuekZ.k vkt ls yxHkx 1240 lky igys êkUok;uh xks=* ds,d jktk xkSjh us djok;k FkkA jktdfo lkse ds kjk mRdh.kZ f'kykys[k ls ;gtkudkjh feyrh gSA Hkaojekrk eafnj o"kkZ Ωrq esa izkœfrd >jus cgus ds dkj.kizflº gSA ;gk° 200 lky iqjkuk nhis'oj egknso eafnj ftldk fuekZ.k egkjktnhiflag us djok;k Fkk fLFkr gSA blds vykok 'ka[ks'oj ik'oZukFk eafnj esokM+&ekyokiaprhFkksZa esa vfrh; LFkku j[krk gSA ,d nar dFkk ds vuqlkj lSdM+ksa lky igysvkdk'k ekxZ ls mM+dj ;g eafnj dgha ys tk;k tk jgk FkkA rc izrkix<+ esafojkteku ;fr egkjkt us rkaf=d 'kfDr ls bl eafnj dks izrkix<+ esa izfrLFkkfirfd;k ds'kojk; eafnj Hkh izrkix<+ dk eq[; eafnj gSA ;gk° ty>wyuh ,dkn'kh ofot;kn'keh ij Hkxoku ds'kojk; dh fo'kky jFk ;k=k fudyrh gSA

izrkix<+ dh izflfº dk dkj.k ;gk° ij dh tkus okyh Fksok dyk gSA dk°pij ehukdkjh ds vkHkw"k.k cukus dh gLrf'kYi Fksok dyk dgykrh gSA Fksok dyk dsvkfo"dkjd iqjkus tekus ds ukFkwth lksuh gSA bl gLrdyk esa gjs] yky] ihys] uhysvkSj gjs dk°p dh ijr ij lksus dh ijEijkxr uDdk'kh vkSj fp=kadu fd;k tkrkgSA izrkix<+ dh bl fof'k"V dyk dk mYys[k bulkbDyksihfM;k fczVfudk ds ih*[kaM esa fd;k x;k gSA

izrkix<+ jktLFkku dh laLœfr dk ifjpk;d cu dj mHkj jgk gSA ;gk° dhFksok dyk fons'kksa esa jktLFkkuh laLœfr dks c<+kok ns jgh gSA ;gk° ds /kkfeZd LFkyLons'kh i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj jgk gSA xksrses'oj egknso jktLFkkui;ZVu dk ,d izeq[k LFky ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA izrkix<+ esa fofHkUu /keZ ds yksxksads jgrs gq, Hkh ;g fo'ks"k izdkj ds lkekftd okrkoj.k] laLFkkvksa] izFkkvksa] /keZ]n'kZu] fyfi] Hkk"kk rFkk dykvksa dk fodkl djds viuh fof'k"V laLÑfr dk fuekZ.kdj jgk gS tks jktLFkku laLœfr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vxzlj gks jgh gSA

*****

gmßJmZa H$m EoVhmogH$ dÛ N>[mB© C⁄mJ__Vm amH$mZm

dÛ H$m AmaÂ^ g hr _mZd H$r ]woZ`mXr AmdÌ`H$Vm _mZm J`m h° & dÛod›`mg H$r ^maVr` [aÂ[am ‡À`H$ jÃ odef H$ ^yñ^mJ, [`m©daU d Obdm`w g‡^modV ahr h° & dÛ oZ_m©U d dÛ aßJmB©ñN>[mB© H$r [aÂ[am CVZr hr [wamZr h° oOVZrH$r Òd`ß _mZd H$ BoVhmg H$r H$hmZr h° & ogßYw g‰`Vm hm `m d°oXH$ H$mb, _mZdoZo_©V dÛm|$ H$ H$mVZñ]wZZ Am°a aßJZñN>m[Z H$ CXmhaU ha H$mb _|$ o_bV ah h¢ &‹rañYra dÛ EH$ ]woZ`mXr AmdÌ`H$Vm H$ gmW hr A[Zr ododYVm d odH$ogVVH$ZrH$m| H$ gmW EH$ C⁄mJ ]Z J`m h° oOgZ ^maVr` OZ OrdZ H$ g—∂T> AmoW©H$AmYma H$m Í$[ b ob`m & ^maVr` dÛ C⁄mJ H$r g_yM odÌd _|> EH$ AbJ hr [hMmZh° & ^maVr` aßJmB©ñN>[mB© H$r ododYVm g^r H$m _Z _mh bVr h° & ^maVr` dÛm| H$rJwUdŒmm, aßJ od›`mg d CZH$ ‡mH•$oVH$ aßJm|$ g gO ]b ]yQ|> g^r H$m ha `wJ _| AmÌM`©MoH$V H$aV h¢ &

^maVr` hÒV oZo_©V dÛ C⁄mJ _| amOÒWmZ H$ gyVr dÛm|$ H$m odef _hÀdo_bm h°& amOÒWmZ H$ ]hwaßJr dÛm|$ _| ]ßYO d aßJmB© N>[mB© H$m gdmÀH•$Ô> H$m`© XIm OmgH$Vm h° & hmW g N>[ dÛm| _| bH$∂S>r H$ R>fl[ („bm∞H$) g N>m[ OmZ dmb dÛ amOÒWmZH$ ]JÍ$ d gmßJmZa _|$ ÒWmZr` OZ OrdZ H$ ÒdmdbÂ]Z H$m gw—∂T> H$aV ah h¢> &

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[oaoeÔ> gßª`m 4 H$m Vm_´ñ[Ã oX. _ßJbdma, 29 oXgÂ]a 1835 ([mg gwXr10, od.gß. 1892) H$m h° & `h Vm_´ñ[Ã ^r _hmamUm OJVogßh ¤mam ‡XmZ oH$`m J`mWm oH$›Vw ghr H$m h Vm_´ñ[Ã PJ∂S> _|> (XßJm _|) Im J`m Wm & AVï _hmamUm OdmZogßhZ [wZï oZU©` H$a, gdJ (gdm H$aZ dmbm) ÒdÍ$[m Zdbm ZßXm OmoV [wÓH$aUm Ï`mg H$m_m∞S>b Jm±d _| R>mHw$aOr lr efghmÒr H$ _ßoXa H$m S>mbr (_m\ r H$r H•$of ^yo^) _|$55 ]rKm O_rZ bmJVño]bJV, Í$I, d•j, Hw$Am, oZdmU gohV CXH$ AmJmQ> lram_A[©U (XmZ _|$ Xr JB© _m\ r H$r O_rZ) H$a Xr JB©, oOg ImV [rV ah| & amO _| OmbmJV bJVr hm dh Vm br OmdJr & oH$›Vw ZB© bmJV Zht bJJr & oH$gr Vah H$r[aemZr (IMb) Zht hmJr VWm [wamZr (bmJV) o_Q>Jr> Zht Am°a ZB© (bmJV) bJJr

Zht & `h [w ` lrOr _hmamUm H$m h° Om R>mHw$aOr H$ _ßoXa H$r gdm H$aJm dh CgH$mC[^mJ H$aVm ahJm & 15 ]rKm [rdb O_rZ VWm 40 ]rKm [∂S>V O_rZ amgt>J[wam H$amÒV [a h°, CgH$r Vmbm] g gX°d H$r ^mßoV o[bmB© hmVr ah & Bg ^mßoV Hw$b 55 ]rKmO_rZ [w `mW© Xr JB© h° & Vm_´ [Ã Omar H$aZ dmbm _hVm CÂ_Xogßh VWm obIZ dmbm[ßMmbr gyaVogßh ZmWyam_mV h° &

Bg ‡H$ma BZ Vm_´ñ[Ãm|$ g _dm∂S> H$ emgH$m|$ H$r Ymo_©H$ CXmaVm Edß XmZñ[w ` H$r ‡d•oŒm H$r OmZH$mar o_bVr h°, dht `h ^r kmV hmVm h° oH$ [yd© H$ emgH$m| ¤mamXmZ _| Xr JB© O_rZ H$m Vm_´ñ[Ã òX Jw_ hm J`m Vm ^r VÀH$mbrZ _hmamUm Cg Vm_´ñ[Ã H$m ZdrZrH$aU H$aH$ oOg C‘Ì` H$r [yoV© H$ obE O_rZ Xr JB© Wr dh Cgr Í$[ _|$Cg dße H$ Ïò∫$ odef H$ [wZï ]hmb H$r JB© h° & _m±>S>b Jm±d _| ]∂S>m Vmbm] hmZ H$H$maU Vmbm] d Zha g ogßoMV hmZ dmbr O_rZ AoYH$ Xr JB© h° VmoH$ [∂S>V O_rZ H$mC[`mJ d C[^mJ hm gH$ & Jma_m (Jm±d H$r gr_m g bJ IV) H$r O_rZ ZrbHß$R>_hmXd H$ [wOmar H$m Xr JB© h°, Om [`m©· C[OmD hmVr h° & Ò[Ô> h° oH$ _ßoXa g bJrO_rZ H•$of H$m`© hVw Xr JB© oOgH$r ogßMmB© dht$ ]Zr ]md∂S>r g hmJr VmoH$ oedmb`H$r oÃH$mb AmaVr, [yOmñAM©Zm AmoX g_` g_` [a hmVr ah & `m| ZrbHß$R> _hmXd_ßoXa H$ JwßgmB©, C[mgam H$ òV d 36 H$m°_ H$ [ßMm`VZ _ßoXa lrefghmÒr H$ [ßS>ñ[wOmar H$m Xr JB© O_rZ g _hmamUm H$r Ymo_©H$ gohÓUwVm H$m [Vm bJVm h° oH$ e°d, O°ZEdß d°ÓUd Y_© H$ ‡oV _hmamUm H$m EH$ emgH$ H$ Í$[ _|$ g_^md Wm & gmW hr BgO_rZ [a oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$r ZdrZ bmJV AmoX Zht bJJr & O_rZ [a bJ Íß$I,$d•j, Hw$Am, Obme` AmoX H$m dh Ïò∫$ C[^mJ H$a gH$Jm [a›Vw [yd© g [aÂ[amJVbmJV| Om am¡` _| O_m H$amV ah h¢ d Cgr Vah `WmdV ahJr & O_rZ H$r oH$Ò_ [rdb,Jma_m, [∂S>V, Zhar AmoX H$r OmZH$mar ^r hmVr h° & _dm∂S> am¡` H$ AoYH$moa`m| _|_hVm ImZXmZ H$ CÂ_Xogßh d H$m`ÒW [oadma H$ [ßMmbr gyaVogßh ¤mam Vm_´ñ[Ã OmarH$aZ d obI OmZ H$m CÎbI ^r h_|$ ‡m· hmVm h° & Bg_| h_| o]Zm oH$gr OmoVJV^X^md H$ _dm∂S>ñemgZ ‡Umbr H$r Hw$ebVm H$m ]mY ^r hmVm h° & Bg ‡H$ma Vm_´ñ[ÃVÀH$mbrZ _dm∂S> H$ amOZ°oVH$, gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ BoVhmg H$m obIZ_|$ [`m©· ghm`H$ og’ hmV h¢ &

[oaoeÔ> gßª`m ñ 1& & lr JUem` ‡gmXmVw & & lr am_mOòV & & & lrEH$obßJOr ‡gmXmVw

ghr ^mbm

_hmamOmoYamO _hmamUm lr OdmZogßh Or AmXemVw _m∞S>b am JwgmB© H$mgr[wargßH$a[war H$Ò` Jm_ _m∞S>b ah _hmXd lr brbH$R>Or a Xdam bma O_r drJm 30) Vrg

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AmJ _hmamUm lr OJVgtKOr _hmamUm lr AagrOr _hmamUm lr ^r_gtK am oX XmXŒm Orar H$]O OmoV ahr Vram ZraYma H$a [mN>r D XH$ AmJmQ> lr grdmE Aa[U H$aVm]m [Ã H$a XrdmUm hma bmJV ]rbJV Hw$S>m ZrdmU Èf, d´fmgwXm gm hmb MbwfmVm[mdVm Ïh gm fmgr [m`m Omgr Am [wZ lr Oram h° amO Âh bmJV bmJVr ÏhJm gmbdmEJm Zdr Vm ÏhJm ›hr OwZr _Q>Jm ›hr drJV 14) [rdb _mar Wr [rd ]md∂S>r &ÈÈÈÈ16 dV Jma_m ¡_ Y´Vr drJm 30) Vrg Z Q>H$m 2 Xm` XrZ ‡V H$m gaam Mbw [mdJmbH$ Wr Y_´ fmVm Âh [m`m Omgr gdXÃm [aXÃm dmO haVr dgwY´ ]´Ô>r d´f ghgm UrdrgXm gOm EV H´$_m ‡V Xwd ÂhVm D _XgrK brfVm [ßMmbr gwaVgrK ZmWwam_m°V g_V1891 am AgmS> drX 11 adD

[oaoeÔ> gßª`m 2& & lrJUem` ‡gmXmVw && lr am_mOòV & & & lrEH$obßJOr ‡gmXmVw

ghr ^mbm

_hmamOmoYamO _hmamUm lr OdmZogßKOr OdmZogßKOr AmXgmVw OoV grdM›XMbm kmZM›X H$Ò` Jm_ _m∞S>b Âh YóV odJm 18 AR>mam AmJ _hmamUm lr ]∂S>mOJVogßKOr XrXm CXH$ Orar H$]O XßJm _|> OmVr ahr Vram Adma ZaYma H$a [mN>m Vm]m[Ã H$a CXH$ AmYmQ> lr am_mAa[U H$a XdmUm gm Bam Mbw ImVm [rdVm dJm Oagm]V ahKm Oram Hw$S>m$ oZdmU Í$I d•I bmJV dbJV ga] gwXr gm Wmar fm`m [r`mOm¡`m AmJ amO _| bmJV bmJoV dJm gm bdmJ`Jm gdm` H$mB© ]mV ar IMb dJmZhr Zdr dJm Zht Z OwZr _Q>Jm> Zht `m [w›` lrOr am h...`m Oo_Z C\ mgam ar bmah...... Oo_ar drJV.... 18 [rdb drJm AR>mam Vmbmd ar [N>ma _| Oo_ odJm 18AR>mam Vbmd gy [rd [Î`m Omgr g]XÃm [aXÃm dmO haVr dgwZYam ‡dÒQ>r df ghgamUrdrg Om`V H´$_r$ _hVm CÂ_XogßK [ßMmbr gyaVogßK ZmWwam_mV g_V≤ 1892 df_rJ©ga ]wX 5 ^m_

[oaoeÔ> gßª`m 3& & lrJUg ‡gmXmVw && lr am_mOòV & & & lrEH$obßJOr ‡gmXmVw

ghr ^mbm

_hmamOoYamO _hmamUm lr OdmZogßK Or AmXgmVy OmoV gdY Mbm JmZMßXamH$Ò` Jm_ _m∞S>b _h OoV drJm 50) [Mmg am D XH$ lr lr XmXOr amO am XrXm XV Orar H$]O ZOa dJB© Vram Adma ZaYma H$a [mQ>m° Vm]m [Ã H$a D XH$ AmJmQ> lr am_mAa[U H$a XdmUr h gm B©am Mbm fmVm [rdVm OmdJm Oa gm]V ahJm Oram Hy$S>m$ZrdmU Í$f d•f© bmJV ]bJV ga] gwXr `mar Ww fm`m [rOm Om AmJ amO _h bmJVbmJoV dJm gm bdmJm gdm` H$mB© dmVar fMb dJm Zht Zdr OyZr _rQ>Jm> Zht `m [w›`

lr Oramh....... O_r ar drJV..................50) dhV drJm [Mmg.........O_rdVu drJm 50) [Mmg [Î`m Om gr gdXÃ [aXÃm dmÒ haVr ]gyZYam f´Q>r d´fghg hg amßUr drgQ>m` Om`Vr H´$_r$ ‡V Xwd _hVm D _XgtK brfVm [ßMmbr gwaVgtKZmWyam Vm gß]V≤ 1892 df _J©ga drX 5 ^m_[oaoeÔ> gßª`m 4& & lrJUg ‡gmXmVw && lr am_mOòV & & & lrEH$obßJOr ‡gmXmVw

ghr ^mbm_hmamOmoYamO _hmamUm lr OdmZgtJOr AmXgmVw gdJ gaw[m Zdbm ZßXm

OmV [mfam d´g Jm_ _mS>b _h R>mHw$a $lr efgmhOr a _Xam bma S>mbr ar Y´Vr drJm55) [MmdZ dwXH$ _hmamUm lr OJVgtJ Or ]∂S>m am ghr g Vm]m [Ã hm Om XßJm _mhOmVm aAm gm A]ma ZaU H$a [mN>m Zdm Vm]m [Ã H$a bmJV ]rbJV awf d´f Hw$dm$ZrdmU gwXr dwXH$ AmYmQ> lr am_mAa[U H$a Xr Xr gm hg] Zw fmVm [rVm ]mJm B©_ WÊ`mar fmAm [rAm OmOm amO _h bmJV bmJVr dJm Om b] dJm g ]m bw fM hmJmZhr OwZr _Q> Zhr Zdr Zdhr Am[wZ lr Oram h lr R>mHw$aOr g Â›dm H$aJ Om AmO_rfmAm OmdJm O_r ar drJV 15) [rdb 40) [∂V [rMbm d‡agt>J[wam a Jbm D ‡Vbmd gw[rd gXm]ßX O_ ]rm 55) [MmdZ gdXÃm ‡XÃm ]m[ O Xa Vr]gwZY´‡ghr„V[g Xg amUr ]´m[am Çmm`V H$Zm ‡V Xwd _hVm D _XgrK brfVm [ßMmbr gwaVgt$KZmWwam_m g_V 1892 am [mg gwX 10

*****

amOÒWmZ _| AZwgyoMV OmoV`m| H$r EoVhmogH$ [•> yo_amYm Hw$_mar

amOÒWmZ am¡` H$m dram| H$r aU^yo_ H$hm OmVm h¢ & amOÒWmZ ^maV H$ [oÌM__| oÒWV Jm°adembr am¡` h° & amOÒWmZ EH$ odemb ‡Xe h°, Om ‡mMrZ H$mb g hr^maVdf© H$ Jm°ad_` BoVhmg H$m g•OZ H$aVm Am`m h¢ &

7dt eVm„Xr g [yd© amOÒWmZ _| dUm©l_ Ï`dÒWm gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$m _ybAmYma Wr & dUm©l_ e„X Xm e„Xm| "dU©' VWm "Aml_' g o_bH$a ]Zm h° & dU©Ï`dÒWm VWm Aml_ ` XmZm| hr dUm©l_ _| goÂ_obV h¢ & boH$Z _hmH$mÏ` H$mb _| dU©H$m O›_O _mZm OmZ bJm & Om Ïò∫$ oOg dU© _| O›_ bVm Wm, dh Cg dU© H$A›VJ©V hr ahVm Wm & Bg ‡H$ma dU© dßemZwJV hmV JE & odXer OmoV`m| H$ `hm± AmZAm°a `ht ]g OmZ g g_Ò`m `h CÀ[fi hwB© oH$ BZ odXoe`m| H$m oH$g ‡H$ma dU©ñ

293


Ï`dÒWm H$ A›VJ©V bm`m OmE & BZ odXoe`m| H$ gmW d°dmohH$ gÂ]›Ym| H$ H$maUg_mO _| AZH$ ZEñZE g_yh CÀ[fi hm JE & B›ht g OmoV`m| H$m ogbogbm AmaÂ^hwAm & O] dU© Ï`dÒWm OoQ>b Am°a H$R>ma hmH$a bw· hm JB© V] BZH$m ÒWmZ OmoVñ‡Wm Z b ob`m & OmoV gm_moOH$ od^mOZ H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h° & OmoV EH$ gm_moOH$Ï`dÒWm h° oOg_| Hw$N> oZ`ßÃUm| H$ AYrZ ‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ H$m A[Zm OrdZ o]VmZm [∂S>Vmh° & gßÒH•$V e„X OZ≤ g ]Zm h° & OZ≤ H$m AW© O›_XmVm hmVm h° & AVï OmoV O›_ g hrÏò∫$ H$m EH$ odef gm_moOH$ oÒWoV o_b OmVr h° & ‡À`H$ OmoV H$m EH$ Xyga gAbJ ]VbmZ H$ obE oddmh, ImZñ[mZ, Ymo_©H$ oH´$`mH$bm[, o_bZ-OwbZ AmoXH$ odf` _|$ Hw$N> ]›YZ hmV h¢$ oOgg odo^fi OmoV`m± EH$ Xyga g Hw$N> gm_moOH$ XyaraIVr h° & Hw$N> OmoV`m|$ H$m ÒWmZ CÉ hmVm h° Am°a Hw$N> H$m oZÂZ & CZ_|$ Ïò∫$JV`mΩ`Vm Am°a Hw$ebVm H$m H$mB© _hÀd Zht$ hmVm h° & _Oy_Xma VWm _XmZ ]VbmV h¢ oH$"OmoV EH$ ]›X dJ© h° oOg_| Ïò∫$ H$r oÒWoV _| [oadV©Z hmZ H$r H$mB© JwßOmBe hr ZhrhmVr h° & EH$ OmoV H$m gXÒ` AmOrdZ Xygar OmoV H$m gXÒ` Zht ]Z gH$Vm h° &'

AZwgyoMV OmoV`m| _| CZ OmoV`m| H$m _mZm OmVm h° Om ‡mMrZH$mb _| ey– d AdUm~H$m dU© Ï`dÒWm _| H$mB© ÒWmZ Zht Wm & d AÀÒ _mZ OmV W Am°a C›h| Jmßd H$rAm]mXr H$ ]mha ahZm [∂S>Vm Wm & CZH$r g]g ]∂S>r [aemZr Bg H$maU Wr oH$ Bg OmoVH$ bmJm|$ H$m J›Xm _mZm OmVm Wm Am°a CZg K•Um H$r OmVr Wr Am°a CZH$ gmW `wJm|ß$ VH$gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ ^X^md aIm OmVm Wm &

amOÒWmZ _|$ oZÂZ OmoV`mß AZwgyoMV OmoV`m| _| _mZr OmVr h¢ ñ (1) AmoXY_u(2) Ahar (3) ]mXr (4) ]mJar (5) ]°adm (6) ]mOJa (7) ]bmB© (8) ]mßg\ m∂S>(9) ]mdar (10) dJu (11) ]mdoa`m (12) dS>r`m (13) ^m S> (14) ^ßJr (15)drXmoH$`m (16) ]mbm (17) M_ma (18) M S>mb (19) S>]Ja (20) KmZH$ (21)YmUoH$`m (22) Ym]r (23) T>mbr (24) S>m_ (25) Jo S>`m (26) JaßMm (27) Jam(28) Jdmoa`m (29) JmYr (30) OrUmJa (31) H$mb]ob`m (32) H$m_∂S> (33)Hß$Oa$ (34) H$m_o∂S>`m (35) admZJa (36) IQ>rH$ (37) H$mbr (38) Hy$M]›X(39) H$moa` (40) _Xmar (41) _ha (42) _Kdßer (43) _Oh]r (44) _Jm _mVßJmo_Zr_moXJ (45) _mßJ JamS>r (46) _K (47) _ha (48) ZQ> (49) [mgr (50)amdb (51) gmÎdr (52) gmßgr (53) gmoQ>`m (54) ga^ßJr (55) gaJam (56)ogßJrdmbm (57) Wmar (58) VraJa (59) Vyar &

*****

]rH$mZa am¡` _| ab `mVm`mV H$m odH$mg(1887-1943 B©.)

S>m∞. (gwlr) o]›Xw ^grZ

_hmamOm JßJmogßhOrZ$ `h AZw^d oH$`m Wm oH$ ]rH$mZa am¡` H$m ôdÓògßMmB© Am°a ab `mVm`mV H$ odH$mg [a oZ^©a H$aVm h° & Ohm± VH$ ogßMmB© gwodYmAm| H$m‡ÌZ Wm, Cg_| AZH$ H$oR>ZmB©`m± Wr & ]rH$mZa am¡` H$r A[Zr H$mB© ZXr Zht Wr,aoJÒVmZr jÃ _| ZhañoZ_m©U ^r gab H$m`© Zht Wm, `h `mOZm A›` [∂S>m°gr am¡`m|H$r X`m [a oZ^©a Wr AVï C›hm|Z [oaoÒWoV`m| H$m ^m±[V hwE ab C⁄mJ H$ odH$mg [a]b oX`m & ]rH$mZa H$ obE ab C⁄mJ EH$ ÒWmB© Am°a bm^H$mar odoZ`mOZ h° Om `hm±$H$ oZdmog`m|$ H$m amOJma H$ Adga ‡XmZ H$aJm Am°a ]rH$mZa am¡` H$r OZVm H$mCZH$r EH$ ÒWmB© g_Ò`m AH$mbm|$ H$r ^rfU od^rofH$m g amhV oXbm gH$Jm AVïOmY[wa am¡` H$ VH$ZrH$r AZw^dm|$ H$m bm^ CR>mZ H$ obE 13 OwbmB©, 1889 B©. H$mOmY[wa _hmamOm H$ gmW EH$ g_Pm°Vm oH$`m oOgH$ AZwgma ñ

1. ]rH$mZa Am°a OmY[wa _hmamOm Z OmY[wa H$m ab bmB©Z g Om∂S>Z H$r ÒdrH•$oV‡XmZ H$r & `h ab bmB©Z OmY[wa ]rH$mZa abd H$hbmEJr VWm [yU© Í$[ g XmZm|$ am¡`m|H$r gÂ[oŒm hmJr & XmZm| am¡` A[ZñA[Z jÃm| _| abm| H$r Am` H$ Òdm_r hm|J &

2. ab bmB©Z o]N>mZ, CgH$ aIñaImd Edß A›` Ï`` H$ obE ]rH$mZa am¡`YZ C[b„Y H$amEJm &

3. ]rH$mZa am¡` OmY[wa am¡` H$m 20 bmI Í$[` 4 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ „`mO H$rXa [a CYma XJm oOgH$r AXm`Jr 3 bmI Í$[` dmof©H$ oH$ÌV H$ Í$[ _|$ OmY[wa am¡`H$aJm&

4. ab bmB©Z o]N>mZ [a AZw_moZV Ï`` H$m „`m°am XmZm| am¡` ^maV gaH$ma H$mX|J$&

5. ab bmB©Z o]N>mZ Am°a XI^mb H$aZ H$m H$m`© OmY[wa abd H$m _°ZOaAÒWmB© Vm°a [a H$aJm Edß ab bmB©Z o]N>mZ H$m H$m`© OmY[wa g AmaÂ^ oH$`m OmEJm &

6. ab H$_©Mmar Edß [wobg AmoX H$r Ï`dÒWm _°ZOa H$ AYrZ hmJr & ]rH$mZaam¡` H$ jÃ _|$ `h Ï`dÒWm ]rH$mZa _hmamOm H$r ÒdrH•$oV g hmJr &

7. ]rH$mZa jÃ H$r ab bmB©Z [a XrdmZr Am°a \ m°OXmar H$m AoYH$ma ]rH$mZa_hmamOm H$m hmJm &

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8. ^maV gaH$ma H$r ÒdrH•$oV g `h ab bmB©Z o]N>mZ H$m H$m`© ewÍ$ hmJm EdßCgH$m ‡oVoZoY Bg ab bmB©Z H$m oZarjU H$a gH$Jm &

9. ab bmB©Z H$ gmWñgmW bmB©Z o]N>mB© OmEJr oOgH$m C[`mJ XmZm|$ am¡`H$a|J & XmZm| am¡` A[ZñA[Z jÃ _| Vma bmB©Z H$m Ï`` ^r dhZ H$a|J & Vma bmB©Z H$C[`mJ _| ^maV gaH$ma H$ abñVma oZ`_ bmJy hm|J &

OmY[wa _hmamOm Z 30 OwbmB©, 1889 B©. H$m Am°a dmgàm` ¤mam 27 AJÒV1889 B©. H$m C[`w©∫$ g_P°V H$m ÒdrH•$oV ‡XmZ H$r & `h g_Pm°Vm am¡` H$ gro_VgmYZm|$ H$m XIV hwE abd g Am` ]∂T>mZ hVw ]wo’_Vm[yU© H$m`© Wm & BgZ am¡` H$Ï`m[moaH$ _mJm~ H$m [wZï abd H$ _m‹`_ g OrodV H$aZ H$m H$m`© H$a oX`m &

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]rH$mZa am¡` H$r gßÒH•$oV H$ VÀd ï‡_wI À`mhma d _b (1818-1949)

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_hmZ Hy$Q>ZroVk Omob_ogßh Pmbm(1739 B©. g 1824 B©.)

S>m∞. [rVmÂ]a XŒm e_m©

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18dt eVm„Xr H$ hm∂S>m°Vr AßMb H$ _bm|$H$m Ymo_©H$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ _hÀd

S>m∞. ¡`mÀgZm lrdmÒVd

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_bm| H$m CÎbI h° O°g _bm MmßX I∂S>r, _bm CÂ_XJßO, [m°f _bm AmoX &

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"_K YmÍ$ Wm∞ar oZP©a dmUr &

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aVZJ∂T> hdob`m| H$ oôŒmoMÃm| _| [mÌMmÀ`gßÒH•$oV$ñEH$ EoVhmogH$ Yamha

H$odVm XmYrM

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300


List of MembersFounder MembersLate Dr. A.L. Srivastva Late Shri N.R. KhadgawatLate Dr. S.P. Srivastva Late Dr. Dasharatha SharmaLate Shri R.S. Kapur Late Shri N.N. AcharyaShri L.P. Vaisya Late Prof. G.N. SharmaLate Dr. M.S. Jain Dr. R.P.VyasLate Rao Narayan Singh Of Masooda

PatronsShri G.C.Kanungo, Managing Director, Alcobex Ltd., JodhpurShri S.R. Mehta, Mehta Vanaspati Products, ChittorgarhShri Hemendra Singh, Banera, District BhilwaraDr. S.S. Bhandawat, Bhandawat Foundation, Manak Chowk, JodhpurDr. Nagendra Singh, Justice, International Court Of Justice, The HagueUnited Books Traders, Ratanada, Jodhpur

Life MembersThe Bank Of Rajasthan(Ltd.), JaipurShri K.K. Purohit, JodhpurDr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Natnagar Sodh Sansthan, SitamauProfessor Mananori Sato, Faculty Of Economics, Asia University, Tokyo-Iso-

(Japan)Professor D.C.Shukla,’Parijat’c-38,Krishna Nagar,Pali Road, JodhpurShri Om Prakash Mohta House, 29-Srand Road, CalcuttaShri Mullapudi Timmragugaru,TanukaAndhra PradeshShri Prasanna Mal Mohnot, 67, Mahaveer Nagar, PaliShri C.P. Mathur, E-27, Chanakya Place (I), Pankha Rad, New Delhi-110059Shri Sajjan Singh Ranawat,UdaipurDr.V.K.Trivedi, 26, Shanti Nagar, SirohiDr.Arvind Parihar, Dept.Of History, JNV University, JodhpurDr.B.L.Upmanyu, Lecuter In History, SD Govt.College, BeawarDr.Girish Nath Mathur,1 Gh 41,Gayatri Nagar, Hiran Magri, Sector-5,UdaipurDr.Iswar Singh Ranawat, Research Officer,Pratapsodh Pratisthan,UdaipurDr.J.K.Ojha,Near Post Office, Kanore, UdaipurDr.M.R.Choudhary,Dept.Of History,JNV University, Jodhpur

Dr.Manoramaupadhyaya, 128, Nehru Park, E Road, Sardarpura, JodhpurProf. Meena Gaur,19-Gokul Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, UdaipurDr.Mohabat Singh Rathore, Research Office,Pratap Sodh Pratisthan, UdaipurDr. Mrs. Shashi Arora, Head, Dept. Of History, Govt. College, KotaDr. N.K. Upadhayay, Lecturer In History, Govt. College Ajmer, AjmerDr. Pramila Singhvi, Pranjal, Sector 3, Hiran Margi, UdaipurDr. S.C. Agarwal, 99, Shatri Nagar, AjmerProf. S.K. Purohit, Behind Bannath Temple, Sukhanand ki Bagechi, Siwanchi

Gate, JodhpurProf. S.P.Vyas, Asop ki Pole, Near Juni Mandi, JodhpurDr. S.S. Bais, C-217, Krishna Nagar, Pali Road,JodhpurProf. Vinita Parihar, B-16, Shatri Nagar, Jodhpur Dr. Mrs. Digvijay Bhatnagar, E 27, University Qtrs., Durga Nursury Road,

UdaipurDr. Mrs. Usha Purohit, Lecturer In History, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JodhpurMr. C.S. Sharma, Lecturer In History, Govt. College, SheoganjMr. Dinesh Rathi, Hariom Bhawan, Bada Bas, Mathania, JodhpurMr. F.K. Kapil, Secretary, Jaya Kapil Poort Nyas, Pakon Ka Bas, JodhpurDr. Raju Ram, V & P Rarod, Via Asop, JodhpurMrs. Kamla Jain, 26, Sharda Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, UdaipurMrs. Pawan Maru, C/O Manish Agency, Kala Khet, Mandsore, Mandsore

(M.P.)Mrs. Shashi Kala, C-71, Dharam Narayan Ka Hatha, Paota, JodhpurProf. G.S.L. Devra, 10 G 8, ‘Parijat’, SFS Mahaver Nagar, Extn.III, KotaProf. V.K. Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, JaipurProf. Nilima Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, JaipurDr. Usha Shah, Govt. College Pali, Pali-MarwarDr. Shobhagya Goyal, C/O Ram Goyal, Advocate, H.M. Mohalla, Ghaseti Bazar,

AjmerDr.Hukum Chand Jain, 19,Basant Vihar Special, KotaProf. K.G. Sharma, Deptt. Of History, University Of Rajasthan, JaipurMrs. Tara Jain, W/O U.C. Jain, G-34, Shastri Nagar, JodhpurDr. Seema Garg, Opp. 107, Vallabhbari, KotaDr. Usha Vyas, 1 Gha Sabarmati Clny., KotaMrs. Nidhi Sharma, D-299, Ktps, Sakatpura, KotaMrs. Seema Gupta, A-9, Gayatri Vihar, Police Line, KotaDr. Karuna Joshi, 150, Pwd Quarter, New Colony, DungarpurDr. Shankar Goyal, 41, Sardar Club Scheme, JodhpurDr.Anila Purohit, ‘Kamla Kunj’, 5th D/76, Hudgo, J.N.Vyas Colony, Bikaner

301


Dr. Meghna Sharma Paliwal, Asst.Prof. Deptt. Of History, Maharaja GangaSingh University, Bikaner

Dr. Neelam Sharma, Near Water Works, Old City, KishangarhDr. Satish Kumar Trigunayat, B 48 A, Jawahar Nagar, BharatpurDr. Pushpa Dullar, 52- Arvind Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BasasthaliMs. Urmila Parihar D/O Shri Mool Chand, Behind Adarsh Vidya Mandir,

Sheoganj, SirohiDr. Alok Kumar Gupta, Lecturer In History, R-398, Padam Vilas, Bharatpur-

321001Dr. Sharda Sharma, E-47, Khaturia Colony, BikanerDr. Meenakshi Sharma, Shri Ram Swaroop Bohra, 12- Inder Nagar, Sunderwas,

UdaipurMs Iti Mograkaran Singh Mogra, C/O Phool Chand Mehta, 382/B, Ashok Nagar,

Moksh Marg, UdaipurDr. Neelam Gaur, Near Govt. Hospital, Von Girls College, Hanumangarh TownDr. Anita Kwadia, Meera Girls College, UdaipurMs Pratibha, A-342, Chandvardai Nagar, AjmerDr.(Mrs.) Nirmal Kashyap, House No. 30, Type III, MD university, RohtakDr. Sushila Shaktawat, 21 Ghati magri, Penariyon ki Madri, Holi Chowk, UdaipurAvinash Parek, Savitri Villa, Kishan Hostel, Sardarsaher, ChuruDr. Aashish Chouhan, Aashish Sadan, Godon Ka Chowk, JodhpurMs Shikha Choudhary Charan Singh Girls Hostel, Tilak Nagar, BikanerDr. Anju Suthar, 3/46, New Officer’s Colony, Opp. Police Line, BarmerMahendra Chudhary, Stadium Road, Nehru Nagar, BarmerG.S. Gupta, 4/267,Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017Dr. Dinesh Bhargava, R-399,Padam Villa, 1 G.P. Office, Bharatpur-321001Sowrabh Sharma, 8-Bapuji Marg, opp.State Motor Garge, 22-Gogam, Jaipur-01Kailash Songara, 2 Sa 35, UIT Colony, Pratap Nagar, JodhpurOm Prakash Bhati, D-137, Kirti Nagar, P.Mandore Mandi, JodhpurDr. Aruna Soni, ‘Aashirwad’, Near Ladnun Bus Stand, Naya Bas, SujangarhDr.Mukesh Harsha, Harsho ka Chowk, BikanerDr. Mahendra Purohit, Joshiwada, BikanerDr. V.N. Singh, south Extn. Pawanpuri, BikanerRajshekhar Purohit,3/18, Mukta Prasad Nagar, BikanerDr. Jagdish Narayan Ojha, Barah Guward Ka Chowk, Nahtaniyo ki Saray Ke

Pas, BikanerMrs. Champa Agarwal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls’ College, SujangarhDr. Prabhat Swami, N.M.P.G. College, HanumangarhGyarsi Swami, Vill.Tedi via Jaswantgarh, T.Ladanun, Nagaur

Dr. Nayna Acharya, 72-Amarnath Bhawan, opp. M.G. Hospital, JodhpurMrs. Sonal Purohit, C/o Sunil Bora, Near Tapi Baori, Nathawaton Ki Gali, JodhpurDr. Nidhi Srivastava, Sona Devi Sethia Girls’ College, SujangarhDr. Vikram Singh Gundoj, 160, Teacher’s Colony, Chopasani, JodhpurMrs. Santosh Vyas, Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls’ College, SujangarhMs. Asha Bhargava, Vice-Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls’ College, SujangarhDr. Anju Jain, w/o Jatan Kumar Jain, Mertawari, NagaurMrs. Darshana Joshi, Rai Bahadur Gali, Daga Chowk, BikanerDr. Pradeep Singh Rathore, Govt. College Dhorimanna, BarmerMs Rashami Meena, Asst. Prof.,Department of History, JNV University, JodhpurNand Kishore Bhutra, Jaiselmerion ki Gali, Navchowkiya, JodhpurDr. T.V.Vyas, Nathawaton ki Bari, Near Nyon-ka-Bar, Navchowkiya, JodhpurDr. Anil Purohit, C/o Avinash Purohit, Ganesh Chowk, Gandhi Gali, Inside

Rakhi House, JodhpurDr. Sadhna Meghwal, W/o Dr. B.R. Meghwal, IPS, JH-7, Bhaghat ki Kothi Extn.

Scheme, JodhpurDr. Sajjan Poswal, 97-A, Gali No. 3, Krishna Nagar, Bajrang Nagar, KotaVijesh Gandhi, Foz-ka-Bada, Dungarpur-314001Ms Anuradha Srivastava, Govt. Girls College Pali, PaliRajni Sharma, C-211, Gautam Marg, Hanuman Nagar, JaipurDr. Pushpa Sharma, 1262/12, Near Durga Temple, Shastri Nagar, KrukhshetraDr. Ramji Lal Kohli, Aman Vihar, Behind Gas Godam, DausaDr. Sunita Mehta, C/o Rakesh Mehta, C-3, Sir Pratap Colony, 5-Batti Circle,

Ratanada, JodhpurMs Nirmala MeenaSavita ChoudharyReenu Meena, 85, Bhagwati Nagar 1st ,Kartarpura, JaipurDr. Preeti Sharma, 4, Vivekanand Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliDr. Sulekha Shekhawat, opp. Khuchaman College, 13 Venkatesh Nagar,

Kuchaman CityDr. Neekee Chaturvedi, 3-Da-14, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur-302004Dr. Manju Gupta, 24/59, Swarn Path, Mansarowar, JaipurDr.(Mrs.) Vibha Upadhayaya, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur-04Mrs. Bindu Tiwari, Deptt. Of History, SD Govt. College, BeawarDr. D.P. Goswami, 131, Shastri Nagar, Beawar Road, AjmerMrs. Minakshi Deviratam, 2, Virendra Nagar, Near Mandore, JodhpurDr. Ravindra Tailor, 79-B, Munot Nagar, Out Side Nehru Gate, BeawarVirendra Sharma, 54-A, Jawahar Nagar, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road, JaipurDr. Anita Surana, D-19-B, Meera Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur-302016

302


Dr. Anuradha Mathur, C/o Mukesh Bhargav, F/5, Gandhi Nagar, UIT Colony,Ajmer-305001

Dr. Smita Mishra, 284- Arya Nagar, Scheme No.1, Alwar-301001Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma, E-327, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar-301001Dr. Satyendra Sharma, H-30, Shastri Nagar, Meerut City(U.P.)Mrs. Meera Ambesh, D-79, Hasan Khan Mewat Nagar, Alwar-301001Dr. Tafique Hussain, E-26, Civil Line, Shriganganagar-355001Surendra D.Soni, Lecturer in History, C/o Prem Khandelwal, Advocate, Shiv

Mandir, Naya Bas, Churu 331001Dr. Jyotsana Vyas, Plot no. 150, Patrakar Colony, NPH Road, JodhpurDr. B.N.Benjamin, 934, Faith Cottage, 9th D Road, Sardarpura, JodhpurYogwati Pareek, 2243-A, Sec-3, Faridabad-121004Dr. Alpanas Dubhashe, III, Ganga Nagar, AB Road, Dewas (M.P.) Rajesh Panwar, C/o Ambica cosmetics, Shop No. 271, Ganpati Plaza, KEM

Road, BikanerSushil Kumar Moyal, Near Ramdeo Temple, Otside Jassusar Gate, BikanerGopal Krishna Vyas, Near Samta Bhawan, Chabili Ghati, BikanerDr. K.R. Motsara, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal Nagar,

Hanumangarh Road, SangariaDr. Tamanna Singh, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal

Nagar, Hanumangarh Road, SangariaDr. Shilpa Mehta, R-4, AbhayBagh, Sardarpura, UdaipurDr. Ambika Dhaka, H.No. 67, Bajrang Niwas, Near Durgapura Ral. Station,

JaipurRakesh Kumar Yadava, VPO- Sirohe, The. Khetri, JhunjunuDr. Pranay Dev, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, JhalawarSunita Sawmi, Swami Mohalla, Inside Jasussar Gate, BikanerSharmila Swami, 6 B 04, JNV Colony, BikanerDr. Suman Dhakha, 224, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Nagar, Near Rani Sati Nagar, 200

Feet Byepass, Ajmer Road, JaipurDr. Archana Kalra, 56, Pratap Nagar Colony, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road

JaipurShri Harphool Singh, H.No. 67, Bajrang Vihar, Near Durgapura Rly. Station,

JaipurDr. Rahul Tripathi, 94/4, Agarwal Farm, Mansarovar, JaipurMeena Bhaskar, VPO- Ghassu via Khudi Badi, SikarSukharam, C/o H.R. Choudhary, 23, Lavkus Nagar 1st, Tonk Fatak, Jaipur Dr. Kulwant Singh Shekhawat, A-17, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, Jaipur

MembersMs Priyanka Khanna, 123/1, Ganga Vihar, Haridwar Road, DehradunAnil Gurawa, 94/96, Kubha Marg, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, JaipurMs Snehalata, H.No. 1798/12, Gali No. 5, Kalyan Nagar, Opp. University 2nd

Gate, KurukshetraProf. S.N. Dube, 28, Vijay Nagar Colony, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-17Dr. Mamta Rokna, 165, Gayatri Nagar 1st , Maharani Farm, Durgapura, JaipurDr. Hareet Kumar Meena, C-382, Mahesh Nagar, JaipurSunil Sharma, H.No. 69, Gali No. 5, RK Puram, Kunjpura, KarnalSarita Gondwal, H. No. 5274/2, Modern Housing Complex, Mani Najra,

ChandigarhGajanand Choudhary, Ratan Building, Jaipur Road, AjmerDr. Rashmi Agarwal, Mangal Bhawan, Adarsh Nagar, NathdwaraSarita Sarasar,Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Shekhawat, 339, New BJS Colony, JodhpurNamrata Swarnakar, P,29, Bheru Vilas,Opp. Swami Ayappa Temple, Near KV

No.1, JodhpurShyamlal, Gali No.2, Near Shyam Ji Kresar, Ashok Colony, Ram Sagar, JodhpurRajendra S. Shah, Arunodaya, 35/Dadhich Nagar, Paota C Road, JodhpurDr. Bhanwar Singh Rathore, President, Godwad Sanskratik Sodh Sansthan,

Ghanerav, PaliKaran Singh Chouhan, Godwad Sanskratik Sodh Sansthan, Ghanerav, PaliDr. H.J. Mangalani, JaipurDr. Jaya Mangalani, JaipurNidhi Komal,Deepshikha Lawaniya, Govt. College Ajmer, AjmerDr. M.K. Pundhir, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhAmar Pratap Singh, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhMeena Bhaskar, E-94, Police Path, Nirmal Nagar, JaipurDr. Vinod Kumar Singh, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhDr. Vijay Kumar, Deptt. Of History, MD University, RohtakDr. Yashvir Singh, JVMGRR College, Ch. Dawlri, BhiwaniDr. Uma Shankar Singh, PGDAV College, New DelhiMayank Gupta, Hanuman Mandir Gali, Jail Wall, BikanerMadhu Mehra, GCK, KishangarhAnurag Sharma, GCK, KishangarhDinesh Mandot, Shri Pragya College, Bijainagar (MDS)M.L. Mandot, Kuchaman College, Kuchaman CityAnurag Vijay, Govt. College Kota, Kota

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Hemant Kumar Dixit, Govt. College Swaimadhopur, SwaimadhopurDr. Sanjay Kumar, VPS ChawandiyaDr. Abhimanyu Singh Arha, Kalyan, 88, BGKT, Pali Road, JodhpurDr. Arvind Singh Tejawat, Brahmaputra, JNU, New Delhi-67Dr. Sunita Gahlal, A 309, Panchasheel Nagar, AjmerMs Sarita Chanwaria, Chandbardai Nagar, AjmerDr. Rashmi Upadhayaya, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhPooja Choudhary, 5/49, A-17, Prinee Nagar, AligarhPradeep Kumar Yadav, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhPushpendra Singh, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhNaziya Parveen, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhFazeela Shahnawaz, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhFatima Shahnawaz, Deptt. Of Psychology, AMU, AligarhAbdullah Chishti, ASCDOL, Jamia Millia Islamia, New DelhiNaiyer Azam, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhMs Babli Parveen, CHS, JNU, New Delhi – 67Seema Khan, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhSobiya Riaz, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhTariq Ahmed Sheikh, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhFarhat Kamal, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhSalim Ansari, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhShamim Bano, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhKanchan Lawania, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhKavita Dadheech, Baasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali UniversityDr. R.K. Dubey, BHU, VaranasiDr. Bindu Bhasin, Govt. Dungar College, BikanerDr. Shilpi Gupta, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliDr. Shikha, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliJalaluddin, SD Govt. College, BeawarDr. Parwej Nazir, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhDr. Jibraeil, CAS, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhDr. Mallika Bohra, MadarGali Shastri Colony, DungarpurDr. Archana Dwivedi, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, JhalawarRao Ganpat Singh Chitalwana, VPO Chitalwana, SanchoreDr. Sumer Patel, Plot No. 7, Anjana Patel Nagar, Air Force, JodhpurKiran Shekhawat, Plot No. 181, HB BJS, JodhpurProf. Shanta Sharma, Dayl Singh College, Lodi Road, DelhiAnkush Arora, H. No. 1535/38, Adarsh Nagar, AjmerMs Deepmala Panwar, Vibha Mansion, Madanganj, Kishangarh

Dr. Anshul , D 2, Goher Marg, Bapu Nagar, JaipurProf. T.K. Mathur, 156/10, Civil Lines, AjmerAsif Hussain, Behind Takkies, Chhoti Sadri, PratapgarhSachin Dixit, 44, Basant Vihar, Goverdhan Villas, UdaipurDr. Chandra Prabha Pareek, Govt. College Kishangarh, KishangarhDr.(Mrs.) Prakash Sirvi, 15, Dwarika, Kundan Nagar, AjmerDr. Neetu Shrimali, H.No. 1925, Shrimali Bhawan, Sonthali Walon Ka Rasta,

Chowra Rasta, JaipurMs Suchita Sengwan, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Radha Kumari, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Divya Singh, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Swati, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Anita, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Poonam Luniwal, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliMs Dancha Tongluk, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliUdai Singh Deora,Lakhan, Ganesh Pole Nagra, AjmerJyotsana Srivastava, 1 F 34 A, Malviya Nagar, JaipurDr. K.L. Mathur, Head, Deptt. Of History, Govt. Dungar College, BikanerKailash Rai, 93, Manvilla, Gandhi Colony, BikanerMs Amrit Pal Kaur, Ward No. 3, H. No. 43, Gajsinghpur, SriganganagarBhawna Sharma, 5-D-54, JNV Colony, BikanerAftab Hussain, Assistant Archeologist, Red Fort, New DelhiGopal Lal Salvi, VIP Bungalow, Inani Tower Road, ChittorgarhDr. Nilina Bhargav, B-34, Akanksha, Panchasheel, AjmerDr. Devaram, Govt. PG College, PaliVijayshree, THF-20, VG Gandi Marg, JodhpurDr. Santosh Aseri, 83, Section 7, NPH Road, JodhpurRam Sharma, Vill. Post. Junia-Kekri, AjmerSandeep Jonwal, Ganesh Pole Nagra, AjmerKaveri Deshwal, 1096-1-B, New Shivpuri, Hapur (UP)Anjana Santoshi, New Vikas Colony, Srinagar Road,Pauri GarhwalDr. Santosh Yadav, 25/22, Kaveri Path,Mansarovar, JaipurDr. Kulwant Singh Shekhawat, 4/46, Saket Nagar, Udaipur Road, BeawarGarima Mathur, Naya as, Behind Krishna Kunj, Manak Chowk, JodhpurSandeep Prajapat, D-188, Saraswati Nagar, Pali Road, JodhpurR.D. Sagar, Deptt. Of Hindi, JNV University, JodhpurBhanwar Singh Bhati, Govt. PG College Barmer, BarmerDr. D.C. Choubey, Govt. College Rajgarh, Alwar

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Dr. N.K. Sharma, J-2/1 T, Apna Ghar Shalimar, AlwarJashwant Sharma, H. No. 1 Gha 3, Madhuban Colony, Basni, JodhpurDr. Phool Singh Shariya, E-195, Amedkar Nagar, AlwarDr. Babulal Khatik, A-210, Vaishali Nagar, AlwarJagat Singh Meena, VPO Dhigaweera, Rajgarh, AlwarDr. P.D. Sharma, A-20, Pratap Nagar, Devpura, BundiDr. Yakub Ali Khan, VMOU, KotaProf. B.K. Sharma, VMOU, KotaAshok Kumar Bairwa, AlwarDr. R.C. Kanduri, 2, Veer Sawarkar Nagar, AlwarKailash Saini, Khawas Ji Ka agh, Rajgarh, AlwarMs Dimple Prajapat, 16/70, CHB, JodhpurMs Anuradha Tak, 21/288, CHB, JodhpurVipin Solanki, Lohakhana, H.No.709, Vinay Sadan, AjmerVipul Mohan, 9/ Vijay Villa, Mandir Marg, Kundan Nagar, AjmerParitosh Kandela, 106/32, Kabir Marg, Mansarovar, JaipurDr. S.K. Bairwa, Shri Ganesh Pole Bairwa Basti, Naserabad Road, Nagra, AjmerAstha Choudhary, O-55, Engineers Colony, JaipurProf. S.K. hanot, IB-25, JNV Colony, BikanerMs Kanika Bhanot, IB-25, JNV Colony, BikanerVijay Prakash Gaur, A, UIT Quarters, Pratap Nagar, AjmerDr. M.L. Sharma, S.D. Govt. College, BeawarMrs. Sumeshtha, Govt. Dungar College, BikanerAslam Sher, Deptt. Of History, AMU, AligarhDr. Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Director ( Research), ICHR, New DelhiRahul Pareek, GHS, Sujangarh, ChuruDr. Anita Khurana, GCA, AjmerRatan Lal Meena, Plot No. 5, Madhav Colony, Madar, AjmerGirija KUmari, Khandelwal Nagar Fort, TonkTarua Dadhich, 2-G-12, RC Vyas Colony, BhilwaraDr Ananta Mathur, 4/84, SFS, Mansarovar, JaipurDr. Mritunjai Sharma, 51/1509, Ved Vihar, Loha Khana, AjmerMrs. Sujeeta Sharma, 51/1509, Ved Vihar, Loha Khana, AjmerPeeyush Bhadviya, D-16, Adarsh Nagar, University Road, UdaipurMs Mamta Malik, K-40, New Roshanpura, Najafgarh, New DelhiNeetu Singh Chouhan, P. No. 129, Hanuman Nagar, Housing oard,

SwaimadhopurSunita Verma, P. No. 129, Hanuman Nagar, Housing oard, SwaimadhopurAbhay Raj, 5/32,Banna Devi, Opp. Samrat Lodge, Aligarh

Pankaj Rani, VPO Shiwala Kalan, Dist. Bijnore (UP)Surbhi Goel, Sanwariya Sweets, Main Market, Bundhana (M. Nagar), UPMs Dipti, SC Jain, Indra Sadan, H. No. 19/986, AligarhMs Pragati Tiwari, 73, Brahm Nagar, Bharthana, Etawah (UP)Dr. Asha Sharma, 245 A, Karni Vihar, Hirapura, Ajmer Road, JaipurDr. Shashi Arora, 403, Soumya, Dhurvi Marg, TilakNagar, JaipurAbdul Salam, 167, SS Hall (North), AMU, AligarhDr. Shahdev Shastri, 350, Prithiviraj Nagar, Bhagwanganj, AjmerArchana Sharma, Kutir No. 711, Ram Krishna Niwas, Banasthali VidyapeethDr. M.R. Gadhveer, AD-7, Mahaveer NGR, BarmerAshok Gadi, VP Dabla, Distt- JaisalmerDr. Deepshikha Chundawat, TH-5, University Campus, MLS University,UdaipurDr. Meena Sharma, Shahpura, Govt. College Bhilwara, BhilwaraDr. Jagurati Upadhayaya, 128, Nehru Park, Sardarpura E Road, JodhpurDeepak Choudhary, A-58-59, Nandpuri Colony, 22 Gowdown, JaipurHamendra Choudhary, Deptt. Of History, JRN Vidyapeeth, UdaipurRiyanka Dhundhwal, VPO Kuleri, Hisar-125047Meenakshi Choudhary, 192, Gandhi Nagar, Amroha Road, Dhanoura,

JP Nagar (UP)Parveen Devi, GCA, AjmerDr. S.D. Mishra, J-4, Gandhi Nagar, Naka Madar, AjmerVijayshree Mishra, J-4, Gandhi Nagar, Naka Madar, AjmerDr. Kiran Sarna, 602, Ram Krishan Niwas, anasthali Vidyapeeth, BanasthaliDr. Vimlesh Rathore, Deptt. Of History, JNV University, JodhpurDr. S.K. Harit, Govt. College Nagaur, NagaurDr. Tanuja Singh, L-2-A, Rajasthan University Campur, JaipurDr. Neelam Azad, Azad Bhawan, Adarsh Nagar, Dungarpur-314001P.R. Arya, 0/350, Chopasni Housing Board, JodhpurAidan Singh Rajpurohit, Post Falna, Teh. Bali, Pali MarwarSuresh Kumar, SANDU, Govt. College, Merta City, Nagaur

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