Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

A RADIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE FELINE

URINARY SYSTEM

A d is s er ta t ion pres ented in par t i a l fulfilment

of t h e requ i rements for the

Ma s ter o f P h i l osophy

in the Faculty of Veterinary Science

at Massey University

New Zealand

TSUTOMU KUROSAWA

1978

. ...__

ABSTRACT

Al though.

radiogra phi c a l techn i ques to examine the

ur inary sy stem are we l l estab l i shed in dogs and human s, these

techniques have not been wi dely accepted or appl i ed t o examine

the f e l ine uri nary sy stem . Considerab l e confusion and contro­

ver sy exi s t regarding anatomical features and rad iographical

inter pretation of the f e l in e urinary system. Much of the

curren t ly avai l able informa t i on on the f e l ine ur inary sy stem

has been assumed f rom comparative s tudi e s in other species,

par t i c u l ar ly the dog .

Thi s s tudy comprises a comprehens ive l i terature review

of the anatomy and radiography in the f e l ine urinary t ract and

inc ludes resu l t s of a l imi t ed radiographical study of the

urinary trac t in 27 c l in i ca l ly normal cat s .

The cat s s tudi ed were prepared for radiography and

rest rai ned with variou s anaes thet i c agen t s and techni ques . Rad io­

graphi cal examinat ions of the urinary sy s tem invo lved standard

rad iography, and the use of an image intensifier connected wi th

a t e l ev i sion moni tor and 70 mm spot f i lms . The kidney was

studi ed u sing p l ain radiography, intravenous and int r amuscu l ar

exc retory urography, renal ar teriography and renal venography .

Wi th these techn i ques the kidney l ocat i on, si ze, out l i ne, radio­

graphi c a l den s i ty and bl ood supply were observed . Changes in

kidney po s i t ion in various pos tures relative to the l umbar

ver t ebrae were a l so studied • . The ureter a l course, s i z e and

b lood supply wer e studied f o l l owing excretory urography and in

some cats the presenc e of vesi co-ureteral ref lux enabl ed retro­

grad e uret erography . The l ocat ion, shape, size and radiograph­

ical den s i ty of the ur inary b l adder were s tudied by p l ain

rad iography , excretory rad iography and retrograde cy stography

i n c l ud i ng po si t ive, negat ive and doub l e contrast techn i que s . The

urethr a l c our se , shape, s i ze and sex dif ferences were s tudied by

retrograde and micturating urethrography. Following the radio­graphi c a l studi e s , a l l cats were euthani zed and thei r urinary

sy stem were macroscopi cal ly examined a t postmortem .

..___

ii

S e l ec tive f inding s of thi s study are as fo l l ows . The

i n t erna l struc tures of the kidney , name ly the cortex , medu l l a ,

ren a l column s , pelvic diverticu l i , pelv i s and renal ves se l s

i i i

were visua l i z ed.u sing contrast radiography . The interna l venous

drainage of the kidney was demonstrated by selec t ive renal veno­

graphy . As previously de s cribed in the l i terature , the kidney

l oc ation varied in ind ividu a l cats pos ture respiratory phase and

the geometrical rel ationshi p between the x-ray tube and the

anima l . However the ang l e of the l ongi tudinal axi s , the l ength

and width of the kidney and the ratio between the l eng th of the

kidney and lumbar vertebrae were rel atively consi stent . The

proxima l uret ers had a character i s t i c s tep- wi se course. Vesico­

uretera l ref lux was observed in 36% o f cats s tud i ed during m i c­

turating cy sto-urethrography but no evidence of thi s ref lux was

found in c at s sedated with xy lazine . A l though the urinary

bl adder expanded proportiona l ly during �i l l ing , i t a ssumed an

hour-glass- shape during mi c turi tion . The ma l e urethra narrowed

at the l eve l s of the prostate and bu l bourethral g l an d s . The

f ema l e urethra formed a bu l bous enl argement immediat ely proxima l

t o i t s narrow external ori f i c e . The total l ength of the urethra

was 1 1 1 . 3 mm in the mal e and 64 . 2 mm in the fema l e .

·�

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

· --..

The author would l i ke to s incerely thank hi s chi ef

supervi sor, Dr . B . E . Goulden for h i s interest, encouragement,

s t i mulus and suppor t through the experiment s and in the prep­

aration of thi s manuscrip t . The kind guidance and advice of

the o ther supervisors, Mr. R . S . Wyburn and Dr . W . T . Clark, i s

also apprec i at ed . The au thor offers h i s sincere t hanks and

app re c iation to Dr . I . L . Ander son for hi s in teres t and for proof

read i ng of thi s manuscr ipt.

I am grateful to the t echnical staff at Massey Univer s i ty

for thei r skilful as s i stance and cooperat ion . Special thanks

ar e due to Mr . T . G . Law who a s s i st ed in preparing the photo­

graphs . Grati tude i s also due to Dr . R . E . Harris f o r h i s very

kind advice in analysis of the dat a .

Special thanks are d u e t o Mi s s N . Okawa for preparat ion

of thi s study parti cularly for computer processing of the data

and for typing earlier draf t s of thi s manu scr ip t . To the o ther

typ i s t s, Mr s . J . Pearce who typed the f i r st drafts and Mi s s

K . s. Walker who typed the f inal copy o f thi s manu scri pt, the

au thor is gratefu l .

Las t bu t not least, the author would l ike to r ecogni ze

the patience, understanding and assi stance of his parents,

Mr . Y asuji Kur o sawa, and Mr s . Kau Kurosawa .

"Minasan Taihen Ar igato Gozai Mashi t a . "

iv

·•'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEHENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LITERATURE REVIEW

PART I : ANATOMY OF FELINE URINARY SYSTEM

A. KIDNEY

B .

1. LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. PERI -RENAL TI SSUE

4. SIZE . . . . . . . . .

s.

6.

7. B.

a . Length

b . Weight

STRUCTURE

a . Macroscopic S tructure

Nephron

• • • • • • • • • • • • e

b .

i . G l omerulus • • • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

P roximal convo l uted tubu l e • • • • • • • • i i .

i i i .

iv .

Loop of Hen l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . .

D i s t a l convo luted tubu l e

v . Co l l ec ting tubu l e e • • • • • • • • • • • e • • • • e • •

BLOOD SUPPLY

a . Artery

b. Vein

LYMPHATI CS

NERVE SUPPLY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e e e 8 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 0 e e e e e V e e e e e e e e e a e e

• • • • • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • e • • • • • • •

URETER

1.

2.

3.

4.

COURSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIZE

STRUCTURE

BLOOD SUPPLY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i i

i v

V

xi

xiv

1 2

2

3

3 4 4

4

5 6 6

6

6 6

7

7 8

9

10

11

11

12

12

5 .

6 .

LYMPHATICS

NERVE SUPPLY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C . BLADDE R

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5. 6. 7 .

LOCi\TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .

SHAPE

PERIPHERAL TISSUE

STRUCTURE

BLOOD SUPPLY

LY HPHi\ TICS

NERVE SUPPLY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D . URETHRA

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

PART I I :

LOCATION . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SIZE

STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. Mal e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b. Fema le

BLOOD SUPPLY

LYMPHATICS

NERVE SUPPLY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• • • • • • • • • • a • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • • • •

RADI OGRAPHICAL METHOD

A . INTRODUCTION

1 .

2 .

3 .

HISTORY

PREPARATION

RESTRAINT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a .

b.

Physical Res traint

Chemi cal Res traint

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B . KIDNEY RADIOGRAPHY

1 .

2 .

PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY

a.

b.

c.

d .

Intravenou s U rography . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

i.

i i.

i i i .

Conven t i ona l method

High dose urography

Large volume urography . � . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intramus cu l ar Urography

Subcutaneou s Urography

Retrograde Pyel ography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v i

Page

1 3

1 3

1 3

1 4

14

15

16

17

1 7

18

20

21

21

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

28

28

29

30

30

3 1

3 1

c.

D .

3 .

4 .

5 .

e . Int erpretation

i . Number

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i i .

i i i .

Size . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • .

Location • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

iv . Contou r . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • • . • • • • • . . . • • .

v . Radiographi cal den s i ty • . • • • • • • • • • • • • •

vi . Function

RENAL ARTERIOCRAPHY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. Int roduction e e e e V e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

b. Pro cedure • • • • • •

c. Equi pment • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •-....! • •

d . Con trast Medium • . . . • • • • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . • •

e . Timing of Rad iography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

RENAL VENOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OTHER METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a.

b.

Nephrotomography

Rena l Lymphography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

URETER RADI OGRAPHY

1 . PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

• • • • • • • • • • • Q • � • • • • • • • • • EXCRETORY URETEROGRAPHY

LARGE VOLUME URETEROGRAPHY e e e e e e e e e e • e V e e e e e e e

RETROGRADE URETEROGRAPHY

URETERAL ARTERI OGRAPHY

BLADDER RADIOGRAPHY

1 . PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. Negat ive Cy s tography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

b. Pos i t ive Cys tography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

i . Ret rograde cystography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

i i . Excretory cy s tography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

c . Dou b l e Contrast Cy stography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

d . Interpretation of Cys tograms

E... URETHRA RADIOCRAPHY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. 2 .

3 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MICfURATING URETHROCRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v i i

P age

31

3 1

3 2

32

32

3 3

33

34

3 4

34

34

3 5

3 5

3 6

3 6

36

3 7

3 7

3 7

38

39

39

40

41

41

42

4 2

4 2

4 3

44

44

44

45

·•'

4 . DOUBLE OONTRAST URETHROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A.

B.

RESULTS

AN IMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RADI OGRAPHICAL STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a . Intravenous Urography

b . Intramu scu l ar Urography

RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY

RENAL VENOGRAPHY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CYSTOGRAPHY

a .

b .

c .

N egative Cy s tography

Posi t ive Cy s tography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doub l e Contrast Cy s tography . . . . . . . "' . . . . . . .

URETHROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a .

b .

Retrograde Urethrography

Mi cturating Urethrography • • • • • • • • • • • � • e • • •

DATA ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .

A. KIDNEY

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5.

VISUAL IZAT ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a.

b .

c .

d.

e .

P lain Radiography • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • •

Excretory Urography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rena l Arteri ography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal Venography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retrograde Pyel ography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a . Dor sal Recumbency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b . Change in Kidney P o s i t ion wi th Posture • • • • • •

c. Change in Kidney P o s i tion due to Other Causes

d. Longi tudinal Axi s o f Kidney . . . . . . . .... . . . .

OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

RADIOGRAPHICAL DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .

viii

P age

45

47

47

47

47

47

50

54

55

55

55

5 6

56

58

58

58

59

62

6 2

6 2

65

65

68

68

68

73

75

75

75

78

83

B .

c.

D.

6 . BLOOD SUPPLY

a. Artery

b . Vein

URETER

1 . VISUALIZATION

COURSE 2 .

3 .

4 .

S IZE

BLOOD SUPPLY

BLADDER

1. VISUALIZATION

LOCATION

SHAPE

2 .

SIZE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 .

4 .

s . RADIOGRAPHICAL DENS ITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . .

URETHRA

1. VI SUALIZATION

2 . COURSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . SHAPE

4 . SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DISSCUSSION

PART I : ANATOMY

A. KIDNEY

1. LOCATION

S HAPE

. >

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .

3 .

4 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIZE

STRUCTURE

BLOOD SUPPLY

B .

s.

a.

b .

URETER

Artery

Vein

1. COURSE

2 . S I ZE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, . . . . . . . . . .

3 . BLOOD SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

83

83

85

87

89

89

89

89

9 1

9 1

94

94

9 6

9 6

9 6

9 9

1 0 2

1 04

104

1 06

1 07

1 07

1 09

1 1 1

1 1 2

112

c.

D .

BLL\DDER

1 . LOCATION

SHAPE

SIZE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .

3 .

4 . RADIOGRAPHICAL DENSITY

URETHRA

1 .

2 .

3 .

COURSE

SHAPE

SIZE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART II: RADIOGRAPHICAL METHOD

A . INTRODUCTION

1 .

2 .

PREPARATION

RESTRAINT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a .

b .

Physical Restraint

Chemical Res train t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. KIDNEY RADI OGRAPHY

1 .

2 .

3 .

4.

PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY

a . Intravenou s U rography

b . I n tramuscu l ar Urography

RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY

RENAL VENOGRAPHY

. .

. ..._

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c. CYSTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D . URETHROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX I I

REFERENCES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X

Page

1 1 3

1 1 4

1 1 4

1 15

115

1 1 6

1 18

1 20

1 20

1 20

1 2 1

1 2 1

1 2 2

1 2 2

1 24 •

1 24

1 25

1 27

1 29

1 3 2

135

137

xi

LI ST OF FIGURES Figure Page

1 Schematic d i agram of the geometrica l relat ionship of

the x- ray tube , skin marker , l umbar vertebra and kidney ,

and their r adiographical images on radiographs taken in

three diff erent direc tions . • • • • . • • • . . . . . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 49

2 Ventra - do r s a l excret ory urogram showing def ini tions

of kidney 1 ength and wid th . • • • • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • • • • 5 1

3 Lateral excr etory u rogram showing methods of measure­

ment of kidney l ength and thickness , and vertebral

body length • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

4 Ventra- dor s a l excretory urogram showing methods of

measu remen t of kidney dis tance , and location of kidney

compared wi th vert ebrae and vert ebral body l ength • . • • . • • 5 2

5 Schematic diagram o f ventra- dor sal excretory urogram

showing methods of measuremen t of angle of l ongi tud-

ina l axes of kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • . . . . . . . . • . • • . • • . • • . 53

6 Lateral mic turating cy sto- urethrogram and its schematic

diagram showing the po sitions of measurement of the

l ongi tudinal and ver tic a l diameters of the urinary

bladder and the urethral diameter in fema l e cats • • • • . • • • 57

7 Latera l mic tu rati ng ure throgram and its schematic

diagram showing the component par t s of the urethra and

the po sitions of measurement of urethral diameter in

ma le cat s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8 Ventra- do rsal plain radiograph showing the kidneys and

u rinary b l adder . • • . . . . . . • . • • • . • . . . . • . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 63

9 Lateral p l a i n radiograph showing the kidneys and

urinary b ladder • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • . . • . • . • . . • . • . • • • • • . 63

1 0 Arteriographi c phas e of the excretory urogram • • • • • • • • • . • 6 4

xii

Figu r e Page

1 1 Sel ec tive renal ar teriogram showing the arterial

dis tribu tion o f one branch of a bifurcated renal

artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

1 2 Non-selec tive rena l arteriogram showing the arteria l

supply to the kidney s together with some o ther ma j o r

abdomina l art eries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

1 3 S e l ective renal ar teriogram showing the nephrographic

phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

1 4 Renal venogram showing venou s drainage of the l ef t

kidney . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

15 Renal venogram showing a doub l e rena l vein from the

right kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

1 6 Ret rograde py el ogram due t o vesico -uret era l ref lux

du ring mic turating cystography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

1 7 Lateral radiograph du ring simu l taneou s exc retory

urography and pneuma- cystog raphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1

18 Schematic diagram of the kidney and l umbar ver tebrae

of 15 cats showing the variation in kidney location

rel ative to the lumbar vertebrae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2

1 9 S chematic diag ram o f the rel ationship between the

k idneys and l umbar vertebrae showing variation of the

relative anatomical location in variou s po s tures . . . . . 74

20 Int ravenous u rogram of the kidney s during nephrographic

phase showing the funnel shaped hi l ar no tch and

cortico - medu l l ary separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2 1 Excretory urogram showing the out lines o f bot h kidneys 79

2 2 Lateral excretory u rogram showing the appearance of

the rena l pe l ve s , pelvic divert i cu l i , ureters and

u rinary b l adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

xi i i

Figure

23a Scattergram o f kidney l ength at pos tmortem. . . . . . . . . 84

23b Scatt ergram o f kidney l ength i n urograms taken from

anima l s in dorsal recumbency . . • • • . . . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 84

23c S cat tergram of kidney l ength in u rograms taken from

animal s in r ight l ateral r ecumbency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

24 N on - se l ec t i v e r ena l arteriogram showing bi l at eral

doub l e rena l arter i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6

25 Photograph of postmo r t em spec imen showing the area

26

27

28

rad iographed i n Figur e 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6

Lat eral mi c turating cystogram • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • . • • . • • • 88

Exc retory ureterograms from three d ifferent cats • . . 90

Do rso - vent ra l exc retory cystogram . . • . . • • • . • • • . . • • . • 9 2

29 Typica l lat era l ret rograde pos i tive cystogram in a

30

3 1

m a 1 e cat . ., . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . " • . • • • • . . • . . . . . . . • • • • • . • tl 9 3

Serial mi c turat ing cystograms and compo s i t e l ine

drawing showing changes in the shape of the uri nary

b l adder dur i ng mi cturi t ion . . . • • • • • • • • • . . • . . . . • • • . • •

Dor so- vent ral m i c turating u rethrogram i n a ma l e cat .

9 5

9 7

3 2 Dor so-ventral mi cturating urethrogram i n a f ema l e

cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

3 3 Schematic d i agrams showing the representation of

po s tures and pro j ec t ions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • e 1 33

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Tab l e P age

I Ang l e of longitud inal axes of the kidney and i t s

mean , stand ard d eviat ion and stand ard error from

16 c at s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6

II Hean , s t and ard dev i at ion and s t and ard e rror of

fel ine kidney and lumbar vert ebral sh adow l engths

in u rog ra1ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Ill Hean , standard d ev i at ion and s t and ard erro r of

measu rement s o f the fel ine kidney at po s tmo rt em . • • • • •

IV Li near reg res sion fo rmu l i of the kidney l ength on

the lumbar vert eb ral l ength as measu red in dors o-

8 1

vent ral and l ef t l ateral u rograms ( mm ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2

V Length of mal e u rethra and f i f th lumbar vertebra

( mm as measu red in l at e ral urethrog rams f rom

fou r c at s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOO

VI Length of femal e u rethra, ves t i bu lum and f i f th

lumbar vertebra ( mm ) as measu red i n l at e ral

u rethrograms f rom f i ve c at s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l OO

V II Width of urethra as measured in l ateral mi c t u rat i ng

u rethrog rams f rom fou r mal e and f i ve f ema l e c at s . . . . . 1 0 1